Chapter XII: Appendix

_A._ _Evolution and the lower forms of life_ (_p. 165_).

A singularly instructive field for the study of the mutability or stability of species should be afforded by the lower forms of life, in which organization is reduced to a minimum, they being mere masses of protoplasm without even a containing envelope, while their nourishment is of the simplest. It would therefore appear that environment should be all-potent to modify them and produce specific modifications, while the extreme rapidity with which they propagate their kind, and that unisexually, ought to require no vast extent of time to make such transmutations apparent.

It is found, however, on the contrary, that nowhere in organic nature does the type remain more rigidly persistent. Professor Macbride, for example, tells us,[327]

"The Myxomycetæ may be regarded as the organic group in which the forces of heredity,--whatever these forces may be--are at their maximum: they have responded as little as possible to the influence of their environment."

To the same effect speaks Professor Paulesco of Bucharest, of other elementary organisms.[328]

What is still more remarkable, these same organisms are extremely sensitive to altered conditions of environment, which have a direct and immediate influence, gravely modifying their morphological and physiological characters, changes in respect of light, minute alterations of temperature, or the introduction of a new chemical substance, even in infinitesimal quantity, frequently causing them to assume forms very different from the specific type, and profoundly modifying their nutritive processes.

Here, it was at first thought, when Pasteur revealed their history, is clear evidence of specific transformation. But he presently convinced himself and others that it is not so, for although liable to assume such polymorphic forms according to the conditions in which they find themselves, there is no alteration of specific nature, and if the original circumstances be restored, the original forms reappear--"une élasticité functionelle de la cellule lui permettant de se plier à des conditions variées d'existence sans changer d'être." (Pasteur.)

As M. Duclaux adds:[329]

"La notion d'espèce ne disparait pas pour cela. La variabilité est un caractère comme un autre, bien que plus difficile à inscrire dans la classification, et une espèce est aussi bien définie par les sensibilités diverses qu'elle manifeste que par la petite liste des mots et de propriétés dans laquelle on croyait pouvoir autrefois enfermer toute son histoire.... La lien de l'espèce c'est la loi qui préside à ces changements, et la variété des formes et des fonctions n'est pas du tout en contradiction avec l'unité de l'espèce."

_B._ _Note on Chap. XV. p. 203._

Since the foregoing pages have been in type there has come to hand the New York _Literary Digest_ of January 23, 1904, containing the following article (p. 119).

"ARE THE DAYS OF DARWINISM NUMBERED?"

The recent death of Herbert Spencer lends special timeliness to the above topic, which is being actively debated just now in German theological circles. The immediate cause of the revival of interest in the present status of the Darwinian theory is found in a lengthy article by the veteran philosopher, Edward von Hartmann, which appears in Oswald's _Annalen der Naturphilosophie_ (vol. ii. 1903), under the title 'Der Niedergang der Darwinismus' ('The Passing of Darwinism'). That the famous 'philosopher of the unconscious' is not prejudiced in favour of biblical views has been more than clear since the publication of his _Selbstzersetzung der Christentums_ ('Disintegration of Christianity') in 1874. Hartmann in his new article has this to say--

'In the sixties of the past century the opposition of the older group of savants to the Darwinian hypothesis was still supreme. In the seventies, the new idea began to gain ground rapidly in all cultured countries. In the eighties, Darwin's influence was at its height, and exercised an almost absolute control over technical research. In the nineties, for the first time, a few timid expressions of doubt and opposition were heard, and these gradually swelled into a great chorus of voices, aiming at the overthrow of the Darwinian theory. In the first decade of the twentieth century it has become apparent that the days of Darwinism are numbered. Among its latest opponents are such savants as Eimer, Gustav Wolf, De Vries, Hoocke, von Wellstein, Fleischmann, Reinke, and many others.'

These facts, according to Hartmann's view, while they do not indicate that the Darwinian theory is doomed, undermine its most radical features:

'The theory of descent is safe, but Darwinism has been weighed and found wanting. Selection can in general not achieve any positive results, but only negative effects; the origin of species by minimal changes is possible, but has not been demonstrated. The pretensions of Darwinism as a pure mechanical explanation of results that show purpose are totally groundless.'

