Chapter XIX: Part 19

Perhaps among your Excellency's many occupations, it may not displease you to learn how his Majesty here has won a part of Asia without a stroke of the sword. There is in this kingdom a Venetian fellow, Master John Caboto by name, of fine mind, greatly skilled in navigation, who seeing that those most serene kings, first he of Portugal, and then the one of Spain, have occupied unknown islands, determined to make a like acquisition for his Majesty aforesaid.[425-3] And having obtained royal grants that he should have the usufruct of all that he should discover, provided that the ownership of the same is reserved to the crown, with a small ship and eighteen persons he committed himself to fortune; and having set out from Bristol, a western port of this kingdom, and passed the western limits of Ireland, and then standing to the northward he began to sail toward the Oriental regions, leaving (after a few days) the North Star on his right hand; and, having wandered about considerably, at last he struck mainland, where, having planted the royal banner and taken possession on behalf of this King, and taken certain tokens, he has returned thence. The said Master John, as being foreign-born and poor, would not be believed if his comrades, who are almost all Englishmen and from Bristol, did not testify that what he says is true. This Master John has the description of the world in a chart, and also in a solid globe which he has made, and he shows where he landed, and that going toward the east he passed considerably beyond the country of the Tanais.[426-1] And they say that it is a very good and temperate country, and they think that Brazil-wood[426-2] and silk grow there; and they affirm that that sea is covered with fishes, which are caught not only with the net but with baskets, a stone being tied to them in order that the baskets may sink in the water. And this I heard the said Master John relate.

And the aforesaid Englishmen, his comrades, say that they will bring so many fishes that this kingdom will no longer have need of Iceland, from which country there comes a very great store of fish which are called stock-fish.[427-1] But Master John has set his mind on something greater; for he expects to go farther on toward the East[427-2] from that place already occupied, constantly hugging the shore, until he shall be over against an island, by him called Cipango, situated in the equinoctial region, where he thinks all the spices of the world, and also the precious stones, originate;[427-3] and he says that in former times he was at Mecca, whither spices are brought by caravans from distant countries,[427-4] and that those who brought them, on being asked where the said spices grow, answered that they do not know, but that other caravans come to their homes with this merchandise from distant countries, and these [caravans] again say that they are brought to them from other remote regions. And he argues thus,--that if the Orientals affirmed to the Southerners that these things come from a distance from them, and so from hand to hand, presupposing the rotundity of the earth, it must be that the last ones get them at the North toward the West;[428-1] and he said it in such a way, that, having nothing to gain or lose by it, I too believe it: and what is more, the King here, who is wise and not lavish, likewise puts some faith in him; for (ever) since his return he has made good provision for him, as the same Master John tells me. And it is said that, in the spring, his Majesty aforenamed will fit out some ships, and will besides give him all the convicts, and they will go to that country to make a colony, by means of which they hope to establish in London a greater emporium of spices than there is in Alexandria; and the chief men of the enterprise are of Bristol, great sailors, who, now that they know where to go, say that it is not a voyage of more than fifteen days, nor do they ever have storms after they get away from Hibernia. I have also talked with a Burgundian, a comrade of Master John's, who confirms everything, and wishes to return thither because the Admiral (for so Master John already entitles himself)[428-2] has given him an island; and he has given another one to a barber of his from Castiglione-of-Genoa, and both of them regard themselves as Counts, nor does my Lord the Admiral esteem himself anything less than a Prince. I think that with this expedition there will go several poor Italian monks, who have all been promised bishoprics. And, as I have become a friend of the Admiral's, if I wished to go thither I should get an archbishopric. But I have thought that the benefices which your Excellency has in store for me are a surer thing; and therefore I beg that if these should fall vacant in my absence, you will cause possession to be given to me, taking measures to do this rather where it is needed, in order that they be not taken from me by others, who because they are present can be more diligent than I, who in this country have been brought to the pass of eating ten or twelve dishes at every meal, and sitting at table three hours at a time twice a day,[429-1] for the sake of your Excellency, to whom I humbly commend myself.

Your Excellency's Very humble servant, RAIMONDO.

London, Dec. 18, 1497.

DESPATCH TO FERDINAND AND ISABELLA FROM PEDRO DE AYALA JUNIOR AMBASSADOR
AT THE COURT OF ENGLAND, JULY 25, 1498[429-2]

I think your Majesties have already heard that the King of England has equipped a fleet in order to discover certain islands and mainland which he was informed some people from Bristol, who manned a few ships[430-1] for the same purpose last year, had found. I have seen the map which the discoverer has made, who is another Genoese, like Colon [and?][430-2] who has been in Seville and in Lisbon, asking assistance for this discovery. The people of Bristol have, for the last seven years, sent out every year two, three, or four light ships (_caravelas_), in search of the island of Brazil and the seven cities,[430-3] according to the fancy of this Genoese. The King determined to send out [ships], because, the year before, they brought certain news that they had found land. The fleet consisted of five vessels, which carried provisions for one year. It is said that one of them, in which another Fai [Friar?] Buil[430-4] went, has returned to Ireland in great distress, the ship being much damaged. The Genoese continued his voyage. I, having seen the route which they took, and the distance they sailed, find that what they have found, or what they are in search of, is what your Highnesses already possess since it is, in fine, what fell to your Highnesses by the treaty with Portugal.[430-5] It is expected that they will be back in the month of September. I inform your Highnesses in regard to it. The king of England has often spoken to me on this subject. He hoped to derive great advantage from it. I think it is not further distant than four hundred leagues. I told him that, in my opinion, the land was already in the possession of your Majesties; but, though I gave him my reasons, he did not like it. Because I believe that your Highnesses will presently receive information in regard to all this matter, and the chart or map which this man has made, I do not now send it; it is here and it, according to my opinion, is false, in order to make it appear that they are not the said islands.

FOOTNOTES:

[423-1] This letter was received in Venice on September 23, 1497, and a copy of it was incorporated by Marino Sanuto in his diary. It was first brought to light by Rawdon Brown in his _Ragguagli sulla Vita e sulle Opere di Marin Sanuto_, etc. (Venezia, 1837). It was published in English in a generally accessible form in 1864 in the _Calendar of State Papers_, _Venetian Series_, I. 262, edited by Rawdon Brown. The translation here given is a revision of Brown's version. Another translation is printed in Markham, _The Journal of Columbus_ (London, 1893).

[423-2] This reference to the Grand Cham probably indicates familiarity with Columbus's views of what he had discovered as expressed in his letters to Santangel and to Sanchez; see above, p. 268.

The landfall of John Cabot has been the subject of prolonged discussion. Labrador, Newfoundland, and Cape Breton are the principal places advocated. Of late years, owing to the vigorous and learned arguments of Dr. S.E. Dawson there has been an increasing disposition to accept Cape Breton on Cape Breton Island as the most probable location. See Winship, _Cabot Bibliography_, for the literature.

[423-3] The words "to starboard" have been inserted at this point in all English translations. Biggar has pointed out that the words _al dreto_ so translated are Venetian dialect for _addietro_, which is an alternate form for the more common _indietro_, back. The earlier translators thought _al dreto_ equivalent to _al dritto_, on the right. _Al tornar al dreto_ means simply "in going back."

[424-1] "August 10, 1497: To hym that founde the New Isle, 10L." British Museum, Add. MSS. No. 7099, 12 Henry VII., fol. 41. From Weare, _Cabot's Discovery of North America_, 124.

[424-2] So in Sanuto's text. This form indicates perhaps that Pasqualigo had only heard the name and not seen it written.

[424-3] This letter was found in the archives of the Sforza family in Milan. The manuscript is apparently no longer extant. There are two somewhat divergent texts. The one translated here is the one sent by Rawdon Brown to the Public Record Office in London. Both are printed in Weare, _Cabot's Discovery_, pp. 142-143. The translation given here is by Rawdon Brown as printed in the _Calendar of State Papers, Venetian Series_, I. 259-260.

[425-1] The Seven Cities was a legendary island in the Atlantic. They are all placed and named on the legendary island of Antilia on the map of Grazioso Benincasa in 1482. See E.G. Bourne, _Spain in America_, pp. 6 and 7, and Kretschmer, _Die Entdeckung Amerikas_, Atlas, plate 4. Columbus reported in Portugal that he had discovered Antilia (see p. 225, note 1); hence the deduction either of John Cabot or of Raimondo that the region explored by Cabot, being far to the west in the ocean, was the same as that visited by Columbus. _Cf._ also art. "Brazil, Island of," _Encyclopaedia Britannica_.

