Chapter IX: Introduction (6)

At Ypres (April 1915) two pipers, Jas. Thomson and W. M'Ivor, were killed while playing the charge; and at Festubert in May, G. Birnie and A. Morrison were killed in the same way. Some of the pipers were employed as bearers, runners, etc., but, the casualties continuing, it was found necessary for a time to withdraw them from the firing line. During the Somme fighting, however, they were again used as pipers. In the attack of 8th October, 1916, Pipers Richardson, Park, Paul and M'Kellar played through very heavy fire for over half a mile, and Richardson and Park were killed. Piper Richardson was awarded the V.C. posthumously. On another occasion, in the attack on the Quirique Rue position, Pipers Birnie and Morrison stood on a ruined farmhouse and played until they were both killed.

In the attack on the Vimy Ridge on 9th April, 1917, the battalion was again led to their objective by the Pipe Major, Groat and five pipers for a distance of over a mile; Pipe Major Groat got the Military Medal.

For bravery at Paschendaele, Aug. 1917, Lance-Cpl. M'Gillivray--who was killed--got the Military Medal, and Piper Paul received the same distinction.

The C.O. regards the pipes as invaluable in action. Of the pipers one got the V.C., one the D.C.M. and nine the Military Medal. No man was recommended for a distinction unless he had twice played his company to an attack.

REG. NO. RANK. NAME. RECORD.

28556 Pipe Major DONALD M'LEOD Invalided, 1915.
28558 " RONALD M'DONALD
29327 " JAMES GROAT, D.C.M., Pipe Major, Nov. 1915; D.C.M.;
M.M. Military Medal and Bar.
28812 Piper C. WILSON Wounded, Ypres, 22-28/4/15;
invalided.
28694 " JAMES THOMSON Died of wounds, Ypres, 23/4/15.
28779 " WILLIAM M'IVOR Died of wounds, 10/5/15.
29236 " JAMES LOWE Wounded, Ypres, 22-28/4/15;
invalided.
28595 " GEORGE BIRNIE Killed, Festubert, 20/5/15.
29468 " ANGUS MORRISON Killed, Festubert, 20/5/15.
28557 " ALEC M'GILLIVRAY (?), Killed, 15/8/17; Military
M.M. Medal.
29048 " ALAN M'NAB, M.M. Military Medal.
28559 " HUGH M'DONALD
29336 " GEORGE INGLIS
29149 " GORDON ROSS
28930 " JAMES RICHARDSON, V.C. Killed, 8/10/16; V.C.
28561 " JOHN PARKS Killed, 8/10/16.
28560 " HUGH M'KELLAR Invalided, 1917.
859495 " J. LIGHTHEART
429603 " G. PAUL, M.M. Killed, Amiens, 8/8/18;
Military Medal.
467573 " ALEX. ROBERTSON, M.M. Military Medal.
466703 " JOHN M'ALLISTER, M.M. Military Medal.
183188 " WILLIAM BUCHANAN
183192 " HUGH M'BETH
736522 " DAVID HORN
737176 " JOHN J. M'LEAN Wounded, Amiens, 8/8/18.
736406 " WILLIAM GOLDIE
160387 " NORMAN M'IVER
859059 " ARTHUR DUNCAN
603174 " GORDON CRUICKSHANK,
M.M. Military Medal.
633237 " DUNCAN M'KINNON Wounded, Oct. 1918.
633179 " ARCHIBALD M'DONELL,
M.M. Military Medal.
633524 " LAWRENCE M'GILLIVRAY
189348 " HARRY M'LEAN
603269 " WILLIE DARLOW
859498 " JOHN LIGHTHEART
860095 " JOHN REID
85959 " JOHN M'DONALD Wounded, Sept. 1918.
959196 " DAVID HUNTER
859941 " WILLIAM M'GREGOR
693164 " ARTHUR ROBERTSON Wounded, Oct. 1918.
859100 " ROBERT M'DONALD
779259 " GEORGE M'LEOD
859454 " DONALD M'KENZIE

THE CAMERON HIGHLANDERS OF CANADA

REG. NO. RANK. NAME. RECORD.

Pipe Major JOHN DUKE
Piper JAMES G. MUNRO Taken prisoner, Somme, ? Sept.
1916.

THE 21ST CANADIANS

(Eastern Ontario Regiment)

It is considered in this battalion that pipers are quite indispensable, and should be spared as far as possible.

REG. NO. RANK. NAME. RECORD.

Pipe Major IAN MACKENZIE Killed, Cambrai, 11/10/18.
59224 Corpl. WILLIAM CURRIE, M.M., Wounded, 23/4/16; Military
M.C. Medal; promoted Lieut.; got
Military Cross.
59937 Sergt. WILLIAM SUTHERLAND Wounded, 27/11/15.
60115 Piper HUGH MACKENZIE, M.M. Military Medal.
59320 " C. FYFE Wounded, 28/10/15.
59311 " J. EWART Invalided.
59620 " H. M'KEACHEN Invalided.
633985 " W. GRANT Invalided.
401191 " MACDOUGALL Wounded, 19/6/16.
59618 Pipe Major J. M'DOUGALL
59181 Corpl. J. R. COGHILL, M.M. Military Medal.
675268 Piper W. H. COLLINS
633879 " W. ALEXANDER
675274 " J. LITTLE
633643 " D. M'DONALD

THE 25TH CANADIANS

Piper Telfer played his company into action at Vimy Ridge until wounded. He was awarded the Military Medal; Piper W. Brand also got the same distinction. Again, at Amiens, August 1918, the battalion was played over. There was great competition among the men to be allowed to perform this duty. Frequently they were employed as bearers.

REG. NO. RANK. NAME. RECORD.

Pipe Major CARSON Meritorious Service Medal;
wounded, 13/8/18; Mons Medal.
Corpl. CANT Invalided.
" MORRISON
Piper W. TELFER Military Medal; wounded,
9/4/18.
" W. BRAND Military Medal.
Piper D. BRAND Invalided.
" A. CAMPBELL Invalided.
" M. M'DOUGALL
" G. HOOPER
" P. KITCHENHAM Wounded, 9/4/18.
" G. THOMAS Wounded, 9/4/18.
" H. O'CONNELL
" E. STEWART Killed, 9/4/18.
" T. H. M'KINNON
" J. H. SHIRLEY
" E. B. THURLOW
" W. FYFFE Wounded.
" A. RITCHIE Wounded.
" H. M'CULLOCH
" N. M'LEOD
" J. MACINTOSH
" A. LAVREY
" W. BUCHANAN
" F. MACBEAN
" HECTOR MACLEAN ANGUS Invalided.

THE 29TH CANADIANS

(Vancouver Regiment)

Pipers were employed as bearers.

REG. NO. RANK. NAME. RECORD.

75582 Pipe Major W. MONTGOMERY Invalided.
75132 " D. M'CULLOCH
75297 Corpl. D. MAY Wounded, 13/11/17; invalided.
75599 Piper W. S. GRANT Killed, 6/11/17.
76216 " W. BURNSIDE Killed, 6/11/17.
76484 " J. R. DAVIDSON
76186 " A. ROBERTSON Invalided.
73583 " A. M. BAYNE Wounded, 20/4/16.
76482 " J. CLARK
75848 " R. M'DONALD
75673 " A. M'LACHLAN
76180 " A. M'RAE
75298 " W. A. ROBERTSON
76481 " A. DUNSMUIR
30173 " A. WILSON

THE 236TH CANADIANS

(The MacLean Regiment)

REG. NO. RANK. NAME. RECORD.

1030319 Piper E. BARTON
1030099 " W. H. BLAIR
1030239 " W. W. BRADFORD
1030098 " CECIL BREWER
1030225 " DOUGLAS BURBRIDGE
1030152 " JOHN CAMPBELL
1030076 " GEORGE CLARKE
1030020 " W. H. COLLINS
1030328 Lance-Cpl. CHARLES CROMWELL
1030253 Piper ANDREW DODDS
1030008 Corpl. RICHARD FERRIE
1030312 Piper DONALD GRANT
1030513 " KENNETH GREGORY
1030010 Sergt. FRED HAYTER
1030043 Piper FRED HARRIS
1030012 " JOHN M'FADGEN
1030511 " WILLIAM M'EWAN
1030326 " JOHN M'NAMEE
1030581 " JAMES MACK
742630 " WALTER MORRELL
1030196 " HAROLD MILES
1030045 " EDWARD RALSTEN
1030030 " A. REGAN
743040 " CHARLES ROSS
1030016 Pipe Sgt. W. H. ROSS
1030323 Piper J. BENSON ROBINSON
1030052 " GORDON SCOTT
1030142 " E. J. SLOANE
1030066 " JAMES SMITH
1030014 Corpl. ALEX. STEWART
1030184 Piper DOUGLAS STEWART
291928 " J. SIMPSON
1030545 " WILLIAM STEWART
1030217 " GEORGE TANDY
1030026 " A. E. WALKER
1030093 " GEORGE WHITE
1030110 " E. WILLIS
1030061 " JAMES WILSON
467264 " GEORGE WALKER
1030143 " ROBERT JAMERISON

THE CANADIAN PIONEERS

1ST BATTALION

Owing to the nature of the employment of this battalion on railway construction the pipers were principally in the ranks as sappers.