Other scholars think that Hartmann does not do full justice to the reaction that has set in, particularly in Germany, against Darwinism. This sentiment is voiced by Professor Zoeckler, of the University of Greifswald, in the _Beweis des Glaubens_ (No. xi.), a journal which recently published a collection of anti-Darwinian views from German naturalists. He calls the article of Hartmann 'the tombstone-inscription [_Grabschrift_] for Darwinism,' and goes on to say:

'The claim that the hypothesis of descent is secured scientifically
must most decidedly be denied. Neither Hartmann's exposition nor
the authorities he cites have the force of moral conviction for the
claim for purely mechanical descent. The descent of organisms is
not a scientifically demonstrated proposition, although descent in
an ideal sense can be made to harmonize with the biblical account
of creation.'

Views of a similar kind are voiced in many quarters. The Hamburg savant, Edward Hoppe, has written a brochure, _Ist mit der Descendenz-Theorie eine religiöse Vorstellung vereinbar?_ [Is the Theory of Evolution reconcilable with the Religious Idea?] in which he takes issue, in the name of religion, with the purely naturalistic type of Darwinian thought. The most pronounced convert to anti-Darwinian views is Professor Fleischmann, of Erlangen, who has not only discarded the mechanical conception of the origin of being, but the whole Darwinian theory. He recently delivered a course of lectures, entitled 'Die Darwin'sche Theorie,' which have appeared in book form in Leipsic. He comes to this conclusion: 'The Darwinian theory of descent has not a single fact to confirm it in the realm of nature. It is not the result of scientific research, but purely the product of the imagination.'

* * * * *

From another article in the same journal (p. 116), entitled 'A Study of Creation,' the following paragraphs may be cited:

"The French have never been enthusiastic Darwinians. It is,
perhaps, not surprising, therefore, to find a French geologist, M.
Stanislas Meunier, arguing in the _Revue Scientifique_ (December
19) against all schools of transformism and stoutly maintaining
what is practically a doctrine of special creation. He admits that
living beings form a connected series; but the connexion, he
believes, is not one of physical descent, but inheres in something
outside of and pre-existent to the earth. He does not name it, but
he would probably not object to the inference that it is the mind
of a creator.

"M. Meunier gives at some length his reasons for rejecting
Darwin's, Lamarck's, and all other theories of transformism. All we
can be sure of, he thinks, is that, as in the case of the various
kinds of pottery, we have to do with an orderly development,
although he thinks it is not a development by descent. He closes,
thus:

"'Doubtless we cannot usefully risk any hypothesis on the mechanism
of the production of living things; but it is, perhaps, a step in
advance only to come to the conclusion that the cause of life and
its manifestations on the earth is exterior to the earth; that it
is anterior to our world, just as are doubtless the laws of physics
and chemistry, which govern the relations of matter and force
throughout space.

"'The philosophy of science can lose nothing by the admission of
points of view that, far from narrowing our subjects of study,
enlarge them beyond all limits; and this is, perhaps, the occasion
to show once more to persons who are turning toward metaphysics in
their thirst for mystery, that they will find in pure science that
wherewith they may satisfy their legitimate aspirations.'"

_C._ _Succession of Plant forms p. 220._

Recent investigations have led to the remarkable discovery that many fern-like plants of the Carboniferous rocks, hitherto classed as Cryptogams, were in reality seed-bearers, and thus intermediate between Cryptogams and Cycads, the most primitive of existing seed-plants. They have accordingly been placed in a special group "Cycadofilices," or "Fern-Cycads," and regarded as transitional types, the view that they are the remains of a natural bridge connecting the Ferns with the Gymnosperms having received wide support,[330] and at first sight this conclusion would appear natural and obvious. But here, as in other cases, the difficulty is that the seeds which have been found are all fully developed; there are none in the intermediate stages between true spores and true seeds; we have the finished article, but no trace of seeds in the making; which upon any theory of evolution must have been exceedingly numerous. Hence Dr. Scott tells us:[331]

"The important discoveries of the seeds of the Pteridosperms scarcely touch the question of descent, for these organs are of too advanced a type to throw light on the probable derivation of the group."

