Chapter III: Part 3

20b. Lip wedge-shape, with 2 round shallow lobes (flowers
greenish-yellow) =Tway-blade, Listera convallarioides.=

21a. Lip an inflated sac about 4 cm. long --29d.

21b. Lip not sac-like --22.

22a. Flower with a spur 15-50 mm. long --23.

22b. Flower not spurred (1-2 dm. high; early summer) (Tway-blade)
--25.

23a. Flowers purple or magenta, or with white markings --24.

23b. Flowers greenish, yellowish, or white (1-4 dm. high; summer) (Rein
Orchis) --36.

24a. Leaf 1 (1-2 dm. high; early summer)
=Round-leaved Orchis, Orchis rotundifolia.=

24b. Leaves 2 (-20 cm. high; late spring)
=Showy Orchis, Orchis spectabilis.=

25a. Lip about 10 mm. long, purple =Tway-blade, Liparis liliifolia.=

25b. Lip about 5 mm. long, yellowish-green
=Tway-blade, Liparis loeselii.=

26a. Perianth 8-10 mm. long; lip with elongated point
=Rattlesnake Plantain, Epipactis decipiens.=

26b. Perianth 4-6 mm. long; lip sack-like --27.

27a. Raceme loosely flowered, one-sided
=Rattlesnake Plantain, Epipactis repens var. ophioides.=

27b. Raceme closely flowered, not one-sided
=Rattlesnake Plantain, Epipactis pubescens.=

28a. Lip conspicuously sack-like, inflated (late spring and early
summer) (Lady's Slipper) --29.

28b. Lip not sack-like nor inflated --32.

29a. Lip white (1-3 dm. high)
=White Lady's Slipper, Cypripedium candidum.=

29b. Lip yellow (2-7 dm. high) --30.

29c. Lip white, with crimson or purple markings --31.

29d. Lip pink (1-4 dm. high, late spring)
=Stemless Lady's Slipper, Cypripedium acaule.=

30a. Lip 2-3 cm. long.
=Small Yellow Lady's Slipper, Cypripedium parviflorum.=

30b. Lip 3.5-5 cm. long
=Large Yellow Lady's Slipper, Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens.=

31a. Lip 2 cm. long or less; sepals separate (1.5-3 dm. high)
=Ram's Head Lady's Slipper, Cypripedium arietinum.=

31b. Lip 3 cm. long or more; the 2 lower sepals united
=Showy Lady's Slipper, Cypripedium hirsutum.=

32a. Flowers solitary in the axils, or solitary and terminal; not
spurred --33.

32b. Flowers in terminal racemes, spurred --38.

33a. Leaves a whorl of 5 (2-3 dm. high; petals greenish; late summer)
=Whorled Pogonia, Pogonia verticillata.=

33b. Leaves alternate --34.

34a. Leaves lanceolate or narrowly ovate, 2-8 cm. long, narrowed at
base; flower terminal (1-4 dm. high; flowers pink purple,
early summer) =Snake Mouth, Pogonia ophioglossoides.=

34b. Leaves ovate, 1-2 cm. long, clasping; flowers axillary (5-20
cm. high; flowers purple, summer)
=Nodding Pogonia, Pogonia trianthophora.=

35a. Leaf basal; spur nearly straight
=Rein Orchis, Habenaria obtusata.=

35b. Leaf on the stem; spur strongly curved
=Rein Orchis, Habenaria clavellata.=

36a. Flower-stalk without bracts below the raceme; flowers
yellowish-green =Rein Orchis, Habenaria hookeri.=

36b. Flower-stalk bearing bracts below the raceme; flowers
greenish-white --37.

37a. Spur 15-25 mm. long =Rein Orchis, Habenaria orbiculata.=

37b. Spur 30-50 mm. long =Rein Orchis, Habenaria macrophylla.=

38a. Lip fringed (Fringed Orchis) --43.

38b. Lip not fringed (Rein Orchis) --39.

39a. Lip with 2-3 evident teeth at apex --40.

39b. Lip without apical teeth --41.

40a. Stem-leaves 3 or more =Rein Orchis, Habenaria bracteata.=

40b. Stem-leaves 2 --35b.

41a. Flowers white =Rein Orchis, Habenaria dilatata.=

41b. Flowers greenish-yellow --42.

42a. Lip lanceolate, tapering toward the apex
=Rein Orchis, Habenaria hyperborea.=

42b. Lip oblong, truncate at the apex
=Rein Orchis, Habenaria flava.=

43a. Lip deeply 3-lobed, toothed or fringed --44.

43b. Lip not 3-lobed, but deeply fringed --46.

44a. Flowers purple =Purple Fringed Orchis, Habenaria psycodes.=

44b. Flowers white or nearly so --45.

45a. Spur 3 cm. long or more
=Prairie Fringed Orchis, Habenaria leucophaea.=

45b. Spur 1-1.5 cm. long =Ragged Fringed Orchis, Habenaria lacera.=

46a. Flowers yellow =Yellow Fringed Orchis, Habenaria ciliaris.=

46b. Flowers white
=White Fringed Orchis, Habenaria blephariglottis.=

PIPERACEAE, the Pepper Family

Herbaceous plants with alternate leaves, and flowers without either calyx or corolla.

One species in Michigan, a marsh plant with heart-shape leaves and slender racemes of white flowers =Lizard's Tail, Saururus cernuus.=

SALICACEAE, the Willow Family

Trees or shrubs, with dioecious flowers in catkins.

1a. Leaves less than twice as long as broad, on petioles 3 cm. long or
more --2.

1b. Leaves more than twice as long as broad, on petioles 2.5 cm. long or
less. (The genus Salix, or Willow, contains about 30 species in
Michigan, of which only the commoner are mentioned here. For the
others the Manuals should be consulted.) --8.

2a. Petioles strongly flattened laterally --3.

2b. Petioles not flattened laterally --6.

3a. Leaves broadly ovate or nearly circular --4.

3b. Leaves broadly triangular or deltoid in shape --5.

4a. Leaves coarsely toothed
=Large-toothed Aspen, Populus grandidentata.=

4b. Leaves finely crenulate or serrate
=Quaking Aspen, Populus tremuloides.=

5a. Tree with narrow spire-shape crown
=Lombardy Poplar, Populus nigra var. italica.=

5b. Tree with spreading crown
=Cottonwood, Populus deltoides.=

6a. Lower side of leaf densely tomentose
=White Poplar, Populus alba.=

6b. Lower side of leaf glabrous or nearly so --7.

7a. Petioles glabrous =Balsam Poplar, Populus balsamifera.=

7b. Petioles ciliate =Balm of Gilead, Populus candicans.=

8a. Trees --9.

8b. Shrubs --13.

9a. Petioles without glands --10.

9b. Petioles with glands --11.

10a. Petiole short (about 5 mm.), broad and flat
=Black Willow, Salix nigra.=

10b. Petiole slender, about 10-20 mm. long
=Peach-leaved Willow, Salix amygdaloides.=

11a. Leaves green beneath
=Crack Willow, Salix fragilis.=

11b. Leaves pale beneath --12.

12a. Branches and twigs conspicuously drooping
=Weeping Willow, Salix babylonica.=

12b. Branches and twigs not conspicuously drooping, yellow
=Yellow Willow, Salix alba var. vitellina.=

13a. Shrubs of bogs --14.

13b. Plants of sand-dunes along the Great Lakes --15.

13c. Plants of dry upland hills --16.

13d. Plants of wet ground, river-banks, and swamps --17.

14a. Leaves densely white-tomentose beneath
=Willow, Salix candida.=

14b. Leaves pale beneath but not tomentose
=Willow, Salix serissima.=

14c. Leaves glabrous and green beneath
=Willow, Salix pedicellaris.=

15a. Leaves linear =Willow, Salix longifolia.=

15b. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, tomentose beneath
=Willow, Salix syrticola.=

15c. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, glabrous
=Willow, Salix glaucophylla.=

16a. Leaves about 3 times as long as broad
=Willow, Salix rostrata.=

16b. Leaves narrower, nearly sessile
=Willow, Salix tristis.=

16c. Leaves narrower, distinctly petioled
=Willow, Salix humilis.=

17a. Leaves linear or nearly so =Willow, Salix longifolia.=

17b. Leaves shining =Willow, Salix lucida.=

17c. Leaves silky =Willow, Salix sericea.=

17d. Leaves not as in the preceding 3 species --18.

18a. Leaves rounded at base =Willow, Salix cordata.=

18b. Leaves acute at base --19.

