Chapter CXXVI: Appendix (4)

Syllingar, the Scilly Islands. There was an ecclesiastical settlement
there in Olaf Tryggvason’s time. It was in the Scilly Islands that he
was baptized, and embraced the faith which he afterwards propagated
with the strong hand both in his own kingdom and in Orkney.

Footnote 361:

_Lúdr._—This same signal was used by the army of the Bœndr at the
battle of Stiklestad (Flateyjarbók, ii. 352). The signal-horn used at
the present day by the Shetland fishermen still retains the ancient
name, “the ludr-horn.”

Footnote 362:

_Clavis Rhythmica_, apparently a kind of rhyming dictionary or
repertory of versification. Torfæus states that this joint production
of Earl Rögnvald and Hall, Ragna’s son, is still extant in the library
at Upsala.

Footnote 363:

From the description of Lambaborg, and its situation with regard to
the coast and the river at Freswick, it seems to have been the
fortalice now called Bucholly Castle, from a Mowat of Bucholly who
possessed it in the 17th century, and by whom it was partially
rebuilt.

Footnote 364:

Probably now represented by Duffus in Moray.

Footnote 365:

This passage supplies the name of a prior of the monastery of May, not
otherwise on record. (See records of the Priory of the Isle of May,
issued by the Soc. Antiq. Scot. 1868).

Footnote 366:

See p. 123.

Footnote 367:

See chap. lxxiv.

Footnote 368:

The Stockholm translation of the Saga has “in Vigr,” instead of “in
the Islands.”

Footnote 369:

In the Saga of Hakon Hakonson it is stated that Kolbein Hruga’s castle
was on the island of Vigr, now Weir. It was to this stronghold that
Snækoll Gunnason fled when he had slain Earl John (son of Harald
Maddadson), the last of the Norse Earls of Orkney, in A.D. 1232; and
the Saga states that the castle was so strong that it resisted all the
efforts of the Earl’s friends to take it. In 1529 we learn from Jo.
Ben that the ruins were still visible. Barry describes it as a small
square tower, 15 feet square inside, and the walls 7 feet thick,
strongly built with large stones, well cemented with lime. It is now a
green mound, like the older Pictish towers; but to this day among the
peasantry of the locality the mound bears the name of _Cobbie Row’s_
(Kolbein Hruga’s) Castle.

Footnote 370:

See note on p. 84.

Footnote 371:

Probably in the body-guard of the Greek Emperor, which, the Byzantine
historians of the period inform us, was composed of natives of the
remote north, whom they call Varangians. The name Varangi first
appears with them in the year 935, but they are said to have served of
old in the body-guard, and to have come partly from Thule and partly
from England. In the Saga of Harald Hardradi his exploits during his
sojourn in the East are minutely detailed, and it is recorded that he
became chief of the Værings, who were at that time in the Imperial
service. For several centuries these mercenaries in the pay of the
Emperors were renowned for their bravery, discipline, and fidelity.
After the Norman conquest of England, a body of Anglo-Saxon youth,
under Siward of Gloucester, choosing exile rather than the ignominy of
submission to the conquerors, went to Constantinople, and enrolled
themselves among the Værings. So many followed them that a mixture of
Danish and Saxon became the official language of the guards of the
Imperial Palace. Hoards of Eastern coins and ornaments are almost
annually discovered in Norway and Sweden, and occasionally in Orkney
and the North of Scotland. The museum of Stockholm possesses a
collection of more than 20,000 Cufic coins found in Sweden, dating
from the close of the 8th to the end of the 10th century, and vast
quantities of those silver ornaments of peculiar forms and style of
workmanship, which are also believed to have been brought from the
East, partly by trade and partly by the returning Værings.

Footnote 372:

The scene of the shipwreck seems to have been near Gulberwick.

Footnote 373:

The MS. translation at Stockholm reads “two Icelanders.”

Footnote 374:

Having studied probably at the University of Paris. Schröder gives the
names of several Swedish students at the University of Paris as early
as 1275. (De Universitate Parisiensi: Joh. Hen. Schröder.)