In this instance, therefore, as in others, it remains true that in no case is any trace found of rudimentary character in the earliest fossil specimens of any class.

It is undoubtedly a further puzzle that some of the Carboniferous cryptogams which did not bear real seeds, yet simulated them, a habit not easily explained on evolutionary principles.

_D._ _The Course of Evolution._

The evidence of Professor Vines quoted in the text (pp. 202, 237) receives a remarkable confirmation from that of Dr. Smith Woodward, Keeper of Geology in the National Museum of Natural History. Speaking before the International Congress of Arts and Science, St. Louis, U.S.A., September 22nd, 1904, he thus touched upon the same question, which he illustrated especially from the history of fossil fishes, which he has made his special study.[332]

"It must be confessed that repeated discoveries have now left faint
hope that exact and gradual links will ever be forthcoming between
most of the families and genera. The 'imperfection of the record,'
of course, may still render some of the negative evidence
untrustworthy; but even approximate links would be much commoner in
collections than they actually are if the doctrine of gradual
evolution were correct. Palæontology, indeed, is clearly in favour
of the theory of discontinuous mutation, or advance by sudden
changes, which has lately received so much support from the
botanical experiments of H. de Vries.

"Further results obtained from the study of fossils have a bearing
even on the deepest problems of Biology, namely, those connected
with the nature of life itself. For instance, it is allowable to
infer, from the statements already made, that the main factor in
the evolution of organisms is some inherent impulse--the 'bathmic
force' of Cope--which acts with unerring certainty whatever be the
conditions of the moment."

_E._ _Pedigree of the Horse._

Some recent evidence on this subject certainly does not clear away the difficulties set forth in the text.

From _Nature_, Sept. 8, 1904, p. 474.

"Professor Osborn (in a lecture before the British Association)
mentioned that more than a hundred more or less complete skeletons
of horses and horse-like animals had been found in North America.
He thought he had established the fact that horses were
polyphyletic, there being four or five contemporary series in the
Miocene, but that the direct origin of the genus _Equus_ in North
America was not established with certainty."

Professor Sedgwick, _Student's Text Book of Zoology_, p. 599.

"Much has been written on the ancestry of the horse. It has been
maintained by many authors that a continuous series of forms
connecting it with the four-toed, brachyodont Hyracothoridæ of the
Eocene has been discovered, and that here if anywhere a
demonstrative historical proof has been obtained of the doctrine of
organic evolution. Without desiring in the smallest degree to
impugn that doctrine, it may be permitted us here to examine rather
closely the view that the series of forms which recent
palæontological research has undoubtedly brought to light
constitute that historical proof which has been claimed for them."

[After an examination of the structural characters of these intermediate forms, viz., _Pliohippus_, _Protohippus_, _Desmathippus_, _Miohippus_, _Mesohippus_, _Orohippus_, and _Hyracotherium_, the author proceeds]:

"So far as the characters mentioned are concerned, we have here a
very remarkable series of forms which at first sight seem to
constitute a linear series with no cross-connections. Whether,
however, they really do this is a difficult point to decide. There
are flaws in the chain of evidence, which require careful and
detailed consideration. For instance, the genus _Equus_ appears in
the Upper Siwalik beds, which have been ascribed to the Miocene
age. It has, however, been maintained that these beds are in
reality Lower Pliocene, or even Upper Pliocene. It is clear that
the decision of this question is of the utmost importance. If
_Equus_ really existed in the Upper Miocene, it was antecedent to
some of its supposed ancestors. Again in the series of equine
forms, _Mesohippus_, _Miohippus_, _Desmathippus_, _Protohippus_,
which are generally regarded as coming into the direct line of
equine descent, Scott[333] points out that each genus is, in some
respect or other, less modified than its predecessor. In other
words, it would appear that in this succession of North American
forms the earlier genera show, in some points, closer resemblance
to the modern _Equus_ than to their immediate successors. It is
possible that these difficulties and others of the same kind will
be overcome with the growth of knowledge, but it is necessary to
take note of them, for in the search after truth nothing is gained
by ignoring such apparent discrepancies between theory and fact."