[425-2] This letter is preserved in the Archivio di Stato in Milan. It was first published in the _Annuario Scientifico del 1865_ (Milan, 1866). It was first printed in English in Winsor, _Narrative and Critical History of America_, III. 54-55 (Boston, 1884), in the chapter by Charles Deane, entitled "The Voyages of the Cabots." This translation was revised by Professor B.H. Nash of Harvard University and is given here with only one or two slight changes.

[425-3] In this passage Cabot's immediate impulse is attributed to the voyages of Columbus and their results.

[426-1] No satisfactory explanation of this can be given. Bellemo, in the _Raccolta Colombiana_, pt. III., vol. I., p. 197, interprets this sentence to mean that Cabot showed on the globe the place he had reached on the voyage and then to that statement the remark is added, referring to earlier journeys, "and going toward the east he has passed considerably beyond the land of the Tanais." Tanais is the Latin name for the Don, and at the mouth of the Don was the important Venetian trading station of La Tana. _Cf._ Biggar, _Voyages of the Cabots and Corte-Reals_, pp. 33-34, note. Biggar dissents from this interpretation. I would offer the conjecture that "the land of the Tanais" stands for the land of Tana. In Marco Polo the kingdom of Tana, on the western side of India, is described as powerful and having an extensive commerce. See Marco Polo, pt. III., ch. XXX. Raimondo, if unfamiliar with Marco Polo, would understand La Tana by Tana and then naturally assume that "the country of Tana" was a slip for "country of the Tanais." Cabot on the other hand might have heard of Tana when in Mecca without getting any very definite idea of its location except that it was far to the East in India. The phrase "toward the East," like the one earlier in the letter "toward the Oriental regions," is used of the ultimate destination, not the direction, and of the destination as a known spot always thought of in Europe as "the East."

[426-2] _El brasilio_ for _el legno brasilio_. Brazil wood was an East Indian red wood imported into Europe. It is the _Caesalpina sappan_. Its bright color led to its being compared to glowing coals, _brazia_, _brascia_, etc., Eng. brazier, and then to its being called, as it were, "glowing coals wood," _lignum brasile_, _lignum brasilium_, etc., and in Italian most commonly _brasile_ and _verzino_, a popular corruption. Heyd, _Histoire du Commerce du Levant au Moyen-Age_, II. 587. On the transference of the name of this wood to a mythical island in the Atlantic and then, after the discoveries, to the present country of Brazil which produced dye-woods similar to _Brasilio_, see Yule's art. "Brazil, Island of," _Encyclopaedia Britannica_, and Winsor, _Narrative and Critical History_, I. 49-51.

[427-1] _Stochfissi._ The English word "stockfish" Italianized. Of the English fish trade with Iceland, Biggar gives a full account, _Voyages of the Cabots_, pp. 53-62, making frequent citations from G.W. Dasent, _Icelandic Annals_, IV. 427-437. He quotes also a passage from the _Libell of English Policy_, 1436, beginning:

"Of Yseland to wryte is lytille nede Save of stokfische;" etc.

[427-2] _El Levante_, here again as a known place, oriented from Europe. His destination, not the direction of his route.

[427-3] In Cabot's mind the Cipango of Marco Polo is confused with the Spice Islands. Marco Polo says nothing of the production of spices in his account of Cipango. The confusion is probably to be traced to Columbus's reports that he had discovered Cipango and that the islands he had discovered produced spices.

[427-4] From 1425 Jiddah on the east shore of the Red Sea rapidly displaced Aden as an emporium of the spice trade where the cargoes were transshipped from Indian to Egyptian vessels. Jiddah is the port of entry for Mecca, distant about forty-five miles, and Mecca became a great spice market. See Heyd, _Histoire du Commerce du Levant au Moyen-Age_, II. 445 _et seqq._, and Biggar, _Voyages of the Cabots and Corte-Reals_, pp. 31-36. Biggar quotes interesting passages on the Mecca trade from _The Travels of Ludovico di Varthema_, Hakluyt Society (London, 1863).

[428-1] _I.e._, a place far enough east from Arabia to be thought of as west from Europe. After making all due allowances one may be excused for feeling some misgiving whether John Cabot actually ever was in Mecca. While some of the spices and eastern commodities were brought overland by caravan from Ormuz or Bassora, the greater part came by water to Jiddah. At Jiddah he could hardly have failed to get fairly accurate information as to where the spices came from. That one who had seen that great commerce should have remained so much in the dark as to conclude that spices came from northeastern Asia is strange enough.

[428-2] In imitation of Columbus.

[429-1] English social joys in the fifteenth century did not appeal to the more refined Italians. An interesting parallel to this comment of Raimondo de Soncino is to be found in Vespasiano's life of Poggio. "Pope Martin sent him with letters to England. He strongly condemned their life, consuming the time in eating and drinking. He was used to say in pleasantry that oftentimes being invited by those prelates or English gentlemen to dinner or to supper and staying four hours at the table he must needs rise from the table many times to wash his eyes with cold water so as not to fall asleep." Vespasiano da Bisticci, _Vite di Uomini Illustri del Secolo XV._ (Florence, 1859), p. 420.

[429-2] The original is in the archives at Simancas partly in cipher. It was discovered and deciphered by Bergenroth and published in the _Calendar of State Papers, Spanish Series_, I., pp. 176-177. The Spanish text was published by Harrisse, _Jean et Sebastien Cabot_, pp. 329-330, and in Weare, _Cabot's Discovery_, pp. 160-161. Bergenroth's translation is given here, carefully revised. The contents of this letter were briefly summarized in a despatch to the Catholic sovereigns by Dr. Puebla, their senior ambassador, which was transmitted at or about the same time with that of Ayala. The Puebla despatch, which contains nothing not in the Ayala despatch, can be seen in Weare, p. 159.

[430-1] In this Ayala would seem to have been misinformed. _Cf._ pp. 423, 425.

[430-2] The "and" is not in the original, but is supplied by all the editors. It is not absolutely certain that it belongs there. If it does, the passage implies that Cabot had recently been in Seville and Lisbon to enlist interest in his second voyage.

[430-3] This information is not elsewhere confirmed. On Brazil and the Seven Cities, see p. 426, note 2, and p. 425, note 1.

[430-4] One Friar Buil went with Columbus on his second voyage.

[430-5] The treaty of Tordesillas, June 7, 1494; see p. 323, note 3.

INDEX

Aburema, 394 n.

Acul, Bay of, 188 n., 197, 198 n.

Adam of Bremen, and reliability of Vinland tradition, 13;
_Descriptio Insularum Aquilonis_, extract, 67-68.

Aden, decline of spice trade, 427 n.

Admiral, office of, 78 n., 79.

Affonso, Rodrigo, and Columbus, 324.

Agesinba, identified by Columbus with Cape of Good Hope, 397 n.

Aguado, Juan, 377, 379.

Aguja, Point of, 344, 345.

Alcacovas, Treaty of, 254 n.

Alexander VI., pope, letter concerning projected voyage of newly appointed Bishop of Gardar, 73-74.

Almirante Bay, 393 n.

Alonso, Roderigo, _see_ Affonso, Rodrigo.

"Alto de Juan Danue," 133 n.

Alto Velo, mountain, 365.

Alto y Bajo, Cabo, 188.

America and Vinland voyages, 7-13;
and Asia, 126, 131, 134, 135, 136, 145, 157, 174, 268;
mainland discovered by John Cabot, 423;
mainland discovered by Columbus, 333.

Amianus, _see_ Arrianus.

Amiga, La, island, 198, 199, 208.

Angel, Cabo del, 220.

Antilia, legendary island, 101 n., 425 n.

Arana, Diego de, 183 n.;
sent ashore, 200;
remains in Espanola, 209-210;
mentioned, 321.

Arana, Pedro de, despatched to Espanola, 321.

Arena, Las Islas de, 130.

Arenal, Punta del, 334.

Arnarstapi, Gudrid in, 18.

Arnlaug, settles in Greenland, 47.

Arnold, Bishop of Greenland, 69 n.

Arrianus, history of India, 329 n.

Asia, Columbus believes Cuba to be part of, 396 n.;
and John Cabot's landfall, 425.

Aslak of Langadal, 16.