19a. Leaves finely serrulate =Willow, Salix petiolaris.=

19b. Leaves remotely serrate or nearly entire
=Willow, Salix discolor.=

MYRICACEAE, the Sweet Gale Family

Shrubs, with monoecious or dioecious flowers in catkins, and aromatic foliage.

1a. Leaves pinnately lobed =Sweet Fern, Myrica asplenifolia.=

1b. Leaves merely serrate --2.

2a. Shrub of sandy soil, shore of Lake Erie
=Bayberry, Myrica carolinensis.=

2b. Shrub of bogs and shores, northern half of state
=Sweet Gale, Myrica gale.=

JUGLANDACEAE, the Walnut Family

Trees with alternate pinnately compound leaves and flowers in catkins.

1a. Leaflets 11-23; pith divided by partitions into chambers --2.

1b. Leaflets 5-11; pith not partitioned (Hickory) --3.

2a. Pith brown; bark with flat longitudinal ridges
=Butternut, Juglans cinerea.=

2b. Pith cream-color; bark of trunk without flat ridges
=Black Walnut, Juglans nigra.=

3a. Bark of the trunk essentially smooth, not deeply furrowed or shaggy
--4.

3b. Bark of the trunk deeply furrowed or shaggy --6.

4a. Leaflets glabrous beneath; buds greenish --5.

4b. Leaflets somewhat pubescent beneath; buds bright yellow
=Bitter Nut, Carya cordiformis.=

5a. Twigs hairy =Small-fruited Hickory, Carya microcarpa.=

5b. Twigs smooth =Pignut Hickory, Carya glabra.=

6a. Twigs and leaves both pubescent --7.

6b. Twigs nearly smooth; leaves smooth beneath
=Shag-bark Hickory, Carya ovata.=

7a. Twigs brownish; buds densely hairy
=Mocker-nut Hickory, Carya alba.=

7b. Twigs orange; buds very slightly hairy
=King-nut Hickory, Carya laciniosa.=

BETULACEAE, the Birch Family

Trees or shrubs with alternate simple leaves and inconspicuous monoecious flowers, the staminate flowers in catkins, and the pistillate in catkins or small clusters.

1a. Trees, with white or yellowish bark exfoliating in thin papery plates or scales --2.

1b. Tree or shrub, with smooth, dark gray bark; trunk fluted with prominent longitudinal ridges =Hornbeam, Carpinus caroliniana.=

1c. Trees or shrubs; the bark more or less roughened, but not
exfoliating; trunk not fluted --3.

2a. Bark white or chalky
=Paper Birch, Betula alba var. papyrifera.=

2b. Bark yellowish =Yellow Birch, Betula lutea.=

3a. Shrubs, with leaves 4 cm. long or less --4.

3b. Shrubs or trees, with leaves 5 cm. long or more --5.

4a. Twigs glandular-warty =Dwarf Birch, Betula glandulosa.=

4b. Twigs not glandular =Swamp Birch, Betula pumila.=

5a. Twigs and bark with the odor of wintergreen
=Sweet Birch, Betula lenta.=

5b. Twigs and bark without odor of wintergreen --6.

6a. Fruit clusters woody, persistent on the plant for a long time
--7.

6b. Fruit clusters herbaceous, dropping in late autumn --9.

7a. Leaves rusty or whitish beneath, and pubescent at least on the veins
=Speckled Alder, Alnus incana.=

7b. Leaves green beneath, and either pubescent or smooth --8.

8a. Leaves broadest at or below the middle
=Mountain Alder, Alnus crispa.=

8b. Leaves broadest above the middle
=Smooth Alder, Alnus rugosa.=

9a. Tree; fruit a cluster of bladder-like sacs each containing a small
achene =Ironwood, Ostrya virginiana.=

9b. Shrubs; fruit a nut within a close-fitting involucre --10.

10a. Involucre of 2 broad bracts, almost separate and not much
longer than the fruit =Hazel, Corylus americana.=

10b. Involucre of united bracts, prolonged into a bristly beak
beyond the fruit =Beaked Hazel, Corylus rostrata.=

FAGACEAE, the Beech Family

Trees (or 1 species shrubby), with alternate simple leaves and monoecious flowers, the staminate flowers in catkins, and the pistillate solitary or in small clusters. Fruit a nut (or acorn) enclosed in a cup or bur.

1a. Leaves serrate with numerous sharp-pointed teeth --2.

1b. Leaves serrate, lobed, or entire, but never serrate with
sharp-pointed teeth; fruit an acorn; pith 5-angled in the young
twigs (Oak) --3.

2a. Bark gray, smooth; buds 3-4 times longer than wide; nut
triangular =Beech, Fagus grandifolia.=

2b. Bark rough; buds relatively thicker; nut rounded
=Chestnut, Castanea dentata.=

3a. Leaves entire, except for a bristle at the tip
=Shingle Oak, Quercus imbricaria.=

3b. Leaves toothed or lobed, the points bristle-tipped --4.

3c. Leaves toothed or lobed, the points without bristles --10.

4a. Leaves entire below the middle, with a few shallow lobes beyond
=Black Jack Oak, Quercus marilandica.=

4b. Leaves deeply lobed throughout --5.

5a. Cup of the acorn saucer-shape, covering less than one-third of the
acorn --6.

5b. Cup of the acorn hemispherical or top-shape, covering one-third or
more of the acorn --8.

6a. Length of the lateral leaf-lobes less than one-third the width
of the leaf; acorn cup 2-2.5 cm. wide
=Red Oak, Quercus rubra.=

6b. Length of the lateral leaf-lobes more than one-third the width
of the leaf --7.

7a. Acorn depressed-globose, about 1 cm. in diameter
=Pin Oak, Quercus palustris.=

7b. Acorn ovoid, 1.5-2 cm. thick =Schneck's Oak, Quercus schneckii.=

8a. Leaves pubescent beneath =Black Oak, Quercus velutina.=

8b. Leaves glabrous beneath --9.

9a. Buds glabrous; inner bark of the trunk yellow
=Hill's Oak, Quercus ellipsoidalis.=

9b. Buds pubescent beyond the middle; inner bark of trunk red
=Scarlet Oak, Quercus coccinea.=

10a. Leaves deeply pinnately lobed --11.

10b. Leaves crenate, dentate, or sinuate, not lobed --12.

11a. Leaf divided nearly to the middle by a pair of deep lateral lobes
near the middle of the leaf; acorn more than half covered by the
cup =Bur Oak, Quercus macrocarpa.=

11b. Leaf without a median pair of deeper lobes; acorn about one-fourth
covered by the cup =White Oak, Quercus alba.=

12a. Leaves broadest at or near the middle, with numerous (8-13)
sharp coarse teeth on each side
=Yellow Oak, Quercus muhlenbergii.=

12b. Leaves broadest above the middle, with a few shallow, rounded
or subacute teeth (7 or less on each side) --13.

13a. Large tree; leaves densely white-tomentose beneath; acorn on a
stalk 3-10 cm. long =Swamp White Oak, Quercus bicolor.=

13b. Shrub; leaves thinly white-tomentose beneath; acorn sessile or
nearly so =Scrub Oak, Quercus prinoides.=

URTICACEAE, the Nettle Family

Herbs or trees, with small inconspicuous apetalous flowers.

1a. Trees or tall shrubs --2.

1b. Herbs --7.

2a. Leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate, serrate --3.

2b. Leaves broadly ovate to rotund, some of them lobed (Mulberry)
--6.

3a. Leaves thick, coarsely and doubly serrate, broadest near the middle
(Elm) --4.

3b. Leaves thin, simply serrate, broadest distinctly below the middle
=Hackberry, Celtis occidentalis.=

4a. Some of the branches with flat corky wings; leaves smooth above
=Cork Elm, Ulmus racemosa.=

4b. Branches without corky wings; leaves more or less rough above
--5.

5a. Petioles and axillary buds glabrous =White Elm, Ulmus americana.=

5b. Petioles and axillary buds pubescent with rusty hairs
=Slippery Elm, Ulmus fulva.=

6a. Leaves rough above =Red Mulberry, Morus rubra.=

6b. Leaves smooth above =White Mulberry, Morus alba.=

7a. Leaves alternate --8.

7b. Leaves opposite --9.

8a. Leaves 2-5 cm. long, stems pubescent
=Pellitory, Parietaria pennsylvanica.=

8b. Leaves 8-20 cm. long; stem armed with stinging hairs
=Wood Nettle, Laportea canadensis.=

9a. Twining plant; leaves serrate or cleft =Hop, Humulus lupulus.=

9b. Erect plant; leaves palmately compound =Hemp, Cannabis sativa.=

9c. Erect plants; leaves not lobed or compound --10.