Besides the structure of limbs and teeth, another argument for the descent of the horse has been drawn from certain phenomena of colouration. Stripings are found not unfrequently to occur in the legs and withers, which Darwin took for a reversion to the character of a very remote ancestor, the common parent, in fact, of horses and asses, which he supposed to have been striped all over like a zebra. Like other such common ancestors, this hypothetical animal had never been seen, but was thought to be most nearly represented by the Kathiwar horse, with stripes on a dun ground, a specimen of which is exhibited as illustrating the hypothesis in the National Museum of Zoology.

Recently, however, Professor Ridgeway, who has devoted special attention to the problem, has satisfied himself that there is no sufficient foundation for these suppositions. He thus sums up the evidence which he has been able to collect:[334]

"Darwin's view that the original ancestor of the Equidæ was a
dun-coloured animal, striped all over, was based, not merely on the
occurrence of stripes in horses, but on his belief that such
stripes were common in dun horses, and that there was a tendency in
horses to revert to dun colour. But it must be confessed that the
facts do not warrant his conclusion.... It is clear that stripes
are at least as often a concomitant of dark as of dun colour.
Moreover, if Darwin's hypothesis of a dun-coloured ancestor with
stripes is sound, dark colours such as bay and brown must be of
more recent origin, and accordingly there ought to be a great
readiness on the part of a progeny of a light-coloured animal when
mated with a dark to revert to the light. But Professor Ewart's
zebra stallion has never been able to stamp his own peculiar
pattern or his own colours on his hybrid offspring. The ground
colour has been determined by the dams of the hybrids."

INDEX

_Abiogenesis_, 49-51

_Ætiology_, 197

Agnosticism, Huxley's first principle of, 4
Its fundamental principle unreasonable, 272

American Museum and the pedigree of the Horse, 248

Amphibians, embryology, 195

"Anthropomorphism," 274, 275

_Archæopteryx_, 171

_Archebiosis_, 53

Argus pheasant, ornamentation, 175

_Arsinoetherium_, 267

Atlantic cable, an illustration from, of chance and purpose, 115

Atoms, 37, 41, 88, 89, 90, 136

Augustine, St.--on creation _causaliter et seminaliter_, 141, 207

_Axolotl_, 195

Baden-Powell, Prof.--on the nature of the First Cause, 276

Bastian, Dr. H. C.--on spontaneous generation, 21, 50, 53

_Bathybius Haeckelii_, 21

Batrachians, appearance of, 225

Bats, an evolutionary puzzle, 229, 257

Bee, cell-making instinct, 156, 179

Bickerton, Prof.,--on dissipation of energy, 27 n.

_Biogenesis_, 49, 50

Blanchard, M.--on variation, 164;
on Darwinian argumentation, 181;
on fecundity as a factor in survival, 188;
on the problem of creation, 268

Bolingbroke, Viscount,--on the nature of the first cause, 273

Bridgman, Laura, 77

Bunsen, Chevalier,--on animal sounds and language, 74

Butler, Bishop,--on intelligence as a factor in cosmogony, 100

Carruthers, Mr. W.--on specific stability of _Salix polaris_, 164;
on classification of plants, 214;
on the geological record, 216, 265;
on past history of plant-life, 216 _seq._; on
an assertion of Haeckel's, 221;
on the evidence supplied by fossil plants, 223

Case, Prof.--on the meaning of "fortuitous," 125

Causation, principle of, 2, 87, 94, 107

Cause, the First. See _First Cause_

Chance, 110 _seq._, 151, 174

Cicero--on the evidence for a Deity, 103

Clerk-Maxwell, Prof.--on force and energy, 23n;
on Molecules, 90, 104;
on evidence of design, _ibid._