Asuncion, Isla de la, 356.

Aud the Wealthy, 14;
in Iceland, 15.

Avalldamon, reported to be a king of the Skrellings, 41.

Ayala, Pedro de, despatch to Ferdinand and Isabella, 429-430.

Ayay, _see_ Guadeloupe.

Azores, reports of land to westward, 93;
mentioned, 236, 237, 329;
Columbus at, 243-249;
and Demarcation Line, 323, 326, 416.

Azua, Columbus in, 391 n.

Azules, Punta de los, 166 n.

Babeque, Columbus sails towards, 143, 147;
reports of gold, 181, 184, 214-215;
sighted, 150-151;
Martin Alonso Pinzon seeks, 152, 214-215;
Columbus seeks, 167, 179;
described by Indians, 174.

Babueca, island, 346.

Bafan, 136.

Ballena, Gulf of, 334, 339, 345, 349, 355.

Baneque, _see_ Babeque.

Banes, Puerto de, 132 n.

Baracoa, Puerto de, 131 n.-133 n.;
Columbus enters, 158 n.-159;
inland explorations, 161-162;
Columbus sets up cross, 162;
Columbus sails from, 166.

Bardsen, Ivar, account of Greenland, 11, 71 n.

Bassora, spice caravans, 428 n.

Bastidas, Rodrigo de, voyage, 416 n.

Bastimentos, harbor of, Columbus in, 398-399.

Becerro, Cabo del, 213.

Behechio, an Indian ruler, 345.

Belem, river, 401 n.;
settlement near, 403 n.

Belprado, Cape, 220.

Belpuerto, 394 n., 399 n., 405.

Beothuk Indians, 41 n.

Biarney, 32.

Biarni, Grimolf's son, 30;
accompanies expedition to Vinland, 31-32, 35;
fate, 39, 42-43.

Biarni Herjulfson, and discovery of America, 8-9, 12;
voyage, 48-50.

Blacksark, discovered, 17, 46.

Boavista, Columbus at, 324-325.

Bobadilla, Francisco de, 375;
governor, 376;
and Columbus, 376-383, 417 n.;
proclaims immunities, 376;
takes Columbus prisoner, 380;
distributes gold, 380;
appropriates Columbus's house, 383.

Bohio, 126, 146, 147;
inhabitants, 153, 156, 167;
sighted, 167;
size, 174;
reports of gold, 202;
Columbus in, 295.

Boma, Rio, 166 n.

Boto, Cape, 340, 353, 354.

Brand of Alptafirth, sons of, 45.

Brand, Bishop, the Elder, and chronology of Vinland voyages, 6-7, 43 n.

Brattahlid, Eric in, 23, 27, 46, 48, 50;
Biarni and Thorfinn Karlsefni in, 30-31;
Leif arrives, 54;
Gudrid comes to, 59.

Brazil, discovery, 326 n.

Brazil, mythical island, 426 n., 430.

Brazil, port of, Espanola, 407.

Breidabolstad, 16.

Breidafirth, Eric goes to, 17, 45, 46.

Bristol, and expedition of John Cabot, 423, 425, 428, 430;
and search for the Seven Cities, 430.

Brokey, Eric takes possession, 16.

Buen Tiempo, Cabo del, 220.

Buil, Friar, 430.

Burenquen, 294-295.
_See also_ Porto Rico.

Cabanas, Puerto de las, 353.

Cabanas, Punta de, 132 n.

Cabo Rico, 356.

Cabo Santo, 211, 212.

Cabot, John, sources of information, 421-422;
letter of Lorenzo Pasqualigo, 423-424;
voyage of 1497, 423-424;
landfall, 423 n., 426;
reception, 424, 428;
new voyage proposed, 428;
and title admiral, 428;
map, 426, 430.

Cabot, Sebastian, and father's voyages, 421.

Cabra, 213 n., 296 n.

Cabral, route of, 326 n.

Cabron, Cabo, 221 n.

Cadiz, and proposed inspection of ships from Indies, 277;
Columbus's departure, 283.

Caithness, conquered by Thorstein the Red and Earl Sigurd the Mighty, 14.

Cambodia, supposed connection of Costa Rica and Panama with, 397 n.

Campana, Cabo de, Columbus approaches, 156-158.

Canaries, Columbus at, 92-94, 283-284, 320-323;
French ship at, 320;
pearls, 364.

Caonabo, King, and fate of first settlement in Espanola, 300, 303, 304, 307; mentioned, 312.

Cape Breton Island, and Karlsefni's voyages, 40 n.;
and landfall of John Cabot, 423 n.

Cape Verde Islands, 103;
and Hesperides, 322;
and Demarcation Line, 323, 326, 416;
Columbus at, 324-326.

Carabelas grandes, Boca de, 134 n.

Caracol, Bay of, Columbus anchors in, 299 n.

Caracol, El, island, 340, 353.

Carambaru, 393, 394 n.

Cariay, 393;
Indians of, 409.

Carib, island of, 223, 225, 226, 229, 230.
_See also_ Porto Rico.

Caribata, Cabo de, 188.

Caribata, Monte, described, 188;
mentioned, 196, 199.

Caribs, 203;
houses, 286, 289;
reported cannibalism, 286, 288-290;
industry, 289;
appearance, 289, 293;
treatment of captives, 290-291;
several captured, 292, 293;
fight with Spaniards, 293;
and natives of Porto Rico, 294;
mentioned, 322, 330, 348, 359.

Caritaba, province of, reports of gold, 202.

Carvajal, Alonso Sanchez de, despatched to Espanola, 321.

Cascaes, Columbus at, 251.

Cassiterides, Columbus identifies with Azores, 329.

Castaneda, Juan de, attempt to seize Columbus, 245-248.

Cateva, 394 n.

Cathay, Columbus's desire to reach, 134;
supposed proximity to Cuba, 405;
emperor's embassy to Rome, 414.

Catholicism, in Greenland, 70-74;
Columbus urges its establishment in Espanola, 274-275, 361.

Catiba, Columbus in, 394 n.

Catigara, location, 396-397.

Caxinas, Point, named, 391 n.;
mentioned, 392 n.

Caymanos Chicos, islands, sighted, 405 n.

Cayre, 293. _See also_ Dominica.

Central America, exploration of coast, 387.

Cerabora, _see_ Carambaru.

Ceyre, 290. _See also_ Dominica.

Chanca, Dr., letter to Cabildo of Seville, 280-313.

China, Columbus's belief that he had reached, 397 n.

Christianity, introduced into Greenland, 23-26;
in Greenland, 29, 56, 57, 71-74;
in Iceland, 46;
and New World, 352.

Chuzona chica, Rio, 219 n.

Ciamba, province of, 393.

Cibao, 197;
reports of gold, 202;
mentioned, 206;
explored, 312-313;
mines, 338.

Ciguare, described by natives, 394-395.

Cinquin, Cabo de, 168;
Columbus approaches, 171, 174.

Cipango, 101 n.;
Columbus desires to find, 113;
Cuba mistaken for, 126, 127, 128, 130;
mentioned, 197, 202, 212.

Clato, Prior of, entertains Columbus, 254.

Cobrava, 394 n.

Coche, 357.

Cochin-China, Costa Rica and Panama believed to be southern extension of, 397 n.

Colon, _see_ Columbus.

Colonization, plan of Columbus for Espanola, 273-277.

Columbo, Juan Antonio, despatched to Espanola, 321.

Columbus, Bartholomew, in Espanola, 321;
mentioned, 345;
projected exploring expedition, 360;
meets admiral, 366;
in Paragua, 375;
taken prisoner, 380;
map, 397 n.