Footnote 375:

Valland, probably for Gaul-land, the Norse name for the west coast of
France.

Footnote 376:

Verbon has not been identified.

Footnote 377:

Galicialand, the modern Galicia, the north-west corner of Spain.

Footnote 378:

Heathen Spainland must refer to the provinces then in possession of
the Moors. The Saga of Sigurd the Jorsala-farer says that when he
visited Lisbon, four years after the fall of King Magnus Barelegs
(circa A.D. 1107), “there lies the division between Christian Spain
and heathen Spain, and all the districts that lie west of the city are
occupied by heathens”—meaning Moslems.

Footnote 379:

Njörfasund, the Straits of Gibraltar.

Footnote 380:

Serkland, or Saracen land—the north coast of Africa.

Footnote 381:

_Dromones_, originally used for long and swift ships, was in later
times applied to the larger ships of war (Du Cange _sub voce_). In the
early French romances it appears as “Dromons,” and “Dromont.” Matthew
Paris, in his account of the crusading expedition of Richard I. of
England (A.D. 1191) notices the capture of a Saracen ship—“navis
permaxima quam Drómundam appellant.”—_Hist. Angl._ vol. ii. p. 23,
Rolls Ed.

Footnote 382:

The tying of knots at the Jordan is also alluded to in the saga of
Sigurd the Jorsala-farer. King Sigurd and his brother Eystein are
“comparing each other’s exploits,” and Sigurd says:—“I went to
Palestine, and I came to Apulia, but I did not see you there, brother.
I went all the way to Jordan, where our Lord was baptized, and swam
across the river; but I did not see thee there. On the edge of the
river-bank there was a bush of willows, and there I twisted a knot of
willows, which is waiting thee there; for I said this knot thou
shouldst untie, and fulfil the vow, brother, that is bound up in it.”
The tying of knots seems also to have had another meaning covertly
alluded to in the stanzas.—(See the story of Gunnhild and Hrut in the
Njáls Saga, p. 18.)

Footnote 383:

This seems to be no place-name, but a name formed, as the Turks formed
the name Istambol, from hearing the Greeks constantly talking of going
“εις την πολιν”—“to the city,” meaning Constantinople.

Footnote 384:

Probably the promontory of Sigeum, at the mouth of the Dardanelles. It
might be called Ægisness, from its being at the entrance to the Ægean
Sea. It is called Engilsness in the saga of “King Sigurd the
Jorsala-farer,” and it is stated that Sigurd’s fleet also lay here for
a fortnight waiting a side-wind, that they might show off their sails
(which they had stitched over with silks) as they passed up to
Constantinople. There was, however, a town called Ægos, at the mouth
of a stream of the same name, near the northern end of the
Dardanelles, a little below the modern Gallipoli.

Footnote 385:

See note at p. 127.

Footnote 386:

Manuel I., successor of John Comnenus, who reigned from 1143 to 1180.

Footnote 387:

Dýraksborg must be Durazzo, the ancient Dyrachium, a seaport in
Albania, on the Adriatic, opposite to Brundusium in Italy.

Footnote 388:

Pull, the ancient Apulia or Puglia, in Italy, on the opposite shore of
the Adriatic from Dyrachium. Apulia had been under the dominion of its
Norman dukes from the middle of the eleventh century, and this may
have been the reason why the route homewards through Apulia was chosen
both by Sigurd the Jorsala-farer and Earl Rögnvald.

Footnote 389:

Hákon Herdabreid (the broad-shouldered) became King in 1161. (For an
account of his death, and that of King Ingi and Gregorius Dagson, see
the sagas of the sons of Harald Gilli and Hákon Herdabreid, in the
Heimskringla.)

Footnote 390:

Near Bergen.

Footnote 391:

Viken, in the south of Norway.

Footnote 392:

Bishop’s-tongues, a district lying between three rivers in the south
of Iceland, also mentioned in the Njáls Saga.