Clifford, Prof. W. K.--on design in Nature, 101

Clodd, Mr. E.--on atoms, 41

Comte, Auguste--on materialism, 278

Consciousness, origin of, 67

_Cosmos_ and its Cause, 86 _seq._

Croll, Mr.--on force and its determination, 94-96

Crookes, Sir W.--on renovation of energy, 26;
on radium and radio-activity, 42, 43

Cryptogamous plants, fossil history, 219

Crystallization, 63, 64

Darwin, Mr.--on the "law of continuity," 57;
on spontaneous generation, 58;
on the mental gulf between man and brute, 71;
on the origin of language, 79, 178;
on "creation," 91;
on the structure of the eye, 91;
on chance as a factor of the world, 116;
on pain and suffering as an objection to design, 119;
disclaims achievements attributed to him, 150;
his system, 153 _seq._ (see _Darwinism_);
his mode of arguing, 178;
dogmatism, 179;
pleads lack of knowledge as an argument, 182;
on single origin of every species, 210, 254;
on genealogy of the Horse, 259;
on the imperfection of the geological record, 264

Darwinism, 149 _seq._;
false representations of, 149-151;
sketch of system, 151-157;
facts favouring, 158-160;
difficulties of, 160 _seq._;
explains no origins, 161;
ignores the prime factor, _ibid._;
improbabilities, 166, 173;
does not explain initial developments, 170 _seq._;
nor artistic ornamentation, 175;
specious arguments too easily forthcoming, 177;
does not account for organic progression, 187;
scientific opinions concerning, 198 _seq._, 281

Dawson, Sir J. W.--on the first origin of life, 208;
on the history of animal life, 223; on genealogy of the _Equidæ_, 247;
of the _Cetacea_, 257;
of bats,
258;
on lack of palæontological evidence for evolution, 260

Design, evidence of, in Nature, 90, 97 _seq._;
Kant on the necessity of, 150

Determination of force, its necessity, 94-96, 114

Determinism of the will, 81 _seq._

Development of organic types, 146

Dicotyledons, appearance of, 220

Diderot--on evidence of intelligence in Nature, 125

_Dinotherium_, classification of, 259 n

Dogs, their vocal expression of emotions, 73

Du Bois-Reymond, Herr,--on the "Seven Enigmas," 31-33;
on the progress of human development, 68, 69;
on Haeckel's genealogies, 264

_Dysteleology_, 190

Ear, structure of, 93

_Electrons_, 42

Elephant and Tortoise of Hindu astronomy, 107

Embryology and Evolution, 158-160, 192 _seq._

"Energy," 23; conservation of, _ibid._;
dissipation of, 24 _seq._;
renovation of, 26-28

"Enigmas, the Seven," 32

_Entropy_, 25

_Equidæ_. See _Horse_

Ether, a constituent of the universe, 36

Evil, Origin of, the darkest of mysteries, 120

"Evolution," different meanings of term, 8;
as an operative law, 10-14;
eternal, 11;
as a philosophy, 22 _seq._;
formula of, 145
As a process, 45 _seq._
Organic, 142 _seq._;
essential characters of theory, 147, 206;
nature of evidence required, 208 _seq._;
history of in vegetable and animal kingdoms, 216 _seq._

Eye, origin of, 91, 154
Helmholtz, on defects of, 91 n.;
structure of, 155 n.;
evolution of, 168

Fabre, M.--on Darwin's facts, 200 n.;
on our ignorance of Nature, 203

Faraday, Prof.--on gravitation, 125

Final causality (Teleology), 98 _seq._

First Cause, the object of inference, 96, 97;
nature of as shown by reason, 270 _seq._

Fish, appearance of, 225;
problems presented by, 233

Flight, problem of, 93

Flower, Sir W.--on the extinct American horse, 254

Force, nature of, 23

Free-will, Prof. Haeckel on, 33, 81;
Dr. Johnson on, 84

Fuegians, mental likeness to ourselves, 72

Garnett, Prof.--on force, 23

Gaudry, M.--on ancestry of whales, 257; of bats, 258; of proboscidians, 259

Genera and species, 244 n.