10a. Stems armed with stinging hairs --11.

10b. Stems glabrous or rough, but not with stinging hairs --12.

11a. Leaves ovate, with a heart-shape base
=Stinging Nettle, Urtica dioica.=

11b. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, not heart-shape at base
=Slender Nettle, Urtica gracilis.=

12a. Stems glabrous, pellucid
=Clearweed, Pilea pumila.=

12b. Stems rough, opaque =False Nettle, Boehmeria cylindrica.=

SANTALACEAE, the Sandalwood Family

Low herbs with alternate entire leaves and terminal clusters of small greenish-white bell-shape flowers without petals in spring and early summer.

1a. Inflorescence of several-flowered clusters terminating the stem and
in the upper axils =Toad-flax, Comandra umbellata.=

1b. Inflorescence of axillary clusters of 1-5 flowers
=Toad-flax, Comandra livida.=

LORANTHACEAE, the Mistletoe Family

Parasitic plants, attached to the branches of trees.

One species in Michigan, a dwarf brown plant 5-20 mm. long, with minute scale-like leaves, growing on the branches of Black Spruce =Dwarf Mistletoe, Arceuthobium pusillum.=

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, the Birthwort Family

Flowers greenish-brown or reddish-brown, at or near the ground, with inferior 6-celled ovary.

1a. Leaves alternate, on the stem; flowers on a basal scaly branch (1-4
dm. high; summer) =Virginia Snakeroot, Aristolochia serpentaria.=

1b. Leaves a single basal pair, bearing 1 short-stalked flower between
them (spring) (Wild Ginger) --2.

2a. Lobes of the perianth ending in a tubular portion 5-8 mm. long
=Wild Ginger, Asarum canadense.=

2b. Lobes of the perianth ending in a tubular portion over 1 cm.
long =Wild Ginger, Asarum canadense var. acuminatum.=

2c. Lobes of the perianth triangular, not tubular at the end
=Wild Ginger, Asarum canadense var. reflexum.=

POLYGONACEAE, the Buckwheat Family

Herbs with alternate entire leaves, stipules surrounding the stem above the base of each leaf, and small green, white or pink flowers without petals.

1a. Erect or ascending or prostrate or floating plants --2.

1b. Scrambling or climbing plants, clinging by sharp recurved prickles
on the 4-angled stems (flowers greenish or pink, summer)
(Tear-thumb) --32.

1c. Twining vines (flowers white or greenish, summer) --33.

2a. Sepals 6, the 3 inner ones enlarging in fruit and surrounding
the achenes; flowers in panicles --3.

2b. Sepals 4 or 5 (occasional flowers may be found with 6 sepals,
but the flowers are not in panicles) (summer) --13.

3a. Leaves arrow-shape or halberd-shape, with 2 basal lobes (Sorrel)
--4.

3b. Leaves without basal lobes (Dock) --5.

4a. Leaves halberd-shape, the basal lobes directed sidewise
=Red Sorrel, Rumex acetosella.=

4b. Leaves arrow-shape, the basal lobes directed backward
=Green Sorrel, Rumex acetosa.=

5a. The projecting wings of the fruiting calyx (known as valves) with
sharp slender teeth =Bitter Dock, Rumex obtusifolius.=

5b. Valves entire or finely dentate, but without sharp slender teeth
--6.

6a. Pedicels straight, thickened toward the end, all regularly
deflexed, 3-4 times longer than the fruiting calyx
=Swamp Dock, Rumex verticillatus.=

6b. Pedicels slender, flexuous, spreading --7.

7a. Leaves flat or nearly so --8.

7b. Leaves with strongly crisped or wavy-curled margins; plants usually
of cultivated grounds or waste places (5-10 dm., summer) --12.

8a. With grain-like tubercles on all 3 valves of the fruit --9.

8b. With grain-like tubercles on only one valve, or entirely
lacking --10.

9a. Valves broadly cordate, finely toothed
=Water Dock, Rumex brittanica.=

9b. Valves triangular-ovate, entire or nearly so
=Dock, Rumex mexicanus.=

10a. Valves oblong =Bloody Dock, Rumex sanguineus.=

10b. Valves broadly heart-shape --11.

11a. Grain-like tubercle less than half as long as the valve
=Patience Dock, Rumex patientia.=

11b. Grain-like tubercle more than half as long as the valve
=Tall Dock, Rumex altissimus.=

12a. The grain-like tubercle on the valves of the fruit broadly
ellipsoid, with rounded apex =Sour Dock, Rumex crispus.=

12b. Tubercle ovoid with tapering apex
=Sour Dock, Rumex elongatus.=

13a. Flowers inconspicuous, in small axillary clusters; leaves jointed
at the base (Knotweed) --14.

13b. Flowers more or less conspicuous, in obvious spikes or racemes
which terminate the stems or branches, or arise from the axils of
the upper leaves --18.

14a. Leaves sharply folded lengthwise (1-4 dm. tall)
=Knotweed, Polygonum tenue.=

14b. Leaves flat or nearly so --15.

15a. The small sepals pink or white at the margin (stems prostrate or
ascending) --16.

15b. Sepals greenish or yellowish throughout (stems erect or ascending)
--17.

16a. Leaves thin; common weed of dooryards and gardens
=Knotweed, Polygonum aviculare.=

16b. Leaves thick and fleshy; a plant of sandy shores
=Knotweed, Polygonum aviculare var. littorale.=

17a. Leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear-oblong; rare species
=Knotweed, Polygonum ramosissimum.=

17b. Leaves broadly oblong, oval, or elliptical; common weed of yards
and gardens =Knotweed, Polygonum erectum.=

18a. Leaves broadly triangular (3-7 dm. high; flowers white)
=Buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum.=

18b. Leaves from linear to ovate or oblong --19.

19a. Sepals 4; flowers in very long and slender spike-like racemes (4-10
dm. high) =Knotweed, Polygonum virginianum.=

19b. Sepals 5; flowers in spikes or racemes --20.

20a. Flowers on slender pedicels, forming a loose raceme; leaves
linear, jointed at the base (1-3 dm. high; flowers pink or
white; chiefly near the Great Lakes)
=Jointweed, Polygonella articulata.=

20b. Flowers sessile or nearly so, forming a spike or spike-like
raceme --21.

21a. Stipular sheaths at the base of the leaves ciliate at their upper
margin --22.

21b. Stipular sheaths not ciliate at the upper margin --28.

22a. Sheaths with spreading borders --23.

22b. Sheaths without a spreading border, appressed to the stem
(Smartweed) --24.

23a. Leaves ovate, acuminate; stem erect (1-2 m. high; flowers pink)
=Prince's Feather, Polygonum orientate.=

23b. Leaves oblong, obtuse or subacute; spreading or ascending plant of
wet soil =Water Smartweed, Polygonum amphibium var. hartwrightii.=

24a. Peduncles with glandular hairs (5-15 dm. high)
=Smartweed, Polygonum careyi.=

24b. Peduncles not glandular (1-8 dm. high) (Smartweed) --25.

25a. Sepals beset with minute black dots --26.

25b. Sepals white, pink, or red, not black-dotted --27.

26a. Racemes drooping or nodding at the tip; achene dull-colored
=Smartweed, Polygonum hydropiper.=

26b. Racemes erect; achene smooth and shining
=Smartweed, Polygonum acre.=

27a. Sheaths smooth; leaves usually with a dark spot near the base
=Smartweed, Polygonum persicaria.=

27b. Sheaths hairy; leaves not dark-spotted
=Smartweed, Polygonum hydropiperoides.=

28a. Leaves obtuse or somewhat acute at the apex --29.

28b. Leaves acuminate at the apex (5-15 dm. high; flowers white to
pink) (Smartweed) --30.

29a. Stem unbranched, erect, bearing a single terminal raceme (5-30 cm.
high; flowers pink) =Bistort, Polygonum viviparum.=

29b. Stem branched, submerged in water or creeping on muddy shores
(flowers pink) =Water Smartweed, Polygonum amphibium.=

30a. Raceme single or two; leaves broadly ovate-lanceolate, about 3
times as long as wide =Smartweed, Polygonum muhlenbergii.=

30b. Racemes numerous; leaves lanceolate, 4-6 times as long as wide
--31.

31a. Racemes drooping or nodding at the tip
=Smartweed, Polygonum lapathifolium.=

31b. Racemes erect =Smartweed, Polygonum pennsylvanicum.=

32a. Leaves arrow-shape, the basal lobes pointing backward
=Tear-thumb, Polygonum sagittatum.=

32b. Leaves halberd-shape, the basal lobes pointing sidewise
=Tear-thumb, Polygonum arifolium.=

33a. The three outer sepals becoming conspicuously winged in fruit
(False Buckwheat) --34.