Footnote 393:

See note on p. 21.

Footnote 394:

One of the MS. copies of the saga has “Rögnvaldzeyiar.”

Footnote 395:

Harald Hardradi, son of Sigurd Syr, who was slain in the battle of
Stamford Bridge. See p. 47.

Footnote 396:

See the account of her elopement with Earl Erlend Ungi in chap. xcii.,
and of her relations with Gunni, Olaf’s son, chap. lxxxvii.

Footnote 397:

This was Malcolm the Maiden, the grandson, and not the son, of King
David I.

Footnote 398:

Malcolm the Maiden.

Footnote 399:

Malcolm the Maiden was twelve years old when he came to the throne.
Perhaps the Saga-writer meant that he had then been nine winters king.

Footnote 400:

The Mull of Deerness, or Moulhead of Deerness, as it is called in the
maps, in the north-east of the Mainland, Orkney.

Footnote 401:

Skeggbjarnarstad was probably a homestead on Skebro Head, in Rousay.
The old form of Skebro Head might be Skeggbjarnarhöfdi.

Footnote 402:

Hofsness, probably Huipness, the most northerly point of Stronsay.

Footnote 403:

Kjarekstad.—Munch identifies this place with the modern Karston or
Careston, which lies on the inlet leading to the Loch of Stennis, a
little to the north-east of Stromness. But this would make Arni,
Rafn’s son, run a good ten miles without once remembering that he had
his shield on his shoulder until it stuck in the door at Kirkwall. If
this Kjarekstad be not the same with Knarrarstad at Scapa, which was
Earl Rögnvald’s homestead (see p. 113), and might be the castle here
spoken of, there is a Carness near Kirkwall (in old maps Carisness)
which may be more readily supposed to be the Kjarekstad from which
Arni ran than Careston near Stromness.

Footnote 404:

Munch says of this passage that the text reads, very improperly,
“Gáreksey” for “Grimsey.” Hafnarvag he identifies with the Medalland’s
hofn of Hakon Hakonson’s saga, which is the “Midland Harbour” lying
between the Holm of Houston and the Mainland on the south side of
Orphir. The name Hafnarvag, however, simply signifies a landing-place
in a voe or inlet, and might more appropriately be applied to some
place near the head of the inlet immediately opposite Grimsey, which
goes up to the Loch of Stennis. If Harald and his men landed at
“Midland Harbour,” they took the longest land route to walk to Firth;
if they landed near the head of the inlet above mentioned, they chose
the shortest land route.

Footnote 405:

The word Orkahaug is only known to occur twice—once here, and once in
one of the Runic inscriptions on the walls of the chamber of Maeshow.
Here it is given merely as the name of the place where Earl Harald and
his men had a Yule-tide carouse, which disabled two of them from
proceeding on their journey, so that they failed in surprising Earl
Erlend at his Yule feast. In the inscription in the chamber of Maeshow
it appears as the name of the burial-mound which was broken into by
the Jorsala-farers in search of treasure. There seems to be little
doubt that this name “Orkahaug” was the name by which the Maeshow was
then known. The Orkahaug of the text must either mean the actual “how”
itself, or a homestead near it which was named from it. There is an
Orkhill (Orquill) not very far from Maeshow, and there was another
Orkhill near Knarstane, Scapa, which is called Orquile in “the coppie
of my Lord Sinclairis Rentale that deit at Flowdin.” No other
Orkahaug, however, is known. (See under Maeshow in the Introduction.)

Footnote 406:

The castle at Freswick, elsewhere called Lambaborg (see p. 122).

Footnote 407:

The mouth of the burn of Freswick.

Footnote 408:

Moseyjar-borg, the burg or castle on the little island of Mousa, in
Shetland. This curious structure is the best preserved example of the
old Celtic strongholds, or “Pictish towers,” which were so thickly
planted over the northern and western districts of Scotland, and
specially in those districts exposed to the ravages of the Northmen.
We learn from the Saga of Egill Skalagrimson that fully two centuries
before the event here narrated Mousa had been occupied in a precisely
similar manner by a couple who fled from Norway, and after celebrating
their marriage in the deserted burg, lived in it for a whole winter.
(See under Mousa in the Introduction.)