REG. NO. RANK. NAME. RECORD.

154580 Pipe Major H. M'KENZIE
154492 Piper (Sapper) WILLIAM HENRY
154589 " F. MACDONALD Wounded, 7/5/16.
154184 " J. GRANT Killed, 13/6/16.
155016 " WILLIAM GRAY Wounded, 4/6/16.
154121 " R. KELL
154027 " G. MARS Wounded, 17/8/18.
491353 " W. G. RICHARDSON
154231 " P. HYNDMAN Wounded, 17/9/17.

THE 2ND AUCKLAND REGIMENT

The band was started in Egypt in 1915 with 4 pipers, and gradually a few more were added. The pipers were not allowed to go into action as such. Pipe Major J. F. Robertson was given the Military Medal for gallantry during the operations round Bapaume in 1918.

REG. NO. RANK. NAME. RECORD.

Piper H. CAMERON
" J. F. ROBERTSON Awarded Military Medal,
Bapaume, 1918.
" H. M. KENNEDY
" J. STEVENSON
" J. BROWN
" D. M'KINLEY
" A. LAMBIE
" F. BARRY
" F. M'LEAN
" J. CLOTHIER
" B. JOHNS

THE 42ND AUSTRALIANS

This battalion raised a band of 8 pipers when they left Australia in 1916. They were largely employed as scouts, runners, etc.

The battalion was subsequently merged into the 41st.

Pipers A. Aitken and R. Gillespie were awarded Military Medals for valuable scouting work carried out prior to the action at Messines in June 1917.

REG. NO. RANK. NAME. RECORD.

Pipe Major A. R. M'COLL
Corpl. A. S. MACNAUGHT
Piper A. AITKEN, M.M. Wounded; Military Medal.
" R. GILLESPIE, M.M. Military Medal.
" J. A. MURRAY
" A. M'PHERSON Wounded.
" J. M'COLL Wounded.
" J. ROBERTSON Wounded.
" A. MURRAY Wounded.
" M. H. FRASER Killed.
" D. LATHANGIE
" T. A. FRASER Wounded.
" A. S. CHAPLIN
" W. REID
" W. MILNE
" A. M'PHERSON
" J. CLARKE
" A. HOWIE Wounded.

THE SOUTH AFRICAN SCOTTISH

The pipers proved quite invaluable on the long marches in the operations against the Senussi, in keeping the men going, under the most trying climatic conditions.

The pipers were sometimes employed as bearers, or as carriers of stores, ammunition, etc., and as runners.

In the Cambrai advance by the Germans they had to serve in the ranks. At Houdincourt, having piled their pipes and taken up rifles, nearly all their instruments were destroyed by a shell.

REG. NO. RANK. NAME. RECORD.

Pipe Major D. CAMERON, D.C.M. Became C. Sergt.-Major;
wounded.
" ALEXANDER GRIEVE Gassed, March 1918.
Lance-Cpl. R. HAY
Piper T. SCOTT Killed, Arras, 9/4/17.
" A. GRAY, M.M. Military Medal.
" J. WATERHOUSE, M.M. Military Medal.
" J. MATHESON
" D. A. CUMMINGS
" F. FRASER
" C. GORDON Invalided.
" R. LINDSAY
" M. M'NEIL
" J. M'CALMAN
" J. MUNRO Wounded, Oct. 1916; invalided.
" M. STRANG
" G. COLLIER
" W. IRONS
" M'GREGOR
" M'COLL
" W. STRANG

Roll of Honour

1914-1918

Cha till, cha till, cha till Mac Criomain,
An cogadh no sith cha till e tuille;
Le airgiod no ni cha till Mac Criomain,
Cha till e gu bràth gu là na cruinne.

Son épée au Roi,
Son cœur à sa dame,
Ses honneurs à soi,
--À dieu son âme.
]

ROLL OF HONOUR. 1914-1918

1ST SCOTS GUARDS.

3707 Sergt. SAMUEL RICHARDSON Died of wounds, Aisne, 14/9/14.
8543 Piper JAMES MACKENZIE Killed, Ypres, 31/10/14.
991 " ALEXANDER MARTIN,
D.C.M. Killed, 19/2/16.
" MALCOLM MACKENZIE Killed, 1914.
" A. CARMICHAEL Killed, 1915.

2ND SCOTS GUARDS.

Lance-Cpl. HECTOR M'KIMM Killed, Zonnebeke, 26/10/14.
8081 Piper CHARLES M'GUIRE Died of wounds, Ypres,
29/10/14.

1ST ROYAL SCOTS.

48594 Piper D. M'DONALD Died, Bulgaria, Oct. 1918.

2ND ROYAL SCOTS.

13459 Piper WILLIAM FISHER Killed, 15/4/16.
8516 " J. ROBERTSON Killed, Croix Barbes, 13/10/14.
8450 " JAMES DRUMMOND Killed, The Bluff, 23/1/16.
11484 " D. LINDSAY Killed, 4/5/17.
" A. M'KINLAY Killed, 9/4/18.
44118 " A. CRUICKSHANKS Killed, 27/9/18.
3190 " J. THOMPSON Died, 30/9/15
10536 " E. DUGUID Died of gas, 10/5/18.

4TH ROYAL SCOTS.

Pipe Major ANDREW BUCHAN Killed, Gallipoli, 28/6/15.
Piper CHARLES RUTHERFORD Died, dysentery, Gallipoli.

5TH ROYAL SCOTS.

1303 Piper GEORGE HARDIE Killed, Gallipoli, 2/5/15.
766 " ALEXANDER LAWSON Killed, Gallipoli, 28/4/15.
1824 " GEORGE W. DOWNIE Killed, Gallipoli, 7/5/15.
1235 Piper WILLIAM SINCLAIR Died of wounds, Gallipoli,
8/5/15.
8109 " DAVID ROSS Killed, July 1916.
Lieut. TOM BARTLEMAN (formerly Piper), Seaforth
Highlanders, killed, Sept.
1917.

6TH ROYAL SCOTS.

Piper MURDOCH BETHUNE Died of wounds, Somme, 2/7/16.
" THOMAS LEAKE Died of disease.

7TH ROYAL SCOTS.

Pipe Major JAMES GEAR Killed in railway accident.
Piper GEORGE SMEATON Killed in railway accident.
Piper ALEXANDER NICOL Killed in railway accident.
" FRED TURNER Killed, 12/7/15, Gallipoli.
251141 " PETER M'NEILL Killed, 6/11/17, Palestine.

9TH ROYAL SCOTS.

Lance-Cpl. A. L. FORSYTH, M.M. Killed, 23/4/17.
Corpl. G. LAUDER Killed, 23/5/17.

11TH ROYAL SCOTS.

Piper JOHN KANE Killed, 14/7/16.

12TH ROYAL SCOTS.

12991 Piper THOMAS HISLOP Killed, Loos, 25/9/15.
200737 Lance-Cpl. PETER WEST Died of wounds.
13459 Piper WILLIAM FISHER Killed, 15/4/16.

13TH ROYAL SCOTS.

Pipe Major MURDOCH MACDONALD Died of disease, 9/2/16.
Piper THOMAS FLOOD Killed, 26/8/18.
" ROBERT CAMPBELL Died as prisoner of war, Sept.
1915.
" ROBERT MITCHELL Died of wounds, 26/8/18.

16TH ROYAL SCOTS.

Piper M. BETHUNE Killed, Somme, July 1916.
" H. GREY Killed, Arras, April 1917.
" A. NOON Killed, Arras, April 1917.

17TH ROYAL SCOTS.

Pipe Major DONALD M'LEAN Killed, 14/7/18 (Lieut. 1st
Gordons).

2ND ROYAL SCOTS FUSILIERS.

Corpl. A. W. RICHARDSON Killed.
Piper W. BUTTERWORTH Killed.
" W. M'LEAN Killed, Messines, 1917.
" W. MOORE Died after discharge.

4TH ROYAL SCOTS FUSILIERS.

Pipe Major N. SHAW Died of wounds, Palestine,
21/4/17.
Lance-Cpl. J. M'ALLISTER Killed, Gallipoli, 12/7/15.
Piper P. GREIG Killed, Gallipoli, 12/7/15.
" J. MILNER Killed, Gallipoli, 12/7/15.

5TH ROYAL SCOTS FUSILIERS.