33b. The sepals all unchanged in fruit, except in size (Black Bindweed)
--35.

34a. Wings of the fruit with wavy-curled margins
=False Buckwheat, Polygonum scandens.=

34b. Wings of the fruit flat
=False Buckwheat, Polygonum dumetorum.=

35a. Leaf-sheaths with a ring of bristles at the base
=Black Bindweed, Polygonum cilinode.=

35b. Leaf-sheaths without a ring of bristles
=Black Bindweed, Polygonum convolvulus.=

CHENOPODIACEAE, the Goosefoot Family

Herbs, with inconspicuous greenish or reddish flowers without petals, in summer.

1a. Leaves linear or nearly so, entire --2.

1b. Leaves of a broader shape, usually toothed or lobed --5.

2a. Leaves rather stiff, narrowly linear or thread-like, with
spine-like tips
=Russian Thistle, Salsola kali var. tenuifolia.=

2b. Leaves soft, not spine-like --3.

3a. Widely branched, rather diffuse, 1-5 dm. tall; plant of the shore of
the Great Lakes =Bug-seed, Corispermum hyssopifolium.=

3b. Erect plants with ascending branches --4.

4a. Leaves glabrous (3-6 dm. tall)
=Goosefoot, Chenopodium leptophyllum.=

4b. Leaves minutely ciliate on the margin (bushy branched, 5-10 dm.
tall) =Kochia, Kochia scoparia.=

5a. Principal leaves with a broad truncate, rounded, or hastate base
--6.

5b. Principal leaves narrowed to the base --12.

6a. Leaves broadly ovate, with 1-4 large sharp projecting teeth on
each side =Goosefoot, Chenopodium hybridum.=

6b. Leaves hastate or triangular-ovate, entire or with many teeth
--7.

7a. Leaves entire or merely undulate --8.

7b. Leaves sharply or sinuately toothed --9.

8a. Stem erect, simple or sparingly branched
=Good King Henry, Chenopodium bonus-henricus.=

8b. Stem diffuse or ascending, freely branched
=Orache, Atriplex patula.=

9a. Flowers in small heads, in the axils or in terminal spikes; leaves
sinuately toothed or nearly entire
=Strawberry Blite, Chenopodium capitatum.=

9b. Flowers in terminal panicles; leaves sharply toothed (Goosefoot)
--10.

10a. Panicles short, not as long as the subtending leaves
=Goosefoot, Chenopodium murale.=

10b. Panicles long, exceeding the subtending leaves --11.

11a. Calyx green =Goosefoot, Chenopodium urbicum.=

11b. Calyx red =Goosefoot, Chenopodium rubrum.=

12a. Foliage glandular and strongly aromatic --13.

12b. Foliage not glandular nor aromatic; sometimes ill-scented
--15.

13a. Flowers in large loose open spreading panicles; leaves deeply
pinnatifid =Jerusalem Oak, Chenopodium botrys.=

13b. Flowers clustered in slender axillary or terminal spikes --14.

14a. Spikes dense, leafy =Mexican Tea, Chenopodium ambrosioides.=

14b. Spikes open, nearly leafless
=Wormseed, Chenopodium ambrosioides var. anthelminticum.=

15a. Stem erect, 5-20 dm. tall; leaves frequently white-mealy
=Lamb's Quarters, Chenopodium album.=

15b. Stem prostrate or ascending, succulent; leaves glaucous-white
beneath =Goosefoot, Chenopodium glaucum.=

15c. Stem widely and diffusely branched; leaves green, soon deciduous
=Cycloloma, Cycloloma atriplicifolium.=

AMARANTHACEAE, the Amaranth Family

Herbs, with alternate leaves, and inconspicuous greenish or reddish flowers without petals, which are axillary or in dense clusters, blooming in summer.

1a. Flower-clusters axillary --2.

1b. Flower-clusters in terminal spikes or panicles, sometimes also
axillary --3.

2a. Plant prostrate or decumbent; seed about 1.5 mm. broad
=Pigweed, Amaranthus blitoides.=

2b. Plant erect or ascending, widely branched; seeds about 1 mm.
broad (3-10 dm. high) =Tumble Weed, Amaranthus graecizans.=

3a. Principal leaves with a pair of spines at their base
=Thorny Amaranth, Amaranthus spinosus.=

3b. Spines none at the base of the leaves --4.

4a. Weedy plants of cultivated or waste ground; flowers monoecious
or polygamous; pistillate flowers with a calyx (Pigweed) --5.

4b. Plants of swamps or stream-banks; flowers dioecious; pistillate
flowers without calyx (Water Hemp) --7.

5a. Spikes short, 1-8 cm. long, crowded in dense ovoid panicles; the
terminal spike not conspicuously elongated beyond the appressed or
ascending lower ones =Pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus.=

5b. Spikes slender, 1-12 cm. long; the terminal spike greatly exceeding
the short inconspicuous divergent lower ones --6.

6a. Bracts subulate, sharply awned =Pigweed, Amaranthus hybridus.=

6b. Bracts merely acuminate =Pigweed, Amaranthus paniculatus.=

7a. Flowers in leafy spikes, or the lower in separate clusters
=Water Hemp, Acnida tuberculata.=

7b. Flowers in separate distinct clusters
=Water Hemp, Acnida tuberculata var. subnuda.=

PHYTOLACCACEAE, the Pokeweed Family

Herbs with alternate entire leaves, small flowers without petals, and a many-celled ovary.

One species in Michigan, 1-2 m. high, with numerous racemes of whitish flowers, in late summer, followed by dark-purple berries =Pokeweed, Phytolacca decandra.=

NYCTAGINACEAE, the Four-o'Clock Family

Herbs, with opposite entire leaves and flowers in small clusters surrounded by a broad open calyx-like involucre; the true calyx colored like a corolla; petals none (4-8 dm. high; flowers purple, in summer).

1a. Leaves lanceolate or narrower, sessile
=Umbrella-wort, Oxybaphus hirsutus.=

1b. Leaves ovate, petioled
=Umbrella-wort, Oxybaphus nyctagineus.=

ILLECEBRACEAE, the Knotwort Family

Herbs, with opposite entire leaves, and minute flowers without petals. (Prostrate spreading or freely branched plants, 3 dm. high or less; flowers in summer.)

1a. Stipules none; leaves slightly connate at base, subulate
=Knawel, Scleranthus annuus.=

1b. Stipules present, but small; leaves elliptical or oval (Forked
Chickweed) --2.

2a. Stems pubescent; internodes seldom more than 1 cm. long
=Forked Chickweed, Anychia polygonoides.=

2b. Stems smooth; internodes about 2 cm. long
=Forked Chickweed, Anychia canadensis.=

AIZOACEAE, the Carpet-weed Family

Prostrate herbs, with whorled leaves and small whitish axillary flowers without petals, in summer.

One species in Michigan =Carpet-weed, Mollugo verticillata.=

CARYOPHYLLACEAE, the Pink Family

Herbs, with opposite or whorled entire leaves, and stems frequently swollen at the nodes. Sepals 4 or 5; petals separate, as many as the sepals, or rarely none; stamens twice as many as the petals in plants with conspicuous flowers, sometimes fewer in those with small flowers; ovary 1-celled, with the ovules on a central axis, and with 2-5 styles.

1a. Calyx spreading, of separate sepals; flowers 15 mm. wide or less;
petals sometimes none --2.

1b. Calyx tubular, of united sepals; flowers in many species more than
15 mm. wide; petals always present --22.

2a. Stipules present --3.

2b. Stipules none --4.

3a. Leaves opposite; flowers pink (about 1 dm. high; summer)
=Sand Spurrey, Spergularia rubra.=

3b. Leaves whorled; flowers white (1-5 dm. high; leaves linear; summer)
=Spurrey, Spergula arvensis.=

4a. Leaves subulate or thread-like --5.

4b. Leaves linear to ovate --7.

5a. Leaves opposite (1 dm. high or less; flowers white, summer)
=Pearlwort, Sagina procumbens.=

5b. Leaves fascicled in the axils --6.

6a. Styles 4 or 5 (1 dm. high; terminal white flowers 5 mm. wide,
in summer) =Pearlwort, Sagina nodosa.=

6b. Styles 3 (1-4 dm. high; flowers white, nearly 1 cm. wide,
summer) =Stitchwort, Arenaria stricta.=

7a. Petals entire (3 dm. high or less; flowers white, in summer)
(Stitchwort) --8.

