Chapter II: Part 2

47a. Petals united with each other in an irregular corolla
=LENTIBULARIACEAE=, p. 105.

47b. Petals separate from each other --48.

48a. Stamens 10; style 1 =ERICACEAE=, p. 84.

48b. Stamens 5 or 10; styles 2 =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 49.

48c. Stamens and pistils each very numerous --49.

49a. Flowers white 64a, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 56.

49b. Flowers yellow 13a, in =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 36.

--50--

50a. Leaves compound or deeply lobed --51.

50b. Leaves entire or toothed --54.

51a. Flowers in axillary racemes, spikes, or panicles
=URTICACEAE=, p. 23.

51b. Flowers terminal, or in terminal clusters --52.

52a. Flowers in umbels; leaves palmately compound
=ARALIACEAE=, p. 80.

52b. Flowers in racemes or spikes, or solitary --53.

53a. Leaves deeply pinnatifid; swamp plants with flowers in spikes or
solitary =HALORAGIDACEAE=, p. 79.

53b. Leaves lobed, or irregularly pinnately cut or dissected; weedy
plants with flowers in racemes 2, in =COMPOSITAE=, p. 114.

54a. Juice milky 3, in =EUPHORBIACEAE=, p. 67.

54b. Juice not milky or colored --55.

55a. Leaves whorled --56.

55b. Leaves all opposite --58.

56a. Aquatic or mud plants with erect stems
2a, in =HALORAGIDACEAE=, p. 79.

56b. Prostrate weedy terrestrial plants =AIZOACEAE=, p. 31.

56c. Erect or ascending terrestrial plants --57.

57a. Leaves more than 2.5 cm. long 4a, in =CORNACEAE=, p. 83.

57b. Leaves 2 cm. long or less 3a, in =PRIMULACEAE=, p. 87.

58a. Flowers in terminal or axillary spikes, racemes, or other
clusters --59.

58b. Flowers solitary or few in the axils of the leaves --61.

59a. Leaves less than 5 mm. long 1a, in =GENTIANACEAE=, p. 88.

59b. Leaves more than 2 cm. long --60.

60a. Inflorescence chiefly terminal, panicled
2, in =COMPOSITAE=, p. 114.

60b. Inflorescence chiefly axillary =URTICACEAE=, p. 23.

61a. Flowers on long pedicels 2, in =CARYOPHYLLACEAE=, p. 31.

61b. Flowers on short pedicels or sessile --62.

62a. Stem erect, repeatedly branched; leaves linear to oblong
=ILLECEBRACEAE=, p. 31.

62b. Stem decumbent or prostrate --63.

63a. Leaves round, ovate, or kidney-shape, rounded at the base, crenate
or lobed 12a, in =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 50.

63b. Leaves of a narrower shape, entire, tapering toward the base --64.

64a. Principal leaves 2-3 cm. long 1a, in =ONAGRACEAE=, p. 78.

64b. Principal leaves 1 cm. long or less --65.

65a. Petals present =ELATINACEAE=, p. 74.

65b. Petals none =CALLITRICHACEAE=, p. 68.

--66--

66a. Plants of the composite type, with several or many small
flowerets closely aggregated into a dense head surrounded or
subtended by a calyx-like involucre of small bracts --67.

66b. Flowers solitary or variously clustered, but not in involucred
heads --70.

67a. Involucre of 4 conspicuous white bracts, much larger than the small
flower-cluster 4a, in =CORNACEAE=, p. 83.

67b. Involucral bracts green or somewhat colored --68.

68a. Stem more or less prickly =DIPSACACEAE=, p. 112.

68b. Stem and leaves not prickly --69.

69a. Stem square; foliage aromatic when crushed =LABIATAE=, p. 95.

69b. Stem not square; foliage not with the odor of mint
=COMPOSITAE=, p. 113.

70a. The conspicuous portion of the perianth[1] composed of
separate parts --71.

70b. The conspicuous portion of the perianth[1] composed of united
parts --97.

71a. Stem-leaves compound, or cleft to the very base --72.

71b. Stem-leaves simple --78.

72a. Stamens more than 10 in each flower --73.

72b. Stamens 5-10 in each flower --75.

73a. Ovary 1 in each flower 2a, in =PAPAVERACEAE=, p. 41.

73b. Ovaries several in each flower --74.

74a. Leaves pinnately compound 68a, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 57.

74b. Leaves palmately compound =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 35.

75a. Stamens 6 31, in =CRUCIFERAE=, p. 44.

75b. Stamens 5 or 10 --76.

76a. Leaflets reverse heart-shape; flowers yellow
=OXALIDACEAE=, p. 64.

76b. Leaflets not reverse heart-shape; flowers white, greenish, or
pink --77.

77a. Flowers greenish or white, about 2 mm. broad =ARALIACEAE=, p. 80.

77b. Flowers 5 mm. broad or larger =GERANIACEAE=, p. 64.

78a. Juice milky --79.

78b. Juice not milky --80.

79a. A 3-lobed ovary with 3 short styles visible in some of the flowers
=EUPHORBIACEAE=, p. 66.

79b. Ovaries 2 in the center of each flower (sometimes concealed by
other organs); sepals and petals each 5 --104.

80a. Perianth with one circle of parts only --81.

80b. Each flower with both calyx and corolla --82.

81a. Stem prostrate; flowers only 2 mm. broad =AIZOACEAE=, p. 31.

81b. Stem erect; flowers at least 20 mm. wide 4a, in =CORNACEAE=, p. 83.

82a. Petals 2 or 4 --83.

82b. Petals 3 22, in=LILIACEAE=, p. 12.

82c. Petals 5 or 6 --84.

83a. Leaves with 3-5 principal veins =MELASTOMACEAE=, p. 77.

83b. Leaves with 1 principal mid-vein =ONAGRACEAE=, p. 78.

84a. Leaves palmately lobed --85.

84b. Leaves entire or toothed, or with 1-2 small lobes near the
base only --86.

85a. Petals entire or notched at the end =GERANIACEAE=, p. 64.

85b. Petals conspicuously fringed 23b, in =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 51.

86a. Ovary 1 --87.

86b. Ovaries 2, surrounded and concealed by other organs
=ASCLEPIADACEAE=, p. 90.

86c. Ovaries 4-5 2b, in =CRASSULACEAE=, p. 48.

87a. Leaves dotted with translucent dots (easily seen when the leaf is
held to the light) =HYPERICACEAE=, p. 73.

87b. Leaves not dotted with translucent dots --88.

88a. Leaves only 1-3 mm. long, closely appressed and concealing the
stem 2a, in =CISTACEAE=, p. 74.

88b. Leaves larger, not concealing the stem --89.

89a. Style 1 or none --90.

89b. Styles 2 to 7 --94.

90a. Stamens 5 --91.

90b. Stamens 10 --92.

90c. Stamens neither 5 nor 10 --93.

91a. Flowers blue, sessile in terminal spikes with leaf-like bracts
=LYTHRACEAE=, p. 77.

91b. Flowers not in terminal bracted spikes =PRIMULACEAE=, p. 87.

92a. Leaves entire =LYTHRACEAE=, p. 77.

92b. Leaves toothed or crenate =ERICACEAE=, p. 84.

93a. Flowers irregular; petals 3 =POLYGALACEAE=, p. 65.

93b. Flowers regular; petals 5 or more =LYTHRACEAE=, p. 77.

94a. Sepals 2, partly attached to the ovary =PORTULACACEAE=, p. 34.

94b. Sepals 5, free from the ovary --95.

95a. Stamens 5 --96.

95b. Stamens not 5 =CARYOPHYLLACEAE=, p. 31.

96a. Flowers blue or yellow =LINACEAE=, p. 63.

96b. Flowers white or pinkish =CARYOPHYLLACEAE=, p. 31.

--97--

97a. Perianth with but one circle of floral leaves --98.

97b. Perianth consisting of both calyx and corolla --101.

98a. Flowers small, in dense heads subtended by conspicuous bracts
--99.

98b. Flowers 2-5, in a colored spreading 5-lobed involucre
=NYCTAGINACEAE=, p. 31.

98c. Flowers in various sorts of clusters or solitary, but never in
heads with a conspicuous involucre --100.

99a. Bracts 4, white and conspicuous; stem not thorny
4a, in =CORNACEAE=, p. 83.

99b. Bracts green; stem thorny =DIPSACACEAE=, p. 112.

100a. Stamens 3 =VALERIANACEAE=, p. 111.

100b. Stamens 4 or 5 =RUBIACEAE=, p. 108.

101a. Anthers more numerous than the lobes of the corolla --102.

101b. Anthers just as many as the lobes of the corolla --103.

101c. Anthers fewer than the lobes of the corolla --110.

102a. Leaves simple =POLYGALACEAE=, p. 65.