Columbus, Christopher, contract, 77-80;
patent, 81-84;
first voyage, 89-258;
departure, 90;
at Canaries, 92-94;
signs of land, 96-100;
landfall, 108-109;
takes possession, 110;
desire to reach Cipango, 113;
at Santa Maria de la Concepcion, 115;
at Fernandina, 120;
believes Cuba to be Cipango, 126;
discovers Cuba, 130;
along coast, 144-168;
Martin Alonso Pinzon deserts, 152;
at Espanola, 169-228;
reappearance of Pinzon, 214;
and disaffection of Pinzons, 216-219;
homeward voyage, 228-258;
storm, 241;
at Azores, 244-249;
puts in at Portugal, 251-256;
reception by King of Portugal, 251-256;
arrival, 257;
letter to Santangel, 263-272;
and Cuba, 263;
and Espanola, 264;
duration of first voyage, 272;
plan for colonization and commerce of Espanola, 273-277;
second voyage, 278-313;
sources of information, 281-282;
at Canaries, 283-284;
at Dominica, 284-285;
at Guadeloupe, 286-291;
at Porto Rico, 294-295;
at Espanola, 295-313;
finds settlement destroyed, 300;
visits Cacique, 304;
building of city, 308;
sickness, 309, 312;
third voyage, 314-366;
sources of information, 317-318;
preparations, 319;
reception in Madeira, 320;
at Canaries, 320;
at Cape Verde Islands, 324-326;
sends ships ahead to Espanola, 320-323;
instructions concerning treatment of Indians, 322;
proposed route, 322, 326, 327;
and Demarcation Line, 326, 382;
signs of land, 329-330;
Trinidad sighted, 331;
mainland of South America discovered, 333;
at Trinidad, 335-339;
along coast, 331-351, 353-358, 362;
and a New World, 352, 355, 356;
in Boca del Drago, 354;
near Margarita, 356-357, 362;
anxiety about Espanola, 359-360;
reasons for hastening to Espanola, 359-362;
and Earthly Paradise, 364-365;
arrival in Espanola, 365, 366;
misfortunes, 371;
aid of Isabella, 371-372;
in disfavor, 372, 375, 378-379;
revolt in Espanola, 374;
and Bobadilla, 376-383;
letter on fourth voyage, significance, 387;
fourth voyage, 389-418;
outward voyage, 389;
arrival at Espanola, 389;
forbidden to land, 390;
storm, 390-392;
at Queen's Garden, 391;
along coast of Central America, 391-403, 405;
search for strait, 391 n.;
illness, 392-393, 399;
geographical conceptions, 396-398;
and Earthly Paradise, 398;
illness, 399;
tempest, 399-400;
sends out exploring party, 401;
trouble with Indians, 402-403;
establishes settlement, 402;
reaches Cuba, 406;
in Jamaica, 406;
one ship puts into a port of Espanola, 407;
urges colonization of Veragua, 411-413;
deplores condition of Spanish settlements, 415;
complains of ill-treatment, 416-418.

Columbus, Diego, brother of Columbus, in Espanola, 321;
taken prisoner, 380.

Columbus, Diego, son of Columbus, page to Prince John, 379;
mentioned, 393.

Columbus, Ferdinand, 241 n., 321;
page in Queen's household, 379;
account of fourth voyage, 318, 388, 392 n.

Commerce, plan of Columbus for Espanola, 273-277;
value of Spanish colonies predicted, 415.

Concepcion, La, island, 356.

Concepcion, Puerto de la, Columbus in, 172-179.

Conchas, Cabo de, 356.

Coroay, 206.

Cosa, Juan de la, master of _Santa Maria_, 200;
mentioned, 204.

Costa Rica, supposed connection with Cambodia, 397 n.

Crooked Island, 123.

Cuba, mistaken for Cipango, 126-130;
described by Indians, 130-136;
discovered, 136;
mistaken for mainland of Asia, 134, 263, 323, 405, 406;
explorations, 136-148;
Columbus returns, 153;
Columbus leaves, 167;
mentioned, 176, 263-264, 267, 364, 391 n.;
Columbus lands on fourth voyage, 405.

Cuba, Cabo de, 146, 147.

Cubagua, reports of pearls, 357.

Cubiga, 394 n.

Dama, Alvaro, 253.

Darien, Gulf of, 405 n.

Davis, John, voyage to Greenland, 74 n.

Delfin, El, 340, 353.

Demarcation Line, and Columbus, 326;
Papal, 416;
agreement between Spain and Portugal, 416.

Diaz, Bartolome, 252, 397 n.

Dimunarvag, 16.

Doegurdar River, country between, and Skraumuhlaups River, occupied by Aud, 15.

Dominica, discovered, 285;
described 285;
mentioned, 290, 321;
report of gold, 293;
Columbus heads for, 330.

Drago, Boca del, named, 340;
Columbus's ships in peril in, 354-355.

Drangar, 16, 45.

Drepstokk, Heriulf at, 47.

Drontheim, Leif arrives in, 47.

Drontheim, Archbishop of, papal letter to, 70 n.;
jurisdiction, 71.

Drontheim, Archbishop Valkendorf of, 74 n.

Dublin, captured by King Olaf, 14.

Duelling-Hrafn, killed by Eric the Red, 16, 45.

Earthly Paradise, Columbus and, 364-365.

Einar of Laugarbrekka, 18.

Einar, of Einarsfirth, settles in Greenland, 47.

Einar, son of Thorgeir, 18;
sues for Gudrid's hand, 19.

Elefante, Cabo del, 168, 171.

Enamorado, Cabo del, 221.

Engano, Cabo del, 229 n., 295 n., 322.

Enriquez, Beatrix, 321.

Eric, Earl, visited by Biarni Herjulfson, 150.

Eric the Red, saga of, 3-5, 14-43;
goes to Iceland, 14, 45;
in Drangar and Haukadal, 15-16, 45;
voyage, 16-17, 45-46;
discovers Greenland, 16, 17, 46;
return to Iceland, 17, 46;
fight with Thorgest, 17;
names and colonizes Greenland, 17, 46;
mentioned, 20;
welcomes Thorbiorn to Eastern Settlement, 23;
unwilling to embrace Christianity, 26;
and expedition to land discovered by Leif, 26-27, 50;
receives Gudrid, 29;
welcomes Biarni and Thorfinn Karlsefni, 30, 42;
mentioned, 31, 33, 56;
at Brattahlid, 48;
death, 54.

Eric Gnupson, Bishop of Greenland, expedition, 69.

Eric Uppsi, _see_ Eric Gnupson.

Ericsey, Eric the Red at, 17, 46.

Ericsfirth, Eric the Red at, 17, 46;
mentioned, 26, 27, 29, 30, 54, 55, 59, 64.

Ericsholms, Eric in, 17.

Ericsstad, Eric at, 16.

Ericsstadir, Eric the Red in, 15, 45.

Ericsvag, 16, 45.

Escocesa, Bahia, 220 n.

Escobedo, Rodrigo de, 110, 184;
remains in Espanola, 209, 210.

Escudo, Puerto, 168 n., 171 n.

Eskimos, and Vinland, 10, 41 n.;
and Greenlanders, 71 n.-72 n.

Espanola discovered, 168;
named, 173, 264;
natives, 175-177, 180-187, 190-196, 198, 201-203, 205-210, 222-225,
265-269, 297-307;
products, 177, 178;
climate, 178;
description, 181-182, 192-193, 264-268;
Columbus praises land and people, 198, 201, 202;
first settlement, 204, 206, 268;
reports of gold, 215;
coast explored, 215-228;
recommendations of Columbus for colonization and commerce, 273-277;
return of Columbus, 295;
scenery, 296;
fate of first settlement, 300-304;
building of city Isabella, 308;
products, 310-312;
ships despatched to, 320-323;
supplies for, 348-350, 353;
revolts, 360, 366, 373;
colonists, 373, 374-377;
arrival of Bobadilla, 375-378;
Columbus taken prisoner, 380;
mining, 382;
Columbus forbidden to land, 390;
and Columbus's fourth voyage, 406-408;
condition, 415.

Estrella, Cabo de la, 168, 171.

Exploring expeditions, independent, authorized by Ferdinand and Isabella, 360.

Eyiulf of Sviney, 16, 45.

Eyiulf the Foul, 15, 16, 45.

Eyrar, Biarni arrives at, 48.

Eyxney, 16, 45.

Fava, 134.

Fayal, mentioned, 235.

Ferdinand and Isabella, contract with Columbus, 77-80;
and route to Indies, 78;
patent to Columbus, 81-84;
war with Moors, 89;
and Demarcation Line, 323, 326;
and Columbus, 331;
authorize independent exploring expeditions, 360;
and Hojeda, 373;
and Bobadilla, 376;
and Columbus's fourth voyage, 389-418.

Fernandina, discovered, 116-117, 263;
Columbus approaches, 118;
natives, 119;
described, 119;
coast explored, 120-122;
sighted, 129.

Ferro, island of, 93, 104, 112, 137, 237, 284, 323.

Finnbogi, voyage to Wineland, 62, 63;
death, 64.