_Generatio aequivoca_, 65

Generation, mysteries of, 123 _seq._

Geological formations, succession of, 213

Geological record, 216, 264, _seq._

Giraffe, evolution of, 154

Glass, fortuitously discovered, 115

Goethe--on "iron law," 14

Gore, Dr. G.--on machinery as excluding idea of design, 118

"Grand Question," the, 96

Grimthorpe, Lord (Sir E. Beckett)--on matter, 37; on the problem of flight, 93;
on evidences of purpose, 94;
on generation, 124;
on the structure of the eye, 155 n.

Gymnosperms, appearance of, 219

Haeckel, Prof. E.--on "rational view of the world," 10-14;
on the "magic word evolution," 16;
on scientific method, 18, 20;
on the law of substance, 13, 23;
on the conservation of energy, 23, 24, 26;
on the "Seven Enigmas," 33;
on the nature and properties of matter, 35, 39;
on the artificial manufacture of protoplasm, 59;
on free-will and determinism, 81;
on design in Nature, 90, 150;
on chance, 117;
on Monism, 128;
on annihilation as a desirable end, 130;
on the ultimate reality, 135;
unfounded claims on behalf of Darwin, 150;
bases arguments on lack of knowledge, 183;
on rudimentary organs and "Dysteleology," 190;
on single origin of every species, 210;
on the appearance of the _Apetalæ_, 221;
invents geological "ante-periods," 236;
and intermediate forms, 261;
his pedigree of man, 261;
his method of solving the riddles of Nature, 264

Heredity, 83, 99

Herschel, Sir J.--on molecules as manufactured articles, 89;
on evidence of mind in Nature, 100;
on gravitation, 125

_Hesperornis_, 171

Heurtin, Marie, 77

_Hippops_, 246, 252

Hird, Mr. D.--on the omnipotence of Evolution, 14;
on transformations of force, 129

Holland, Sir H.--on structure of ear, 93

Homer, a "half-savage Greek," 69 n.

_Homo alalus_, and _sapiens_, 81

Horse, structure of, 94, 240
Genealogy of, 236, 241 _seq._

Hudson, Dr.--on neglect of
study of present life in favour of evolutionary speculations, 185

Humboldt, W. von--on human speech, 76

Hutton, F. W.--on finite duration of the world, 2;
and of the universe, 28;
on dissipation of energy, 27 n.

Huxley, Prof.--on finite duration of the world, 1;
on the nature of science, 5;
on "Laws of Nature," 16-18;
on Evolution as a philosophy, 21, 22;
on matter, 38;
on the beginning of life, 46;
on faith and verification, 47;
on the fundamental principle of Evolution, 48;
on spontaneous generation, 50-54;
on protoplasm, 59, 60;
on structure of the Horse, 93;
on theism and creation, 100;
on teleology, 102;
on theism and chance, 103;
on the non-existence of chance, 111;
on seeming waste in nature, 121;
on mind and matter, 133;
on Saurian birds, 172;
on _Dysteleology_, 191;
on embryology and ætiology, 197;
on the Darwinian theory, 200, 201;
on facts as the only sound basis of theory, 204;
on the fundamental doctrine of organic evolution, 206;
on evolutionary evidence, 235;
on Haeckel's "Ante-periods," 236;
claims palæontological evidence as demonstrative of Evolution, 239, 261;
his pedigree of the Horse, 236, 242 _seq._;
discussed, 244 _seq._

_Hydra_, structure of, 146

_Icthyornis_, 171

_Inertia_, a property of matter, 39

Inference, 5 n.; 96, 272

Insects, insular, as an argument for Natural Selection, 154, 167

Invertebrate life, history of, 225

Johnson, Dr.--on free-will, 84

Julius Cæsar, his polydactyle charger, 241

Kant--on necessity of design, 150

Keller, Miss 77

Kelvin, Lord (Sir W. Thomson),--on the dissipation of energy, 25, 26;
his Law of Parsimony, 98;
on science and theism, 104, 278

Laing, Mr. S.--on matter and motion, 35

Lamarck--on Nature's witness to God, 279

Language, our "Rubicon," 73;
distinctively human, 73-78;
essential character, 74;
theories as to origin, 79