102b. Leaves compound with 3 leaflets =OXALIDACEAE=, p. 64.

102c. Leaves finely dissected; stems climbing
2a, in =FUMARIACEAE=, p. 41.

103a. Ovaries 2 --104.

103b. Ovary 1, but very deeply 4-lobed, with a single style
=LABIATAE=, p. 95.

103c. Ovary 1, not deeply lobed --105.

104a. Stamens united, surrounding and more or less concealing the
ovaries, and not resembling ordinary stamens
=ASCLEPIADACEAE=, p. 90.

104b. Stamens separate, of ordinary structure =APOCYNACEAE=, p. 90.

105a. Ovary inferior, appearing as a swelling below the calyx at the
apex of the pedicel --106.

105b. Ovary superior, located in the center of the flower --107.

106a. Corolla 3-4-lobed =RUBIACEAE=, p. 108.

106b. Corolla 5-lobed 3b, in =CAPRIFOLIACEAE=, p. 109.

107a. Leaves toothed or deeply cut =VERBENACEAE=, p. 99.

107b. Leaves entire --108.

108a. A stamen in front of the middle of each petal
=PRIMULACEAE=, p. 87.

108b. Stamens located between the petals or lobes of the corolla,
or else so far down in the tubular corolla that their
position is not easily ascertained --109.

109a. Corolla salver-form, with a very slender tube, and abruptly
spreading lobes =POLEMONIACEAE=, p. 92.

109b. Corolla salver-form, with a wide tube and fringed blue petals
=GENTIANACEAE=, p. 88.

109c. Corolla rotate, funnel-form, or bell-shape =GENTIANACEAE=, p. 88.

110a. Ovary deeply 4-lobed, appearing like 4 separate ovaries;
style 1 =LABIATAE=, p. 95.

110b. Ovary not 4-lobed --111.

111a. Stamens 2 --112.

111b. Stamens 3 =VALERIANACEAE=, p. 111.

111c. Stamens 4 --113.

112a. Flowers in dense heads 1a, in =ACANTHACEAE=, p. 107.

112b. Flowers solitary or in loose clusters
=SCROPHULARIACEAE=, p. 101.

113a. Corolla distinctly 2-lipped and irregular --114.

113b. Corolla not distinctly 2-lipped, its 5 lobes all alike or nearly
so --115.

114a. Calyx 2-lipped; the upper lip with 3 awl-shape teeth, the
lower with 2 short teeth; flowers in slender terminal spikes
=PHRYMACEAE=, p. 107.

114b. Calyx not obviously 2-lipped, its teeth equal or nearly so
=SCROPHULARIACEAE=, p. 101.

115a. Flowers sessile or nearly so, in spikes --116.

115b. Flowers in nodding pairs at the top of a slender stalk
3a, in =CAPRIFOLIACEAE=, p. 109.

115c. Flowers solitary or in clusters; not in spikes or nodding pairs
--117.

116a. Corolla not over 1 cm. long =VERBENACEAE=, p. 99.

116b. Corolla 1.5 cm. long or more =SCROPHULARIACEAE=, p. 101.

117a. Calyx-lobes 15-25 mm. long; flowers blue, 3-5 cm. long; calyx
without an obvious tube 2, in =ACANTHACEAE=, p. 107.

117b. Calyx-lobes united below into an obvious calyx-tube
=SCROPHULARIACEAE=, p. 101.

--118--

118a. Leaves deeply lobed, compound, or dissected --119.

118b. Leaves simple and not deeply lobed --129.

119a. Leaves once-pinnately compound or lobed --120.

119b. Leaves once-palmately compound or lobed --124.

119c. Leaves dissected or 2-3 times compound --125.

120a. Leaves merely lobed --121.

120b. Leaves actually compound --123.

121a. Flowers axillary; marsh or swamp plants =HALORAGIDACEAE=, p. 79.

121b. Flowers in terminal clusters --122.

122a. Stamens 2-6; taste mustard-like 52b, in =CRUCIFERAE=, p. 46.

122b. Stamens 10 or more =RESEDACEAE=, p. 48.

123a. Leaflets entire =LIMNANTHACEAE=, p. 68.

123b. Leaflets serrate 70a, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 57.

124a. Flowers solitary 31a, in =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 38.

124b. Flowers in dense terminal umbels or heads
=UMBELLIFERAE=, p. 80.

124c. Flowers in terminal racemes 2a, in =COMPOSITAE=, p. 114.

124d. Flowers in axillary spikes or panicles
9b, in =URTICACEAE=, p. 24.

125a. Leaves merely dissected, not truly compound with distinct leaflets
--126.

125b. Leaves truly compound, with distinct petiolate leaflets --127.

126a. Flowers in axillary clusters =CHENOPODIACEAE=, p. 28.

126b. Flowers in terminal clusters =COMPOSITAE=, p. 113.

127a. Stamens 5; flowers in umbels --128.

127b. Stamens 6; flowers in small clusters
3b, in =BERBERIDACEAE=, p. 40.

127c. Stamens many; flowers in racemes or panicles
=RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 35.

128a. Styles 5 =ARALIACEAE=, p. 80.

128b. Styles 2 =UMBELLIFERAE=, p. 80.

129a. Flowers in dense cottony heads; plants more or less white-woolly
79, in =COMPOSITAE=, p. 120.

129b. Pistillate flowers in an ovoid spiny involucre, ripening into a
bur 3a, in =COMPOSITAE=, p. 114.

129c. Flowers minute, subtended by palmately cleft axillary bracts
1a, in =EUPHORBIACEAE=, p. 66.

129d. Plants without any of the preceding characters --130.

130a. Plants with milky or colored juice
10, in =EUPHORBIACEAE=, p. 67.

130b. Plants with tendrils, at least on the upper leaves
4a, in =LILIACEAE=, p. 11.

130c. Plants of nettle-like character, with stinging hairs
8b, in =URTICACEAE=, p. 24.

130d. Plants with sheathing stipules, surrounding the stem above
the base of each leaf =POLYGONACEAE=, p. 25.

130e. Plants with smooth, pale, juicy, almost translucent stems
12a, in =URTICACEAE=, p. 24.

130f. Plants without any of the preceding structures or habits
--131.

131a. Flowers axillary, solitary or in few-flowered clusters --132.

131b. Flowers in terminal, or terminal and axillary clusters --138.

132a. Leaves linear =CHENOPODIACEAE=, p. 28.

132b. Leaves of a broader shape than linear --133.

133a. Flower-clusters with bracts as long as or longer than the flowers
--134.

133b. Flowers without conspicuous bracts --135.

134a. Leaves broadest below the middle 8a, in =URTICACEAE=, p. 24.

134b. Leaves broadest above the middle
2, in =AMARANTHACEAE=, p. 30.

135a. Principal leaves 3 cm. long or more --136.

135b. Principal leaves 2.5 cm. long or less --137.

136a. Flowers nodding in the axils of the leaves
1a, in =VIOLACEAE=, p. 75.

136b. Flowers erect in the axils 2a, in =ONAGRACEAE=, p. 78.

137a. Leaves narrowly oblong 1a, in =HALORAGIDACEAE=, p. 79.

137b. Leaves roundish and somewhat heart-shape
12a, in =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 50.

138a. Flowers in racemes or simple spikes --139.

138b. Flowers in panicles or other branched clusters --141.

139a. Leaves toothed or lobed 52b, in =CRUCIFERAE=, p. 46.

139b. Leaves entire --140.

140a. Flowers sessile; leaves heart-shape =PIPERACEAE=, p. 19.

140b. Flowers pedicelled; leaves obovate
8b, in =PRIMULACEAE=, p. 87.

141a. Individual flowers distinct from each other, on pedicels --142.

141b. Individual flowers crowded in close clusters, or separate and
sessile --143.

142a. Leaves finely serrate 3b, in =CRASSULACEAE=, p. 49.

142b. Leaves entire 1b, in =CISTACEAE=, p. 74.

143a. Flower-clusters mingled with sharp-pointed bracts
=AMARANTHACEAE=, p. 30.

143b. Flower-clusters without bracts, or (rarely) with bracts which are
not sharp-pointed =CHENOPODIACEAE=, p. 28.

--144--

144a. Juice not milky --145.

144b. Juice milky; apparent flowers consisting of a few white or
colored petal-like bracts, inclosing a few inconspicuous
flowers without petals. In some of them a 3-lobed ovary with
3 styles may be plainly seen =EUPHORBIACEAE=, p. 66.

145a. Plants of the composite type, with several or many small flowerets
closely aggregated into a dense head subtended by a calyx-like
involucre of small bracts --146.

145b. Flowers solitary or in clusters, but not in involucred heads
--147.

146a. Leaves compound with 3 leaflets; stipules present
=LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 58.