Flat Island Book, 3;
composition, 4;
"The Vinland History," and collateral sources, 8-9;
reliability of "Vinland History" questioned, 8-10, 12.

Flechas, Golfo de las, 228.

Flechas, Puerto de las, Columbus in, 222-228.

Flores, island, 235-237.

Fortunate Isles, and first meridian of Marinus, 396 n.

Fraile, Punta del, 166 n.

Frances, Cabo, 220.

Frances, Puerto, 199 n.

Frederick, Bishop, in Iceland, 46.

Freydis, 32;
drives off Skrellings, 38;
fate, 39;
marriage, 48;
voyage to Vinland, 62-64;
and death of Helgi and Finnbogi, 63-64;
return, 64-65.

Froda-wonder, 24.

Fuma, 206.

Funchal, Columbus in, 320.

Furdustrandir, _see_ Wonder-strands.

Galeota, Cape, Columbus sees, 332 n.

Galera, Cabo de la, 332.

_Gallega, La_, ship of Columbus on fourth voyage, 390.

Gama, Vasco da, 323 n.;
in south Atlantic, 323 n., 326 n.

Gard, overseer at Lysufirth, death, 27, 29.

Gardar, Freydis at, 48;
Freydis leaves, 62;
bishopric of, in fifteenth century, 70-74.

Gatos, Puerto de, 353.

Geirstein, 16.

Geography, Columbus's conceptions of world, 387, 396-398.

Glaumboeiar-land, Thorfinn Karlsefni in, 65.

Glaumboer, church in, 66.

Gomera, Columbus at, 93, 284, 320;
mentioned, 94.

Gomera, Count of, _see_ Peraza, Guillen.

Good Hope, Cape of, 397 n.

Gordo, Puerto, 400.

Gottskalk, Annals of, quoted, 69 n.

Government of Espanola, Columbus's plan, 274;
Columbus's desire to be relieved, 375;
Bobadilla's arrival, 375-376;
immunities proclaimed, 376-378.

Gracia, Isla de, 338-341.

Gracia, Rio de, 219.

Gracias a Dios, Cape, 391, 392 n.

Gran Can, 89;
embassy to Rome, 89;
and Columbus's belief that he has reached Asia, 126, 131, 134, 135,
136, 145, 157, 174, 268;
and Cabot's landfall, 423.

Gran Canaria, Columbus at, 92, 283.

Granja, Puerto de la, 187 n.

Greenland, Norse colonists, 10;
discovery, 17;
explored, 17;
named, 17;
colonization, 17;
Thorbiorn in Western Settlement, 20-23;
introduction of Christianity, 23-26;
sickness in Western Settlement, 27-29, 57-59;
Biarni and Thorfinn Karlsefni in, 30-32, 59;
return of Thorfinn Karlsefni, 62;
Helgi and Finnbogi in, 62;
mentioned, 67 n.;
bishopric of Gardar, 71-74;
conditions in colony, 71-74.

Grimhild, death and burial, 57, 58.

Guacamari, _see_ Guacanagari.

Guacanagari, Indian cacique, 193 n., 207;
Columbus takes leave of, 209-210;
mentioned, 298-300, 303, 361;
suspected of treachery, 301, 305-307;
receives Columbus, 304-305.

Guadalquivir River, 180.

Guadeloupe, 225 n., 290 n.;
Columbus at, 286;
mentioned, 343;
natives report mainland to south, 359.

Guaigo, 394 n.

Guanahani, discovered, 110, 263;
Columbus takes possession of, 110;
natives, 111-113;
mentioned, 131, 134, 151.

Guanaja, Columbus at, 391 n., 392 n.

Guarico, 188 n., 196 n.

Guarionex, 206.

Gudrid, ancestry, 15 n., 18;
in Arnarstapi, 18;
return to Laugarbrekka, 19;
and prophecy of Thorbiorg, 22-23;
marries Thorstein Ericson, 27, 56;
in Western Settlement, Greenland, 27-29, 57-59;
goes to Eastern Settlement, 29, 59;
marries Thorfinn Karlsefni, 31, 59;
goes to Iceland, 43;
descendants, 43-44, 66;
accompanies Thorfinn Karlsefni to Vinland, 60-61;
in Iceland, 66.

Guevara, Ferdinand de, in Xaragua, 374.

Guiga, 399 n.

Guinea, 145;
and reported trade of canoes with land to west, 326;
navigation of Portuguese, 332;
exploration, 351-352.

Guisay, _see_ Quinsay.

Gunnbiorn, son of Ulf the Crow, voyage, 16, 46.

Gunnbiorns-skerries, discovered, 16, 46.

Gutierrez, Pedro, 109;
sent ashore, 200;
remains in Espanola, 209-210.

Haekia, in Vinland, 33.

Hafgrim, settles in Greenland, 47.

Haki, in Vinland, 33.

Halldis, 18;
death, 20;
mentioned, 22.

Hallveig, daughter of Einar, 18.

Hanno, voyage, 328.

Harold, the Stern-ruler, King of Norway, voyage, 68.

Haukadal, Eric the Red in, 15;
Eric banished, 16, 45.

Hauk Erlendsson, book, 3-5;
reliability, 8.

Hayti, 168 n., 295, 391 n.

Hebrides, Aud and Thorstein go to, 14;
Leif in, 24-25.

Helgi, voyage to Wineland, 62-63;
death, 64.

Helgi Thorbrandsson, settles in Greenland, 47.

Helluland, identification, 10;
named, 51;
explored, 32.

Henry VII., of England, reception of John Cabot, 424;
plan of second voyage, 425, 428;
preparations for second voyage, 429.

Heriulf, accompanies Eric the Red to Greenland, 46-47;
at Heriulfsness, 48-49.

Heriulfsness, Thorbiorn arrives in, 20;
Heriulf at, 46, 48-49.

Hermoso, Cabo, 123, 124.

Hesperides, and Cape Verde Islands, 322 n.

Hierro, island, _see_ Ferro.

Hierro, Punta del, 220.

Hojeda, Alonso de, 312 n.;
explores Cibao, 313 n.;
voyage, 360, 416 n.;
arrival in Espanola, 373;
mentioned, 376.

Holar, Bishop of, ordered to inquire into affairs of Gardar bishopric, 73.

Holmar, Eric winters at, 46.

Holmlatr, Eric spends winter in, 17.

Hop, Karlsefni at, 36, 39, 40-41.

Horn-Strands, 45.

Hrafn, settles in Greenland, 47.

Hrafnsfirth, Eric enters, 17, 46.

Hrafnsgnipa, 46.

Huego, reports of land to the southwest, 326.

Hvamm, Aud in, 15.

Hvarfsgnipa, 17.

Hvitramanna-land, 42.

Ibarro, Bernaldo de, quoted, 336.

Iceland, saga-telling period, 7;
Eric and Thorvald in, 15, 45;
mentioned, 17, 18;
the Froda-wonder, 24;
Thorfinn Karlsefni sails to, 43, 65;
Biarni Herjulfson in, 48;
extracts from _Annales regii_, 69;
English fish trade, 427.

Iguana Grande, island, 215 n.

Illugi, son of Aslak, 16.

Indians, trade with Columbus, 111-113, 119, 121, 127, 135, 142, 165,
194-195;
enslaved, 112, 144, 145, 267, 287, 292, 293, 343-344;
Columbus's policy towards, 110, 116-118, 126, 192, 194, 195, 322;
named, 110;
and tobacco-smoking, 141;
signal fires, 180, 224;
fight with Spaniards, 224, 292-293;
weapons, 307;
of Guanahani, 110-112;
of Santa Maria de la Concepcion, 115-116;
of Fernandina, 119-122;
of Cuba, 139-142;
of Espanola, 175-177, 180-187, 190-196, 198, 201-203, 205-210, 222-225,
265-269, 297-307;
at Trinidad, 335-336;
of mainland of South America, 342-344, 347;
of Veragua, 402.
_See also_ Caribs and Mayas.

Ingolf, colonist of Iceland, 17, 47.

Innocent VIII., pope, elects Matthias Bishop of Gardar, 74.

Ireland, Thorhall driven ashore on, 35.

Ireland the Great, _see_ Hvitramanna-land.

Isabelica, Punta, 217 n.

Isabella, aids Columbus, 371-372; reports of illness, 373. _See also_ Ferdinand and Isabella.

Isabella, in Espanola, preparations for city, 308;
Columbus's departure, 366;
mentioned, 321, 322.