Lankester, Prof. Ray--on evolution of _Proboscideae_, 259

Laws of Nature--what? 16,
17, 86;
expressions of creative intelligence, 123, 277

Lewes, Mr.--on Laws of Nature, 86

Liddon, Canon--on Laws of Nature, 16

Life had a beginning, 46;
origin of, 46-66;
laws of, 90

Link forms wanting in Nature, 208 _seq._, 228 _seq._

Lodge, Sir O.--on non-purposive Evolution, 202;
on anthropomorphism and the First Cause, 276

Lydekker, Mr. R.--on pedigree of the Horse, 248

Lyell, Sir C.--on the need of creation, 269

Mallock, Mr. W.--on human conduct, 139

Mammals, appearance of, 226;
problems suggested by, 255

Man, faculties, 71 _seq._;
appearance of, 227

Marsh, Prof.--on Evolution, 47;
on _Hippops_, 252

Marshall, Prof. Milnes--on the teachings of Evolution, 15;
on embryology, 159;
on Haeckel's treatment of the same, 195

Marsupials, first appearance, 226

_Materia Prima_, 42 n

Matter, 35;
indestructibility, 13, 23;
properties, 36 _seq._;
constitution, 37, 41 _seq._, 135;
and motion, 39;
dissolution of, 43;
and mind, 131 _seq._

Max Müller, Prof.--on language, 73, 75

Mendeléeff's Periodic Law, 88

Mind and matter, connexion of, 131 _seq._

Mivart, Mr. St. G.--on the gulf between man and brute, 72;
on the essence of language, 74;
on theories as to its origin, 79;
on the ease with which Darwinian arguments can be found, 177;
on embryology of Salamander, 193;
on incompatibility of geological evidence with theory of Evolution by minute and gradual modification, 228, 230;
on evolution of the Horse, 255;
on the failure of apparent links, 267

Mole, evolution of, 181

Molecules, 88;
"manufactured articles," 89;
Clerk-Maxwell on, 90, 104

Monism, 126 _seq._, 278;
and morality, 137;
and Truth, 138

Monocotyledons, appearance of, 219

Motion, as a property of matter, 39

_Myriadism_, a better term for _Monism_, 136

"Natural Selection," what it is, 152 _seq._;
its powers discussed, 165 _seq._;
can produce nothing, 168;
a misnomer, 174. See _Darwinism_.

"Nature," 6

Nebular hypothesis, 11, 45, 48

Newman, Cardinal--on the nature of laws, 17;
on law and causality, 99

Newton, Sir I., his laws of motion, 39;
on evidence for theism, 103

_North British_ Reviewer--on the limits of variation, 162;
on the facility with which Darwinian arguments can be found, 177;
on Darwinism and geographical distribution, 184;
on the "maybe's" of Darwinism, _ibid._;
on incompatibility of geological evidence with evolutionary theory, 228

Obrecht, Martha, 77

_Ontogeny,_ 83 n.

Organic progression--and Darwinism, 186;
not evidenced by palæontology, 234

Organs, vestigial or rudimentary as an argument for evolution, 158, 189

_Origin of Species_, appearance of, 151

Owen, Sir R.--on the _Archæopteryx_, 172

Pain and suffering, as an objection to Design, 119, 121

Palæontology--the only sound basis for evolutionary theory, 204;
its evidence adverse to progressive developments, 234

Paley--his "watch argument" disproved by machine-made watches, 118

Pasteur, M.--on spontaneous generation, 50;
on initial temperature of life, 57 n.

Peacock's feathers and Natural Selection, 155 n., 175

Perrier, M. E.--on the evidence for Evolution, 237

Pettigrew, Mr.--on wings of birds, 93

_Phylogeny_, 83 n.

_Prothyle_, 42

Protoplasm, 59-63

Purpose and natural laws, 122

Quatrefages, M. de--on life and non-life, 63;
on crystallization, 64;
on variation in Nature, 162;
on Darwinian argumentation, 180, 182, 183;
on embryology, 194;
on absence of intermediate forms in Nature, 212, 229

Quinton, M.--new doctrine of life development, 57 n.