7797 Lance-Cpl. JOHN MURDOCH Killed, 13/7/15.

1ST KING'S OWN SCOTTISH BORDERERS.

9884 Piper HIGGINSON Died of wounds, Gallipoli,
26/4/15.
11315 " MAITLAND Killed, Paschendaele, 27/4/17.

4TH KING'S OWN SCOTTISH BORDERERS.

778 Piper THOMAS LUNHAM Died of wounds.
779 " J. KERR Died of wounds.
306 " C. STREET
822 " ALEX. HENDRY

5TH KING'S OWN SCOTTISH BORDERERS.

308 Piper R. BROWN Killed, 12/7/15.
1760 " THOMAS MARTIN Killed, 12/7/15.
" JAMES GORMAN Killed.

6TH KING'S OWN SCOTTISH BORDERERS.

14851 Pipe Major ROBERT MACKENZIE Died of wounds, Loos, 25/9/15.
Lance-Cpl. J. LOMAS Killed, Loos, 25/9/15.
Piper J. SIMES Killed, Loos, 25/9/15.
" P. MOFFAT Killed, Loos, 25/9/15.
" J. PRINGLE Killed, Somme, Oct. 1916.

7TH KING'S OWN SCOTTISH BORDERERS.

Piper J. TAYLOR Killed, Arras.

8TH KING'S OWN SCOTTISH BORDERERS.

14277 Lance-Cpl. A. M'VITTIE Killed, Arras.
Piper C. REID Killed, Somme, July 1916.
" G. SURRITON Killed, Arras.

1ST SCOTTISH RIFLES.

9429 Piper T. BEST
9441 " R. BLACK
10924 " P. ROBERTSON

2ND SCOTTISH RIFLES.

Pipe Major ALEX. CAMERON Killed, 10/2/15, Laventie.
Corpl. A. HORNE Killed, 31/7/17.
Corpl. JAMES CAMPBELL Killed, 16/5/15, La Bassée.
Piper A. MACDONALD Killed, 10/2/15, Laventie.
" FORSYTH Killed, July 15, Bois Grenier.
" CLARK Killed, 10/3/15, Neuve
Chapelle.
" LAUDER Died of wounds, March 1918.

5TH SCOTTISH RIFLES.

Pipe Major PATERSON Accidentally killed.

5/6TH SCOTTISH RIFLES.

201124 Pipe Major J. C. PURDIE Killed.

7TH SCOTTISH RIFLES.

1106 Piper ARCHIBALD RAMAGE Killed, 28/6/15, Dardanelles.
868 " ARCHIBALD SHEARER Killed, 23/7/15, Dardanelles.
1178 " WILLIAM DEANS Killed, June, 1915,
Dardanelles.
265958 " J. M'IVER Killed, 12/11/17, Palestine.
1817 " J. STRACHAN Killed, 4/11/17, Palestine.

8TH SCOTTISH RIFLES.

Pipe Major NEIL MACLEOD Killed, 12/7/15, Dardanelles.
Piper JOHN MACINTYRE Killed, 28/6/15, Dardanelles.
" JAMES FERGUSON Killed, 28/6/15, Dardanelles.
" JAMES M'INDOE Killed, 29/7/18, France.
" ROBERT WHITELAW Killed, 28/6/15.

9TH SCOTTISH RIFLES.

30503 Piper HUGH MACARA Killed, March 1917.

10TH SCOTTISH RIFLES.

Piper ROBERT BLACK Killed, 28/1/16.
" DUNCAN MACKENZIE Killed, 17/11/15.
" ALEX. HARRIS Killed, 27/1/16.

11TH SCOTTISH RIFLES.

14631 Piper ALEXANDER STEVENSON Killed, 28/4/17.

1ST BLACK WATCH.

9617 Pipe Major D. M'LEOD Killed, 21/8/16.
1956 Piper T. M'INTYRE Missing, 14/8/14.

2ND BLACK WATCH.

1871 Piper JAMES GALLOWAY Killed, 8/10/15, Givenchy.
9908 Lance-Cpl. JAMES WANN Died of wounds, 10/2/15, Neuve
Chapelle.
1449 Piper JAMES DAVIS Killed, 25/9/15, Mauquissart.
736 " DAVID SIMPSON Killed, 25/9/15, Mauquissart.
941 Lance-Cpl. PETER M'NEE Died of wounds, 25/9/15,
Mesopotamia.
Piper MACKAY Died of wounds, 10/3/15, Neuve
Chapelle.
" WILLIAM MATHIESON Killed, 25/9/15, Mauquissart.
1539 " ALEX. MACDONALD, Discharged; subsequently died,
D.C.M. 26/3/17.

5TH BLACK WATCH.

1568 Piper ALEXANDER HOWIE Killed, 10/3/15, Neuve
Chapelle.
406 Lance-Cpl. FRED REID Killed, 13/3/15, Neuve
Chapelle.

6TH BLACK WATCH.

Piper L. MASSIE Killed, Somme, Oct. 1916.
" DONALD GILLIES Died, July 1915.
" P. FALLON Killed, Festubert, May 1915.
" J. FERGUSON Killed, La Boiselle, Aug. 1916.
" J. HARPER Killed, Fremicourt, 23/12/17.
" A. TAINSH Killed, Fremicourt, 23/12/17.
" A. FORBES Killed, Fremicourt, 23/12/17.
" A. MYLES Killed, Fremicourt, 23/12/17.
" A. PATON Killed, June 1915.

7TH BLACK WATCH.

4470 Piper JAMES JOHNSTON Killed, 7/1/17, Somme.
Lance-Cpl. G. SWAN Killed, Dec. 1916, Somme.
Piper JAMES ROSS Killed, Dec. 1916, Somme.
" ALEXANDER WILKIE Killed, Dec. 1916, Somme.

8TH BLACK WATCH.

3014 Piper DONALD WILSON Killed, Loos, 1915.
265912 " R. MENZIES Killed, Meteren, July 1918.
3019 " D. SIMPSON Killed, Somme, 1916.
3375 " W. REILLY Killed, Loos, 1915.

9TH BLACK WATCH.

Piper J. JOHNSTONE Killed, March, 1918.

1ST HIGHLAND LIGHT INFANTRY.

6894 Sergt. D. BUCHAN Killed, 20/11/14, Festubert.
9615 Piper C. STEWART Killed, 1/5/15, Ypres.
10107 " F. BURNS Killed, 20/11/14, Festubert.
9860 " THOMAS JAMES Killed, 20/11/14, Festubert.
9011 " J. MORRISON Killed, 20/11/14, Festubert.
11499 " J. M'NAUGHT Killed, 20/11/14, Festubert.
11470 " J. SMITH Killed, 7/9/16, Somme.
Lance-Cpl. MITCHELL Killed, 18/9/14, Vermeuil.
11468 Corpl. (acting Pipe Major) J. SMITH Died enteric, Mesopotamia.

2ND HIGHLAND LIGHT INFANTRY.

10264 Sergt. T. FINDLAY Killed, 14/3/15, Neuve
Chapelle.
10976 Piper J. IRVING Killed, 3/11/14.
9272 Corpl. J. MACKENZIE Killed, 21/10/14.

4TH HIGHLAND LIGHT INFANTRY.

Piper CHARLES STEWART Killed.

5TH HIGHLAND LIGHT INFANTRY.

Pipe Major JOHN THOMSON Killed, 12/7/15, Dardanelles.

6TH HIGHLAND LIGHT INFANTRY.

1237 Piper PETER M'NIVEN Killed, 12/7/15.

9TH HIGHLAND LIGHT INFANTRY.

1666 Piper JOHN DRUMMOND Killed, 3/6/15, Vermelles.
333792 " T. CRAWFORD Died of wounds.
333138 " J. M'CREATH Died of wounds, Oct. 1918.

10TH HIGHLAND LIGHT INFANTRY.

12562 Piper ALEX. WHITEFIELD Killed, 25/9/15, Cambrin.
902 Lance-Cpl. DAVID DONALDSON Killed, 9/7/15, Festubert.
17505 Piper PETER M'INTYRE Gassed, Cambrai; died, 8/11/18.

12TH HIGHLAND LIGHT INFANTRY.

Piper WILLIAM THOMPSON Killed, Arras, 9/4/17.
" JOHN M'KEAN Killed, Loos, 25/9/15.
Sergt. WILLIAM PIERCE Killed, Somme, Sept. 1916.

14TH HIGHLAND LIGHT INFANTRY.

Piper PETER THOMSON Killed, 24/4/17.

15TH HIGHLAND LIGHT INFANTRY.

353152 Piper D. M'KENZIE Killed, Ayette, 13/4/18.

16TH HIGHLAND LIGHT INFANTRY.