Isabella, island, discovered by Columbus, 123, 124, 263;
Columbus leaves 128;
mentioned, 151.

Isleo, Cabo del, 127, 128.

Jacmel, 407 n.

Jaederen, Thorvald and Eric the Red leave, 15, 45.

Jamaica, 215, 338;
Columbus's shipwreck, 387;
Columbus bound for, 389;
Columbus reaches, 406.

Jardines, described, 344;
natives, 345-346.

Jerez, Rodrigo de, 136.

Jerome, St., 414.

Jews, expulsion from Spain, 90.

Jiddah, spice trade, 427 n.

Joachim, Abbot, prophecy, 413-414.

John II., of Portugal, grant to Fernam Dominguez do Arco, 93 n.;
receives Columbus, 253-255;
and Demarcation Line, 323, 326.

John, prince of Castile, 323, 369.

Jon Thordsson, and Flat Island Book, 4.

Juana, _see_ Cuba.

Karlsefni, _see_ Thorfinn Karlsefni.

Keelness, 33, 35, 39, 55.

Ketil, settles in Greenland, 46.

Kialarnes, _see_ Keelness.

Labrador, and John Cabot's first voyage, 423 n.

Lagartos, Rio de los, 400 n.

Lanzada, Punta, 179.

Lanzarote, 92.

Lapa, Cape of, 340;
pearl fisheries near, 346;
Columbus near, 353, 354.

La Vega, Columbus at, 375.

Leif Ericson, and discovery of America, 8, 11;
date of voyage, 12, 43 n.;
in Norway, 24-25, 47;
discovery, 25, 50-54;
introduces Christianity in Greenland, 26;
mentioned, 33, 59, 62, 63;
displeasure at Freydis, 65.

Leif's-booths in Vinland, Thorvald reaches, 54-55;
Thorfinn Karlsefni's arrival, 60.

Leikskalar, Eric at, 16.

Lepe, Diego de, voyage, 416 n.

Levantados, Cayo de, 221 n.

Lindo, Cabo, 166.

Lisbon, Columbus driven into river by tempest, 251, 379;
John Cabot's presence in, alleged, 430.

Llana, Punta, 349.

Llandra, Columbus at, 256.

Long Island, 117 n.

Lucayos, discovered, 110.

Luengo, Cabo, 356.

Luna, Rio de la, 132.

Lybia, voyage of Hanno from, 328.

Lysufirth, 27, 57.

Macorix, 206.

Macuris, Punta, 220 n.

Madama Beata, island, named, 365.

Madeira, 236, 243, 250;
Columbus at, 320.

Magnus Thorhallsson, and Flat Island Book, 4.

Mago, _see_ Mango.

Maici, Punta de, 158 n.

Maldonado, Melchior, explores Espanola, 302-303.

Mango, Cuba mistaken for, 405, 408.

Manzanillo, Bahia de, 212 n.

Maravi, Port of, 158 n.

Mares, Puerto de, advantages for settlement, 140;
Columbus leaves, 143.

Mares, Rio de, Columbus in, 132, 133, 135, 144;
mentioned, 147, 160, 176.

Margarita, discovered, 356;
Columbus leaves vicinity, 362-363.

Margot, Puerto, 187 n., 188 n.

Maria, Puerto, 168.

_Marigalante_, ship, 284 n.

Marigalante, island, 285.

Marinus, conception of world, 396-397.

Markland, identification, 10;
natives, 11;
expedition of Thorfinn Karlsefni, 32, 41;
named by Leif, 51;
mentioned, 69.

Marmoro, 405 n.

Marquez, Diego, 288.

Martian, quoted, 67.

Martinet, El, island, 356-357.

Martinique, 225 n.

Martyr, Peter, account of Columbus's fourth voyage, 388.

Maternillo, Punta del, 135 n.

Matinino, island, inhabitants, 223, 225, 270;
copper reported, 226;
Columbus desires to see, 228-229;
mentioned, 230.

Matthias, elected Bishop of Gardar, 74.

Mayas, 215 n.;
culture, 394 n.;
sculptures, 409-410;
animals, 410;
language, 411.

Mayonic, 206.

Mayreni, King, reported to have killed Spaniards, 300, 302, 303.

Mayrones, Francis de, quoted, 359.

Mecca, Cabot in, 426 n., 427;
spice trade of, 427 n.

Micmac Indians, appearance, 36 n.

Midiokul, 46.

Mines, Espanola, 382;
of Spanish colonies, value predicted, 415.

Missions, need in New World, 274, 361.

Moa, Rio de, 154 n.

Moa, Sierras de, 154 n.

Mogens Heinesen, 74 n.

Mona, island of, 322.

Monte, Cabo del, 166.

Monte Cristi, 212;
described, 213;
mentioned, 216, 218, 296;
harbor described, 298.

Montserrat, 291 n.

Moray, conquered by Thorstein the Red and Earl Sigurd the Mighty, 14.

Mosquito, Bahia, 172 n.

Mosquito Coast, Columbus on, 393 n.

Mosquitos, Punto de, 405 n.

Moya, Cayo de, 153.

Mulas, Punta de, 132 n.

Muxica, Adrian de, revolt, 374.

Navidad, fort built, 206;
Columbus leaves settlement, 209-211, 268-269, 271;
gold, 217;
anxiety of Columbus about, 224;
Columbus finds settlement destroyed, 298-304;
mentioned, 361.

Navigation, between Spain and Espanola, recommendations of Columbus,
276-277;
compass, 363 n.;
difficulties due to strong currents, 408-409.

New Spain, discovery postponed by Roldan's revolt, 360.

Nicholas V., letter to Bishops of Skalholt and Holar, 70-73.

Nidaros, Leif reaches, 47.

_Nina_, ship, 96, 97, 102;
crew report land, 106;
mentioned, 108, 116, 122, 139;
Indians escape from, 115-116, 150;
new fittings, 155;
Columbus on, 201.

Nino, Pedro Alonso, 236.

Nipe, 131 n.

Niti, 309, 312;
reports of gold, 313.

Nombre de Dios, 394 n., 399.

Norona, D. Martin de, 253;
escorts Columbus, 256.

North America, voyages of Northmen, 25, 50-54, 47-49; 54-56, 31-42,
59-62, 62-64, 67, 69;
Cabot's landfall, 422.

Northmen in America, sources, 3-13;
identification of localities, 10;
dates, 12, 43 n.

Norway, Eric the Red and Thorvald leave, 15, 45;
Leif in, 25, 47;
Thorfinn Karlsefni sails from, 59;
Thorfinn Karlsefni in, 65.

Nova Scotia, and Northmen, 10;
Indians, 36 n.;
climate, 37 n.;
and voyage of Thorfinn Karlsefni, 40 n., 41 n.

Nuestra Senora, Mar de, 148;
Columbus re-enters, 153;
mentioned, 160.

Nuevitas del Principe, Puerto de las, 131 n., 132 n.

Odd, of Jorva, 16.

Olaf the White, King, in Ireland, 14.

Olaf Tryggvason, King of Norway, 24;
and Christianity in Greenland, 25-26, 71;
and Leif Ericson, 25, 33, 47.

Orinoco, Columbus near mouth, 334 n.

Orkneys, Aud the Wealthy sails to, 14.

Orm of Arnarstapi, 18;
entertains Gudrid, 18-19;
starts with Thorbiorn to Greenland, 20;
death, 20.

Oro, Rio del, 217, 218.

Ovando, and Columbus, 390.

Padre y Hijo, Cabo de, 221.

Palmas, Cabo de, 133.

Palmista, Punta, 168 n.

Panama, coast explored, 387, 394 n.;
supposed connection with Cambodia, 397 n.

Paria, discovery, 339, 373;
described, 340, 341;
pearls, 346, 348, 373;
natives, 346-347;
Columbus near, 353, 354;
explored by Hojeda and Pinzon, 360 n.;
condition, 415.

Paria, Gulf of, 337 n., 340 n., 350 n.

Peraza, Dona Ines, 93.

Peraza, Guillen, 93.

Perez, Alonso, sights land, 330.

Perlas, Golpho de las, 350;
Columbus explores, 355, 356, 358.

Pico, Cabo de, 156.

Pierna, Punta, 178.