7b. Petals notched or 2-cleft at the end, or none --11.

8a. Principal leaves 1 cm. long or less --9.

8b. Principal leaves 1.5 cm. long or more --10.

9a. Petals half as long as the sepals
=Stitchwort, Arenaria leptoclados.=

9b. Petals almost as long as the sepals
=Stitchwort, Arenaria serpyllifolia.=

10a. Leaves oblong-oval, obtuse. =Stitchwort, Arenaria lateriflora.=

10b. Leaves lanceolate, acute. =Stitchwort, Arenaria macrophylla.=

11a. Capsule splitting by valves at maturity; styles usually 3
(Chickweed) --12.

11b. Capsule opening by terminal teeth at maturity; styles usually 5
(tufted or matted plants, 1-5 dm. high; flowers white, in spring
and summer) (Mouse-ear Chickweed) --18.

12a. Petals distinctly shorter than the sepals, or none --13.

12b. Petals as long as the sepals, or longer --15.

13a. Leaves ovate (1-3 dm. high; flowers white, all summer)
=Chickweed, Stellaria media.=

13b. Leaves lanceolate to oblong (in water or wet places, 1-4 dm. high;
flowers white, in summer) --14.

14a. Flowers in a leafy terminal branching cluster
=Chickweed, Stellaria borealis.=

14b. Flowers in a lateral cluster with minute bracts
=Chickweed, Stellaria uliginosa.=

15a. Flowers in clusters with leaf-like bracts, or axillary and solitary
(in water or wet places; 1-3 dm. high; flowers white, summer)
=Chickweed, Stellaria crassifolia.=

15b. Flowers in clusters with scale-like bracts --16.

16a. Leaves distinctly linear; cymes lateral; a common species in
marshes (2-5 dm. high; flowers white, early summer)
=Chickweed, Stellaria longifolia.=

16b. Leaves distinctly broadest near the base; flower-cluster
terminal --17.

17a. Pedicels erect; clusters usually few-flowered; in extreme northern
part of the state only (1-3 dm. high; flowers white, summer)
=Chickweed, Stellaria longipes.=

17b. Pedicels spreading; clusters open, many-flowered (2-6 dm. high;
flowers white, in summer) =Chickweed, Stellaria graminea.=

18a. Petals distinctly longer than the sepals --19.

18b. Petals as long as the sepals, or shorter than them --21.

19a. Flowers much less than 1 cm. wide
=Mouse-ear Chickweed, Cerastium nutans.=

19b. Flowers more than 1 cm. wide --20.

20a. Stem-leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate
=Mouse-ear Chickweed, Cerastium arvense.=

20b. Stem-leaves oblong
=Mouse-ear Chickweed, Cerastium arvense var. oblongifolium.=

21a. Bracts green; pedicels short and inflorescence crowded
=Mouse-ear Chickweed, Cerastium viscosum.=

21b. Bracts with transparent white margins; pedicels longer than the
calyx and inflorescence open
=Mouse-ear Chickweed, Cerastium vulgatum.=

22a. Styles 5 --23.

22b. Styles 3 (3-10 dm. high; flowers in summer) --25.

22c. Styles 2 --29.

23a. Calyx-teeth much longer than the calyx-tube (erect, 4-10 dm. high;
flowers large, red, late summer)
=Corn Cockle, Agrostemma githago.=

23b. Calyx-teeth shorter than the calyx-tube (4-10 dm. high; flowers in
summer) --24.

24a. Flowers crimson =Mullein Pink, Lychnis coronaria.=

24b. Flowers white or pink =White Campion, Lychnis alba.=

25a. Flowers night-blooming, always wilted during the day
=Catchfly, Silene noctiflora.=

25b. Flowers open during the day --26.

26a. Flowers 6 mm. wide or less, white or pink
=Catchfly, Silene antirrhina.=

26b. Flowers 1-2 cm. wide, white to pink or purple --27.

26c. Flowers 2 cm. wide or more, crimson
=Fire Pink, Silene virginica.=

27a. Principal leaves in whorls of 4
=Starry Campion, Silene stellata.=

27b. Leaves opposite --28.

28a. Calyx globular, much inflated or bladder-like
=Bladder Campion, Silene latifolia.=

28b. Calyx club-shape, not inflated
=Sweet William Catchfly, Silene armeria.=

29a. Leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, 5 mm. wide or less (flowers
pink or white, in summer) --30.

29b. Leaves lanceolate or ovate (flowers pink, white, or red, in summer)
--32.

30a. Flowers in terminal clusters; leaves hairy (2-4 dm. high)
=Deptford Pink, Dianthus armeria.=

30b. Flowers solitary at the ends of long pedicels --31.

31a. Flowers 3-4 mm. wide (1-2 dm. high)
=Gypsophyll, Gypsophila muralis.=

31b. Flowers 1 cm. wide or more (1-5 dm. high)
=Meadow Pink, Dianthus deltoides.=

32a. Flowers less than 1 cm. broad --33.

32b. Flowers more than 1 cm. broad --34.

33a. Flowers white, in large panicles (4-7 dm. high)
=Baby's Breath, Gypsophila paniculata.=

33b. Flowers pale red, in loose clusters (4-10 dm. high)
=Cowherb, Saponaria vaccaria.=

34a. Leaves with 3-5 prominent veins (4-7 dm. high)
=Soapwort, Saponaria officinalis.=

34b. Leaves with one mid-vein (3-6 dm. high)
=Sweet William, Dianthus barbatus.=

PORTULACACEAE, the Purslane Family

Herbs with opposite or alternate leaves and regular flowers with 2 sepals, 5 petals, and a 1-celled ovary with 2 or 3 styles.

1a. Leaves a single pair on each stem (1-2 dm. high; flowers pink, in
racemes in early spring) (Spring Beauty) --2.

1b. Leaves numerous (prostrate or spreading; flowers in summer) --3.

2a. Leaves lance-ovate to oblong, not more than six times as long
as wide =Spring Beauty, Claytonia caroliniana.=

2b. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, more than six times as long
as wide =Spring Beauty, Claytonia virginica.=

3a. Flowers yellow, about 5 mm. wide =Purslane, Portulaca oleracea.=

3b. Flowers 2-5 cm. wide =Portulaca, Portulaca grandiflora.=

CERATOPHYLLACEAE, the Hornwort Family

Submerged aquatics, with whorled, finely dissected leaves and inconspicuous flowers with neither calyx nor corolla.

One species in Michigan =Hornwort, Ceratophyllum demersum.=

NYMPHAEACEAE, the Water Lily Family

Aquatic plants, with usually large and floating leaves which are round or elliptical and palmately veined.

1a. Floating and emersed leaves centrally peltate --2.

1b. Leaves rounded but not peltate, with a deep sinus --3.

2a. Leaves round, 3 dm. in diameter or more; flowers very large,
pale yellow =Lotus, Nelumbo lutea.=

2b. Leaves oval, 5-15 cm. long; flowers small, purple
=Water Shield, Brasenia schreberi.=

3a. Flowers yellow (Pond Lily) --4.

3b. Flowers white or tinged with pink (Water Lily) --5.

4a. Leaves more than 1 dm. long =Pond Lily, Nymphaea advena.=

4b. Leaves less than 1 dm. long =Pond Lily, Nymphaea microphylla.=

5a. Flowers very fragrant; leaves purplish beneath
=Water Lily, Castalia odorata.=

5b. Flowers not fragrant; leaves green beneath
=Water Lily, Castalia tuberosa.=

RANUNCULACEAE, the Crowfoot Family

Herbs with alternate (rarely opposite) leaves, acrid watery juice, separate sepals and petals, numerous stamens, and several or many (rarely only 1) simple pistils. Petals present or absent, in the latter case the sepals are usually petal-like in appearance.

1a. Climbing plants with opposite leaves (flowers in late summer)
(Virgin's Bower) --2.

1b. Aquatic plants with dissected submerged leaves (flowers in late
spring and summer) (Water Crowfoot) --3.

1c. Terrestrial or mud plants, not agreeing with 1a or 1b --6.

2a. Flowers white, 2-3 cm. wide
=Virgin's Bower, Clematis virginiana.=

2b. Flowers pink-purple, 5-8 cm. wide
=Virgin's Bower, Clematis verticillaris.=

3a. Flowers white --4.

3b. Flowers yellow --5.