15032 Lance-Cpl. WALTER ORR Killed, 1/7/16, Somme.
14699 Piper ARCHIBALD RANKIN Killed, 1/7/16, Thiepval.

17TH HIGHLAND LIGHT INFANTRY.

Piper ARCHIBALD FORREST Died.

20TH HIGHLAND LIGHT INFANTRY.

26650 Lance-Cpl. DEVLIN Killed, Ypres, 25/9/17.
30503 Piper HUGH MACARA Killed, March 1917.

1ST SEAFORTH HIGHLANDERS.

Lance-Cpl. HEARNE Died of disease.
709 Piper J. WILKINSON Killed, France.
7900 " WILLIAM COWANS Killed, 7/11/14, "Port Arthur."
9291 " J. PRATT Died of wounds, 9/5/15, Neuve
Chapelle.
479 " D. BLACK Killed, 3/11/14, "Port Arthur."
788 " T. URQUHART Killed, 20/12/14, Givenchy.
9158 Actg. Pipe Major J. MACLELLAN Killed, 21/4/17, Mesopotamia.
10457 Lance-Sgt. STEWART Killed, 1917.
311 Lance-Cpl. D. CAMPBELL Killed, Mesopotamia, Oct. 1917.
529 Sergt. C. M'KAY Died of wounds, Baghdad, 1916.
" COOK Killed, Mesopotamia, 1916.
" SMITH Killed, France.

2ND SEAFORTH HIGHLANDERS.

9106 Lance-Cpl. WILLIAM ROSS Killed, /6/15.
9223 Lance-Cpl. JOHN GRANT Killed, /10/14.
283 Lance-Cpl. DOUGAL MACMILLAN Died, /2/15.
Piper DAVID MACRAE Killed, /2/15.
" KENNETH MACKENZIE Killed, /5/15.
" ROBERT RENNIE Killed, /5/15.
" ALEX. CLARK Killed, /5/15.
9494 " JAMES RENNIE Killed, Loos, 3/10/15.
3 " ROBERT HALL Killed, 1/7/16.
9132 " N. JOHNSTONE Wounded, 25/4/15; killed,
26/1/17.
10456 Lance-Sgt. JAMES STEWART Killed, Somme, 1917.

4TH SEAFORTH HIGHLANDERS.

24316 Piper DONALD M'KENZIE Prisoner; died of wounds, May
1918.
" J. KEMP Died of wounds, Neuve
Chapelle, 1915.
" A. M'AULAY Died of wounds, Valenciennes,
1918.
" J. M'KENZIE Died of wounds, Neuve
Chapelle, 1915.
" A. M'LENNAN Killed, Neuve Chapelle, 1915.

5TH SEAFORTH HIGHLANDERS.

422 Lance-Cpl. G. ROSS Killed, 21/7/15, Fauquissart.
251 Piper R. ROSS Killed, 21/7/15, Fauquissart.
599 " DONALD M'KAY Killed, 13/11/16, Beaumont
Hamel.

6TH SEAFORTH HIGHLANDERS.

Lieut. (formerly Piper) J. HECTOR ROSS Killed, 23/4/17.
Piper W. SUTHERLAND Roclincourt, 9/4/17.
Sergt. WILLIAM M'LEOD Killed, May 1916.
" C. D. MACDONALD Killed, 13/11/16, Beaumont
Hamel.
" H. MACKIE Killed, 13/11/16, Beaumont
Hamel.
" J. BROWN Killed, May 1917, Arras.
Piper J. ALEXANDER Killed, April 1918, La
Bassée.
" A. MACKAY Killed, 9/4/17,
Roclincourt.
" J. ROBERTSON Killed, July 1915.

7TH SEAFORTH HIGHLANDERS.

40417 Lance-Cpl. O'KAIN M'LENNAN Died of wounds, 11/4/17.
1456 Piper D. FRASER Killed, Loos, 25/9/15.
4181 " R. GALBRAITH Killed, Loos, 25/9/15.
9070 " G. GRANT Died of wounds, 30/6/16.
2177 " B. HALLIDAY Died of wounds, at Loos.
3843 " K. THYNE Killed, Somme, 14/7/16.
4661 " B. HAMILTON Killed, Loos, 25/9/15.

8TH SEAFORTH HIGHLANDERS.

5721 Piper CHARLES ANDERSON Killed, 25/9/15, Loos.
6567 " GEORGE SPENCE Killed, 25/9/15, Loos.
6400 " WILLIAM MACKAY Killed, 25/9/15, Loos.
6546 Lance-Cpl. DUNCAN MACGREGOR Killed, 25/9/15, Loos.
Piper HUGH SUTHERLAND Died of disease, France.
" ANDREW CLARK Killed, 25/9/15, Loos.

9TH SEAFORTH HIGHLANDERS.

267336 Piper JAMES SUTHERLAND Killed, 19/4/17.
240018 " ROBERT ROSS Killed, 11/4/18.
3964 " WILLIAM M'MAHON Killed.
23879 " WILLIAM DUNCAN Killed.

1ST GORDON HIGHLANDERS.

Piper FREDERICK PATERSON Killed, 26/8/14, Mons.
Lance-Cpl. W. M'FALL Killed, 24/10/14.
Piper W. HOWIE Killed, 24/10/14.
" A. M'KAY Died of wounds, /1/15.
" W. ALLAN Killed, 14/12/14.
" HECTOR ROSS Killed, /3/16.

2ND GORDON HIGHLANDERS.

430 Piper J. ROBERTSON Killed, Ypres, 30/10/14.
10655 " R. GRANT Killed, Loos, 25/9/15.
10639 " J. GRANT Killed, Loos, 25/9/15.
110 " R. WILSON Killed, Loos, 25/9/15.
219 " W. BRUCE Killed, Loos, 25/9/15.
10653 Corpl. J. M'KENZIE Killed, Loos, 25/9/15.
205 Piper J. LEDINGHAM Killed, Loos, 25/9/15.
10139 " J. RAMAGE Killed, Loos, 25/9/15.
" D. WHITE Killed, Loos, 1915.
7383 " A. CASSIE Killed, Loos, 25/9/15.
" P. BROWN Killed, Ypres, 5/10/17.
Piper J. BISSETT Killed, Loos, 25/9/15.
10296 " W. SINCLAIR Died of wounds, Loos, 25/9/15.
7375 Corpl. A. SMITH Killed, Loos, 25/9/15.
6853 Sergt. R. STEWART, D.C.M. Killed, Loos, 25/9/15.
8390 Piper J. SCOTT Killed, Somme, 1916.
335 " J. M'CRIMMON Killed, Loos, 25/9/15.

4TH GORDON HIGHLANDERS.

Piper A. THOMSON Killed while serving with
R.F.C.

5TH GORDON HIGHLANDERS.

1156 Piper WILLIAM GRAHAM Killed, 3/6/15, Festubert.
11586 " ALEXANDER WILLOX Killed, 31/7/16, High Wood.
" ANDREW BROWN, M.M. Killed, 31/7/16, High Wood.

6TH GORDON HIGHLANDERS.

62 Piper GEORGE MILTON Killed, 10/3/15, Neuve
Chapelle.

9TH GORDON HIGHLANDERS.

9023 Piper C. CAMPBELL Killed, Somme, 1916.

1ST CAMERON HIGHLANDERS.

6720 Sergt. G. SELBY Killed, 22/10/14.
5173 Piper H. BARRIE Killed, 5/11/14, Ypres.
8535 " GILBERT M'CALMAN Died of wounds, Feb. 1918.
9345 " L. M'BEAN Died of wounds, Arras, Aug.
1918.

2ND CAMERON HIGHLANDERS.

Piper JOHN MACASKIL Killed, Hill 60, April 1916.
" DONNACHIE Killed, 1915.
" JOHN M'CABE Died.
" THOMPSON Died, 1918.
" ARCHIBALD M'KENZIE Killed, Hill 60, April 1916.
" LACHLAN M'BEAN Died of wounds, St. Eloi,
10/5/15.
" WILLIAM STEWART Died, Salonika, 18/10/17.

4TH CAMERON HIGHLANDERS.

1120 Piper J. CHEYNE Killed, Festubert, 17/5/15.
645 Lance-Cpl. D. PATERSON Killed, Festubert, 17/5/15.
200120 Piper WILLIAM MACDONALD Died of wounds, 14/10/17.

5TH CAMERON HIGHLANDERS.

5497 Piper ALEX. MACEACHERN Died of wounds, Loos, 25/9/15.
5113 Lance-Cpl. A. J. M'DONALD Killed, Loos, 25/9/15.
3931 Piper NEIL WILSON Killed, Loos, 27/9/15.
" JOHN MACLELLAN Killed, Sorel, 21/3/18.
" ALEXANDER CLUNIE Killed, Arras, 3/5/17.
" ARCHIBALD CRAWFORD Killed, Sorel, 21/3/18.
" JAMES PORTEOUS Killed, Oct. 1918.