146b. Stipules none =COMPOSITAE=, p. 113.

147a. Leaves compound or deeply lobed --148.

147b. Leaves simple and not deeply lobed --154.

148a. Flowers irregular =LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 58.

148b. Flowers regular --149.

149a. Petals 3 =LIMNANTHACEAE=, p. 68.

149b. Petals 4 --150.

149c. Petals 5 or more --151.

150a. Stamens 4 70a, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 57.

150b. Stamens 6 =CRUCIFERAE=, p. 42.

150c. Stamens numerous 43, in =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 39.

151a. Flowers in heads or umbels --152.

151b. Flowers in slender spikes or racemes --153.

152a. Styles 2 =UMBELLIFERAE=, p. 80.

152b. Styles 5 =ARALIACEAE=, p. 80.

153a. Leaves ternately compound 43, in =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 39.

153b. Leaves once-pinnately compound 50b, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 55.

154a. Flowers irregular --155.

154b. Flowers regular --156.

155a. Stamens 2 40b, in =SCROPHULARIACEAE=, p. 104.

155b. Stamens 5 or 10 =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 49.

155c. Stamens 6 or 8 =POLYGALACEAE=, p. 65.

156a. With sheathing stipules surrounding the stem at the base of
each leaf =POLYGONACEAE=, p. 24.

156b. Stipules not encircling the stem, or none --157.

157a. Petals 3 =CISTACEAE=, p. 74.

157b. Petals 4 --158.

157c. Petals 5 --161.

158a. Stamens 2 --159.

158b. Stamens 6 =CRUCIFERAE=, p. 42.

158c. Stamens 8 --160.

159a. Corolla perfectly regular; flowers in terminal clusters without
bracts, becoming racemes; taste peppery
52a, in =CRUCIFERAE=, p. 46.

159b. Corolla slightly irregular; flowers in bracted clusters, or
axillary; taste not peppery 40b, in =SCROPHULARIACEAE=, p. 104.

160a. Delicate trailing evergreen, with flowers solitary in the
axils and nearly or quite hidden beneath the leaves
22b, in =ERICACEAE=, p. 85.

160b. Erect or nearly so; flowers in terminal clusters
12b, in =ONAGRACEAE=, p. 78.

161a. Leaves sword-shape, finely parallel-veined, with bristly margins
2a, in =UMBELLIFERAE=, p. 80.

161b. Leaves not sword-shape --162.

162a. Leaves toothed or lobed --163.

162b. Leaves entire --164.

163a. Stems creeping 2b, in =UMBELLIFERAE=, p. 80.

163b. Stems erect or nearly so =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 49.

164a. Flowers in open panicles; leaves principally basal
=SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 49.

164b. Flowers in rounded or flattened clusters; leaves principally
on the stem =SANTALACEAE=, p. 24.

164c. Flowers in racemes, which become elongated at maturity --165.

165a. Foliage glabrous 8b, in =PRIMULACEAE=, p. 87.

165b. Foliage pubescent =BORAGINACEAE=, p. 93.

--166--

166a. Juice milky or colored --167.

166b. Juice watery, not colored --172.

167a. Apparent flowers consisting of a few petal-like bracts, inclosing
a few inconspicuous flowers without petals. In some of them a
3-lobed ovary with 3 styles may be seen
=EUPHORBIACEAE=, p. 66.

167b. Plants of the composite type, with several or many small flowerets
closely aggregated in dense heads subtended by a calyx-like
involucre of small bracts 11, in =COMPOSITAE=, p. 115.

167c. Flowers never aggregated in involucred clusters resembling a
single flower --168.

168a. Corolla very irregular; stamens protruding
=LOBELIACEAE=, p. 113.

168b. Corolla regular --169.

169a. Stamens with ordinary visible anthers; ovary 1 --170.

169b. Stamens so grown together and to the stigma as to be almost
unrecognizable; ovaries 2 =ASCLEPIADACEAE=, p. 90.

170a. Petals separate =PAPAVERACEAE=, p. 41.

170b. Petals united --171.

171a. Stamens attached to the tube of the corolla
=CONVOLVULACEAE=, p. 91.

171b. Stamens attached at the very base of the corolla
=CAMPANULACEAE=, p. 112.

172a. Plants of the composite type, with several or many small
flowerets closely aggregated into dense heads subtended by a
calyx-like involucre of small bracts --173.

172b. Flowers solitary or clustered, but not in involucred heads
--174.

173a. True composites, without a normal calyx =COMPOSITAE=, p. 113.

173b. A normal calyx with each floweret; leaves compound with 3 leaflets
=LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 58.

174a. Flowers irregular, i. e., the conspicuous lobes of the
perianth unlike in size or shape --175.

174b. Flowers regular --185.

175a. Stamens 2 or 4 =SCROPHULARIACEAE=, p. 101.

175b. Stamens 5 --176.

175c. Stamens 6 --181.

175d. Stamens 8; leaves simple =POLYGALACEAE=, p. 65.

175e. Stamens 10; leaves usually compound =LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 58.

175f. Stamens more than 10 --183.

176a. Petals separate --177.

176b. Petals united --179.

177a. Flowers greenish or purplish, in a panicle =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 49.

177b. Flowers white or purplish, in compound umbels
=UMBELLIFERAE=, p. 80.

177c. Flowers solitary, or in few-flowered clusters --178.

178a. Flowers blue, yellow, or white, in spring =VIOLACEAE=, p. 75.

178b. Flowers red-orange or yellow, in summer
=BALSAMINACEAE=, p. 71.

178c. Flowers small and greenish, in spring
1a, in =VIOLACEAE=, p. 75.

179a. Anthers united; stamens protruding from the very irregular corolla
=LOBELIACEAE=, p. 113.

179b. Anthers separate; corolla almost regular --180.

180a. Corolla rotate; some or all filaments hairy
2, in =SCROPHULARIACEAE=, p. 101.

180b. Corolla funnel-form, dull yellow and purple; filaments not
hairy 12a, in =SOLANACEAE=, p. 101.

180c. Corolla funnel-form, blue or violet; filaments not hairy
7b, in =BORAGINACEAE=, p. 94.

181a. Leaves compound or dissected =FUMARIACEAE=, p. 41.

181b. Leaves simple --182.

182a. Flowers solitary =ARISTOLOCHIACEAE=, p. 25.

182b. Flowers in spikes, heads, or racemes =POLYGALACEAE=, p. 65.

183a. Leaves truly compound --184.

183b. Leaves palmately cleft; flowers 15 mm. wide or larger
6a, in =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 36.

183c. Leaves irregularly cleft; flowers about 5 mm. wide
=RESEDACEAE=, p. 48.

184a. Petals prolonged backward into hollow spurs
6b, in =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 36.

184b. Petals not prolonged into spurs =CAPPARIDACEAE=, p. 47.

--185--

185a. Perianth consisting of one circle of parts only (usually
considered to be the calyx) --186.

185b. Perianth consisting of both calyx and corolla --192.

186a. Leaves with sheathing stipules encircling the stem above the
base of every leaf =POLYGONACEAE=, p. 25.

186b. Leaves without sheathing stipules --187.

187a. Leaves entire --188.

187b. Leaves toothed, lobed, or compound --190.

188a. Stamens 5 =SANTALACEAE=, p. 24.

188b. Stamens 6 --189.

188c. Stamens 10 =PHYTOLACCACEAE=, p. 30.

189a. Perianth-lobes 3; perianth-tube curved =ARISTOLOCHIACEAE=, p. 25.

189b. Perianth-lobes 6, spreading 4a, in =LILIACEAE=, p. 11.

190a. Stamens 5 =UMBELLIFERAE=, p. 80.

190b. Stamens 6 --191.

190c. Stamens more than 6 =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 35.

191a. Climbing plant with heart-shape perianth
2a, in =FUMARIACEAE=, p. 41.

191b. Erect plant, with spreading perianth
3b, in =BERBERIDACEAE=, p. 40.

192a. Corolla composed of united petals --193.

192b. Corolla composed of separate petals --208.

193a. Stamens 2 or 4 =SCROPHULARIACEAE=, p. 101.

193b. Stamens 3; climbing vines =CUCURBITACEAE=, p. 112.

193c. Stamens 5 --194.

193d. Stamens 6 2a, in =FUMARIACEAE=, p. 41.

193e. Stamens 8 22b, in =ERICACEAE=, p. 85.

193f. Stamens 10 --207.

193g. Stamens very numerous =MALVACEAE=, p. 72.

194a. Ovaries 2; flowers orange-red, in umbels
7a, in =ASCLEPIADACEAE=, p. 91.

194b. Ovary 1, deeply 4-lobed; flowers in racemes
=BORAGINACEAE=, p. 93.

194c. Ovary 1, not deeply lobed --195.