4a. Leaves rigid, not collapsing when removed from the water
=Water Crowfoot, Ranunculus circinatus.=

4b. Leaves soft, collapsing when removed from the water
=Water Crowfoot, Ranunculus aquatilis var. capillaceus.=

5a. Submerged leaves divided into hair-like segments
=Water Crowfoot, Ranunculus delphinifolius.=

5b. Submerged leaves palmately divided into linear lobes
=Water Crowfoot, Ranunculus purshii.=

6a. Flowers blue, irregular, with one spur (4-8 dm. high, summer)
=Larkspur, Delphinium ajacis.=

6b. The five petals each prolonged into a spur; flowers showy (4-8
dm. tall) (Columbine) --7.

6c. Flowers regular, without spurs --8.

7a. Spurs nearly straight; flowers scarlet and yellow (spring)
=Wild Columbine, Aquilegia canadensis.=

7b. Spurs strongly incurved; flowers blue or white (spring, early
summer) =Columbine, Aquilegia vulgaris.=

8a. Flowers yellow --9.

8b. Flowers of various colors, but never yellow --28.

9a. Petals none; sepals petal-like; leaves crenate or dentate (2-4 dm.
high, flowers in early spring) =Cowslip, Caltha palustris.=

9b. Petals small; sepals petal-like; leaves deeply palmately lobed (4-6
dm. tall; flowers in late spring) =Globe-flower, Trollius laxus.=

9c. Petals yellow; sepals green or yellowish --10.

10a. Leaves linear to narrowly oblong, entire or with minute teeth
(flowers 10-15 mm. wide, in summer) --11.

10b. Leaves broader, some or all of them lobed or divided, or
cordate-ovate and not lobed --12.

11a. Stems ascending (4-8 dm. high), rooting at the lower joints; fruits
pointed with a long slender beak
=Spearwort, Ranunculus laxicaulis.=

11b. Stems prostrate and trailing, rooting at the joints; fruits tipped
with a minute short beak
=Spearwort, Ranunculus flammula var. reptans.=

12a. Basal leaves, or most of them, merely serrate or crenate, and
not obviously lobed --13.

12b. All the leaves lobed or divided --16.

13a. Stem-leaves resembling the basal ones, and not lobed (1-2 dm. high;
summer) =Sea-side Crowfoot, Ranunculus cymbalaria.=

13b. Stem-leaves deeply divided into oblong or linear segments --14.

14a. Flowers 1.5 cm. wide or more (1-3 dm. high; spring)
=Buttercup, Ranunculus rhomboideus.=

14b. Flowers 1 cm. wide or less (2-5 dm. high; spring) --15.

15a. Foliage glabrous or minutely pubescent; basal leaves cordate
=Small-flowered Crowfoot, Ranunculus abortivus.=

15b. Foliage villous; basal leaves barely cordate or not at all
=Small-flowered Crowfoot, Ranunculus micranthus.=

16a. Stem erect or essentially so --17.

16b. Stem prostrate, creeping, or ascending. Early in spring
stems may be found which appear almost erect. Common
spring-flowering buttercups are all classified here --22.

17a. Flowers 2 cm. broad or larger (Buttercup) --18.

17b. Flowers 1 cm. broad or smaller --19.

18a. Terminal lobe of leaf stalked (2-5 dm. high, early summer)
=Buttercup, Ranunculus bulbosus.=

18b. Terminal lobe of leaf sessile (5-10 dm. high; all summer)
=Buttercup, Ranunculus acris.=

19a. Plant glabrous, succulent; stem hollow (1-5 dm. high; spring and
summer) =Cursed Crowfoot, Ranunculus sceleratus.=

19b. Plant pubescent (Buttercup) --20.

20a. Fruits tipped with a prominent recurved beak; plant of shady
woods (2-6 dm. high; flowers in late spring)
=Buttercup, Ranunculus recurvatus.=

20b. Fruits tipped with a straight or slightly curved beak; plants
of marshes or wet soil (3-6 dm. high; flowers in summer) --21.

21a. Fruits in a short-cylindric head on a conical receptacle
=Buttercup, Ranunculus pennsylvanicus.=

21b. Fruits in a globose or short-ovoid head, on an obovoid receptacle
=Buttercup, Ranunculus macounii.=

22a. Leaves dissected into numerous linear or narrowly wedge-shape
divisions; plants growing in water or very wet places (late
spring and summer)
=Water Crowfoot, Ranunculus delphinifolius.=

22b. Leaves palmately lobed, the terminal division not definitely
stalked --23.

22c. Leaves compound, some or all of the divisions on definite
stalks (Buttercup) --24.

23a. Stem-leaves numerous (1-2 dm. tall; late spring and summer)
=Crowfoot, Ranunculus purshii.=

23b. Stem-leaves one or none, the principal leaves all basal (about 1
dm. high; flowers in summer) =Buttercup, Ranunculus lapponicus.=

24a. Style short, obviously curved --25.

24b. Style long and slender, straight or nearly so (common
spring-flowering buttercups, 2-5 dm. high) --26.

25a. Stems creeping; flowers 2 cm. wide or more (spring)
=Buttercup, Ranunculus repens.=

25b. Stems ascending; flowers 1.5 cm. wide or less (3-6 dm. high;
summer) =Buttercup, Ranunculus macounii.=

26a. The two lateral divisions of the leaf sessile or nearly so
=Buttercup, Ranunculus fascicularis.=

26b. The two lateral divisions of the leaf on long stalks --27.

27a. Roots fibrous; plants of wet soil
=Buttercup, Ranunculus septentrionalis.=

27b. Roots thickened; plants of dry woods or thickets
=Buttercup, Ranunculus hispidus.=

28a. Leaves dissected into numerous narrowly linear acute divisions
(4-7 dm. high; flowers large, bluish, in summer)
=Love-in-a-mist, Nigella damascena.=

28b. Leaves lobed or divided, but the divisions not separated by
definite stalks --29.

28c. Leaves truly compound, all their divisions separated by
distinct stalks --39.

29a. Leaves all basal, their lobes (usually 3) entire (1-2 dm. high;
flowers pink-purple, in earliest spring) (Hepatica) --30.

29b. Lobes of the leaf serrate or incised --31.

30a. Lobes of the leaf obtuse or rounded
=Hepatica, Hepatica triloba.=

30b. Lobes of the leaf acute =Hepatica, Hepatica acutiloba.=

31a. Petals none; sepals 3, usually falling away as soon as the flower
opens (2-4 dm. high; flowers greenish-white, in spring)
=Golden Seal, Hydrastis canadensis.=

31b. Petals none; sepals petal-like, 4 or more (Anemone) --32.

31c. Petals present, but much smaller than the 5 petal-like sepals --38.

32a. Stem-leaves sessile or nearly so --33.

32b. Stem-leaves on definite petioles --35.

33a. Ovary tipped with a long slender hairy style; flowers bluish-purple
(1-4 dm. high; early spring)
=Pasque Flower, Anemone patens var. wolfgangiana.=

33b. Ovary with a short style, densely woolly; flowers red, greenish, or
white (1-4 dm. high; late spring and summer) --34.

33c. Ovary tipped with a short style, glabrous or nearly so; flowers
white (4-7 dm. high; late spring and early summer)
=Anemone, Anemone canadensis.=

34a. Stem 1-flowered, sepals white
=Anemone, Anemone parviflora.=

34b. Stem 3-flowered; sepals usually red
=Anemone, Anemone multifida.=

35a. Achenes densely woolly; flowers appearing in summer --36.

35b. Achenes merely pubescent; stems 1-flowered; woodland species
blooming in early spring (1-2 dm. high; flowers white)
=Wood Anemone, Anemone quinquefolia.=

36a. Segments of the leaf broadly wedge-shape or ovate; flowers
white (4-8 dm. high) --37.

36b. Segments of the leaf linear-oblong; flower red, greenish, or
white; plants growing on the shores of the Great Lakes
=Anemone, Anemone multifida.=

37a. Segments of the basal leaves wedge-lanceolate; head of fruit
cylindric =Anemone, Anemone cylindrica.=

37b. Segments of the basal leaves ovate-lanceolate; head of fruit ovoid
or oblong =Anemone, Anemone virginiana.=

38a. Stem-leaves present --9b.

38b. Leaves all basal (1-2 dm. high; leaves 3-divided; flowers
white, in early summer) =Gold-thread, Coptis trifolia.=

39a. Flowers numerous, in branching panicles (Meadow Rue) --40.

39b. Flowers numerous, in racemes --43.

39c. Flowers solitary or few, in loose clusters; woodland plants
blooming in early spring (1-3 dm. high; flowers white to purple)
--45.