_Rana opisthodon_--embryology, 195

Rayleigh, Lord--on atheistic science, 105;
on scientific authority, 109

Reason generates speech, not _vice versa_, 76

Reptiles, age of, 226

Reptilian birds, 171

Rivarol--on God and the world, 279

Robin, M. Ch.--on Darwinism, 198

Romanes, Prof.--on continuity and universality of natural causation, 29, 30;
on origin of language, 79;
on Monism, 129;
on the inadequacy of Natural Selection, 201;
on jealousy of admitting the Creator into creation, 277

Roscoe, Sir H.--on artificial production of protoplasm, 62

Salamander, embryological features, 193

_Salix polaris_, its specific stability, 164, 222

Saporta, Comte de--on parallel development of animal and vegetable life, 228;
on the problem of Creation, 268

Schoolmen, the--on relation of soul and body, 132

Scorpion, maternal and unfilial instincts, 122

Selous, Mr. E.--exemplifies Monistic doctrines, 139 n.

Sensation and consciousness,--origin of, 67

Snakes, embryological features, 194

Species, on evolutionary principles must each derive from a single origin, 210;
isolation of, 211;
and genera, 244 n.

Specific stability in Nature, 164

Spencer, Mr. Herbert--on the beginning of life, 56;
his "Formula of Evolution," 145;
on the process of organic evolution, 147

Spontaneous Generation. See _Life, origin of_

Stephen, Sir L.--on materialism, 78

Stewart, Prof. Balfour--on finite duration of the world, 1;
on dissipation of energy, 25.
See also _Stewart and Tait_

Stewart and Tait--on self-evidence of theism, 104, 273

Stirling, Mr.--on protoplasm, 59, 61

Stokes, Sir G. G.--on evidence for design, 104

Suarez--on creative power and natural law, 207

Substance, law of, 13, 14, 22, 23, 33, 41, 118

Survival of the fittest, and organic progression, 186

Tait, Prof. P.--On the scope of science, 18, 20;
on force and energy, 23 n.;
on the properties of matter, 39;
on "pseudoscience," 40;
on scientific methods, 47;
on mechanical theories of life, 65.
See also _Stewart and Tait_.

Teleology--98 _seq._

Theism, 97 _seq._, 277

Thiselton-Dyer, Sir W.--on protoplasm, 60-62

_Thyroid_ gland--its lesson, 191 n.

Time, as a factor in Evolution, 80, 169

Transformism, 142, etc.
See _Evolution, organic_

_Triton alpestris_, 195

Tyndall, Prof.--on the material origin of life, 38;
on the beginning of life, 46;
on scientific method, 47;
on spontaneous generation, 54-56;
on the potentialities of matter, 54;
on mind and matter, 133

Ungulates, structure of limbs, 241

Variation, the basis of Darwin's calculations, 162;
its limitations, _ibid._;
minute at each stage, 165

_Verbum mentale_, 76

Vines, Prof. S. H.--on speculations and facts, 185;
on the present status of the Darwinian theory, 202;
on our present knowledge, 237

Virchow, Prof.--on the beginning of life, 46;
on spontaneous generation, 65

Vogt, Carl--on embryology, 194;
on Haeckel's genealogies, 264

Wallace, Mr. A. R.--on breaches of natural causation, 64;
on the origin of life, _ibid._;
on the origin of animal life, 69, 70

Weismann, Prof.--on our intellectual need for causality, 101

Weldon, Prof.--on Huxley's scientific method, 21, 197

Whales, appearance of, 257

Whitney, Prof.--on origin of language, 79

Will, the only cause known to us, 99, 100.
See also _Free-will_

Williamson, Prof. W. C.--on missing links, 231;
on an unrecognized factor in life-developments, 232;
on the geological history of fishes, 233;
on genealogy of the _equidæ_, 251;
on lack of palæontological support for the Evolution theory, 260

Wings, as machines, 93

Wollaston, Mr.--on "Nature" as an agent, 108

World, beginning of, 1

_Zeuglodon_, 257

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