195a. Climbing or scrambling vines --196.

195b. Not climbing or scrambling --198.

196a. Flowers about 1 cm. wide --197.

196b. Flowers 2-8 cm. wide =CONVOLVULACEAE=, p. 91.

197a. Leaves 1 cm. wide or less 2b, in =CAMPANULACEAE=, p. 112.

197b. Leaves 2 cm. wide or more 4a, in =SOLANACEAE=, p. 100.

198a. Flowers solitary, either terminal or axillary --199.

198b. Flowers in terminal clusters --201.

199a. Calyx concealed by 2 bracts =CONVOLVULACEAE=, p. 91.

199b. Calyx not completely concealed by bracts --200.

200a. Ovary inferior, appearing as a swelling below the calyx at
the base of the flower, 3-celled; stigma 3-lobed
=CAMPANULACEAE=, p. 112.

200b. Ovary superior, located in the center of the flower
=SOLANACEAE=, p. 100.

201a. Some or all filaments hairy --202.

201b. Filaments not hairy --203.

202a. Leaves lobed or divided =HYDROPHYLLACEAE=, p. 93.

202b. Leaves not lobed 2, in =SCROPHULARIACEAE=, p. 101.

203a. Anthers close together, longer than the filaments
2, in =SOLANACEAE=, p. 100.

203b. Anthers separate from each other --204.

204a. Leaves compound or very deeply lobed --205.

204b. Leaves simple or with shallow lobes only --206.

205a. Leaf-segments linear or oblong, irregular
=HYDROPHYLLACEAE=, p. 93.

205b. Leaves truly compound with separate leaflets
1a, in =POLEMONIACEAE=, p. 92.

206a. Flowers greenish-yellow =SOLANACEAE=, p. 100.

206b. Flowers blue, violet, white, or intermediate tints
=CAMPANULACEAE=, p. 112.

207a. Leaves simple =ERICACEAE=, p. 84.

207b. Leaves compound =OXALIDACEAE=, p. 64.

--208--

208a. Petals 4 --209.

208b. Petals 5 --212.

208c. Petals 6 or more --227.

209a. Stamens 4 or 8 --210.

209b. Stamens 6, 4 long and 2 short =CRUCIFERAE=, p. 42.

209c. Stamens 9 or more =CAPPARIDACEAE=, p. 47.

210a. Leaves compound =ROSACEAE=, p. 51.

210b. Leaves simple --211.

211a. Ovary 1, inferior, appearing as a swelling below the calyx
=ONAGRACEAE=, p. 78.

211b. Ovaries 4 or 5, in the center of the flower
=CRASSULACEAE=, p. 48.

212a. Stamens with good anthers 5 --213.

212b. Stamens 6 to 10 --217.

212c. Stamens more than 10 --222.

213a. Flowers solitary, terminating the stem
12b, in =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 50.

213b. Flowers axillary, solitary or in small clusters --214.

213c. Flowers several, in loose irregular terminal clusters; leaves
simple =LINACEAE=, p. 63.

213d. Flowers in slender spike-like racemes; leaves compound
50b, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 55.

213e. Flowers in panicles 20a, in =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 50.

213f. Flowers in umbels --216.

214a. Leaves compound 25b, in =LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 60.

214b. Leaves simple --215.

215a. Flowers blue or yellow, erect or spreading =LINACEAE=, p. 63.

215b. Flowers greenish, nodding 1a, in =VIOLACEAE=, p. 75.

216a. Flowers pink or purple =GERANIACEAE=, p. 64.

216b. Flowers yellow or white =UMBELLIFERAE=, p. 80.

217a. Leaves compound with 3 leaflets --218.

217b. Leaves pinnately compound --219.

217c. Leaves deeply palmately lobed =GERANIACEAE=, p. 64.

217d. Leaves simple and not deeply lobed --220.

218a. Leaflets reverse heart-shape; flowers yellow
=OXALIDACEAE=, p. 64.

218b. Leaflets taper-pointed; flowers white or pink
73, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 57.

219a. Leaflets entire 24, in =LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 60.

219b. Leaflets toothed 50b, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 55.

220a. Prostrate plants, with thick, fleshy, entire leaves
3, in =PORTULACACEAE=, p. 34.

220b. Bushy branched plants, with small gray leaves concealing the
stem 2a, in =CISTACEAE=, p. 74.

220c. Erect or spreading plants --221.

221a. Ovary 1, style 1 4a, in =ERICACEAE=, p. 84.

221b. Ovary with 2 distinct styles =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 49.

221c. Ovaries 5; styles 5 =CRASSULACEAE=, p. 48.

222a. Stamens united by their filaments into a tube
=MALVACEAE=, p. 72.

222b. Stamens separate from each other --223.

223a. Leaves with stipules; ovaries more than 1 =ROSACEAE=, p. 51.

223b. Leaves without stipules --224.

224a. Leaves toothed, deeply lobed, or compound
=RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 35.

224b. Leaves entire --225.

225a. Ovaries numerous =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 35.

225b. Ovary 1 --226.

226a. Sepals 2 =PORTULACACEAE=, p. 34.

226b. Sepals 3 or 5 =CISTACEAE=, p. 74.

--227--

227a. Leaves entire =LYTHRACEAE=, p. 77.

227b. Leaves lobed, divided, dissected, or compound --228.

228a. Flowers in slender racemes =RESEDACEAE=, p. 48.

228b. Flowers solitary or clustered, but not in slender racemes
--229.

229a. Stamens 6 3b, in =BERBERIDACEAE=, p. 40.

229b. Stamens numerous =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 35.

[1] In most flowers the corolla is the conspicuous portion of the perianth, and is composed of united or separate petals, as the case may be. In some flowers the corolla is absent, and the calyx is the conspicuous portion.

THE PLANTS OF MICHIGAN

PINACEAE, the Pine Family

Trees or shrubs, usually evergreen, with needle-like or scale-like leaves; fruit a cone or berry.

1a. Leaves in clusters of 2-5 --2.

1b. Leaves mostly in clusters of 10 or more, on short lateral wart-like branches, deciduous each autumn =Tamarack, Larix laricina.=

1c. Leaves not in clusters --4.

2a. Leaves in clusters of 5 =White Pine, Pinus strobus.=

2b. Leaves in clusters of 2 or 3 --3.

3a. Leaves 8-15 cm. long =Norway Pine, Pinus resinosa.=

3b. Leaves 2-4 cm. long =Jack Pine, Pinus banksiana.=

4a. Leaves alternate or scattered --5.

4b. Leaves opposite or whorled --8.

5a. Leaves four-sided --6.

5b. Leaves flattened --7.

6a. Leaves 6-12 mm. long =Black Spruce, Picea mariana.=

6b. Leaves 15-25 mm. long =White Spruce, Picea canadensis.=

7a. Leaves short-stalked, 15 mm. long or less
=Hemlock, Tsuga canadensis.=

7b. Leaves sessile, 15-30 mm. long =Balsam, Abies balsamea.=

8a. Leafy twigs soft and flattened
=White Cedar, Thuja occidentalis.=

8b. Leafy twigs not distinctly flattened --9.

9a. Leaves opposite --10.

9b. Leaves in whorls of three --11.

10a. Erect shrub or tree =Red Cedar, Juniperus virginiana.=

10b. Prostrate or spreading shrub
=Creeping Cedar, Juniperus horizontalis.=

11a. Erect shrub or small tree =Juniper, Juniperus communis.=

11b. Spreading or ascending shrub, growing in dense mats
=Low Juniper, Juniperus communis var. depressa.=

TAXACEAE, the Yew Family

Shrubs, with needle-like evergreen leaves; fruit red and berry-like.

One species in Michigan; straggling shrub 1-3 m. high
=Ground Hemlock, Taxus canadensis.=

TYPHACEAE, the Cat-tail Family

Erect plants 1-2 m. high, with linear leaves and terminal spikes of brown flowers, appearing in summer.

1a. Staminate and pistillate portions of the flower-spike contiguous,
the latter 2.5 cm. in diameter =Common Cat-tail, Typha latifolia.=

1b. Staminate and pistillate portions of the spike separated, the latter
2 cm. or less in diameter
=Narrow-leaved Cat-tail, Typha angustifolia.=

SPARGANIACEAE, the Bur-reed Family

Marsh plants with linear leaves and spherical heads of inconspicuous greenish flowers, appearing in summer.

About 5 species occur in Michigan, of which the commonest is
=Bur-reed, Sparganium eurycarpum.=

NAJADACEAE, the Pondweed Family

Aquatic plants with submerged or floating leaves and inconspicuous flowers in summer.

1a. Leaves opposite or whorled --2.

1b. Leaves alternate --2c.