40a. Blooming in spring; stem-leaves with obvious petioles (3-7 dm.
high; flowers white or greenish)
=Meadow Rue, Thalictrum dioicum.=

40b. Blooming in late spring or summer, stem-leaves sessile or
nearly so (8-15 dm. high; flowers white) --41.

41a. Filaments club-shape, approximately as wide as the anther
=Meadow Rue, Thalictrum polygamum.=

41b. Filaments slender or thread-like --42.

42a. Leaves minutely pubescent beneath, but not glandular
=Meadow Rue, Thalictrum dasycarpum.=

42b. Leaves minutely glandular beneath
=Meadow Rue, Thalictrum revolutum.=

43a. Racemes slender, 10-90 cm. long (8-15 dm. high; flowers white, in
summer) =Bugbane, Cimicifuga racemosa.=

43b. Racemes short and stout, 3-8 cm. long (4-8 dm. high; flowers white,
in late spring) (Baneberry) --44.

44a. Berries white; pedicels strongly thickened at maturity
=Baneberry, Actaea alba.=

44b. Berries red; pedicels slender =Baneberry, Actaea rubra.=

45a. Flowers white; stem-leaves alternate
=Isopyrum, Isopyrum biternatum.=

45b. Flowers white to pink or purplish; stem-leaves whorled
=Rue Anemone, Anemonella thalictroides.=

MAGNOLIACEAE, the Magnolia Family

Trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves, and large, frequently showy flowers.

One species in Michigan, with broad 4-lobed leaves and greenish-yellow flowers in late spring =Tulip Tree, Liriodendron tulipifera.=

ANONACEAE, the Custard Apple Family

Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple entire leaves, 3 sepals, and 6 petals.

One species in Michigan; tall shrub or small tree, with obovate leaves and large dull-purple flowers in spring =Papaw, Asimina triloba.=

MENISPERMACEAE, the Moonseed Family

Woody climbers, with alternate leaves, 6-8 petals, and numerous stamens.

One species in Michigan, with 5-7-angled leaves which are peltate near the edge, and small white flowers in early summer =Moonseed, Menispermum canadense.=

BERBERIDACEAE, the Barberry Family

Shrubs or herbs; petals 6 or more; stamens 6-18, frequently opening by two terminal lids; pistil 1.

1a. Leaves simple --2.

1b. Leaves compound --3.

2a. Stem shrubby (flowers yellow, in racemes, in spring)
=Barberry, Berberis vulgaris.=

2b. Stem herbaceous, with a single pair of palmately lobed leaves
(4-6 dm. tall; flower white, solitary, terminal, in spring)
=May Apple, Podophyllum peltatum.=

3a. Leaves all basal; leaflets 2 (2-4 dm. high; the flower-stalks
bearing solitary white flowers in spring)
=Twin-leaf, Jeffersonia diphylla.=

3b. The stem-leaf ternately compound, with numerous leaflets (4-8 dm.
high; with yellowish-green clustered flowers in spring)
=Blue Cohosh, Caulophyllum thalictroides.=

LAURACEAE, the Laurel Family

Trees or shrubs, with aromatic taste or odor, and alternate simple leaves; flowers small, imperfect, the anthers opening by lids.

1a. Freely branched shrub; leaves obovate-oblong, entire (flowers
yellow, in early spring, before the leaves)
=Spice Bush, Benzoin aestivale.=

1b. Tree or tall shrub; some or all of the leaves 2-3-lobed (flowers
greenish-yellow, appearing with the leaves)
=Sassafras, Sassafras variifolium.=

PAPAVERACEAE, the Poppy Family

Herbs with milky or colored juice, regular flowers, 2 sepals, 4, 6, or 8 petals, numerous stamens, and a 1-celled ovary.

1a. Leaves palmately lobed; flower 2.5-5 cm. wide, with 8 petals or more
(leaf basal; flower white, in early spring)
=Bloodroot, Sanguinaria canadensis.=

1b. Leaves pinnately toothed or lobed; flower 7-10 cm. wide, with 4-6
petals (4-8 cm. high; leaves clasping; summer)
=Poppy, Papaver somniferum.=

1c. Leaves divided pinnately to the mid-rib into several toothed or
lobed segments; flower 2.5 cm. broad or less (3-5 cm. high; flowers
yellow) --2.

2a. Flowers in clusters of 2-4, about 3 cm. wide (spring)
=Celandine Poppy, Stylophorum diphyllum.=

2b. Flowers in umbels of 3-8, about 1.5 cm. wide
=Celandine, Chelidonium majus.=

FUMARIACEAE, the Fumitory Family

Herbs with watery juice, compound or dissected leaves, and irregular flowers; sepals 2, small; petals 4, in two pairs, and one or both of the outer pair spurred at the base; stamens 6.

1a. Both outer petals spurred or sack-like at the base --2.

1b. One outer petal spurred or sack-like at the base --4.

2a. A climbing vine with flowers in panicles (white or pinkish
flowers in summer) =Climbing Fumitory, Adlumia fungosa.=

2b. Low herbs (2-4 cm.) with basal leaves and white or pinkish
flowers in racemes (early spring) --3.

3a. Spurs of the corolla triangular, divergent
=Dutchman's Breeches, Dicentra cucullaria.=

3b. Spurs of the corolla short and rounded
=Squirrel Corn, Dicentra canadensis.=

4a. Flowers about 5 mm. long, pink-purple tipped with red (3-8 dm.
high; summer) =Fumitory, Fumaria officinalis.=

4b. Flowers 10 mm. long or more, yellow, at least at the tip (2-6
dm. high) (Corydalis) --5.

5a. Flowers yellow throughout (spring) =Corydalis, Corydalis aurea.=

5b. Flowers pink, tipped with yellow (summer).
=Corydalis, Corydalis sempervirens.=

CRUCIFERAE, the Mustard Family

Herbs, with alternate, frequently lobed or dissected leaves, and regular flowers, usually in racemes; sepals and petals each 4, stamens 6, 4 long and 2 short (or rarely 2 only), ovary 1.

1a. Petals yellow or yellowish --2.

1b. Petals white, pink, or purple, never yellow --29.

2a. Leaves simple, entire or dentate, never lobed --3.

2b. Leaves deeply lobed or compound (the bracteal leaves, at or
near the flower-clusters, may be simple and unlobed) --10.

3a. Leaves clasping the stem --4.

3b. Leaves not clasping at base --6.

4a. Clasping base and apex of leaf obtuse or rounded; pod very long
and slender (3-8 dm. high; summer)
=Hare's Ear, Conringia orientalis.=

4b. Clasping base and apex of leaf acute; pod obovoid (3-7 dm.
high; early summer) (False Flax) --5.

5a. Stem and leaves glabrous =False Flax, Camelina sativa.=

5b. Leaves and usually the stem pubescent
=False Flax, Camelina microcarpa.=

6a. Flowers about 2 mm. wide (1-3 dm. high; flowers in summer) --7.

6b. Flowers 5 mm. wide or more (2-6 dm. high; flowers in summer)
--8.

7a. Leaves about twice as long as broad, widest near or below the middle
=Whitlow Grass, Draba nemorosa.=

7b. Leaves 3-5 times as long as broad, widest above the middle
=Yellow Alyssum, Alyssum alyssoides.=

8a. Leaves lanceolate, gradually tapering to the base; flowers
about 15 mm. wide =Sand Rocket, Diplotaxis muralis.=

8b. Leaves ovate, acute at base; flowers about 15 mm. wide --22a.

8c. Leaves entire or minutely toothed; flowers 5-10 mm. wide --9.

9a. Pods 25 mm. long or less, on slender pedicels about 8 mm. long
=Worm-seed Mustard, Erysimum cheiranthoides.=

9b. Pods 20 mm. long or more, on stout pedicels about 4 mm. long
=Worm-seed Mustard, Erysimum parviflorum.=

10a. Leaves bipinnate or dissected into very numerous divisions
(3-8 dm. high; flowers in summer) --11.

10b. Leaves simply pinnate --13.

11a. Flowers about 5 mm. broad; pods about 20 mm. long by 1 mm. broad
=Herb Sophia, Sisymbrium sophia.=

11b. Flowers about 3 mm. broad; pods about 8 mm. long by 2 mm. wide
(Tansy Mustard) --12.

12a. Stems gray with a close fine pubescence
=Tansy Mustard, Sisymbrium canescens.=

12b. Stems green
=Tansy Mustard, Sisymbrium canescens var. brachycarpon.=

13a. Pod short, not more than 3 times as long as wide (coarse plants,
preferring wet or sandy ground; flowers in summer) (Yellow Cress)
--14.

13b. Pod elongated, more than 4 times as long as wide --17.