_Pinta_, ship, rudder disabled, 92;
repaired, 92-93;
sails ahead of Admiral's ship, 97-98;
crew sights land, 108-109;
mentioned, 120, 122, 133, 138, 211;
leaves other ships, 152;
news, 205, 207;
reappearance, 214;
on coast of Espanola, 215, 219;
weakness of mast, 232;
leaves _Nina_, 238.

Pinzon, Martin Alonso, at the Canaries, 92;
sails ahead of Columbus, 97-98;
and Columbus, 100-101;
claims to see land, 102;
advises course, 106, 120;
at Guanahani, 110;
mentioned, 120, 127, 134, 138, 211, 232;
leaves Admiral's fleet, 152;
rejoins _Nina_, 214;
on coast of Espanola, 215, 219;
Columbus disapproves of, 214, 216;
runs _Pinta_ ahead of _Nina_, 238.

Pinzon, Vicente Yanez, 108 n.;
at Guanahani, 110;
at Espanola, 207;
disaffection, 216;
quoted, 235;
charts route, 237;
voyage, 360 n., 373, 416 n.

Plata, Monte de, 220.

Plata, Puerto de, 220 n., 296 n., 346.

Playa, Punta de la, 333.

Pliny, quoted, 324, 348, 353.

Polo, Marco, 364, 393 n., 406 n., 426 n.

Porras, Diego de, report of fourth voyage of Columbus, 388, 407 n.

Port Clarence, Long Island, 120 n.

Porto Rico, 223, 225;
reports of gold, 225;
copper reported, 226;
location, 230;
Columbus at, 294-295;
mentioned, 321, 338, 359, 408.

Portugal, relations with Spain, 246.
Columbus received in, 253-256;
and Demarcation Line, 323, 416 n., 430;
and treaty of Tordesillas, 430.

Pozas, Isla de las, 408.

Principe, Puerto del, 148;
Columbus leaves, 150;
Columbus returns towards, 151.

Ptolemy, geographical system, 329 n., 396-397.

Puerto Sancto, Columbus at, 320.

Puerto Santo, in Cuba, Columbus at, 162-166;
natives, 164-165.

Punta Santa, 196, 199.

Queen's Garden, islands, 391, 405 n.

Quinsay, and Columbus's belief in Asian landfall, 126, 136 n., 406 n.

Quintero, Cristobal, and the _Pinta_, 92.

Rascon, Gomes, and the _Pinta_, 92.

Rastelo, Columbus passes, 251;
ship of King of Portugal near, 252.

Ratos, Isla de, 198 n.

Redondo, Cabo, 220.

Retrete, harbor, 399, 405 n.

Reyniness, Thorfinn Karlsefni in, 43.

Ricchieri, Ludovico, _Antiquarum Lectionum Libri XVI._, 329 n.

Rico, Cabo, 356.

Roca, Cabo de la, 220 n.

Roja, Punta, 217.

Roldan, the pilot, 235;
charts route, 237.

Roldan, Francisco, revolt, 360, 366, 373-374;
and Bobadilla, 376.

Romero, El, island, 356.

Ross, conquered by Thorstein the Red and Earl Sigurd the Mighty, 14.

Rucia, Punta, 213 n.

Ruiz, Sancho, charts route, 237.

Rum Cay, 115.

Sabeta, 345.

Sabor, Cabo de, 356.

Sacro, Puerto, 221.

Saga-age, in Iceland, 7.

St. Martin, island, 291 n.

St. Nicholas Mole, Hayti, 168 n.

St. Ursula, island, 294 n.

Sal, La, island, Columbus near, 324.

Saltes, bar of, 91;
Columbus crosses, 257.

Samana, Bay of, described, 221;
Columbus leaves, 228;
mentioned, 295 n.

Samana, peninsula, 221 n.

Samaot, 119, 120, 122.

San Honorato, 196 n.

San Juan, _see_ Porto Rico.

San Juan River, Nicaragua, 393 n.

San Miguel, Columbus approaches, 247.

San Nicolas, Puerto de, described, 169-170.

San Salvador, name given by Columbus to landfall, 114, 115, 151, 263;
natives, 116-117.

San Salvador, name given by Columbus to river and port in Cuba, 131, 133.

San Theramo, Cape, 229.

Sanchez, Rodrigo, 109;
at Guanahani, 110;
in Cuba, 140.

Sancta Ana, Cape, 327.

Santa Catalina, harbor, 156.

Santa Catherina, island, 322, 365.

Santa Cruz, island, 293 n.;
reported proximity of mainland, 359.

Santa Maria de la Concepcion, discovered, 115, 263;
mentioned, 117;
Columbus sails from, 118.

Santa Maria, Azores, Columbus reaches, 236;
attempted seizure of Columbus at, 245-249;
mentioned, 250.

Santangel, Luis de, Columbus's letter to, 243 n., 252 n., 259-272, 369.

Santo Domingo, 321-322, 365;
Columbus's arrival, 366;
revolts, 369;
Bobadilla's arrival, 375-383;
departure of Columbus, 391 n.

Santo Tomas, island, 187, 188, 189, 198, 199, 208.

Sao Thiago, Columbus at, 324 n., 325-326.

Saometo, _see_ Isabella, island.

Saona, 322.

Sara, Punta, 349.

Scotland, and Thorstein the Red, 14.

Seca, Punta, 220, 349.

Sera, distance from Cape St. Vincent, estimated by Ptolemy, 397 n.

Sesua, Punta, 220 n.

Seven Cities, myth, and John Cabot's voyage, 425.

Seville, letter of Dr. Chanca to Cabildo of, 280-313.

Sierpe, Boca de la, named, 340;
mentioned, 354.

Sierpe, Cabo de, 211.

Siete Hermanos, Los, 212 n.

Sigrid, wife of Thorstein of Lysufirth, death, 27, 28.

Sigurd the Mighty, Earl, 14.

Skagafirth, Karlsefni arrives at, 65.

Skalholt, Bishop of, ordered to inquire into affairs of Gardar bishopric, 73.

Skalholt annals, extract, 69.

Skrellings, 11;
appearance, 36;
trade with Northmen, 37;
attack Northmen, 38-39;
of Markland, 41;
attack Thorvald, 55;
trade with Thorfinn Karlsefni, 60;
attack Thorfinn Karlsefni, 61-62.

Slave-trade, Indian, 378.

Slavery, Indian, and Columbus, 344.

Snaefell, Eric sails to, 17, 46.

Snaefells-iokul, Eric sails from, 17, 46.

Snaefellsness, 18.

Snorri, son of Thorfinn Karlsefni, 41, 43, 60, 66.

Snorri, Thorbrand's son, 30;
accompanies Thorfinn Karlsefni to Greenland, 30;
accompanies Thorfinn Karlsefni to Vinland, 31, 35-36, 38-39.

Snorri Thorbrandsson, saga of Thorfinn Karlsefni and, _see_ Eric the Red, saga of.

Social life in Greenland in tenth century, soothsaying, 21-23;
Yule feast, 31.

Sol, Rio del, 143.

Solvi, settles in Greenland, 47.

Soncino, Raimondo de, first letter to Duke of Milan, 424-425;
second letter, 425-429.

Soothsaying, an exhibition in Greenland, 21-23.

South America, Columbus on coast, 331-363;
explorations of Hojeda and Pinzon, 360 n.;
Earthly Paradise, 364-365;
first settlement of Spaniards, 403 n.;
and Asia, 397 n.

Spain, Columbus's suggestions of colonial policy for, 160, 273-277;
and Demarcation Line, 323, 416 n., 430;
and Columbus's discoveries, 351, 352, 360-361, 363-364, 390.

Spice Islands, Cipango confused by Cabot with, 427 n.

Spice trade of the East, 427 n.

Stokkaness, Thorbiorn settles at, 23.

Straumey, 33.

Straumfiord, 34. _See_ Streamfirth.

Streamfirth, arrival of Thorfinn Karlsefni and Snorri, 39;
Thorfinn Karlsefni in, 41;
arrival of ship from Greenland, 69.

Styr Thorgrimsson, 16, 45;
accompanies Eric on voyage, 45.

Sudrey, 16.

Sutherland, conquered by Thorstein the Red and Earl Sigurd the Mighty, 14.

Svend Estridson, king of Denmark, 67, 68.

Tajado, Cabo, 220.

Tanais, country of, 426.

Tapion, Rio, 212 n.

Taxamo, Puerto de, 147 n.

Tello, Gomez, appointed receiver of royal dues, 275 n.