Footnote 409:

The Moray Firth.

Footnote 410:

Bly-holmar (lead islands) must refer to a group of islands not far to
the south of Berwick, probably the Fern Islands.

Footnote 411:

Mosey, the Isle of May.

Footnote 412:

Off Sumburgh Head, now called Sumburgh Roost.

Footnote 413:

Beruvik, probably the inlet at the mouth of the Berriedale water, on
the north side of the Ord of Caithness, where there is an old tower
called Berriedale Castle. (See note at p. 18.)

Footnote 414:

This was probably the castle which was destroyed by King William the
Lion in the end of the twelfth century, when he sent his troops
against Earl Harald “to Turseha,” and destroyed the Earl’s residence
there.

Footnote 415:

This is evidently a mistake in the text for Rögnvaldsey, or South
Ronaldsay. In the MS. the contraction R.ey is used both for Rínarsey
and Rögnvaldsey.

Footnote 416:

Vidivag, the voe or creek of the beacon; now Widewall, in South
Ronaldsay.

Footnote 417:

Bardvik, the bay beside Barth Head; now Burswick, in South Ronaldsay.

Footnote 418:

Strandhögg, strand-hewing, or victualling the ships of a viking
squadron, by driving cattle to the shore, and killing them there.

Footnote 419:

Ru Stoer in Assynt, on the west coast of Sutherlandshire.

Footnote 420:

Walls, in the Island of Hoy, Orkney.

Footnote 421:

Knarston, at Scapa, in the Mainland of Orkney. (See note at p. 113.)

Footnote 422:

Paplay, in Mainland, where Hákon Karl, the brother of Earl Magnus the
Holy, had his residence. (See p. 96.)

Footnote 423:

Sandwick, in Deerness.

Footnote 424:

The Iceland Annals place the fall of Earl Erlend in A.D. 1154.

Footnote 425:

See p. 74.

Footnote 426:

None of these men are again mentioned in the Saga.

Footnote 427:

In the “Coppie of my Lord Sinclaire’s Rentale, that deit at Flowdin,”
dating between 1497 and 1503, there is a Tyngwale in Rendale, set to
John Selatter. The name still remains, but there is no other trace of
an Orkney thing-stead in the Islands. (See p. 61.)

Footnote 428:

Mackaile and Sir Robert Sibbald both notice the existence of white
hares in the hill of Hoy. Low, in his “Fauna Orcadensis,” states that
they did not exist in his day; and he adds, “nor is there a hare of
any kind to be found in the Orkneys.”

Footnote 429:

Cave Isle—now Eller Holm, a small island between Shapinsay and the
Mainland of Orkney.

Footnote 430:

This seems to indicate that there was an ecclesiastical settlement on
Eller Holm. Possibly it may have been the “isle Elon” referred to in
the stanza made by Earl Rögnvald on the occasion of the singular
apparition of the sixteen shaven crowns described in chap. lxvi. It is
suggestive of this that Fordun gives the name of this island as
Helene-holm instead of Eller Holm. (See note, chap. lxvi.)

Footnote 431:

Völuness has not been identified.

Footnote 432:

This must be Barswick, near Barthhead, in South Ronaldsay, as it is
afterwards stated that from this headland Rögnvald and Swein saw Earl
Harald’s ship coming across the Firth from Caithness to Walls.

Footnote 433:

In the text it is “Hrólfsey to R(inans)ey”—Rousay to North Ronaldsay,
but Munch’s reading of the passage seems to be the true one. (See the
next chapter.)

Footnote 434:

The Mainland of Orkney. This shows that in all likelihood it is
Hrossey that is meant where the text has Hrólfsey at the beginning of
the previous chapter.

Footnote 435:

Probably Rapness, in the south-east of the island of Westray.

Footnote 436:

It does not appear whether this is the Hákon Karl who lived at Papuli
or not.

Footnote 437:

St. Mary’s, the largest of the Scilly Isles, called Syllingar in the
Sagas.

Footnote 438:

This was the famous Somerled, styled by the Chronicle of Man “Regulus
Herergaidel”—ruler of Argyle. This chronicle also adds the information
that his marriage with Ragnhild was the cause of the ruin of the
monarchy of the Isles. Although the Saga here makes Swein, Asleif’s
son, kill Somerled about the year A.D. 1159, we learn from the more
trustworthy sources of Fordun and the Chron. de Mailros that Somerled
was killed at Renfrew on the 1st January 1164, having landed there
with a fleet of 160 galleys in the attempt to make a conquest of
Scotland. He had given his sister in marriage to Wimund, ex-bishop,
_alias_ Malcolm M’Heth, whom the Saga calls Earl of Moray. After the
unsuccessful termination of Malcolm M’Heth’s attempt to gain
possession of the crown of Scotland, his brother-in-law, Somerled,
seems to have continued the hostilities against King David, and to
have joined the party against Malcolm IV. when the attempt was made to
place the “Boy of Egremont” on the throne. (See Fordun Skene’s ed.)
II. 250, and Munch, _Chron. Man._ p. 80.

Footnote 439:

Dugald, Reginald, and Angus; from Reginald sprang the Macrories,
Macdougalls, and Macdonalds of the Isles.

Footnote 440:

This is the Firth of Forth in chapter lxxvii. Here it evidently refers
to one of the sea-lochs on the west coast, and may probably be Loch
Gleann Dubh, the inner portion of Kyle Scow. At least the Norse name
“Dark Fiord,” and the Gaelic “Loch of the Dark Glen,” are suggestively
similar, and both equally descriptive of the upper part of the Kyle.

Footnote 441:

In reference to this passage, Jonæus, in his edition of the Saga
(Hafniæ, 1780), says, that what is of the greatest moment is the fact
which it points out, that at this date (circa 1158) there were
reindeer in Scotland. In his Latin version of the original he
translates the phrase “_at veida rauddyri edr hreina_” as “_feras
rubras et rangiferos venari_,” and has no doubt or hesitancy about the
matter. It is established by geological evidence that the reindeer was
widely distributed in Great Britain in post-glacial times, although
the instances of its occurrence within the human period, and in
association with the remains of man, have been comparatively rare.
Recently, however, evidence has been supplied by excavations in the
ruins of the brochs, or “Pictish towers,” of the north of Scotland,
which fully corroborates the statement of the Saga that the reindeer
was actually hunted and eaten by the later occupants of these
structures, their latest occupation on record being an occasional one
by the Norsemen. In the refuse-heaps of several of these towers, the
horns of the reindeer have been found, in some instances cut and sawn
as if to be utilised for artificial purposes; while in other cases it
is evident that the animals must have been killed when the horns were
in the velvet. It is also significant that the reindeer moss
(_Cladonia rangiferina_) still grows abundantly in Caithness. The
question is very fully and ably discussed in a paper on “The Reindeer
in Scotland,” by Dr. J. A. Smith, in the eighth volume of the
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.

Footnote 442:

It is plain from the original that some words are here omitted from
the text. One of the MS. copies of the Saga has had the additional
words, which are thus rendered in the Danish translation preserved at
Stockholm, “_Der som vaar noget_ erg, _det kalde vi setter_,” etc.
“There were there some shielings (erg), which we call setter; and
there they took up their quarters for the night.” What is remarkable
about this passage is that the Gaelic word for a shieling, _Airidh_,
given phonetically by the old Norse saga-writer as “erg,” is glossed
in the Danish translation by the word “setter”—summer pasturing-place,
where rude huts were erected for temporary occupation. The word
setter, which is common in the place-names of Caithness and the
Northern Isles, is to this day understood by the inhabitants in the
same sense, although the custom of sending the cattle to the
hill-pastures in summer, and living in “shielings,” has now ceased, on
the mainland at least. (See also the note on “Asgrim’s ærgin,” p.
187.)

Footnote 443:

A Norwegian ell is half a yard. The leap was thus four yards and a
half.

Footnote 444:

Kalfadalsá, the Kalfadal’s stream, is the Burn of Calder, which,
issuing from the Loch of Calder, falls into the Thurso water. The
situation of Kalfadal, a valley running up from the valley of the
Thurso water towards Forss, is exactly that of the valley of Calder.

Footnote 445:

The word _ærgin_ is not Norse. It is, however, a Norse corruption of
the Gaelic word for a shieling—_airidh_, plur. _aridhean_, which
enters into the composition of many of the place-names in
Caithness—_e.g._ Halsary, Dorrery, Shurrery, Blingery, etc. Asgrim’s
_ærgin_ is still recognisable in the modern Askary or Assary, near the
north end of the Loch of Calder. It is curious to find thus
incidentally in the Saga an indication of the blending of the
folk-speech of the time, and to find also in the modern names of Norn
Calder and Scotscalder a record (preserved on the spot) of the time
when one portion of the dale was possessed by the Norsemen and another
by the natives. Passing from Calder towards the coast the place-names
are mostly Norse; and passing from Calder in the opposite direction
towards the uplands, the place-names are almost entirely Gaelic.

Footnote 446:

The feast of the Assumption of St. Mary, or the 15th August. The
Iceland Annals give 1158 as the year of Rögnvald’s death.

Footnote 447:

Earl Rögnvald was canonised A.D. 1192.

Footnote 448:

Skrud, a general term for fine cloth and costly stuffs.

Footnote 449:

After the divorce of his first wife Afreka. (See chap. cix.)

Footnote 450:

The Celtic form of her name is Gormlath.

Footnote 451:

This “Malcolm, Earl of Moray,” has a curious history. He appears first
as Wimund, a monk of Savigny, and priest in the Isle of Skye.
Afterwards he became Bishop of Man, and subsequently appeared in the
character of a pretender to the Scottish crown, giving himself out to
be Malcolm MacHeth, son of that Angus MacHeth who was defeated by King
David, and slain at Strickathro A.D. 1130. Assisted by Somerled of
Argyle and by this alliance with the Earl of Orkney, he ravaged the
western coasts of Scotland, until he was captured by King David, and
confined in the Castle of Roxburgh in 1134. He was released by Malcolm
the Maiden after the death of King David, and received from the young
king the sovereignty of a portion of the ancient kingdom of Cumbria.
His tyranny was such that his subjects revolted, took him prisoner,
put out his eyes, and confined him in the monastery of Bellaland
(Byland), in Yorkshire. (Munch, _Chron. Man._ p. 80.)

Footnote 452:

Thorfinn, the son of Earl Harald, appears on record about the year
A.D. 1165. In the Chartulary of Scone there is a document by “Harald,
Earl of Orkney, Hetland, and Cataness,” granting to the monks of Scone
a mark of silver to be paid annually by himself, his son Turphin, and
their heirs.—_Lib. Eccles. de Scone_, p. 37. Thorfinn died in prison
in Roxburgh Castle, after being mutilated by King William the Lion, to
whom he had been given as a hostage for his father.

Footnote 453:

William the Lion.

Footnote 454:

The “Fagrskinna” has (p. 148) “er fell i Vik”—he fell at Wick; but
there is nothing to fix the locality of this battle more definitely.
The tradition of the district points to Clairdon Hill, between Murkle
and Thurso, as the scene of the encounter. The church which is here
said to have been erected on the spot where Harald fell, and which is
spoken of as standing there when the Saga was written, is not now in
existence. The ruins of a chapel, which was traditionally believed to
mark the spot, were removed when the ground was brought under
cultivation by the late Sir John Sinclair. A remonstrance by the late
Rev. Mr. Pope, of Reay, seems to have had the effect of causing the
erection of an edifice (now used as the tomb of the Sinclair family)
over the place where an old chapel stood. It is now known locally as
“Harold’s Tower.” Large quantities of human bones, and several of the
peculiarly-shaped Norse swords which Mr. Pope describes as “odd
machines resembling ploughshares, all iron,” have been dug up in the
neighbourhood.

Footnote 455:

The Bishop advised the people to allow him first to speak with the
Earl, in the hope that he would be able to mollify him.

Footnote 456:

This seems to imply that it was at the grave of the holy Tröllhæna
that the Bishop received his sight. Tröllhæna seems to be the Celtic
St. Triduana or St. Tredwell, who, according to her legendary history,
came from Achaia with St. Regulus in the fourth century. Being of
extraordinary beauty, she was solicited by a Gallic prince, and to put
an end to his solicitations she cut out both her eyes, and sent them
to him skewered on a twig. Sir David Lindsay alludes to this:—

“Sanct Tredwall, als, there may be sene,
Quhilk on ane prick hes baith her ene.”

She died at Restalrig, near Edinburgh, and her tomb there continued,
so late as Lindsay’s time, to be a resort of pilgrims who came to
“mend their ene.” There is a chapel dedicated to St. Tredwell in the
island of Papa Westray, which Munch considers likely to have been
erected by Celtic ecclesiastics previous to the Norse invasion. There
was another chapel dedicated to her at Kintradwell, in
Sutherlandshire, where she is known as St. Trullen; but there is now
no trace of a St. Tredwell’s chapel in Caithness.

Footnote 457:

The letter of Pope Innocent to the Bishop of Orkney, prescribing the
penance to be performed by the man Lomberd, who cut out the Bishop’s
tongue, gives the additional information that when the Earl’s men took
the “borg” they killed almost all that were in it. (See the
Introduction.) The “borg,” or castle, at Scrabster, may have been an
earlier building on the site of the “Bishop’s Castle,” an old
fortalice on the cliff near the present hamlet of Scrabster, or it may
have been the ruins of one of the still older Pictish towers, not far
off, which the Caithnessmen may have occupied for the occasion as a
defensible position.

Footnote 458:

Eysteinsdal is not now represented in the topography of the district.

Footnote 459:

The battle of Floruvogar took place in 1194, according to the Iceland
Annals appended to the Flateyjarbók.

Footnote 460:

Shetland then passed into the immediate possession of the Crown of
Norway. Its revenues were granted by King Hakon Magnusson, in 1312-19,
to the Mary-kirk in Osloe (Christiania) for the completion of the
fabric, with the proviso that then they should revert to the crown.

Footnote 461:

According to the Iceland Annals of the Flateyjarbók, King Ingi Bardson
“took the kingdom” in 1204, and Harald Maddadson died in 1206.

Footnote 462:

The death of Hakon Galinn took place in the year 1214, according to
the Annals appended to the Flateyjarbók.

Footnote 463:

A spann = 24 marks, or 12 lbs. Scottish.—_Balfour’s Odal Rights_, p.
99.

Footnote 464:

Halkirk, in the Thurso valley.

Footnote 465:

The Icelandic Annals place the burning of Bishop Adam in the year
1222, and add that the King of Scots caused the hands and feet to be
hewn off eighty men who had been concerned in the Bishop’s burning.
Among the documents found in the King’s treasury at Edinburgh in 1282
(and subsequently lost) was one entitled: “A quit-claiming of the
lands of the Bondi of Caithness for the slaughter of the Bishop.” A
bull of Pope Honorius, dated 23d January 1223, and addressed to the
Bishops of St. Andrews, Glasgow, Dunkeld, and Dunblane, speaks in
terms of high commendation of King Alexander’s zealous desire to
avenge such an unheard-of crime as the burning of a bishop, and
thoroughly corroborates the Saga account of the manner of Adam’s
death, stating that these “wolves” and “demons,” having stripped their
Bishop of his garments, stoned him, mortally wounded him with an axe,
and finally burned him in his own kitchen. (Theiner’s _Vetera
Monumenta_, p. 21.)

Footnote 466:

See note at p. 107.

Footnote 467:

The Mainland of Orkney.

Footnote 468:

Haugaheith, now Hoxa, a peninsula on the north-west side of South
Ronaldsay, on which there are still several ancient grave-mounds, and
one mound larger than the rest, which has been ascertained to cover
the ruins of a Pictish tower. The grave-mound of Earl Thorfinn has not
been identified, but Low mentions that in his time there was a
tradition that the son of a King of Norway had been buried in the How
(_haug_) of Hoxa (_Haugs-heith_).

Footnote 469:

Steinsness, in Hrossey, is the “ness” or promontory at the Loch of
Stennis on the Mainland of Orkney, now so well known as the site of
the “standing stones of Stennis.” The Norsemen evidently named it
Steinsness from the stone circles and monoliths which stood on it when
they first knew it. (See the Introduction, under “Stennis.”)

Footnote 470:

There is a place at Stennis called Havard’s-teigr by the country
people to the present day; _teigr_ meaning an individual’s share of
the tún-land.

Footnote 471:

Nithing—cowardly miscreant.

Footnote 472:

The name Magbiód is suggestive of Macbeth, but the date is too early
for Macbeth Mac-Finlay.

Footnote 473:

Audna is probably the Irish name _Eithne_. Kiarval, her father, is the
Cearbhal or Carrol of the Irish Annals, who was King of Dublin
872-887. He is mentioned in the opening chapter of the Landnamabók as
King of Dublin when Harald Harfagri ruled in Norway and Sigurd was
Earl of the Orkneys. The two branches of the Hy Ivar, Kings of Dublin
and Limerick, were the descendants of Ivar the Boneless, son of Ragnar
Lodbrok. (See War of the Gaedhil with the Gaill, App. pp. 271, 299.)

-------

THE END.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

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that of the finest corn-land in the country.... His book has interest
both for the adept and the novice, for the large proprietor and him
that has but a nook or corner to plant out.”—Saturday Review.

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placed it on our shelves as a first-class book of reference on all
points relating to Arboriculture; and we strongly recommend others to
do the same.”—Farmer.

An Ecclesiastical History of Scotland, From the Introduction of Christianity to the Present Time. By GEORGE GRUB, A.M. 4 vols. 8vo, 42s.

Chronicle of Gudrun;

A Story of the North Sea. From the mediæval German. By EMMA LETHERBROW. With frontispiece by J. NOEL PATON, R.S.A. New Edition, price 5s.

Notes on the Early History of the Royal Scottish Academy.

By Sir GEORGE HARVEY, Kt., P.R.S.A. 8vo, price 3s. 6d.

The Resurrection of the Dead.

By WILLIAM HANNA, D.D., LL.D., author of “The Last Day of our Lord’s Passion,” etc. 1 vol. fcap. 8vo, price 3s. 6d.

The Wars of the Huguenots.

By REV. WILLIAM HANNA, D.D., LL.D. Ex. fcap. 8vo, price 5s.

The Life of our Lord.

By the REV. WILLIAM HANNA, D.D., LL.D. 6 vols., handsomely bound in cloth extra, gilt edges, price 30s.

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1. THE EARLIER YEARS OF OUR LORD. 8th Thousand.
2. THE MINISTRY IN GALILEE. Second Edition.
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Legends of the North. With Glossary, etc. 4to, price 2s. 6d.

Heavenly Love and Earthly Echoes.

By a Glasgow Merchant. 4th Edition. 18mo, price 1s. 6d.

“We have read this volume with unmingled satisfaction. We very
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young, to cheer and help the tempted and desponding, and indeed to
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Secession Magazine.

“Fitted to be useful and heart-stirring to all who are in earnest in
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Herminius.

A Romance. By I. E. S. Fcap. 8vo, price 6s.

Historians of Scotland.