6TH CAMERON HIGHLANDERS.

22461 Piper JAMES WALKER Killed, 26/4/17.

7TH CAMERON HIGHLANDERS.

Piper G. ALVES Killed, Loos, 25/9/15.
" A. SMART Killed, Loos, 25/9/15.
Pipe Major KENNETH MACLEOD Died.

1ST ARGYLL AND SUTHERLAND HIGHLANDERS.

Piper WOODSIDE Killed, 16/2/15, St. Eloi.
570 " ROBERT KENNEDY Killed, 30/7/16, Somme.

2ND ARGYLL AND SUTHERLAND HIGHLANDERS.

567 Piper PETER M'LINTOCK Killed, Armentières, 27/11/15.
Lance-Cpl. MILNE Killed, Armentières, 27/11/15.
90 Piper M'KAY Killed, Armentières, 27/11/15.
8157 " L. PLANNER Killed, October 1918.

6TH ARGYLL AND SUTHERLAND HIGHLANDERS.

3037 Piper JAMES PRINGLE Killed, 18/6/15, Festubert.
3042 " JOHN M'ALLISTER Killed, 18/6/15, Festubert.
3162 " WILLIAM CARLYLE Killed, 16/6/15, Festubert.
1890 " JOHN CRAIG Killed, 27/7/16, Longueval.

7TH ARGYLL AND SUTHERLAND HIGHLANDERS.

277167 Piper HUGH M'DONALD Killed, Aug. 1917, Ypres.

8TH ARGYLL AND SUTHERLAND HIGHLANDERS.

Pipe Major WILLIAM LAWRIE Died, Nov. 1916.

9TH ARGYLL AND SUTHERLAND HIGHLANDERS.

324 Corpl. ALEX. M'ALLISTER Killed, 10/5/15, Ypres.
1711 Piper ALEX. RUSSELL Killed, 8/4/15.

10TH ARGYLL AND SUTHERLAND HIGHLANDERS.

Piper MACNEILL Killed, Oct. 1916, Longueval.
570 " R. KENNEDY Died of wounds, Longueval.
8051 " ALEX. KENNEDY Died of wounds, Ypres,
12/10/17.
302955 " WALTER NAPIER Killed, 12/10/17, Ypres.

11TH ARGYLL AND SUTHERLAND HIGHLANDERS.

Sergt. JAS. RITCHIE Killed, 26/9/15, Loos.
Piper JAS. BARNETT Killed, 26/9/15, Hill 70.
" F. M'DIARMAID Killed, July 1916, Somme.
" FERGUSON Died, Dec. 1916, Somme.

12TH ARGYLL AND SUTHERLAND HIGHLANDERS.

Corpl. W. STIRLING Killed, Oct. 1916.
6829 Piper JOHN M'COLL Died of disease, Salonika,
16/2/17.
5660 " D. ROBERTSON Killed, 8/5/17.
4927 " L. M'CON Killed, 8/5/17.

LONDON SCOTTISH.

Corpl. T. CAREY Killed, 1/11/14, Messines.
139 Lance-Cpl. H. LEATHAM Killed, 16/11/14, Zillebeke.
? 1341 Piper D. PARKYN Killed, 1/11/14, Messines.
" C. W. MACKAY Killed, 17/8/16, Somme (Lieut.
5th Camerons).
1870 " J. BINNIE Killed, 9/11/14, Zillebeke.
3509 " A. CORNELL Died of wounds, 2/10/16,
Somme.
Lieut. A. CAIRNS WILSON Killed, 1917; Military Medal.
(formerly Piper)
513657 Piper SIMON CAMPBELL Killed, 13/5/17, Arras.
510531 " A. B. PATON Killed, 13/5/17.
" WOODCOCK Killed.

1ST TYNESIDE SCOTTISH.

237 Lance-Cpl. GARNET FYFE Killed, 1/7/16, Somme.
223 Piper E. BOYCE Killed, 1/7/16, Somme.
1585 " WILLIAM FELLOWS Killed, 1/7/16, Somme.
154 " JAMES DOWNIE Killed, 1/7/16, Somme.
1485 " WILLIAM INGLIS Killed, 1/7/16, Somme.

2ND TYNESIDE SCOTTISH.

1230 Piper WILLIAM SCOTT Killed, 1/7/16, Somme.
1151 " JAMES PHILLIPS Killed, 1/7/16, Somme.

3RD TYNESIDE SCOTTISH.

Piper J. STEELE Killed, 1/7/16, Somme.
" E. FINLAY Killed, 1/7/16, Somme.
" T. WILSON Killed, 1/7/16, Somme.
" R. GREAVES Died of wounds, 1/7/16, Somme.

16TH MIDDLESEX.

1151 Piper THOMAS LATHAM Killed, 1/7/16, Somme.
Sergt. GEORGE KIRKLAND
(formerly Piper,
11th Middlesex) Killed, Ypres, 17/2/17.

1ST LIVERPOOL SCOTTISH.

Pipe Major JOHN STODDART Killed, Poperinghe, July 1916.

23RD ROYAL FUSILIERS (1ST SPORTSMAN'S BATT.).

Piper W. SUTTIE Killed, 16/3/16.
" WILLIAM MACKENZIE Killed, 16/3/16.

ARGYLL MOUNTAIN BATTERY.

Pipe Major WILLIAM MACNEILL Died, 18/8/15.
Corpl. NEIL SMITH Accidentally killed, 1/3/16.

ROSS AND CROMARTY BATTERY.

4403 Gunner JOHN MACDONALD Died of wounds, 14/5/15.

OVERSEAS BATTALIONS

PRINCESS PATRICIA'S CANADIAN LIGHT INFANTRY.

265 Piper J. M. ROBERTSON,
D.C.M. Died of wounds, 25/3/15.
Sergt. JOHN M'DONALD, D.C.M. Died of wounds, 17/9/16.

ROYAL HIGHLANDERS OF CANADA, 13TH BATTALION.

24013 Piper A. J. MACDONALD Died of wounds, 16/3/15,
Fleurbaix.
24012 " W. LAWSON Died of wounds, 16/3/15,
Fleurbaix.
24392 " H. ROBERTSON Killed, 2/5/15, Ypres.
24704 " N. MACDONALD Killed, 24/4/15, Ypres.

48TH HIGHLANDERS OF CANADA, 15TH BATTALION.

27548 Corpl. J. THOMPSON Died.

CANADIAN SCOTTISH, 16TH BATTALION.

28694 Piper JAMES THOMSON Died of wounds, 23/4/15, Ypres.
28779 " WILLIAM M'IVOR Died of wounds, 10/5/15, Ypres.
28595 " GEORGE BIRNIE Killed, 20/5/15, Festubert.
29468 " ANGUS MORRISON Killed, 20/5/15, Festubert.
28930 " JAMES RICHARDSON, V.C. Killed, 8/10/16, Somme.
28561 " JOHN PARKS Killed, 8/10/16, Somme.
28557 " ALEC M'GILLIVRAY Killed, 15/8/17, Paschendaele.
429803 " GEORGE PAUL Killed, 8/8/18, Amiens.

21ST CANADIANS (EASTERN ONTARIO REGIMENT).

Pipe Major IAN MACKENZIE Killed, Cambrai, 11/10/18.

25TH CANADIANS.

Piper E. STEWART Killed, 9/4/18.

29TH CANADIANS (VANCOUVER REGIMENT).

75599 Piper W. GRANT Killed, 6/11/17.
76126 " W. BURNSIDE Killed, 6/11/17.
76484 " J. R. DAVIDSON Killed, 6/11/17.

1ST CANADIAN PIONEERS.

154184 Piper JOHN GRANT Killed, 13/6/16.

42ND AUSTRALIANS.

Piper M. H. FRASER Killed.

5TH VICTORIAN INFANTRY.

32 Corpl. GORDON INGLIS Died of wounds, 24/1/16,
Gallipoli.

SOUTH AFRICAN SCOTTISH.

Lieut. (formerly Pipe Major)
ROBERT THORBURN Killed, 20/7/16,
Somme.
Piper THOMAS SCOTT Killed, Arras,
9/4/17.

NEW ZEALANDERS (OTAGO REGIMENT).

8/2519 Corpl. Piper NEIL MACDONALD Killed, 15/7/16, Somme.

"So he passed over. And all the trumpets sounded for him on
the other side."

CANNTAIREACHD

BY MAJOR J. P. GRANT, M.C., YR. OF ROTHIEMURCHUS

It is related[14] by Sir John Graham Dalyell how in 1818, one John Campbell from Nether Lorn, brought "a folio in MS., said to contain numerous compositions," for the inspection of the judges at the annual piping competition held in Edinburgh under the auspices of the Highland Society: the story goes on, "but the contents merely resembling a written narrative in an unknown language, nor bearing any resemblance to Gaelic, they proved utterly unintelligible. Amidst many conjectures relative both to the subject and the language, nobody adventured so far as to guess at either airs or pibrochs." It is believed that this is the earliest authentic reference to the pipers notation known as Canntaireachd, and it is of interest to note that even as early as 1818,[15] among the class of Highland gentlemen who acted as judges at the biggest competition in the country, the very existence of the notation was unknown. Sir John mentions also that he made later attempts to acquire this MS. volume and to trace two others in the possession of John Campbell's father: his attempts were unsuccessful.

In 1828 Captain Macleod of Gesto published some pipe tunes in Canntaireachd as taught by the MacCrimmons in Skye. The merits of this publication have been made the subject of controversy among pipers and others; this controversy has no place in this paper. The late John Campbell (Iain Ileach) of _Tales of the West Highlands_, wrote a monograph on Canntaireachd in 1880, in which he reviewed Gesto's book: the monograph, interesting as it is and written in Iain Ileach's easy flowing style is extraordinarily disappointing. In spite of his comprehensive knowledge of folk-lore--more particularly of Gaelic folk-lore--he fails to indicate any probable source of this notation--probably no one in Europe was, or is better fitted to make conjectures on the point. However, he made two statements of interest in the late history of the notation, (1) that he had "often seen my nurse John Piper reading and practising music from an old paper manuscript, and silently fingering tunes. I have tried to recover this writing, but hitherto in vain," and (2) that there were three local varieties of the notation (_a_) MacCrimmon (_b_) MacArthur, and (_c_) Campbell of Nether Lorn. Now "John Piper" was this same John Campbell of the family of Nether Lorn, which possessed three MS. volumes of Canntaireachd.

Among the older-fashioned pipers in Scotland, even just before the war, one constantly heard syllables (hodroho, hiodro, etc., etc.) being used, generally at haphazard, seldom in their correct place. The astounding thing is that even fragments of a notation, the system of which had been out of use for so long, should have survived to this day.

About 1912 two of the Nether Lorn MS. books were rediscovered, and from them it has not been hard to reconstruct the system of notation. Those tunes with recognisably the same names as we know them by to-day, furnished the first step in the problem: after that it became easy to identify other tunes with different names, and finally to rediscover a number of tunes which have been lost for an undetermined period.

One word of caution will be necessary to certain pipers before going further into this subject. This notation, invented for and suitable only to piobaireachd, is not going to teach pipers how to _play_ piobaireachd. There is and always has been, one way and only one way to do that--to get instruction from a master; once that is accomplished, a pupil may be fit to learn more tunes by himself from books written in any intelligible notation. This I take to be true of any musicians and any music.

The piobaireachd pupil might well get his instruction through the medium of canntaireachd, for it has been made solely for this music, and is in point of fact very suitable for the purpose. To begin with, if the few master-instructors of piobaireachd will take the trouble (and assuredly it will not be great to them) to become familiar with canntaireachd, and to use it as a medium of instruction, it is a matter of certainty that they will realise its use for this end--for instead of a perplexing maze of notes and grace-notes in staff notation to correspond to any movement which they are trying to teach their pupil, they will have pronounceable vocables which will act as _memoria technica_ to the pupil: the pupil will, at first, learn these parrot style, until he gets to a certain length, when, unaided, he will begin to see that these vocables he has learnt convey a definite meaning--a definite combination of note and grace note, in a form which can be crooned to the air. I have found that for the purposes of learning new tunes, staff notation compared with canntaireachd is cumbrous and misleading: and even when written in an abbreviated form (as in General Thomason's great book, _Ceol Mor_) it appeals mainly to the eye, while canntaireachd appeals to the ear.

For some years now I have found it invaluable as a kind of musical shorthand, and with a certain amount of practice it becomes possible to write down a tune in canntaireachd while it is being played, and then to learn it at leisure. I had the triumph of converting a brother piper a few years ago. He was inclined to be sceptical about the whole system, so to test me and it he played me a tune which I had never heard and I wrote it down as he played it. After he had finished he said, "Now we shall see what is in it, for I made two mistakes: play what you have got and we shall see." I played on the practice chanter just what I had written, with the mistakes, of course, included.

Again, when one is judging piobaireachd competitions, it is valuable as shorthand to jot down notes of mistakes, etc.

Before coming to the notation itself, it should be explained that it is not maintained for a moment that this variety (the Nether Lorn) is superior in any way to the MacCrimmon or MacArthur varieties. It is merely given and suggested for use, because it is this variety which has become once more available to pipers at large. There are people who undoubtedly can do the same for the MacCrimmon variety also, and it is sincerely hoped that they will do so. That all three varieties are first cousins to each other is beyond doubt to any one who compares them; perhaps at a later date, when more knowledge of canntaireachd becomes available, it may be possible to point to one as the original, or to find a common ancestor to all.

Coming now to the actual notation, the following paragraphs should be read, subject to this note that the pronunciation of the vocables must be largely a matter of conjecture, but it is reasonable to suppose that, as they were written in the manuscript and used by Gaelic-speaking pipers,[16] the pronunciation should have at least some reference to Gaelic pronunciation--thus the vowels, when occurring as the last letter of the syllable, would be pronounced

'a' as in English h_a_rd
'e' " h_ay_
'i' " h_ee_d
'o' " h_o_me

and probably the consonants should be given their Gaelic equivalents also (all which can best be obtained verbally from a Gaelic speaker).

In addition to the simple vowels, combinations occur which require to be sounded as diphthongs:

'io' } as in English _yo_ke, _e.g._ hioeo
'eo' }
'ea' " _ya_rd, _e.g._ haea.

KEY TO NETHER LORN CANNTAIREACHD.

Key to columns:

A = Scale with high G grace note.
B = Scale with D grace note.
C = Scale with E grace note.
D = Scale with no grace notes.
E = Siubhal.
F = Siubhal Sleamhuinn.
G = Leumluath to E.
H = Taorluath to low A.
I = Tripling or Taorluath Breabach.
J = Crunluath.

+------+---+---+---+------+-------+-------+--------+--------+---------+
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J |
+------+---+---+---+------+-------+-------+--------+--------+---------+
low|him |dam|em |em |himen |himem |himbare|himdarid|himbabem|himbandre|
G | |or | | | | | | | | |
| |bam| | | | | | | | |
+------+---+---+---+------+-------+-------+--------+--------+---------+
low|hin |dan|en |en |hinen |hinen |hinbare|hindarid|hindaen |hinbandre|
A | | | | | | | | | | |
+------+---+---+---+------+-------+-------+--------+--------+---------+
B |hio |to |eo |o |hioen |hioeo |hiobare|hiodarid|hiotoeo |hiobandre|
+------+---+---+---+------+-------+-------+--------+--------+---------+
C |ho |do |eo |o |hoen |hoeo |hobare |hodarid |hodoeo |hobandre |
+------+---+---+---+------+-------+-------+--------+--------+---------+
D |ha | |ea |a |haen |haea |habare |hadarid | |habandre |
| | | |or | | |or | | |or |
| | | |da | | |harodde| | |haroddre |
+------+---+---+---+------+-------+-------+--------+--------+---------+
E |che | | |e |chehin|cheche |chebare|chedarid| |chebandre|
| | | |or | | | | | | |
| | | |de | | | | | | |
+------+---+---+---+------+-------+-------+--------+--------+---------+
F |he | | |ve |hehin |hehe |hebare |hedarid | |hebandre |
| | | |or | | | | | | |
| | | |dhe| | | | | | |
+------+---+---+---+------+-------+-------+--------+--------+---------+
G |hi or | | |di |hihin |hihi |hibare |hidarid | |hibandre |
|chi | | | | | | | | | |
|(high | | | | | | | | | |
|Ag-n.)| | | | | | | | | |
+------+---+---+---+------+-------+-------+--------+--------+---------+
A | | | |I |Ien |no |Ibare |Idarid | |Ibandre |
| | | | | |example| | | | |
+------+---+---+---+------+-------+-------+--------+--------+---------+

The nomenclature of most of the different movements has for convenience been taken from the Piobaireachd exercises in Logan's Tutor, price 1s., and the examples here given refer to the staff notation examples given there and should be compared with them.

PIOBAIREACHD EXERCISES

(_Cf._ Logan's Tutor.)

1st Scale of Instructions, pp. 34 and 35. On the _Urlar_.

Chedari, hiriri, herere, cherede, hiharara, hihodro, hihorodo,
hiharin. (See _Cadences_, p. 185.)

2nd Scale of Instructions.

Enbari (should be embari, _i.e._ from low G), end[(are], endre
(note: if this shake on F or E is approached from a higher note
the vocables become ved[(are] and edre respectively; thus one
gets Ived[(are], but hiod[(are], heedre but hiodre) tradarodo
(tra being the usual throw on D, _e.g._ hiotra), p. 36,
hihor[(od]in, hodr[(od]in, hiotrodin.

3rd Scale of Instructions. On _Crunluath_.

Hinban or hinbain, dre--together hinbandre, Ibandre.

4th Scale, p. 37. On _Crunluath Breabach_.

Hinbandreendi.

IbandreenI hibandreendi, hibandreendhe chebandreende,
habandreenda hobandreendo, hiobandreemto hinbandreendan.

5th Scale. On _Crunluath Fosgailte_.

Hindodre.

No examples of open: closed, himdandre hintodre, hindodre
hindadre, twice over.

6th Scale. On _Crunluath Mach_.

Hiotradre hodrodre, hiotrodre himbamdre, twice over.

7th Scale. The _Exercise on Accidentals_.

IbarI dibari (no example known), vebarhe edre, adeda odro, otro
enban or enbain, twice over.

CHA TILL MACCRUIMEIN

1st. Dreve hiove, cheve cheento, dreve hiove, cheve cheemto,
dreve hioe, trae haento,

2nd. Dreve hiove, cheve cheemto, dreve hioe, trae haemto, dreve
hioe, trae haento,

3rd. Dreve hiove, cheve cheemto, dreve hioe, trae haento.

Var. 1st.

1st. DreI ove, cheI deento, dreI ove, cheI deemto, dreI oe, traI
aento, etc.

Var. 2nd.

1st. Cheve hiove, cheve cheento, cheve hiove, cheve cheemto,
cheve hioe, trae haento, etc.

Doubling of Var. 2nd.

1st. Chea cheo, cheve cheento, chea cheo, cheve cheemto, chea
cheo, trae haento, etc.

_Various Vocables not previously included._

Throw on high A dili.

Taorluath to low G hiodarem, chedarem, etc.

Low A with low G grace-note before -din (_e.g._ hiodin).

D or C followed by B grace-note on
low G grace-note followed by A
with low G grace-note before har[(od]in or hor[(od]in.

Taorluath mach hiotroeo, hodroeo, hiotraea.

Crunluath to low G. hiobamdre, or hiobaemdre
or (on D) haromdre.

_Cadences_

By cadences I mean those notes often printed as grace-notes, GED, followed by C, B, low A, or low G melody notes, and GE followed by D, low A, or low G melody notes. The prefix 'hi' is in general terms used for this, _e.g._ hiharin, hihorodin. Taking them in above order, examples of the vocables used are, of the former, hihodin, hihioem, hihinbain, and hihambam, and of the latter hiaen, hienem, hiemto. It is one of the remarkable points in the MS. that these cadences are indicated to a far less extent than is played by traditional players of modern times, and I am as yet unable to make any deductions from the manner in which they appear as to the style in which the MS. intends them to be played. To avoid confusion between 'hi' as cadence and high G with A grace-note, it would be better to use the alternative 'chi' for the latter.

_General_

A study of the key will reveal various noticeable points, some of which I will touch on here. It will be seen that some of the composite vocables can be pulled to pieces into their component parts, _e.g._, hiotroeo, hinbandre, etc., while others can only be dissected to a lesser extent, _e.g._, hindaen in the Tripling or Taorluath Breabach; in this latter case the vocable must be read in its context, for hindaento might be ^{G}low A, D, low A, ^{D}B, while standing by itself, but in conjunction with a string of others it is undoubtedly meant to be the Taorluath Breabach. Again there is liable to be confusion between 'en' low A without any and with an E grace-note, and in some few cases it is impossible to say definitely which is meant: on the other hand it is used in the siubhal variation, and there can be no doubt in such a context: hinen by itself is unambiguous, and in various combinations, _e.g._, hiaendre, it is highly probable that no E grace-note is intended. The question of the eo and o, B or C, is a little more difficult in theory, but in practice it will be found to narrow down to one or two instances; the most common instance of this ambiguity is odro, which may be either B grip C, or C grip C. It seems likely that this confusion is the origin of this difference in existing settings of various tunes, _e.g._, An Daorach Mhor (The Big Spree) Var. 1st and doubling, The Battle of Auldearn, The Carles of Sligachin and many others. Campbell often writes 'ho' for 'o,' obviously not intending a G grace-note, but to avoid this ambiguity.

Time signature and rhythm are, I think, sufficiently shown to enable a trained player to find no difficulty in playing; bar divisions are indicated by commas, and each part of each tune is divided into lines numbered 1st, 2nd, etc.: and a repeat is written at the end of the line to be repeated, thus: Two times or twice over. '3 times,' etc., is often used in the MS. to refer back only to the last comma, not to the beginning of the line. The smaller details of time, which I will call "pointing," is a matter of greater doubt. I have said above why I think Gaelic standards should be applied to the pronunciation of the vocables, and my opinion is that the same applies to this question in general terms: it can be said that as a rule the vocables are separated into distinct words, the accent or stress (and in this case the longer note) being represented as the first syllable of the word (an almost invariable rule in Gaelic). Thus one gets hodarid hiodarid--not daridho daridhio darid. Many exceptions can be pointed out no doubt, but the above will serve as a broad rule.

It should be made clear to any reader of this paper that it has been written in haste. Most of it is written from memory after four and three-quarter years separation from MSS., books and notes, and I have no doubt that mistakes will be discovered later. Further, it does not profess to be complete, for there are some vocables not included, the meaning of which is not yet clear to me.

The two volumes of the MS. contain 169 tunes of which I can trace in no other collection, printed or MS., 65 tunes: moreover, many tunes which exist already in printed collections are written in entirely different settings, and under different names from those known by present day players. To illustrate this I have included at the end of this paper the MS. style of An Ceapadh Eucorach (translated as the "Unjust Incarceration"). This setting, apart from smaller differences, contains one line in each part which, so far as my knowledge goes, is unknown to-day, and which in my opinion is an essential part of the theme, leading the 3rd line up to the musical climax of the ordinarily accepted 4th line.[17] The names of the tunes as written in the Index or as headings in the MS. present a very difficult problem. Some are in English; some are in recognisable Gaelic; some are in unrecognisable Gaelic, some give the first few notes of the tune, and some are ludicrous mistranslations of Gaelic into English. Only approximately 42 out of the total have anything like the names by which the tunes are known to-day.

It is to be hoped that some day soon the whole MS. will be printed, so that enthusiasts who have the time may really get to work and unravel some of the conundrums which still remain so. I have a feeling that the vocables used in so many Gaelic songs are distantly related to canntaireachd, and research into this might conceivably throw light on the larger question of the origin of canntaireachd. It would also be interesting to know of any examples of similar notations in foreign countries. But the main thing to be done by all pipers at the present day is to make real attempts to discover other canntaireachd manuscripts: and the ideal should be that all MSS. now known to exist or discovered at a later date should be made available for comparison and information of other players; this is best done by publication in as near the original form as possible, and failing that by loan or gift to some responsible piping society, such as the Scottish Pipers Society, The Piobaireachd Society, the Caledonian Pipers Society, London, The Inverness Pipers Society, The Highland Pipers Society, Edinburgh, or any other well-known society. This would ensure that the information would get into the hands of those who can most easily disseminate it.

AN CEAPADH EUCORACH

(From the Campbell MS. vol. i. p. 1.)

1st called _Kepper Eggarich_.

Hiharin hioen[18], hodrooen, himen hoen, hiotroenem, hihodrooen,
hiotroenem hihodroen hioem hiharinen

2nd Hiharin hioen hodrooen, himotrao hoen, hiotroenem, hihodrooen
hiotroenem, hihodroen, hioem hiharinen

3rd Hihodrotra, cheredea hoen, hadrea hoen, hihorodoenem,
hihodrotra, cherededea[19] hihodroen hioem, hiharinen

4th Hihararache, hived[(are]ve[20] cheho, haem, barivecheho,
hiharara[21]hohic, hihodrotraem, barived[(are]vechea,[20]
hihodroen, hioem, hiharinen

5th Chedari Ie, hiririeha diliedrehia, cheredeaho himbarihia,
cheho, hadre himbaria, chedaria, hioem hiharinen.

_The First Motion_

1st Hinen hinen hioen, hoen, hoen, hinen, himen, hinen, hoen,
hioen, hioen, himen, hoen hoen hinen hioen, hioen, himen hoen
hoen hioem, hinen hinen hinen.

2nd Hinen hinen hioen hihoen[22] hoen hinen himen haen hoen,
hioen hioen, himen hoen hoen hinen hioen hioen himen hoen hoen
hioem, hinen three times.

3rd Hoen hoen haem, chehin chehin, hoen haem, chehin hoen hioen
hioen, himen hoen hoen haem, chehin chehin chehin hoen hoen
hioem, hinen three times.

4th Haen haem, chehin hien hien chehin haem hien chehin haen haen
hioem, hoen hoen haem hien hien chehin hoen hoen hioem, hinen
three times.

5th Chehin hien, dilien hien hien, haen dilien, chehin hien,
chehin chehin, hoen hien hien, chehin haem, chehin hien, chehin
hien, hioem, hinen three times.

_The 2nd Motion, called Tolive_

1st Hindarid hindarid hiodarid hodarid hodarid hindarid himdarid
hindarid hodarid hiodarid hiodarid himdarid hodarid hodarid
hindarid hiodarid hiodarid himdarid hodarid hodarid hiodarem,
hindarid three times.

2nd Hindarid hindarid hiodarid hodarid hodarid hindarid himdarid
hadarid hodarid hiodarid hiodarid himdarid hodarid hodarid
hindarid hiodarid hiodarid himdarid hodarid hodarid hiodarem
hindarid three times.

3rd Hodarid hodarid hadarem, chedarid chedarid, hodarid hadarem,
chedarid hodarid, hiodarid hiodarid, himdarid hodarid hodarid,
hadarem, chedarid three times, hodarid hodarid, hiodarem hindarid
three times.

4th Hadarid hadarem, chedarid hidarid hidarid chedarid hadarem
hidarid, chedarid hadarid hadarid hiodarem, hodarid hodarid
hadarem hidarid hidarid chedarid hodarid hodarid hiodarem,
hindarid three times.

5th Chedarid hidarid Idarid hidarid hidarid hadarid Idarid
chedarid hidarid chedarid chedarid hodarid hidarid hidarid
chedarid hadrem,[23] chedarid hidarid chedarid hidarid hiodarem,
hindarid three times.

_Part 3rd, Crolive_

1st Hinbandre hinbandre, hiobandre hobandre hobandre hinbandre
himbandre hinbandre hobandre hiobandre hiobandre himbandre
hobandre hobandre hinbandre hiobandre hiobandre himbandre
hobandre hobandre hiobaemdre hinbandre hinbandre hinbandre
hinbandre.

2nd Hinbandre hinbandre hiobandre hobandre hobandre hinbandre
himbandre habandre hobandre hiobandre hiobandre himbandre
hobandre hobandre hinbandre hiobandre hiobandre himbandre
hobandre hobandre hiobaemdre, hinbandre hinbandre hinbandre.

3rd Hobandre hobandre habamdre chebandre chebandre hobandre
habamdre chebandre hobandre hiobandre hiobandre himbandre
hobandre hobandre habaemdre, chebandre three times, hobandre
hobandre hiobamdre hinbandre hinbandre hinbandre.

4th Habandre habaemdre chebandre hibandre hibandre chebandre
habaemdre hibandre chebandre habandre habandre hiobaemdre
hobandre hobandre habaemdre hibandre hibandre chebandre hobandre
hobandre hiobaemdre, hinbandre three times.

5th Chebandre hibandre Ibandre hibandre hibandre habandre Ibandre
chebandre hibandre chebandre chebandre hobandre hibandre hibandre
chebandre habaemdre chebandre hibandre chebandre hibandre
hiobaemdre hinbandre three times.

THE IRISH PIPES:

THEIR HISTORY, DEVELOPMENT, AND DIVERGENCE FROM THE SIMPLE HIGHLAND TYPE

By W. H. GRATTAN FLOOD, Mus.D., K.S.G.

There is ample evidence that the bagpipe was used in pre-Christian Ireland, whence it was brought to Scotland. It is referred to in the Brehon Laws of the fifth century. Irish writers allude to it as _Cuisle_ and as _Piob mor_--and this is the warlike instrument which was adopted by our Scottish brethren and became the national instrument of Scotland.

During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries Irish pipers accompanied the Irish troops that fought in Gascony and Flanders under King Edward I. Strange, too, that Irish pipers were heard, in opposition to the Scots, at the battle of Falkirk (July 22, 1298), and it is surmised that the strident tones of the Irish _piob mor_ suggested to the Scotch the employment of this warlike instrument in battle. At Creçy (August 26, 1346) the Irish pipes were also in evidence, and again at Harfleur (1418) and at Rouen (1419). Incidentally, it may be stated that there is no sound historical evidence for the Scotch bagpipes in battle at Harlaw (1411), but it would appear that they were employed at the battle of Inverlochy (1431). Irish pipers were heard to advantage in Henry VIII.'s Tournay campaign (1513) and also at the siege of Boulogne (1544). This association of Irish pipers leading the charge is strikingly pourtrayed in the _Mask of Irishmen_ played before Queen Mary at the English Court, on April 25, 1557, in which there were six Irish _Kerne_ and two _Bagpipers_.

Here is Stanihurst's description of the Irish _piob mor_, in 1575: "The Irish, likewise, instead of the trumpet, make use of a wooden pipe of the most ingenious structure, to which is joined a leather bag, very closely bound with bands. A pipe is inserted in the side of this skin, through which the piper, with his swollen neck and puffed-up cheeks, _blows in the same manner as we do through a tube_. The skin, being thus filled with air, begins to swell, and the player presses against it with his arm; thus a loud and shrill sound is produced through two wooden pipes of different lengths. In addition to these, there is yet a fourth pipe (the chanter), perforated in different places (having five or six holes), which the player so regulates by the dexterity of his fingers in the shutting and opening of the holes, that he can cause the upper pipes to send forth either a loud or a low sound at pleasure."

A few years after Stanihurst presented this description of the Irish _piob mor_, a new development of this instrument came into vogue, that is, about the year 1580, and almost immediately came into favour. This development was the Irish _Uilleann_ (elbow) pipes, or domestic pipes, in which the wind was supplied by a bag blown by the elbow. Shakespearian commentators have been puzzled over the term "woollen" pipes in the _Merchant of Venice_ (Act iv. Sc. 1); but the great bard of Avon, who derived much information regarding Ireland from Stanihurst and Dowland (if he did not actually visit Ireland at the close of the sixteenth century), used the Irish term _Uilleann_, equating it with "woollen"--a corruption which subsequently blossomed forth as "Union pipes." All during the seventeenth century the _Uilleann_ pipes became immensely popular, and were used as an accompaniment for dancing, especially the _Rinnce Fada_ (The Long Dance), the qualifying word _Fada_ becoming Anglicised as "the Fading," also alluded to by Shakespeare (_Winter's Tale_, Act iv. Sc. 3). Subsequently keys or regulators were added, a feature that we also find in the _Surdelina_, or Neapolitan bagpipe, in 1625, as described by Père Mersenne. It is of interest to note that the great English composer, William Byrd, _circâ_ 1590, wrote a piece of programme music called "Mr. Byrd's Battle," in which there are three movements; the _Irish March_, the _Bagpipe_, and the _Drone_. Thus the Irish bagpipe furnished the musical form known as "pedal point" or "drone bass."

When the Regiment of Irish Guards was formed in 1662, provision was made for a drum major, twenty-four drummers, and a piper to the King's Company. At the siege of Derry in 1689, the Jacobite regiments had each fourteen pipers and eighty-six drums.

Further improvements in the _Uilleann_ pipes were effected between the years 1700 and 1720, and, in consequence, they were taken up by musical amateurs or "gentlemen pipers," of whom Larry Grogan, Parson Sterling, and Walter Jackson were famous.

The Irish _piob mor_ was heard at the battle of Fontenoy (May 11, 1745), on which occasion the pipers played "St. Patrick's Day in the Morning," and "The White Cockade"--two characteristic Irish airs. Irish pipers were also heard during the American War of Independence, and, in 1778, Barney Thompson, from Hillsborough, Co. Down, was pipe major of Lord Rawdon's "Volunteers of Ireland," which corps merged into the 100th Regiment in 1780.

The revival of the Irish bagpipes in Irish regiments is due to Major Doyle, in September, 1793. A few months previously, on May 23, his brother, Colonel Doyle, in command of the 14th Regiment, found the fortunes of the day at the siege of Famara going against the British troops, when, by a happy inspiration, he ordered his band to play up the French revolutionary march of "Ça Ira," and shouted to his troops: "Come on, boys, and we'll beat 'em to their own damned tune." As a result, Doyle's regiment successfully routed the French, to the strains of "Ça Ira," which has ever since been the quick-step of the West Yorkshire Regiment (the old 14th). The Colonel wrote to his brother the Major, who was M.P. for Mullingar, telling him of the advantage of a good band, and, as at that very time (August) Major Doyle had been commissioned by King George III. to form a new Irish regiment, originally called "Major Doyle's Legion," the Major recruited a gallant body of his countrymen, known as "The Prince of Wales' Royal Irish Regiment"--with a band of Irish pipers.