2a. Leaves thread-like, 3-8 cm. long
=Horned Pondweed, Zannichellia palustris.=

2b. Leaves linear, toothed, abruptly dilated at the base, 3 cm.
long or less (Naiad) --3.

2c. Leaves entire, not abruptly dilated at base
[2]=Pondweed, Potamogeton spp.=

3a. Leaves about 2 mm. wide, sharply and coarsely toothed
=Naiad, Naias marina.=

3b. Leaves very narrowly linear, with numerous minute teeth
=Naiad, Naias flexilis.=

[2] About 30 species of Potamogeton occur in Michigan, among which the most conspicuous is Potamogeton natans, with elliptical floating leaves. For the identification of the species the Manual must be used.

JUNCAGINACEAE, the Arrow Grass Family

Marsh plants, with linear cylindrical leaves and inconspicuous flowers in spikes or racemes, appearing in early summer.

1a. Leaves all basal; flowers numerous in a spike-like raceme (Arrow
Grass) --2.

1b. Stem-leaves present; flowers in a loose bracted raceme (1-3 dm.
high). =Scheuchzeria, Scheuchzeria palustris.=

2a. Fruit (usually to be seen at the base of the raceme) ovoid or
oblong, rounded at the base =Arrow Grass, Triglochin maritima.=

2b. Fruit linear, narrowed at the base (1-5 dm. high)
=Arrow Grass, Triglochin palustris.=

ALISMACEAE, the Water Plantain Family

Marsh plants, with scape-like stems; flowers with 3 green sepals, 3 white petals, 6 or more stamens, and several separate pistils.

1a. Ovaries in a ring; flowers in panicles (2-8 dm. high, summer)
=Water Plantain, Alisma Plantago-aquatica.=

1b. Ovaries in a head; flowers in racemes or umbels --2.

2a. Flowers all perfect, in a single umbel of 2-8 flowers; stamens
9 (leaves lanceolate; 15 cm. high or less; summer)
=Dwarf Water Plantain, Echinodorus tenellus.=

2b. Flowers in a raceme of 3-flowered whorls, the lower pistillate,
the upper staminate; stamens usually more than nine (1-10 dm.
high, summer) (Arrow-head) --3.

3a. Leaves ovate to linear, not sagittate at base --4.

3b. Leaves broad or narrow, sagittate at base --5.

4a. Pistillate (basal) flowers sessile or nearly so (2-8 dm. high,
summer) =Arrow-head, Sagittaria heterophylla.=

4b. Pistillate flowers with obvious pedicels
=Arrow-head, Sagittaria graminea.=

5a. Basal lobes of the leaf conspicuous, triangular, almost or quite as
long as the terminal portion --6.

5b. Basal lobes small, short, linear --4b.

6a. Beak of the achene very short and erect; rare species
=Arrow-head, Sagittaria arifolia.=

6b. Beak of the achene sharp, incurved at right angles to the body;
common species =Arrow-head, Sagittaria latifolia.=

HYDROCHARITACEAE, the Frog's Bit Family

Submerged aquatics, with inconspicuous flowers in summer.

1a. Leaves all from the base, 2 dm. long or more
=Eel Grass, Vallisneria spiralis.=

1b. Leaves on the stem, 2 cm. long or less
=Water-weed, Elodea canadensis.=

GRAMINEAE, the Grass Family

Grasses, with linear or narrow sheathing leaves, and very small flowers without perianth in the axils of chaffy bracts, appearing in late spring and summer.

Of the large number (over 150) of grasses in Michigan, only the commonest are included here, and the student is referred to the Manuals for a full treatment of them.

Their classification depends chiefly upon the structure and arrangement of the spikelets. These consist typically of a short axis, the rachilla, almost or quite concealed by several chaffy bracts. The two lower bracts are termed glumes, and have no flowers in their axils. Above the glumes are two or more other bracts, the lemmas. In the axil of each lemma, and usually concealed by it, is a smaller bract, the palea, and between the lemma and the palea is a single flower. The number of flowers in a spikelet is therefore normally equal to the number of lemmas. The spikelets are grouped in racemes, spikes, or panicles of various size.

1a. Spikelets one-flowered --2.

1b. Spikelets with 2 or more flowers --24.

2a. Spikelets grouped into dense solitary cylindrical spikes --3.

2b. Spikelets arranged in panicles or in panicled spikes --8.

3a. Spikelets without awns or bristles, or with short awns not more than
3 mm. long --4.

3b. Spikelets with awns 2-5 cm. long, terminating the bracts
=Squirrel-tail, Hordeum jubatum.=

3c. Bracts of the spikelet without terminal awns, but the spikelets with
one or more long bristles arising from their base --6.

4a. Spike-like panicle thickened in the middle, more than 1 cm.
thick =Beach Grass, Ammophila arenaria.=

4b. Spike little or not at all thickened in the middle, less than 1
cm. thick --5.

5a. Lower bracts awned; stem erect, unbranched
=Timothy, Phleum pratense.=

5b. Lower scales unawned; stem branched at the base
=Floating Foxtail, Alopecurus geniculatus.=

6a. Bristles 5 or more at the base of each spikelet
=Yellow Foxtail, Setaria glauca.=

6b. Bristles 1-3 at the base of each spikelet --7.

7a. Spikelets about 2 mm. long; bristles not much longer, green
=Green Foxtail, Setaria viridis.=

7b. Spikelets about 3 mm. long; bristles much longer, usually purple
=Millet, Setaria italica.=

8a. Spikelets numerous, in long slender symmetrical spikes --9.

8b. Spikelets in panicles, racemes, or loose spikes --13.

9a. Spikelets without awns; plants 8 dm. high or less (Crab Grass) --10.

9b. Spikelets with awns; plants 12 dm. high or more --12.

10a. Leaf-sheaths all glabrous. =Crab Grass, Digitaria humifusa.=

10b. Lower leaf-sheaths hairy --11.

11a. Axis of the spike flat, with wing-like margins
=Crab Grass, Digitaria sanguinalis.=

11b. Axis of the spike slender, without winged margins
=Crab Grass, Digitaria filiformis.=

12a. Spikes numerous, appressed to the axis of the panicle; tall
marsh grass =Slough Grass, Spartina michauxiana.=

12b. Spikes 2-6, widely divergent; plant of dry ground
=Blue-joint, Andropogon furcatus.=

13a. Spikelets subtended by an ovoid thorny involucre 3-8 mm. wide
=Sand Bur, Cenchrus carolinianus.=

13b. Spikelets without a thorny involucre --14.

14a. Lower branches of the panicle spreading, bearing staminate
flowers, the upper branches erect, with pistillate flowers;
aquatic or marsh grass 2-4 m. high
=Wild Rice, Zizania aquatica.=

14b. Panicle uniform throughout --15.

15a. Spikelets with awns 2 mm. or more long --16.

15b. Spikelets not awned, or with short inconspicuous awns --18.

16a. Spikelets in solitary raceme-like spikes; awn about 1 cm. long
or more =Beard Grass, Andropogon scoparius.=

16b. Spikelets in branching clusters; awn less than 1 cm. long
--17.

17a. Leaf-blade 4 mm. wide or narrower; panicle slender
=Drop-seed, Muhlenbergia schreberi.=

17b. Leaf-blade 6 mm. wide or more; panicle stout and coarse
=Barnyard Grass, Echinochloa crus-galli.=

18a. Spikelet plump and compact, its bracts closely folded about
each other --19.

18b. Spikelet very flat, its two bracts closely folded together
=Cut-grass, Leersia oryzoides.=

18c. Spikelet loose and open, somewhat flattened, its 3 bracts
ascending or spreading and not closely folded about each other
--20.

19a. Panicle about half as long as the entire plant; leaves copiously
hairy =Witch Grass, Panicum capillare.=

19b. Panicle of smaller size
=Panic-grasses, various species of Panicum.=

20a. Panicle strongly contracted or spike-like; plants of
sand-dunes --4a.

20b. Panicle spreading or slightly contracted; axis of the spikelet
beset with bristles; leaves 2 dm. long or more; marsh grass
=Reed Grass, Calamagrostis canadensis.=

20c. Panicle spreading or somewhat contracted, but not spike-like;
axis of the spikelet without bristles --21.

21a. Panicle-branches erect or ascending --22.

21b. Panicle-branches strongly spreading --23.

22a. The two outer scales of the spikelet one-fourth as long as the
third scale, or sometimes one of them absent --17a.

22b. The glumes at least half as long as the lemma
=Wood-grass, Muhlenbergia mexicana.=

23a. The chief lateral branches of the panicle dividing and bearing
flowers below their middle =Red-top, Agrostis alba.=

23b. The chief branches of the panicle dividing only beyond the middle
=Hair Grass, Agrostis hyemalis.=

24a. Spikelets arranged in two rows to form a definite spike --25.

24b. Spikelets in panicles, never in definite rows --29.

25a. Spikelets in a single row on one side of the axis, forming a
one-sided spike =Yard Grass, Eleusine indica.=

25b. Spikelets alternating on opposite sides of the axis, forming a
two-rowed spike --26.

26a. Spikelets in pairs at each joint, forming a dense spike (Wild
Rye) --27.

26b. Spikelets single at each joint, forming a loose, open or
interrupted spike --28.

27a. Glumes lanceolate =Wild Rye, Elymus canadensis.=

27b. Glumes narrowly subulate =Wild Rye, Elymus virginicus.=

28a. Spikelets with their edges toward the axis of the spike
=Rye Grass, Lolium perenne.=

28b. Spikelets with their sides toward the axis of the spike
=Quack Grass, Agropyron repens.=

29a. Glumes longer than the lemmas
=Oats, Avena sativa.=

29b. Glumes shorter than the lemmas --30.

30a. Axis of the spikelet beset with conspicuous long hairs about
equaling the lemmas; tall marsh grass 1-4 m. high
=Reed, Phragmites communis.=

30b. Spikelets without conspicuous long hairs --31.

31a. Spikelets sessile or nearly so, forming crowded or spike-like
panicles --32.

31b. Spikelets distinctly panicled --33.

32a. Spikelets in dense one-sided clusters at the ends of the
panicle branches =Orchard Grass, Dactylis glomerata.=

32b. Spikelets in an erect spike-like cluster
=Prairie June-grass, Koeleria cristata.=

33a. Lemmas, exclusive of the awn when present, 8 mm. long or more --34.

33b. Lemmas, exclusive of the awn when present, 6 mm. long or less
--35.

34a. Awns on the lemmas 12 mm. long or more
=Brome-grass, Bromus tectorum.=

34b. Awns on the lemmas 8 mm. long or less, or none
=Cheat, Bromus secalinus.=

35a. Lemmas with 7 sharp conspicuous veins from base to apex
=Manna Grass, Glyceria nervata.=

35b. Lemmas with 3-5 inconspicuous veins --36.

36a. Spikelets with 5 flowers or more --37.

36b. Spikelets with 2-4 (rarely 5) flowers --40.

37a. Stems tufted and decumbent at base (Love Grass) --38.

37b. Stems erect (Fescue Grass) --39.

38a. Spikelets 1.5 mm. wide =Love Grass, Eragrostis pilosa.=

38b. Spikelets 3 mm. wide =Love Grass, Eragrostis megastachya.=

39a. Lemmas with conspicuous awns =Fescue Grass, Festuca octoflora.=

39b. Lemmas without awns =Fescue Grass, Festuca elatior.=

40a. Tufted annual grass =Spear Grass, Poa annua.=

40b. Perennials, with erect flowering stems --41.

41a. Stems round =Blue Grass, Poa pratensis.=

41b. Stems strongly flattened =Canadian Blue Grass, Poa compressa.=

CYPERACEAE, the Sedge Family

Grass-like or rush-like plants, with linear leaves or leafless, and inconspicuous flowers in small chaffy spikes.

Over 200 species occur in Michigan, of which only the commonest are included here. For the remaining species the Manuals should be consulted.

1a. Spikes all alike --2.

1b. The uppermost spike or spikes wholly staminate, the lower one or
more pistillate; ovary and achene surrounded by a sac, the
perigynium. Mature fruit is necessary for satisfactory
identification (Sedge) --12.

2a. Stems leafless, bearing one or more spikes at or near the top
--3.

2b. Stems leafy --6.

3a. Spike one, terminal and erect (Spike Rush) --4.

3b. Spikes usually more than one, lateral and spreading --5.

4a. Annual, with fibrous roots =Spike Rush, Eleocharis obtusa.=

4b. Perennial, with a running rootstock
=Spike Rush, Eleocharis palustris.=

5a. Stem round =Bulrush, Scirpus validus.=

5b. Stem 3-cornered =Three-square, Scirpus americanus.=

6a. Spikes axillary along the side of the stem
=Dulichium, Dulichium, arundinaceum.=

6b. Spikes terminal --7.

7a. Spikes subtended by long conspicuous leaves which greatly exceed the
flower clusters --8.

7b. Spikes not conspicuously exceeded by the bract-like leaves --10.

8a. Spikes in a dense head-like cluster, white-woolly at maturity
=Cotton Grass, Eriophorum virginicum.=

8b. Spikes not in dense heads, nor white-woolly at maturity --9.

9a. Perennial by a creeping rootstock =Nut Grass, Cyperus esculentus.=

9b. Perennial by hard basal corms =Cyperus, Cyperus strigosus.=

10a. Bracts of the spike chestnut-brown
=Twig Rush, Cladium mariscoides.=

10b. Bracts of the spike green or straw-color (Sedge) --11.

11a. Spikes 3-8, separate =Sedge, Carex straminea.=

11b. Spikes very numerous and densely crowded
=Sedge, Carex vulpinoidea.=

12a. Achenes flattened =Sedge, Carex crinita.=

12b. Achenes 3-angled --13.

13a. Perigynium tipped with a sharp straight 2-toothed beak --14.

13b. Perigynium with a short soft beak --17.

14a. Perigynium thin and papery, loosely enclosing the achene --15.

14b. Perigynium firm, closely enclosing the achene --16.

15a. Perigynium less than 1 cm. long =Sedge, Carex hystericina.=

15b. Perigynium more than 1 cm. long =Sedge, Carex lupulina.=

16a. Perigynium smooth =Sedge, Carex riparia.=

16b. Perigynium hairy =Sedge, Carex filiformis.=

17a. Beak of the perigynium bent abruptly to one side
=Sedge, Carex laxiflora.=

17b. Beak of the perigynium straight
=Sedge, Carex pennsylvanica.=

ARACEAE, the Arum Family

Individual flowers small, but crowded on a fleshy spadix to form a conspicuous spike, usually surrounded by a green or colored spathe.

1a. Leaves compound --2.

1b. Leaves simple --3.

2a. Leaflets 3, spathe pale green or purple (3-6 dm. high; spring)
=Indian Turnip, Arisaema triphyllum.=

2b. Leaflets 7-11; spathe green; spadix long and slender (3-8 dm.
high; late spring) =Dragon Root, Arisaema dracontium.=

3a. Leaves linear, sword-shape; spathe none (5-15 dm. high; early
summer) =Sweet Flag, Acorus calamus.=

3b. Leaves broader than linear; spathe present --4.

4a. Flower clusters partly underground, appearing in earliest
spring =Skunk Cabbage, Symplocarpus foetidus.=

4b. Flower clusters peduncled, in early summer --5.

5a. Leaves broadly ovate-cordate; spathe white
=Water Arum, Calla palustris.=

5b. Leaves more or less sagittate; spathe green
=Arrow Arum, Peltandra virginica.=

LEMNACEAE, the Duckweed Family

Minute leafless plants floating on quiet water; flowers exceedingly small and seldom seen.

1a. Plant thick, ovoid, less than 2 mm. long; roots none. Two species
are reported from Michigan =Wolffia spp.=

1b. Plant flattened, with short roots --2.

2a. Roots several from each rounded plant
=Duckweed, Spirodela polyrhiza.=

2b. Root single from each rounded plant =Duckweed, Lemna spp.=

Three species are reported from Michigan, of which the commonest is Lemna minor.

ERIOCAULACEAE, the Pipewort Family

Bog or marsh herbs, with small flowers in heads terminating long slender scapes.

One species in Michigan; leaves linear and basal; flower-stalk 5-15 cm. high; flower-heads whitish or lead-color =Pipewort, Eriocaulon articulatum.=

XYRIDACEAE, the Yellow-eyed Grass Family

Small herbs with basal leaves and erect flower-stalks bearing a head of perfect yellow flowers, in summer.

1a. Base of plant bulbous-thickened (3-6 dm. high)
=Yellow-eyed Grass, Xyris flexuosa.=

1b. Base of plant not bulbous-thickened (1-3 dm. high)
=Yellow-eyed Grass, Xyris montana.=

COMMELINACEAE, the Spiderwort Family

Leafy-stemmed herbs; flowers with 3 sepals, 3 petals, and 6 stamens, lasting but a single day; petals blue.

1a. Stamens 6; petals all equal (Spiderwort) --2.

1b. Perfect stamens 3, sterile stamens 3; two of the petals larger than
the third (3-6 dm. high; summer) =Day-flower, Commelina virginica.=

2a. Sepals villous (3-10 dm. high; late spring)
=Spiderwort, Tradescantia virginiana.=

2b. Sepals glabrous, or with a tuft of hairs at the apex (4-10 dm.
high; late spring) =Spiderwort, Tradescantia reflexa.=

PONTEDERIACEAE, the Pickerel-weed Family

Aquatic herbs, with 6 rather conspicuous petals; flowers in summer.

1a. Flowers blue; leaves cordate-sagittate (3-10 dm. high)
=Pickerel-weed, Pontederia cordata.=

1b. Flowers yellow; leaves linear (submerged)
=Mud Plantain, Heteranthera dubia.=

JUNCACEAE, the Rush Family

Grass-like or rush-like plants, with inconspicuous greenish or brownish flowers, of 3 chaffy or scale-like sepals and as many similar petals.

1a. Leaf-sheaths closed; capsule 1-celled and 3-seeded; stem or leaves
usually hairy at or near the base (1-4 dm. high). (Wood Rush) --2.

1b. Leaf-sheaths open; capsule many-seeded; plants never hairy --4.

2a. Flowers solitary at the ends of the branches of the umbel-like
cluster (spring) =Wood Rush, Luzula saltuensis.=

2b. Flowers in spikes or dense clusters --3.

3a. Flower-cluster spike-like, nodding at the tip (summer)
=Wood Rush, Luzula spicata.=

3b. Flower-cluster umbel-like (spring)
=Wood Rush, Luzula campestris var. multiflora.=

4. The genus Juncus, or Rush, contains about 25 species in
Michigan, blooming in summer or autumn. For their identification
the Manuals should be consulted. One of the commonest species is
Juncus effusus, growing in marshes, with erect leafless
cylindrical stems, bearing a lateral cluster of flowers near the
summit. Another common species is Juncus tenuis, with slender
stems and linear leaves, growing in hard ground, especially in
woodland paths.

LILIACEAE, the Lily Family

Herbs or twining shrubs, with generally conspicuous flowers; sepals and petals each 3, and usually colored alike, stamens 6, ovary 3-celled, superior. In one species the perianth is 4-parted and the stamens are 4.

1a. Flowers or flower-clusters lateral, axillary or apparently so --2.

1b. Flowers or flower-clusters scapose or terminal --12.

2a. Leaves minute and scale-like (7-15 dm. high; flowers
greenish-yellow, June) =Asparagus, Asparagus officinalis.=

2b. Leaves broad and flat, not scale-like --3.

3a. Flowers numerous in rounded umbels; perianth-segments nearly
separate; leaves long-petioled --4.

3b. Flowers in clusters of 1-8; leaves short-petioled, sessile, or
clasping --8.

4a. Stems herbaceous (flowers greenish-yellow, ill-scented)
(Carrion-flower) --5.

4b. Stems woody, thorny, climbing (flowers greenish-yellow, early
summer) (Green Brier) --7.

5a. Stems climbing by tendrils --6.

5b. Stem not climbing; only the upper leaves, or none, with tendrils
=Carrion-flower, Smilax ecirrhata.=

6a. Leaves smooth beneath. =Carrion-flower, Smilax herbacea.=

6b. Leaves minutely pubescent beneath when mature
=Carrion-flower, Smilax herbacea var. pulverulenta.=

7a. Leaves with 5 principal veins. =Green Brier, Smilax rotundifolia.=

7b. Leaves with 7 principal veins. =Green Brier, Smilax hispida.=

8a. Perianth-segments united into a tube (flowers axillary, late
spring) (Solomon's Seal) --9.

8b. Perianth-segments separate (2-8 dm. high; spring)
(Twisted-stalk) --10.

9a. Leaves minutely pubescent beneath; filaments rough, inserted at
three-fourths the length of the perianth (3-8 dm. high)
=Small Solomon's Seal, Polygonatum biflorum.=

9b. Leaves smooth beneath; filaments smooth, inserted at the middle of
the perianth tube (5-15 dm. high)
=Great Solomon's Seal, Polygonatum commutatum.=

10a. Leaves distinctly clasping the stem; flowers greenish-white
=Twisted-stalk, Streptopus amplexifolius.=

10b. Leaves closely sessile; flowers reddish to purple --11.

11a. Rootstock short and thick; berries spherical
=Twisted-stalk, Streptopus roseus.=

11b. Rootstock long and slender; berries 3-angled
=Twisted-stalk, Streptopus longipes.=

12a. Perianth-segments 5-12 cm. long --13.

12b. Perianth-segments shorter than 5 cm. --19.

13a. Leaves all or chiefly basal, stem-leaves bract-like or none --14.

13b. Leaves chiefly or entirely on the stem --15.

14a. Leaves numerous, linear or sword-shape (flowers orange,
summer) =Day Lily, Hemerocallis fulva.=

14b. Leaves a single pair, oblong or lanceolate --21.

15a. Leaves a single whorl of 3 (Wake Robin, Trillium) --22.

15b. Leaves numerous (6-12 dm. high; flowers yellow, orange, or red, in
summer) (Lily) --16.

16a. Flowers erect --17.

16b. Flowers nodding --18.

17a. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 6-15 mm. wide, mostly whorled
=Wood Lily, Lilium philadelphicum.=

17b. Leaves linear, 5 mm. wide or less, almost all alternate
=Wood Lily, Lilium philadelphicum var. andinum.=

18a. Perianth-segments strongly revolute
=Turk's-cap Lily, Lilium superbum.=

18b. Perianth-segments half-recurved
=Yellow Lily, Lilium canadense.=

19a. Flower solitary --20.

19b. Flowers in clusters, not solitary --31.

20a. Stem with a single pair of basal leaves (Dog's-tooth Violet)
--21.

20b. Stem with a single whorl of 3 leaves (1-3 dm. high; spring)
(Wake Robin, Trillium) --22.

20c. Stem leafy (Bellwort) --29.

21a. Perianth yellow =Dog's-tooth Violet, Erythronium americanum.=

21b. Perianth white, bluish, or pinkish
=Dog's-tooth Violet, Erythronium albidum.=

22a. Flower sessile, red or brown --23.

22b. Flower peduncled, white or pink, rarely red --24.

23a. Leaves sessile, sepals spreading =Wake Robin, Trillium sessile.=

23b. Leaves short-petioled, sepals reflexed
=Wake Robin, Trillium recurvatum.=

24a. Ovary with 6 distinct wing-like angles --25.

24b. Ovary obtusely 3-angled or lobed --28.

25a. Stamens distinctly longer than the pistil --26.

25b. Stamens equaling or shorter than the pistil --27.

26a. Stigmas erect or nearly so, slender
=Wake Robin, Trillium grandiflorum.=

26b. Stigmas strongly recurved or spreading
=Wake Robin, Trillium erectum.=

27a. Filaments about as long as the anthers
=Wake Robin, Trillium cernuum.=

27b. Filaments half as long as the anthers or shorter
=Wake Robin, Trillium declinatum.=

28a. Leaves obtuse; petals obtuse, white
=Dwarf White Trillium, Trillium nivale.=

28b. Leaves acuminate; petals acute, purple-striped at base
=Painted Trillium, Trillium undulatum.=

29a. Leaves sessile (3-6 dm. high; flowers yellow, spring)
=Bellwort, Oakesia sessilifolia.=

29b. Leaves perfoliate (4-6 dm. high; flowers yellow, in spring) --30.

30a. Leaves minutely pubescent beneath
=Bellwort, Uvularia grandiflora.=

30b. Leaves glabrous and all glaucous
=Bellwort, Uvularia perfoliata.=

31a. Stem bearing 2 whorls of 3-9 leaves (3-6 dm. high; flowers pale
yellow, early summer) =Indian Cucumber-root, Medeola virginiana.=

31b. Stem-leaves not whorled, or all leaves basal --32.

32a. Flowers in umbels --33.

32b. Flowers in racemes or panicles --38.

33a. Plant with the odor of onions or garlic (leaves all or chiefly
basal; flower-stalks 2-8 dm. high, late spring or summer) --34.

33b. Plant not with the odor of onions (leaves basal; flower-stalks 2-3
dm. high, with an umbel of 3-6 greenish-yellow flowers in late
spring) =Clintonia, Clintonia borealis.=

34a. Leaves oblong, 2-5 cm. wide, not present when the plants are
in bloom (greenish-white flowers)
=Wild Leek, Allium tricoccum.=

34b. Leaves linear, present with the flowers --35.

35a. Umbel nodding or horizontal (petals rose-color)
=Wild Onion, Allium cernuum.=

35b. Umbel erect --36.

36a. Pedicels longer than the flowers --37.

36b. Pedicels equaling or shorter than the flowers (petals
rose-purple)
=Wild Chives, Allium schoenoprasum var. sibiricum.=

37a. Leaves flattened; flowers pink to white
=Wild Onion, Allium canadense.=

37b. Leaves cylindrical; flowers greenish to purple
=Field Garlic, Allium vineale.=

38a. Leaves lanceolate to ovate, not more than 8 times as long as
broad --39.

38b. Leaves linear or grass-like, at least 12 times as long as
broad --45.

39a. Principal leaves all basal, stem-leaves none or bract-like --40.

39b. Principal leaves on the stem --41.

40a. Flowers in a spike-like raceme (4-10 dm. high; small white
flowers in summer) =Colic-root, Aletris farinosa.=

40b. Flowers in an umbel-like cluster --34b.

41a. Perianth-segments 4 (1-2 dm. high; flowers white, early summer)
=Wild Lily of the Valley, Maianthemum canadense.=

41b. Perianth-segments 6 --42.

42a. Styles 3; flowers dioecious (3-10 dm. high; flowers white,
early summer) =Blazing Star, Chamaelirium luteum.=

42b. Style 1; flowers perfect, white, in spring (False Solomon's
Seal) --43.

43a. Flowers panicled (3-6 dm. high)
=False Solomon's Seal, Smilacina racemosa.=

43b. Flowers racemed --44.

44a. Leaves 2-4, usually 3 (1-2 dm. high)
=False Solomon's Seal, Smilacina trifolia.=

44b. Leaves 5-12 (2-5 dm. high)
=False Solomon's Seal, Smilacina stellata.=

45a. Flowers bright blue; perianth-segments united (2-3 dm. high,
spring) =Grape Hyacinth, Muscari botryoides.=

45b. Flowers blue, greenish, yellowish, or white; perianth-segments
separate --46.

46a. Flowers 1 cm. wide, or smaller (white or greenish, in racemes,
late spring or summer) (False Asphodel) --47.

46b. Flowers 1.5 cm. wide, or larger --48.

47a. Stem glabrous (2 dm. high or less)
=False Asphodel, Tofieldia palustris.=
=False Asphodel, Tofieldia glutinosa.=

47b. Stem viscid-pubescent (1-5 dm. high)

48a. Perianth-segments with 2 glands near the base (3-8 dm. high;
greenish-white panicled flowers in summer)
=Zygadenus, Zygadenus chloranthus.=

48b. Perianth-segments without glands --49.

49a. Plant 3-5 dm. tall; flowers blue or nearly white, in long racemes
(early summer) =Wild Hyacinth, Camassia esculenta.=

49b. Plant 1-3 dm. tall; flowers greenish-white, in short corymb-like
racemes (spring) =Star of Bethlehem, Ornithogalum umbellatum.=

DIOSCOREACEAE, the Yam Family

Twining herbs with net-veined leaves and greenish or white flowers in panicles or racemes.

One species in Michigan; leaves ovate-cordate; flowers in summer
=Wild Yam, Dioscorea villosa.=

AMARYLLIDACEAE, the Amaryllis Family

Plants with linear basal leaves, and perfect flowers, with 6-parted perianth, inferior ovary, and 6 stamens.

One species in Michigan; 1-2 dm. high; flowers yellow, 1 cm. wide, in spring =Star Grass, Hypoxis hirsuta.=

IRIDACEAE, the Iris Family

Herbs, with 6-parted perianth, inferior ovary, and 3 stamens.

1a. Flowers blue, 5 cm. wide or larger --2.

1b. Flowers about 1 cm. wide (blue or white, from a spathe terminating a
2-edged stem 2-5 dm. high, spring and early summer) (Blue-eyed
Grass) --3.

2a. Flowering stems 4-8 dm. high (early summer)
=Blue Flag, Iris versicolor.=

2b. Flowering stems 2 dm. or less high (spring)
=Dwarf Iris, Iris lacustris.=

3a. Spathes terminal, sessile --4.

3b. Spathes long-peduncled, axillary --8.

4a. Spathe single --5.

4b. Spathes 2 on each flowering stem --7.

5a. Pedicels much longer than the inner (shorter) bract
=Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium mucronatum.=

5b. Pedicels equaling or barely exceeding the inner bract --6.

6a. Capsule brown; common species
=Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium angustifolium.=

6b. Capsule green or yellowish; rare species
=Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium montanum.=

7a. Leaves folded lengthwise; stems narrowly winged
=Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium hastile.=

7b. Leaves flat; stem broadly winged, 2-3 mm. wide
=Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium albidum.=

8a. Capsules pale straw-color or whitish --9.

8b. Capsules brown, or tinged with purple --10.

9a. Plant with straight fibrous bristles at base; pedicels long-exserted
=Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium farwellii.=

9b. Plants not bristly at base; pedicels barely exserted
=Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium strictum.=

10a. Pedicels scarcely exceeding the inner bract --6a.

10b. Pedicels much exceeding the inner bract --11.

11a. Stem 2-6 mm. wide; bracts 1.5-2 cm. long
=Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium gramineum.=

11b. Stem 1-2 mm. wide; bracts 1-1.5 cm. long
=Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium apiculatum.=

ORCHIDACEAE, the Orchis Family

Herbs, with irregular flowers, one petal, the lip, differing from the others in size and shape, inferior ovary, and one or two stamens adherent to the style.

1a. Flowers in a spike-like obviously twisted raceme; small, yellowish
or greenish-white, in late summer and autumn (except 4a) (Ladies'
Tresses) --2.

1b. Flowers solitary or in clusters, but never in a twisted raceme --5.

2a. Flowers in 1 row =Ladies' Tresses, Spiranthes gracilis.=

2b. Flowers in several rows --3.

3a. Lip constricted near the apex
=Ladies' Tresses, Spiranthes romanzoftiana.=

3b. Lip not constricted --4.

4a. Lip yellow; flowers in spring and early summer
=Ladies' Tresses, Spiranthes lucida.=

4b. Lip white =Ladies' Tresses, Spiranthes cernua.=

5a. Brown, purple, or yellow plants, without green color, with
scale-like leaves (1-4 dm. high; summer) (Coral Root) --6.

5b. Plants with normal green color --9.

6a. Lip white, not spotted =Coral Root, Corallorrhiza trifida.=

6b. Lip white, spotted with red --7.

7a. Lip distinctly 3-lobed =Coral Root, Corallorrhiza maculata.=

7b. Lip entire, or barely toothed --8.

8a. Flower, exclusive of ovary, 4 mm. long
=Coral Root, Corallorrhiza odontorhiza.=

8b. Flower about 10 mm. long. =Coral Root, Corallorrhiza striata.=

9a. Leaf 1 or none at flowering time --10.

9b. Leaves a single pair, basal, or opposite on the stem; never
alternate on the stem --19.

9c. Leaves several, all basal, prominently net-veined, and frequently
blotched with white (scape 1-4 dm. high; flowers whitish, pubescent,
in summer) (Rattlesnake Plantain) --26.

9d. Leaves 2 or more, on the stem --28.

10a. Foliage leaf absent or undeveloped at flowering time, or
merely persisting through the winter from the previous year
--11.

10b. Foliage leaf present at flowering time --12.

11a. Flower rose-purple, 3-5 cm. long, solitary or two (1-3 dm. high,
early summer) =Arethusa, Arethusa bulbosa.=

11b. Flowers purplish-green, in racemes, with a spur 2 cm. long
=Crane-fly Orchis, Tipularia discolor.=

11c. Flowers yellowish, purple tinged, in racemes; spur none (3-4 dm.
high, early summer). =Putty Root, Aplectrum hyemale.=

12a. Leaf linear or linear-lanceolate --13.

12b. Leaf of a broader shape --14.

13a. Flower solitary or two; leaf just below the flower --11a.

13b. Flowers in a loose raceme, sometimes only 2; leaf basal
=Calopogon, Calopogon pulchellus.=

14a. Flowers greenish, yellowish, or white --15.

14b. Flowers pink to purple, often variegated --17.

15a. Flowers 6-10 mm. wide, with a spur about the same length (1-4 dm.
high, summer) (Rein Orchis) --35.

15b. Flowers 5 mm. wide or less; spur none (1-2 dm. high; summer)
(Adder's Mouth) --16.

16a. Pedicels less than 5 mm. long; lip broadest below the middle
=Adder's Mouth, Microstylis monophyllos.=

16b. Pedicels more than 5 mm. long; lip broadest near the apex
=Adder's Mouth, Microstylis unifolia.=

17a. Flowers spicate; lip distinctly 3-lobed (1-2 dm. high; early
summer) --24.

17b. Flowers solitary or two --18.

18a. Leaf on the stem, lanceolate to ovate --34a.

18b. Leaf basal, round-ovate (2 dm. high or less; early summer)
=Calypso, Calypso bulbosa.=

19a. Leaves opposite and sessile near the middle of the stem (1-3 dm.
high; flowers in summer) (Tway-blade) --20.

19b. Leaves basal --21.

20a. Lip deeply 2-cleft (flowers purplish)
=Tway-blade, Listera cordata.=