Tenerife, Columbus near, 93.

Terceira, Pedro Alonso Nino near, 236.

Testigos, Los, discovered, 356.

Thiodhild, _see_ Thorhild.

Thorbiorg, called Little Sibyl, prophesies, 21-23.

Thorbiorn, Vifil's son, 15, 16;
gives feasts, 19, 20;
goes to Greenland, 20;
sails to Brattahlid, 23;
mentioned, 26, 27, 45;
death, 29.

Thorbiorn Gleamer, settles in Greenland, 47.

Thorbrand, of Alptafirth, sons of, 16.

Thorbrand, son of Snorri, 38.

Thord of Hoefdi, descendants, 30.

Thord the Yeller, sons of, 16, 45.

Thorfinn Karlsefni, and Hauk's book, 5;
and North America, 11;
date of voyages, 12, 43 n.;
in Greenland, 30-31;
marries Gudrid, 31, 59;
voyage, 31-42, 59-62;
in Norway, 65;
in Iceland, 43, 65;
descendants, 43-44, 66.

Thorfinn Karlsefni, saga of, _see_ Eric the Red, saga of.

Thorgeir of Hitardal, 16, 45.

Thorgeir of Thorgeirsfell, 18.

Thorgeir, Vifil's son, in Iceland, 15;
marriage, 18.

Thorgest, quarrels with Eric the Red, 16, 45;
defeats Eric, 17.

Thorgils, son of Leif, 24.

Thorgunna, 24.

Thorhall the Huntsman, 30;
accompanies expedition of Thorfinn Karlsefni, 32;
asks aid of Thor, 34;
sails in search of Vinland, 34-35;
fate, 35;
Thorstein Karlsefni goes in search of, 39.

Thorhild, wife of Eric, 15, 23, 45;
embraces Christianity, 26.

Thori Eastman, in Greenland, 54;
death, 54.

Thorkel, entertains Thorbiorn, 20-21.

Thorlak, Bishop, 43 n.

Thorsnessthing, 16, 45.

Thorstein Ericson, 23;
leads expedition towards land discovered by Leif, 26, 56;
failure, 27, 56-57;
weds Gudrid, 27, 56;
in Western Settlement, 27, 57;
death, 28-58;
prophecy of Gudrid's fate, 29, 58, 59;
mentioned, 48.

Thorstein of Lysufirth, entertains Thorstein Ericson and Gudrid, 27-28, 57-58; accompanies Gudrid to Ericsfirth, 59.

Thorstein the Red, and Scots, 14.

Thorvald, father of Eric, goes to Iceland, 15, 45.

Thorvald, son of Eric, and the Uniped, 40;
mentioned, 48;
voyage to Wineland, 54-56;
death, 56.

Thorvald Kodransson, 46.

Thorvard, accompanies expedition of Karlsefni, 32;
marriage, 48;
and death of Helgi and Finnbogi, 64.

Thurid, daughter of Eyvind Easterling, 14.

Thurid, daughter of Thorbiorn Vifilson, _see_ Gudrid.

Tobacco-smoking, earliest reference, 141 n.

Tordesillas, Treaty of, 323 n., 326 n., 430.

Torres, Antonio de, sent back to Spain, 312 n.;
mentioned, 369;
and Columbus's letter to sovereigns concerning Demarcation Line, 382.

Torres, Dona Juana de, Columbus's letter to, 369-383.

Torres, Luis de, sent ashore at Cuba, 136.

Torres, Cabo de, 187, 188.

Tortuga Island, 168, 172, 174;
Columbus reaches, 178;
described, 179;
natives, 180, 183;
reports of gold, 184.

Toscanelli map, 101 n.

Tradir, Eric at, 16.

Tramontana, La, island, 348, 349.

Triana, Rodrigo de, sights land, 109.

Trinidad, discovered, 331;
Columbus seeks harbor, 333;
size, 334, 340;
Columbus's crew lands, 335;
Indians, 335-336;
climate, 337;
fruits, 338;
animals, 338-339.

Trivigliano, Angelo, letters of, mentioned, 318.

Trujillo, Columbus near, 391 n., 392 n.

Turuqueira, 290.

Tyrker, accompanies Leif on voyage of discovery, 50; in Vinland, 52-53.

"Uniped" episode, 40.

Uvaegi, 41.

Vaetilldi, 41.

Valldidida, reported to be a king of the Skrellings, 41.

Valle del Paraiso, 180.

Valparaiso, Portugal, Columbus at, 254.

Valthiof, and Eric the Red, 16.

Valthiofsstadir, landslide caused by Eric's thralls at, 15.

Vatnshorn, 15, 16, 45.

Veragua, report of mines, 394;
Columbus reaches, 400-401;
explored, 401;
mines found, 401;
natives, 401-402;
signs of gold, 411;
advantages for settlement, 411-412;
and Columbus's mythological geography, 413;
gold of Quibian, 414;
official appointments, 415.

Verde, Cabo, 129.

Verde, Simone, letter of, mentioned, 318.

Vespucci, Amerigo, and naming of America, 359 n.

Vifil, freed by Aud, 15.

Vifilsdal, given by Aud to Vifil, 15.

Vinland, and Northmen, sources, 3-13;
verity of tradition, 4, 7-8, 11, 13;
location, 10, 37 n., 67 n.;
natives, 10-11;
chronology of voyages, 12, 43 n.;
Leif's discovery, 25, 50-54;
Thorstein Ericson's attempt, 26-27;
voyage of Biarni Herjulfson, 47-49;
Thorvald's voyage, 54-56;
Thorfinn Karlsefni's expedition, 31-42, 59-62;
expedition of Finnbogi and Freydis, 62-64;
described by Adam of Bremen, 67;
Bishop Eric's expedition, 69.

Voyages, Gunnbiorn, 16, 46;
Eric the Red, 16-17, 45-46;
Leif Ericson, 25, 50-54;
Thorstein Ericson, 26-27;
Biarni Herjulfson, 47-49;
Thorvald, 54-56;
Thorfinn Karlsefni, 31-42, 59-62;
Finnbogi and Freydis, 62-64;
Bishop Eric, 69;
Columbus's first, 89-258, 263-272;
second, 278-313;
third, 314-366;
fourth, 389-418;
John Cabot (1497), 423-424.

Watling Island, 110 n.

Wonder-strands, 33, 34, 35.

Xamana, 295, 297.

Xaragua, 345;
and Adrian de Muxica's revolt, 374, 375.

Yamaye, _see_ Jamaica.

Yaqui River, 216 n., 298 n.

Yaquino, port, 365, 391 n.

Yazual, Isla, _see_ Padre y Hijo, Cabo de.

Yebra, river, 401 n.

Ysabeta, island, 347, 349, 350.

Yucatan, and the Mayas, 215 n., 410 n.

Yuyapari, 334, 339, 340, 349, 350, 353.

Zayto, and Columbus's belief that he had reached Asia, 136.

Zuruquia, 297.

Transcriber's Note:

The following typographical errors have been maintained in this version of the text:

Note Page Error
TN-1 101 "certainis lands" for "certain islands"
TN-2 173 'circumference of 200 leagues. All .... like a people at
war."' Close quotes misplaced, should follow "200 leagues"
TN-3 221, fn. 5 A . was omitted after "by Columbus"
TN-4 229, fn. 2 "Cabod el Engano" should read "Cabo del Engano" (258)
TN-5 268, fn. 2 "Historia de las Reyes Catolicos" should read
"Historia de los Reyes Catolicos"
TN-6 295, fn. 6 "October 21. and note" should have a comma after 21
TN-7 329, fn. 6 Columbiana for Colombiana
TN-8 359, fn. 2 "et seq." for "et seqq."
TN-9 373, fn. 4 "III. 23-42 He was" Period missing after 42
TN-10 411 "during fours years" for "during four years"

The following words were inconsistently spelled:

Acul / Acul
Arna-Magnaean / Arne-Magnaean
Christobal / Cristobal
Encyclopaedia / Encyclopaedia
Ericson / Ericsson
Guacanagari / Guacanagari
Maici / Maici
mother-of-pearl / mother-o'-pearl
Pinzon / Pinzon
Santa Maria / Santa Maria
Skalholt / Skalholt
Snaefell / Snaefell
Tenerife / Teneriffe
Xaragua / Xaragua
Yuyapari / Yuyapari

The following words had inconsistent hyphenation: