Chapter XXV: Appendix: Instructions of the President to the First Philippine Commission (2)

-------------------+----------+-----------
| | Present
Province or | Census | Accepted
Sub-province | Estimate | Estimate
-------------------+----------+-----------
Abra | 14,037 | 14,037
Agusan | ---- | 85,000
Albay | 892 | 892
Amburayan | ---- | 10,191
Ambos Camarines | 5,933 | 5,933
Apayao | ---- | 20,000
Antique | 2,921 | 2,921
Bataan | 1,621 | 1,621
Batanes | ---- | 000
Batangas | 000 | 000
Benguet | 21,828 | 28,449
Bohol | 000 | 000
Bontoc | ---- | 62,000
Bulacan | 415 | 415
Cagayan | 13,414 | 15,000
Capiz | 5,629 | 5,629
Catanduanes | ---- | 000
Cavite | 000 | 000
Cebu | 000 | 000
Ilocos Norte | 2,210 | 2,210
Ilocos Sur | 13,611 | 13,611
Iloilo | 6,383 | 6,383
Ifugao | ---- | 125,000
Isabela | 7,638 | 7,638
Kalinga | ---- | 76,000
La Laguna | 000 | (?)
La Union | 10,050 | 000
Lepanto | ---- | 31,194
(Lepanto-Bontoc) | 70,283 | ----
Leyte | 000 | 000
Marinduque | 000 | 000
Masbate | 000 | 000
Mindoro | 7,264 | 15,000
Misamis | 40,210 | 000
Moro Province | 316,664 | 486,316
Negros Occidental | 4,612 | 4,612
Negros Oriental | 16,605 | 16,605
Nueva Ecija | 1,148 | 862
Nueva Vizcaya | 46,515 | 6,000
Palawan | 6,844 | 20,000
Pampanga | 1,098 | 1,098
Pangasinán | 3,386 | 3,386
Rizal | 2,421 | 2,421
Romblon | 000 | 50
Samar | 688 | 1,390
Siquijor | ---- | 000
Sorsogon | 41 | 41
Surigao | 15,814 | (?)
Tarlac | 1,594 | 1,594
Tayabas | 2,803 | 2,803
Zambales | 3,168 | 3,168
+----------+-----------
Total | 647,740 | 1,071,832
-------------------+----------+-----------

Certain of the items in this table require brief explanation. In it the name of each province or sub-province for which the census estimate has been departed from is italicized.

Agusan. This province did not exist when the census was taken. It has since been carved out of the territory which formerly belonged to Surigao and Misamis. The figures given, based largely on actual enumeration, are approximately correct.

Amburayan. This sub-province formed a part of South Ilocos at the time of the census enumeration. It does not appear that any account was taken of its non-Christian population.

Apayao. The territory of this sub-province was a part of the province of Cagayan at the time of the census enumeration. The estimate is that of its present lieutenant-governor. Lieutenant-Governor Villamor estimated its population at 53,000, but this figure was undoubtedly too high.

Antique. The non-Christian population of this province is probably given too low by the census, but I have allowed the census figures to stand.

Batanes. This province did not exist at the time the census was taken.

Benguet. The present figures are based on an accurate enumeration.

Bontoc. The territory included within this sub-province has been greatly changed since the census was taken. The present figures are based on a recent enumeration.

Cagayan. The present figures were furnished me by Governor Antonio Carag on April 16, 1913. They represent only the supposed Negrito population of the eastern cordillera. There are other non-Christians in the province, but their number is not known.

Ilocos Norte. The census estimate is undoubtedly too low, but is nevertheless adopted, in fault of new and more reliable information.

Ifugao. No such political subdivision existed when the census was taken. This territory then formed a part of Nueva Vizcaya. A recent fairly accurate enumeration has shown the original estimate of the population of Nueva Vizcaya to be grossly in error.

Isabela. This province has lost a part of its non-Christian population to Ifugao and a part to Kalinga. There remain some Kalingas and numerous Negritos east of the Cagayan River, but I have no reasonably accurate estimate of their numbers. The figures given are probably too low.

Kalinga. This sub-province did not exist at the time of the census enumeration. The figures given are quite accurate.

La Union. This province has lost all of its non-Christian population by transfer to Benguet and Amburayan.

Lepanto. The figures now given for Lepanto are accurate.

Lepanto-Bontoc. Carried in the first column, but no entry made in the second because a direct comparison between the territory which was included in this province and the corresponding portions of the existing Mountain Province is not practicable.

Mindoro. No accurate count of the Mangyans of Mindoro has ever been made, but since the census enumeration the island has been crossed in a number of places and the estimate now given is believed to be reasonably conservative.

Misamis. This province has lost its non-Christian population to the sub-province of Bukidnon.

The Moro Province, as at present constituted, corresponds to the former districts of Basilan, Cotabato, Dapitan, Davao, Joló, Siasi, Tawi Tawi and Zamboanga, so that a direct comparison between the census estimate and the present estimate is possible. The figures given were recently furnished me by the secretary of the province. They are admittedly inaccurate, but are believed to be approximately correct.

Nueva Ecija. This province has lost its Ilongot population to Nueva Vizcaya.

Nueva Vizcaya. Nueva Vizcaya has lost its Ifugao population to the Mountain Province, but has gained those Ilongots formerly credited to Isabela, Tayabas, Nueva Ecija and Pangasinán, the net result being a heavy loss in non-Christian population.

Palawan. The province of Palawan corresponds closely to the territory included in Paragua Norte and Paragua Sur at the time of the census enumeration so that a direct comparison is possible. There was no real attempt to enumerate the non-Christian inhabitants of this province for the census. Of Moros alone there are some five thousand. There are said to be approximately ten thousand Tagbanuas in the country tributary to the region along the banks of the Iwahig River, which empties into Coral Bay. It is further claimed that there are some five thousand more back of Bonabóna Point. This does not take into account the Tagbanua population on the west coast, nor that of the other Iwahig valley near Puerto Princesa; nor does it include the Tagbanuas inhabiting the islands of Dumaran, Dinapahan, Bulalacao, Peñon de Coron, Culion and Busuanga. I here place the non-Christian population of the province at twenty thousand, but believe this figure rather low.

Romblon. There are some fifty non-Christians in this sub-province, survivors of a much larger number who formerly lived in Tablas and Sibuyan.

Samar. The figures here given are those of a recent estimate by the lieutenant-governor of the hill people of that island. Most of the hill people are rated as Filipinos.

Surigao. Surigao has lost most of its non-Christian population to the sub-province of Butuan, but still has a considerable number of Manobos and Negritos and the figures given are far too low.

NOTES

[1] Blair and Robertson, Vol. 45, p. 184.

[2] Ibid., Vol. 45, p. 186.

[3] Ibid., Vol. 45, p. 222.

[4] Blair and Robertson, Vol. 45, p. 175.

[5] Ibid., Vol. 45, pp. 213-265.

[6] Census of the Philippines, Vol. III, pp. 578-590.

[7] Ibid., Vol. III, p. 591.

[8] Ibid., Vol. III, pp. 579-580.

[9] Report of Director of Education, 1911-1912.

[10] Barrios are small outlying villages.

[11] Sleeping mats.

[12] Literally, "little lawyers." This designation is commonly applied to pettifoggers.

[13] An organization which long vigorously combated the cock-pits, but failed to bring about their abolition.

[14] A hectare is equivalent to two and a half acres.

[15] End of fiscal year 1913.

[16] A fermented alcoholic beverage made from rice.

[17] Cañao is the word commonly used by the northern Luzón wild men in designating a feast or ceremony. In Ahayao it is also used as an adjective to designate a place which may not be approached, being then equivalent to "taboo."

[18] Lieutenant Gilmore, U.S.N., was captured at Baler in the summer of 1899, and held a prisoner for many months.

[19] The only tribes of which I have not seen representatives inhabit the region of the gulf of Davao in Mindanao. It is doubtful whether they are really tribally distinct from the Bagobos, Bilanes and other tribes living near the coast.

[20] Equivalent to one dollar.

[21] Nearly all our trails are on steep mountain sides.

[22] An untranslatable term of respect and affection given by the fighting men of northern Luzón to rulers whom they like.

[23] A designation applied to a political division of less importance than a province, governed by a military officer.

[24] This statement proved to be untrue. They number about twenty-five thousand.

[25] Not so serious a matter as it may seem, when houses are made of grass and can be speedily rebuilt.

[26] Bronze timbrels.

[27] The words ladrones and tulisanes are used indiscriminately in the Philippines to designate armed robbers and brigands.

[28] A fighting knife of deadly effectiveness.

[29] A governor of a province may, with the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, require members of a non-Christian tribe to take up their residence on land reserved for such purpose if he deems such a course to be in the interest of public order. The object of this provision is to make it possible to compel lawless persons to live in reasonably accessible places. In only three instances has it been necessary to exercise this authority. Tumay and his people were outlaws and were living in a nipa swamp where it would have been almost impossible to attack them successfully.

[30] One of the most influential of the Palawan Moro chiefs.

[31] Blount, p. 543.

[32] Ibid., p. 573.

[33] "The Philippine Islands and Their People," by Dean C. Worcester, p. 480.

[34] Blount, p. 580.

[35] Blount, p. 581.

[36] Blount.

[37] Ibid., pp. 581-582.

[38] Blount, p. 576.

[39] William F. Pack, governor of the Mountain Province.

[40] Blount, p. 577.

[41] Blount, pp. 567-568.

[42] Sub-province of Tayabas.

[43] Exclusive of sub-province of Marinduque.

[44] Page 999.

[45] Blount, pp. 231-232.

[46] Blount, p. 232.

[47] Blount, pp. 583-584.

[48] The Philippine Islands and Their People, by Dean C. Worcester, p. 481.

[49] See p. 639.

[50] Blount, p. 230.

[51] Men who have taken a solemn oath to die killing Christians.

[52] Blount, p. 584.

[53] Delivered October 10, 1910.

[54] Blount, p. 577.

[55] In Nueva Vizcaya.

[56] Blount, p. 577.

[57] P. I. R., 150. 4.

[58] Ibid.

[59] Page 542.

[60] Evil spirits.

[61] This is only too true!

[62] Rizal's 1890 edition of Morga's "Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas," p. 297, et seq.

[63] "Sucesos," p. 300.

[64] Ibid., p. 305.

[65] "The Filipino People," Vol. 2, No. 1, p. 15, September, 1913.

[66] On July 15, 1913, I published an official report, as secretary of the interior, on "Slavery and Peonage in the Philippine Islands." It is hereinafter referred to in foot-notes under the title of "Slavery and Peonage." Beginning on p. 84 of this document will be found extracts from court records showing convictions obtained under this act, which is quoted in full on p. 83 of the same document.

[67] For the full text of this interesting and important report see "Slavery and Peonage," p. 85.

[68] This valley includes the Provinces of Cagayan and Isabela.

[69] For the full text of this document see "Slavery and Peonage," pp. 12-14.

[70] 1913.

[71] For the full text of this document see "Slavery and Peonage," pp. 23-25.

[72] "Respectfully returned to the Honourable the Governor-General of the Philippine Islands, with the following opinion:

"The acts given in the attached letter of the Provincial Governor of Nueva Vizcaya, dated September 14, 1905, in so far as they refer to the purchase and sale of human beings, are not provided for or punished under the existing Penal Code; but such actions are punishable under that Code when they constitute either the kidnapping of a minor, illegal detention or serious threats, according to sections 481, 484 and 494 thereof.

"Therefore, in accordance with the fourth paragraph of the letter of the said Provincial Governor, I am of the opinion that not only the Igorrotes who stole the Igorrote boy, but also those who received and sold him, as well as the woman who bought him for forty pesos, are guilty of illegal detention. The latter is furthermore guilty of grave threats, inasmuch as she threatened to kill the purchased Igorrote if he tried to escape from her service.

"With reference to paragraphs 5, 6, 7 and 8 of the attached letter, I believe that those who stole the little Igorrote and also the woman Antonia, who sold him when knowing him to have been kidnapped, are guilty of the offence of illegal detention.

"If the boy who was stolen and sold, referred to in paragraphs 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 of the enclosed letter, was under seven years of age, then those who stole him are guilty of the offence of kidnapping a minor, and the Igorrote woman, Antonia, and the wife of Señor Arriola, the Clerk of the Court, are accomplices in the crime. But if the child was over seven years old, then the offence would be illegal detention. The same may be said of the case recounted in paragraphs 14 and 15 of this communication. The parties who stole, sold and bought the little Igorrote are guilty of kidnapping a minor or of illegal detention according to the age of the victim.

"The acts committed by Captain Vicente Tomang, referred to in paragraph 16 of this letter, are punishable both as a serious threat and as illegal detention, because he unlawfully deprived the two Igorrote women of their liberty when they desired to leave his service, for which purpose he threatened to kill them.

"Although not asked for in the indorsement to which this is a reply, I venture to suggest that the Igorrotes who armed themselves and formed a band for the purpose of kidnapping persons for subsequent sale, be punished under Act 1121, which penalizes as bandolerismo the abduction of persons for any purpose, even though there may be no extortion or ransom demanded, if the abduction be done by an armed band.

(Signed) "L. R. Wilfley, "Attorney-General."

[73] Also written "Jamaya."

[74] Republished in "Slavery and Peonage," pp. 37-39.

[75] "Slavery and Peonage," pp. 14-15.

[76] Ibid., p. 21.

[77] Ibid., pp. 23-25.

[78] Ibid., pp. 17-19.

[79] "The Filipino People," Vol. II, No. 1, p. 15, September, 1913.

[80] November 1, 1913.

[81] Speaker of the Assembly.

[82] P. I. R., 206. 1.

[83] Dukut means secret assassination.

[84] "I was informed that some Spanish prisoners have succeeded in escaping. It is necessary to redouble vigilance upon them, especially upon the officers of rank and upon the friars, because said prisoners might be of great use to us later on. They should, however, be well treated, but without giving them liberty, and confined within prison walls. If the country requires that they should be killed, you should do so. If you deem it wise, you should secretly issue an order to kill the friars that they may capture. They should be frightened."--P. I. R., 471. 4.

[85] Taylor, Ex. 833. Spanish A. L. S. 32-2.

[86] Taylor, 46 AJ.

[87] Ibid., 15 HS.

[88] "To Chiefs of the Philippine Guerillas:

"The undersigned, Chief of the General Staff in the office of
the Captain General, recommends that all chiefs of guerillas,
provided that, in their judgment, there is no obstacle in the way,
should kindly order their subordinates, down to the lowest, to
learn the verb 'Dukutar,' so as to put it immediately in practice.

"It is the most efficacious specific against every kind of
evil-doer, and most salutary for our country.

"Simeon S. Villa.
"Kagayan Valley, November 15, 1900."

Extract from letter-sent book in Spanish of E. Aguinaldo, captured with him.--P. I. R., 368-3.

[89] Dukutar means to assassinate.

[90] P. I. R., 1281 and 368. 3.

[91] P. I. R., 1199-1.

[92] "1. The presidentes of all towns who subscribe to and recognize American sovereignty, shall be pursued by all the revolutionists without mercy and when captured shall be sent to these Headquarters for a most summary trial and execution as traitors to the country.

"2. All Filipino citizens, including the wealthy, of the towns, are subject to the preceding regulation.

"3. It shall be the duty of the revolutionary armies with regard to the towns which shall recognize or intend to recognize such sovereignty, to destroy the town or towns and without any consideration whatsoever to kill all males, even the poorest, and set fire to all the houses, without respecting any property excepting that of foreigners. And in order that hereafter such misfortunes may not occur, as chief of this province, I warn all the presidentes and wealthy people of each town to help us as Filipinos as we are your brothers fighting here in the field to give liberty to our mother country and woe to the traitor who falls into the hands of this revolutionary government, which will strictly carry out all the prescriptions above-mentioned.

"As the government which the invaders are endeavoring to establish is always provisional, if all the inhabitants of this province are true Filipinos, they can easily and simply answer that we are subject to the will of the Honorable President Señor Emilio Aguinaldo, whom we follow and recognize in this new born Republic as the President of the Nation."

[93] Taylor, 80 HS.

[94] "January, 1900.

"To the Local Presidente, Tigbauan (Iloílo).

"It is with profound regret that I have to state to you that in accordance with reliable information this military delegation has heard that you and various residents of that town have as electors already taken an oath recognizing the American sovereignty. If this news is true, you still have time to retract the oath, as otherwise we will raze that town to the ground without any hesitation whatever, and you and your companions who have taken the oath shall be considered as proscribed, and consequently deserving of the terrible penalties prescribed by the laws of the revolution. This is not a threat: it is loyal and sincere advice for your own good and that of the town in general.

"May God keep you many years.

"Pio Claveria, "Delegate of the Military Government.

"31st, 1900." --P. I. R., 1054-8.

[95] "April 3, 1900.

"To the local chiefs mentioned in the margin.

"I have heard with great sorrow that some of the towns of the southern district of this province have taken out the certificates of citizenship issued by the North American enemy, and have also complied with all the orders issued by them; this is exactly opposed to the conduct of the northern district of the province and shows little love for the country and an implied assent to the Government established by them, for which reason I see myself obliged to impose the severest punishment which is a sentence of death and confiscation of property of all those who shall submit to said Government, from the Chief and his local Cabinet to the lowest citizen, and annihilating their towns. For this purpose I have ordered the Commanders of Zones to watch in their respective districts the towns which may show weakness before said Government, and to impose the punishment which I have mentioned above. This circular is to be published three consecutive nights for general information of all, a report that this has been done being made to these Headquarters. Send it by the fastest couriers from one town to the other, the last one returning it with the endorsements of the preceding ones.

"Headquarters of Tierra Alta, April 3, 1900.

"Leandro Fullón, "General and P. M. Governor." --P. I. R., 1047. 2.

[96] P. I. R., 1047. 2.

[97] Ibid., 824. 1.

[98] Ibid., 1204. 3.

[99] P. I. R., 981. 5.

[100] "You and Captain Antonio must take the field this week without any pretext whatsoever, and must follow out my instructions very carefully. We have had patience enough, and now it becomes necessary for us to assert our authority.

"It is advisable to punish by decapitation all those who go with the Americans; but it is necessary first to ascertain the existence of the crime, and if it should appear that they are real spies of the enemy, they must be beheaded immediately without any pretext whatsoever against it (being accepted).

"You, Captain Antonio and Judge Cornello must perfectly understand what this order says: when the wealthy are Americanistas, you must seize all their money, clothing and other property belonging to them, immediately making an inventory of the property seized, and you may remain in the place where the seizure is made as long as may be necessary to make said inventory, even though a great amount is spent for maintenance.

"Know furthermore that if the soldiers take any of the property seized, they will speedily be put to death and will surely go to hell; therefore when it becomes necessary to enter a town to make a seizure, you must direct the soldiers not to touch the goods seized, even the most insignificant, in order to avoid consequence of character.

"I have heard, Rufo, that Judge Cornello is opposed to your father-in-law, and I want you to know that Judge Cornello is of my blood; therefore, tell your father-in-law to be very careful because he will have me to treat with shortly, and will be made to pay for those threats which he is making against the people without good cause.

"You will publish this order in the town hall, in order that the evil-minded may see it.

"You, Captain Antonio and Judge Cornello, who are the three comrades who are to take the field, will acquire some happiness if you comply with this order.

"Health and Fraternity.

"Dionisio Papa.

"Calibon, May 19, 1900."

--P. I. R., 970. 4.

[101] "Make it evident in that circular that the towns which do not rise up in arms on the day fixed, shall be reduced to ashes and all their inhabitants killed, men and women, children and old people.

"The circular is to emanate from me, and you will sign it only by my order.

"Communicate also to the presidents of Cagayán and other towns that they collect the taxes of their respective towns, as soon as possible; and a president who shall not have collected the taxes on my arrival in the respective town, shall be hung without any hesitation whatsoever.

"I desire that the Presidents meet there soon and await my arrival."

--P. I. R., 970. 5.

[102] P. I. R., 1102. 7.

[103] Ibid., 970. 11.

[104] "March 20, 1900.

"Manuel Tinio y Bubdloc,

"Brigadier General and Commander in Chief of operations in the region of Ilocos.

"Considering that a sufficient time has passed and various means of having been employed as benignant as humanity counsels, to inculcate in the minds of many misguided Filipinos the idea of the country and to check in the beginning those unworthy acts which many of them commit, and which not only redound to the prejudice of the troops but also to the cause they defend, and having observed that such action does not produce any favourable result on this date, in accordance with the powers vested in me, I have deemed proper to issue the following:--

"PROCLAMATION

"First and last article. The following shall be tried at a most
summary trial, and be sentenced to death:

"1. All local presidentes and other civil authorities, of the
towns as well as of the barrios, rancherias and sitios of their
respective districts, who as soon as they find out any plan,
direction of the movement or number of the enemy shall not give
notice thereof to the nearest camp.

"2. Those who give information to the enemy of the location
of the camp, stopping places, movements and direction of the
revolutionists, whatever be the age or sex of the former.

"3. Those who voluntarily offer to serve the enemy as guides,
excepting if it be with the purpose of misleading them from the
right road, and

"4. Those who, of their own free will or otherwise, capture
revolutionary soldiers who are alone, or who should intimidate
them into surrendering to the enemy.

"Issued at General Headquarters on March 20, 1900.

(Signed) "Manuel Tinio."

--P. I. R., 353. 8.

[105] Guardias de Honor.

[106] "So then dear brothers, be like those of Bacnotan who have not allowed their honour to be sullied, for when they saw the Guards of Honour enter their town they drove them off at once with blows [of bolos?--Tr.] and cudgels and to the end that you may not have cause to repent of what without doubt I shall be obliged to do, comply with this order, listen to the following:

"First. Whenever the Presidente of the town, Cabezas and Cabezillas of barrios shall have knowledge of the presence in their barrios of Guards of Honour, be they many or few, and do not cause their disappearance or death, they will be immediately shot or beheaded.

"Second. Every barrio or residence of the Guards of Honour where they are going about persuading the inhabitants to follow them in their noxious work--that we may be slaves forever--will be burned and all their property together with their houses; and their sons, their fathers, mothers and their wives will be shot or beheaded to pay for their treason.

"Third and last. All the grown men in the barrios, territorial militiamen or those called 'sandatahan' (bolomen), corporals, sergeants and privates, and everybody who is a Filipino will go immediately to help in the fight against the Guards of Honour and our enemy, the Americans; and those who pay no heed to this or hide themselves will incur the penalty of being shot or beheaded.

"This proclamation will be read in the barrios and will be passed from hand to hand so that it may be copied to the end that nobody may have an excuse when the time comes to put into execution what has been set forth."--P. I. R., 168. 9.

[107] Taylor, Exhibit 1083.

[108] P. I. R., 509. 2.

[109] "September 11, 1900.

"To the local Presidents of Malolos, Bulacan, Guiguinto, Bigaa, Bocaue, Marilao, Meycauayan, Polo, Obando, Santa Maria, San José, Angat, Norzagaray, Bustos, San Rafael, Baliuag, Pulilan, Quingua, Santa Isabel, Barasoain, Paombong, Hagonoy, Calumpit, and the military commanders Pablo Tecson, Bonifacio Morales, Maximo Angeles and Colonel Simon Tecson Libuano, Colonel Rosendo Simon, and also Major Dongon.

"Circular

"As the American Civil Commission has taken charge of the
government of the archipelago from the first of the present month
and from that date will proceed to establish municipal government
in the pueblos to take the place of the municipal councils which
at present rule them; in order to duly execute the orders of
the Commanding General of the Centre of Luzon, I give you the
following instructions:--

"1st. You will arrest and send to these headquarters with the
proper precautions to prevent escape, all inhabitants of these
pueblos who accept offices in the municipal governments about
to be established by the Americans, as they have been declared
traitors to the country by the order I have referred to as issued
by these headquarters.

"2d. You will employ the same method of procedure with those
who favour the establishment of municipal government by the
Americans. You will not show them the slightest consideration, even
if they are your brothers. You are responsible under the severest
penalties for the performance of this. God keep you many years.

"Malolos, September 11, 1900.

"I. Torres,
General."

--P. I. R., Books C-3.

[110] P. I. R., 341. 9.

[111] "Two weeks ago a court-martial was held at these headquarters presided over by Colonel Aréjola, on you, Tuason, and other civil authorities of this capital, the decision being that you will be shot when we get there, which will be very soon.

"You as well as Tuason and Santachia, after having been shot, will be hung on the cathedral tower to be seen by the inhabitants in order that you may serve as a lesson.... I tell you this only as a companion and nothing more. Your obedient servant, who kisses your hand.

"El Montero."

--P. I. R., 2007. 1.

[112] P. I. R., 716. 2.

[113] P. I. R., 716. 5.

[114] Taylor, 35 HS.

[115] P. I. R., 650. 8.

[116] "PROCLAMATIONS

"March 3, 1899.

"For general information, since it concerns everybody, we publish the two important proclamations lately issued by the Chief of Military Operations of Manila.

"Antonio Luna y Novicio, General of Division of the Army of the Philippine Republic and General-in-Chief of Military Operations about Manila.

"In order to prevent any act opposed to the military plans of these headquarters and consequently to the ideals of the Filipino Republic, I order and command (only one article). From this day any person or individual whatever who either directly or indirectly refuses to give aid to these Headquarters in the prosecution of any military plans, or who in any manner whatever interferes with the execution of orders dictated for that purpose by the General in Chief, commanding operations upon Manila will be immediately shot without trial. Communicate and publish this order.

"Given at the General Headquarters of Polo on the 3rd of March, 1899.

"Antonio Luna, "General-in-Chief of Operations."

--P. I. R., 214-2.

[117] That is, Luna.

[118] "March 6, 1899.

"Señor Presidente: Many complaints have been received here on account of the abuses committed by General Luna. It is said that he has lately published a decree in which he warned the people that those who disobey his orders shall be shot to death without summary trial, and he made his decree cover the whole province of Pampanga.

"To be shot to death without summary trial is a punishment which can be inflicted on soldiers; but a chief cannot enforce it in a civilized community, except among savages. Besides, he has only jurisdiction over Polo, where the General Headquarters is, and over the towns of the zones of Manila.

"I am very much surprised that these things are not well understood by General Luna. He has no executive power over Bulacán and Pampanga; he must have issued his orders through the military chiefs thereof.

"During such time as he is the commander-in-chief of operations of Manila he is not the director of war, and even if he is, he has no power other than to conduct his office and to take the place of the secretary in his absence.

"If an educated man can hardly understand his duties, how will the uneducated one understand his?

"Please make him acquainted with all of this in order to prevent any encroachment.

"I am at your orders.

(Signed) "Ap. Mabini.

"P.S.--It would be better, I think, to remove him from his post.

"A. M."

--P. I. R., 512a-2.

[119] "April 6, 1901.

"Cailles Brigade. Flying column of Rizal and Nagcarlan.

"In conjunction with Captain Macario Dorado, I believed it my duty to attack the town of Nagcarlan, for the principal purpose of killing the American local presidente, as was done during the procession last Holy Thursday. The Presidente was killed and one of his sons, and two residents were wounded, probably by stray bullets, while taking part in the procession.

"Which I have the honor to communicate to you for your information and consequent effects.

"God preserve you many years.

"Nagcarlan, April 6, 1901."

(Illegible signature.)

"To the General in Chief and Superior Politico-Military Commander of This Province."--P. I. R., 1142. 8.

[120] The Insurgent leaders did not hesitate officially to report the commission of this ghastly crime. The following is such a report:--

"June 24, 1900.

In Margin, stamp: "Headquarters First Column, Laguna. No. 144.

"I have the honor to transmit to you the enclosed letter from a resident of the town of Pila who had just returned from Manila, in which he gives me news of our present political situation, and as such news are satisfactory to our cause I send you said letter for your information.

"It is known from very trustworthy information that General del Pilar is under arrest in Manila and he has been substituted in the command of his forces by Colonel Macanca, who was his second in command, and is at the present time repressing with a firm hand the bandits who swarm about the outskirts of the zone under his command, as one of the celebrated bandits named Major Eusebio de Rateros, who had previously been in Pagsanján was buried alive in the cemetery of Taguig by Captain Simplicio Tolentino who is at the present time a member of that brigade.

"The news is also confirmed of the execution of Major Espada ordered by General del Pilar. I send you this news for your information.

"God preserve you many years.

"Headquarters, June 24, 1900.

--P. I. R., 605. 4.

"Julio Herrera, "Lieutenant Colonel, Commanding 4th Column.

"To the General and Politico-Military Commander and of Operations of This Province, General Camp."--P. I. R., 605. 4.

[121] "A commissioner of the Katipúnan society at Ibung, Nueva Vizcaya Province, compelled the inhabitants to take the oath of allegiance to that organization, and issued orders that all who should refuse to follow the dictates of the same should suffer death; and, in pursuance of such orders, was proved to have had, in February, 1901, two men beaten to death, one man buried alive, and two women burnt alive."--Taylor, 38 HS.

[122] At the time of this event he was a judge of first instance.

[123] Taylor, 35-36 HS.

[124] P. I. R., 653. 10.

[125] P. I. R., 332. 9.

[126] Ibid., Books A-1.

[127] Blount, p. 203.

[128] Ibid.

[129] Ibid., p. 244.

[130] "June 5, 1900.

"Sr. Local Presidente of Katibug:

"I send you a little of the poison known as 'dita' that you may put it on the points of the 'balatik' and 'sura' (spears and traps) admonishing you to take care that none of our people are wounded with the said poison, and if by misfortune any one is wounded, immediately apply the stem of the 'Badian' mixed with that of the 'lingaton' in the wound, as this is the most efficacious means of neutralizing and removing the effect of said poison. Be active and place many of the spears, etc., in all the roads and trails where the enemy must pass, and as soon as you know of his next expedition, inform me immediately by despatch, both by day and night.

"It is very necessary that the people detailed to place the poison on the points carry always the 'badian' and 'lingaton' so that in case of mishap some one may apply the remedy to neutralize the destructive ingredients of the poison at once.

"Headquarters of Matuguinao, 5th of June, 1900.

(Signed) "Lukban, General.

(Seal) "Military Headquarters of Samar."--P. I. R., 502. 7.

[131] P. I. R., 2035. 3.

[132] The following issued by Col. R. F. Santos in Albay Province is a sample:--

"October 14, 1900.

"In view of the present exceptional state of affairs in our beloved mother country, the Philippines, considering the straits we are in, and in compliance with the order of the General of Division and Chief of Operations for his campaign plans, I trust that upon receipt of the present communication you will kindly order the captains of territorial militia of that barrio, Apud, Pantao and Macabugos, to have all the soldiers of their respective companies provide themselves with at least fifty arrows apiece and a sufficient quantity of the well-known poison called dita to apply to the points of the arrows, and to have their bolos well sharpened. I must remind you that as repeated practice is essential in order to secure the best results in the use of these weapons, you will endeavour to have at least twice a week, according to the convenience of the residents, said exercises take place in secluded spots, far from all danger of being surprised by the enemy.

"For the purpose indicated above you will likewise order that all the residents of your respective barrios have ready in a safe place a supply of the fruit commonly called Ydioc, putting it in water to decay, and to also have in readiness a squirt gun, that is to say, a 'Sumpit,' in order to use it in case of any invasion or attack of the enemy."--P. I. R., Books B, No. 113.

[133] The following is a sample report:--

"February 4, 1900.

"Lieutenant-colonel C. Tinio:

"My Dear and Esteemed Uncle:

"I am now carrying out a scheme here in this town for the purpose of killing some American sentries, whose bodies will be buried in the woods near the town, where they cannot be traced and found by their comrades, in order to avoid any investigation by them. They will believe that these soldiers have deserted. I have just sent to Gerona for a supply of wine, which, mixed with a strong, sickening stuff, will be sold to them; once they drink of it, the effect will soon tell on them, and then we will seize their rifles.

"I feel that I should advise you of this matter, in order that you may know the reason if, perchance, it should happen that we lose the confidence of the inhabitants of the town on account of this scheme. However, we will be satisfied if we can seize some rifles without resorting to violent means or to a scandal.

"This is the purpose of your devoted nephew, who always prays God for your health and life, and who sends you his kindest regards.

"San Juan (Tarlac Province?), February 4, 1900.

(Signed) "Leoncio Alarilla, "Captain of Guerillas." --P. I. R., 480. 5.

[134] The following is a sample report. It will be noted that its author was a civilian, not a soldier:--

"January 19, 1900.

"Sr. Lieut. Col. A. Tecson:

"With due respect I address you to inform you that yesterday at 10 A.M., I was in the barrio of Bagonbaulat and I saw one of the enemy's soldiers who was lagging behind his companions, and what I did was to order the man in charge of that place and three men to be called whom I ordered to capture the said soldier, and when a prisoner I ordered him to be led to the woods and there they killed him and buried the body; the rifle he carried and ninety cartridges I left with the people and continued my march to San Isidro; on my return when I was to get the rifle mentioned I could not find it and they told me they had sent it to Major Manolo. I inform you of this in compliance with the order.

"God guard you many years.

"Entablado, 19th January, 1900.

(Signed) "Roman I. Torres, "Commissioner." --P. I. R., 573. 2.

[135] "At page 1890 of the same volume, Captain J. R. M. Taylor, 14th U. S. Infantry, a gallant soldier and an accomplished scholar, who was in charge in 1901 of the captured insurgent records at Manila, states that he was 'informed' that the document was originally 'signed by Sandico, then Secretary of the Interior' of the revolutionary government. Captain Taylor made an attempt to run the matter down, but obtained no evidence convincing to him. A like investigation by General MacArthur in 1901 had a like result."--Blount, p. 200.

[136] "Luna's Order:

"'Malolos, February 7, 1899.

"'To The Field Officers of the Territorial Militia:

"'By virtue of the barbarous attack made upon our army on the
fourth day of February without this being preceded by any strained
relations whatever between the two armies, it is necessary for
the Filipinos to show that they know how to avenge themselves of
treachery and deceit of those who, working upon our friendship,
now seek to enslave us.

"'In order to carry out the complete destruction of that accursed
army of drunkards and thieves, it is indispensable that we all
work in unison, and that orders issued from this war office be
faithfully carried out.

"'As soon as you receive this circular, measures will be taken
for strict compliance with the following orders:

"'(1) Such measures will be taken that at 8 o'clock at night the
members of the territorial militia under orders will be ready to
go into the street with their arms and ammunition to occupy San
Pedro street and such cross streets as open into it.

"'(2) The defenders of the Philippines under your orders will
attack the Zorilla barracks and the Bilibid guard, and liberate
all the prisoners, arming them in the most practical manner in
order that they may aid their brethren and work out our revenge;
to this end the following address shall be made to them:

"'Brethren: The Americans have insulted us and we must revenge
ourselves upon them by annihilating them.

"'This is the only means for obtaining justice, for the many
outrages and infamies of which we have been the object. All the
Filipinos in Manila will second us. May the blood of the traitors
run in torrents! Long live the independence of the Philippines!

"'(3) The servants of the houses occupied by the Americans and
Spaniards shall burn the buildings in which their masters live
in such a manner that the conflagration shall be simultaneous in
all part of the city.

"'The signals for carrying this into effect--shall be to send
up two red paper balloons and the firing of rockets with lights
and firecrackers.

"'(4) The lives of the Filipinos only shall be respected, and
they shall not be molested, with the exception of those who have
been pointed out as traitors.

"'All others of whatsoever race they may be shall be given
no quarter and shall be exterminated, thus proving to foreign
countries that America is not capable of maintaining order or
defending any of the interests which she has undertaken to defend.

"'(5) The sharpshooters of Tondo and Santa Ana shall be the
first to open fire and those on the outside of the Manila lines
shall second their attack, and thus the American forces will find
themselves between two fires. The militia of Trozo, Binondo, Kyapo
(Quiapo), and Sampalok shall follow up the attack. All must go
into the streets and perform their duties.

"'The militiamen of Paco, Ermita, Malate, Santa Cruz, and San
Miguel shall attack when firing has become general everywhere,
which will be approximately about 12 o'clock at night; but if they
see that their comrades are in danger before that time they shall
give them the proper assistance and go into the streets whenever
it becomes necessary.

"'The Spanish militia enlisted as volunteers in our army shall
go out at 3 o'clock in the morning and attack Fort Santiago.

"'Brethren, the country is in danger and we must rise to save
it. Europe sees that we are feeble, but we will demonstrate that
we know how to do as should be done, shedding our blood for the
salvation of our outraged country. Death to the tyrant! War without
quarter to the false Americans who wish to enslave us! Independence
or death!

"'A. Luna.

"'Malolos, February 7, 1899.

"'Colonel José: By order of General Luna, have several copies of
this made, in order that these instructions may be communicated
to all.'"--Senate Document 331, part 2, p. 1912, Fifty-seventh
Congress, First Session.

[137] Major F. S. Bourns.

[138] Dr. Manuel Xerez Burgos.

[139] This is the "note by compiler on exhibit 816," which is Luna's order.

[140] Taylor, 96 FZ.

[141] Taylor, 99 FZ.

[142] Ibid., 44 HS.

[143] Blount, p. 313.

[144] Taylor, 70 HS.

[145] "In December, 1900, the people of the town of Santa Cruz, Ilocos Sur, seized the guerilla commander of the town because he had raped some women, and then burnt their acts of adhesion to the insurgent government. They declared themselves adherents of the Americans, proceeded to give them all possible aid and assistance, and captured and delivered to them all the guerillas who dared enter the place (P. I. R., Books C-13)."--Taylor, 45 HS.

[146] P. I. R., Books A-9, No. 39.

[147] Taylor, 37 HS.

[148] Taylor, 28-29 HS.

[149] The essential part of the resolution reads as follows:--

"Whereas since the completion and publication of said census there have been no serious disturbances of the public order save and except those caused by the noted outlaws and bandit chieftains Felizardo and Montalón, and their followers in the Provinces of Cavite and Batangas, and those caused in the Provinces of Samar and Leyte by the non-Christian and fanatical pulajanes resident in the mountain districts of the said provinces and the barrios contiguous thereto; and

"Whereas the overwhelming majority of the people of the said Provinces of Cavite, Batangas, Samar, and Leyte have not taken part in said disturbances and have not aided nor abetted the lawless acts of said bandits and pulajanes; and

"Whereas the great mass and body of the Filipino people have, during said period of two years, continued to be law-abiding, peaceful, and loyal to the United States, and have continued to recognize and do now recognize the authority and sovereignty of the United States in the territory of said Philippine Islands: Now, therefore, be it

"Resolved by the Philippine Commission in formal session duly assembled, That it, said Philippine Commission, do certify, and it does hereby certify, to the President of the United States that for a period of two years after the completion and publication of the census a condition of general and complete peace, with recognition of the authority of the United States, has continued to exist and now exists in the territory of said Philippine Islands not inhabited by Moros or other non-Christian tribes; and be it further

"Resolved by said Philippine Commission, That the President of the United States be requested, and is hereby requested, to direct said Philippine Commission to call a general election for the choice of delegates to a popular assembly of the people of said territory in the Philippine Islands, which assembly shall be known as the Philippine Assembly."--Journal of the Commission, Vol. I, pp. 8-9.

[150] A designation applied by the Spaniards to people who had taken to the hills to avoid paying taxes or to escape abuses, or punishment for crimes.

[151] A Tagálog designation applied to the common people, and especially to field labourers.

[152] See p. 699 et seq.

[153] Mabini's "True Decalogue," published as a part of his constitutional programme for the Philippine Republic (P. I. R., 40. 10) contains the following among other remarkable provisions:--

"Elementary instructions shall comprise reading, speaking and writing correctly the official language which is Tagálog, and the rudimentary principles of English and of the exact physical and natural sciences, together with a slight knowledge of the duties of man and citizenship."--Taylor, 19 MG.

Also the following:--

"Whenever the English language is sufficiently diffused through the whole Philippine Archipelago it shall be declared the official language."--Taylor, 20 MG.

Of this language matter Taylor says:--

"Mabini's plan of having English the language of the state is odd. He wanted independence and he wanted the recognition of the right and of the ability of the natives to govern themselves; and yet he wanted them to adopt a foreign language. By the time this pamphlet was published, or shortly afterwards, Tagálog had been tried and found wanting. The people of the non-Tagálog provinces did not know it and showed no desire to learn it, and indeed protested against its use. Spanish, and all things Spanish, Mabini was weary of, and would sweep them all away. Yet, when he wrote this he did not know English."

[154] Brigandage.

[155] 8-3/4 miles.

[156] Lady of the night.

[157] Carabao is the Filipino name for water buffalo.

[158] Of the endless cases which might be given I cite the following as a fair sample:--

"Personally appeared before me the undersigned ----, this 24th day of July, 1913, W. A. Northrop, who first being duly sworn, deposes and says:--

"'1. That he is a duly appointed Public Land Inspector of the Bureau of Lands of the Government of the Philippine Islands and that acting in such capacity on the 3d day of June, 1913, he visited the sitio of Buyon, barrio of Maddelaro, Municipality of Camalaniugan, province of Cagayan and there investigated the complaint of homestead entrymen Pascual Valdez and Tomas Valdez whose applications for land in the said sitio of Buyon under provision of Act No. 926 as amended had been entered by the Director of Lands under No. 9253 and No. 9254 respectively, that they were prevented from occupying said homesteads and deriving the benefits therefrom by certain persons living in the barrio of Maddelaro:

"'2. That while so investigating the claim of the said entrymen and their opponents he was told by Placido Rosal, one of the opponents to the homestead entrys, that "it was immaterial to him what decision was made by the Director of Lands concerning the land as, if he (Rosal) lost the land he and others would burn the houses of the entrymen and if necessary kill them"; this in the Spanish language with which he is familiar.

"'3. That at that time he was accompanied by Mr. Blas Talosig of the barrio of Buyag, who was acting as his interpreter in speaking in the Iloco language and that these threats were made in his hearing and that he, W. A. Northrop, was informed by said interpreter that he not only heard them but that he heard similar threats made in the Iloco language by various other persons, henchmen of Placido Rosal and his family.

"'4. That on the 9th day of June, 1913, said entrymen came to him in the City of Aparri and reported that on the night on the 7th day of June the granary of Eduardo Baclig, resident in the said sitio of Buyon and a son-in-law of Tomas Valdez had been burned and an attempt made to burn his house and that while the entrymen were not in position to prove that said Placido Rosal or his henchmen had started the fires they were sure they were of incendiary origin, as due to the direction of the wind the fires could not have originated from sparks from kitchen fires.'

"Further deponent sayeth not.

(Signed) "W. A. Northrop.

"Subscribed and sworn to before me this 24th day of July, 1913, in Tuguegarao, Cagayan, Philippine Islands, the affiant first having exhibited his cedula, No. 1516, issued in Manila, January 3, 1913.

(Signed) "Primitivo Villanueva

"Notario Publico, "Mi nombramiento expira el "31 de Diciembre de 1913."

"Extract from a report of H. O. Bauman, chief of Bureau of Lands survey party No. 27. Report dated June 30, 1913:

"In 1905 the applicant (Fernando Asirit) entered an application for homestead and proceeded to clear the remainder of the land not already cleared. Sometime during the following year or two, this Catalino Sagon began to clear a piece of land included in the homestead application. When Fernando Asirit saw the man cleaning the land, he told the man that that particular land was included in the homestead and that the work he was doing was useless. Catalino admitted this to me personally. However, the applicant to show his good faith, paid Catalino a sum of ten pesos for the small area that he had cleaned and took a receipt therefor and Catalino left the land. Now when the private surveyor came in 1910, this Catalino appears and claims this land despite the fact that he never cultivated nor occupied the land and that he received payment in full for the work that he had done in clearing an acre of the land. When the land was surveyed in 1910, Catalino at the request of a politician of Ilagan, made a protest against the land and between the two they frightened the applicant into letting this Catalino have possession of the land. Since 1910, Catalino has not cultivated the land but loaned it out to another person, Frederico Mayer by name. Personally, Catalino did not ever cultivate or live on the land. The politician who has been stirring up this trouble is Gabriel Maramag, third member of the Provincial board. The applicant is an old man seventy years old and this Maramag had the old man fined P125.80 for refusing to let these two have his land. They also told him that if he persisted in refusing to let them have the land, they would fine him P500. As the old man has no such amount and being thoroughly bulldozed by these cheap politicians, he had no other course to pursue. The co-partner of the third member is the Sheriff Joaquin Ortega against whom the people are very bitter on account of his shady dealings. It might be noted here that these men are under investigation by the Constabulary now for accepting money illegally. Furthermore this Maramag has the plans of the land of a great many men in his house and thus has a hold on them and they cannot do anything without his consent."

[159] The best evidence of what the average Filipino cultivates is found in the free patents. Of the 15,885 free patents applied for the average area is declared to be 7-3/4 acres; 4,025 Free Patents have been actually surveyed; their average area is only 5 acres.

[160] Frequently and wrongly called rosewood.

[161] Damar.

[162] An extensive open region covered with cógon is called a cogonál.

[163] First year for which statistics are available.

[164] Twice the actual figures for the first half of the year: $3,942,647; $194,296; $123,339.