14a. Stems creeping, with erect or ascending branches; flowers
about 8 mm. wide =Yellow Cress, Radicula sylvestris.=

14b. Stems erect or ascending (3-10 dm. high); flowers about 4 mm.
wide --15.

15a. Pods about twice as long as the pedicels
=Yellow Cress, Radicula obtusa.=

15b. Pods about as long as the pedicels, or shorter than them --16.

16a. Plant glabrous or minutely pubescent
=Yellow Cress, Radicula palustris.=

16b. Plant hirsute =Yellow Cress, Radicula palustris var. hispida.=

17a. Petals 7 mm. long or more; pod terminating in a conspicuous beak
(coarse, weedy plants, 3-12 dm. high, blooming in summer) --18.

17b. Petals of smaller size; pod not terminating in a conspicuous beak
--24.

18a. Upper stem-leaves clasping at the base
=Rutabaga, Brassica campestris.=

18b. Upper stem-leaves not clasping --19.

19a. Pod tipped with a slender cylindrical beak whose base is much
narrower than the pod --20.

19b. Pod gradually narrowed at its tip into a stout, flattened or angled
beak --22.

20a. Leaves oblanceolate, rather regularly pinnatifid, the terminal
segment about the same size as the lateral ones
=Sand Rocket, Diplotaxis muralis.=

20b. Leaves broad, irregularly pinnatifid especially below the
middle, with a large terminal segment --21.

21a. Beak of pod 3-4 mm. long =Black Mustard, Brassica nigra.=

21b. Beak of pod 5 mm. long or more =Indian Mustard, Brassica juncea.=

22a. Leaves dentate or lobed =Charlock, Brassica arvensis.=

22b. Leaves deeply pinnatifid --23.

23a. Pod dehiscent when ripe by two valves, tipped with a flat or angled
beak =White Mustard, Brassica alba.=

23b. Pod indehiscent, with spongy cross-partitions between the seeds,
tipped with a conical beak =Wild Radish, Raphanus raphanistrum.=

24a. Terminal segment of the principal leaves much larger than the
lateral segments; flowers in spring and summer --25.

24b. Terminal segment of the principal leaves equaling or smaller
than the lateral ones (5-10 dm. high; pods very long and
slender; flowers in summer)
=Sisymbrium, Sisymbrium altissimum.=

25a. Flowers about 3 mm. wide; pods erect and closely appressed to the
stem (3-9 dm. high; weed blooming in summer) (Hedge Mustard) --26.

25b. Flowers about 7 mm. wide; pods spreading or ascending (3-6 dm.
high; flowers in spring) (Winter Cress) --27.

26a. Pods pubescent =Hedge Mustard, Sisymbrium officinale.=

26b. Pods glabrous
=Hedge Mustard, Sisymbrium officinale var. leiocarpum.=

27a. Lateral leaf-segments 5-8 pairs on the principal leaves
=Winter Cress, Barbarea verna.=

27b. Lateral leaf-segments 1-4 pairs on the principal leaves --28.

28a. Flowers bright yellow, in racemes; pods spreading or ascending
=Winter Cress, Barbarea vulgaris.=

28b. Flowers pale yellow, in corymb-like clusters; pods erect and
somewhat appressed =Winter Cress, Barbarea stricta.=

29a. Principal stem-leaves compound or deeply lobed (the uppermost or
bracteal leaves may be simple) --30.

29b. Principal stem-leaves entire, dentate, serrate, or sometimes
shallowly lobed or none (the basal leaves, at the surface of the
ground, may be deeply lobed or compound) --42.

30a. Leaves ternately divided or compound (2-5 dm. high; flowers in
spring) (Toothwort) --31.

30b. Leaves pinnately divided or compound --33.

31a. Leaf-segments lanceolate or narrowly oblong
=Toothwort, Dentaria laciniata.=

31b. Leaf-segments ovate or ovate-oblong --32.

32a. Stem-leaves 2, opposite or nearly opposite
=Toothwort, Dentaria diphylla.=

32b. Stem-leaves 2-5, alternate
=Toothwort, Dentaria maxima.=

33a. Plants growing in water, or in mud near water (spring and summer)
--34.

33b. Plants of dry or moist soil --35.

34a. Aerial leaves distinctly compound, with 3-11 leaflets
=Water Cress, Radicula nasturtium-aquaticum.=

34b. Aerial leaves merely serrate to pinnatifid; the submerged
leaves, if present, dissected
=Lake Cress, Radicula aquatica.=

35a. Flowers 5 mm. broad, or less --36.

35b. Flowers 6 mm. broad, or more --39.

36a. Stem-leaves irregularly pinnatifid or lobed; pod about as
broad as long (2-4 dm. high; flowers in summer)
=Garden Cress, Lepidium sativum.=

36b. Stem-leaves distinctly pinnatifid, with 3-6 pairs of lateral
segments (spring) (Bitter Cress) --37.

37a. Leaves chiefly basal, pubescent on the upper side (1-3 dm. tall)
=Bitter Cress, Cardamine hirsuta.=

37b. Stem-leaves conspicuous, glabrous on the upper side --38.

38a. Plant of dry soil; flowers about 3 mm. wide (1-4 dm. high)
=Bitter Cress, Cardamine parviflora.=

38b. Plant of moist or wet soil; flowers about 5 mm. wide (2-8 dm.
high) =Bitter Cress, Cardamine pennsylvanica.=

39a. Leaves irregularly pinnatifid or lobed, not segmented into
definitely paired divisions (coarse plants 4-8 dm. high; flowers
in summer) --40.

39b. Leaves deeply segmented into 3-10 pairs of divisions --41.

40a. Flowers pink or white from the first
=Radish, Raphanus sativus.=

40b. Flowers yellow at first, turning white with age
=Wild Radish, Raphanus raphanistrum.=

41a. Flowers pink or white, appearing in spring (2-5 dm. high)
=Cuckoo Flower, Cardamine pratensis.=

41b. Flowers yellowish or cream-color; a weed blooming in summer (5-10
dm. high) =Sisymbrium, Sisymbrium altissimum.=

42a. A fleshy, much-branched plant of the shores of the Great
Lakes, with a pod transversely divided into two joints
(2-3 dm. high; summer) =Sea Rocket, Cakile edentula.=

42b. Pod not transversely divided into two joints --43.

43a. Pod short, its length not more than 3 times its diameter --44.

43b. Pod long and slender, its length more than 3 times its diameter
--55.

44a. Pods not conspicuously flattened, thick and plump, about
circular in cross-section (flowers in summer) --45.

44b. Pods distinctly flat --46.

45a. A plant escaped from cultivation in dry or moist soil, with very
large basal leaves (5-10 dm. high)
=Horse Radish, Radicula armoracia.=

45b. A plant of water or very wet soil, the largest leaves seldom more
than 15 cm. long (1-5 dm. tall) =Lake Cress, Radicula aquatica.=

46a. Stem-leaves clasping the stem by an auricled base --47.

46b. Stem-leaves sessile or petioled, not clasping, or none --49.

47a. Stem and leaves glabrous or pubescent; pod very flat and circular,
about 10 mm. wide (1-5 dm. tall; early summer)
=Penny Cress, Thlaspi arvense.=

47b. Stem and leaves glabrous or pubescent; pod not more than 5 mm. wide
(1-6 dm. high; spring and early summer) --48.

48a. Pods broadly ovate =Field Cress, Lepidium campestre.=

48b. Pods triangular, or slightly indented at the apex
=Shepherd's Purse, Capsella bursa-pastoris.=

49a. Pods about circular, or a very little longer than broad --50.

49b. Pods ovoid or oblong, broadest near the middle, and distinctly
longer than wide (Whitlow Grass) --53.

50a. Leaves entire (1-3 dm. high; flowers in summer)
=Yellow Alyssum, Alyssum alyssoides.=

50b. Leaves serrate (2-6 dm. high; flowers in summer) --51.

51a. Stamens 6 =Garden Cress, Lepidium sativum.=

51b. Stamens 2 (Pepper Grass) --52.

52a. Petals present =Pepper Grass, Lepidium virginicum.=

52b. Petals none =Pepper Grass, Lepidium apetalum.=

53a. Petals deeply 2-cleft (about 1 dm. high; early spring)
=Whitlow Grass, Draba verna.=

53b. Petals entire or barely notched at the tip --54.

54a. Leaves all or chiefly at or near the base (about 1 dm. high;
spring) =Whitlow Grass, Draba caroliniana.=

54b. Stems leafy up to the flowers (1-5 dm. high; summer)
=Whitlow Grass, Draba arabisans.=

55a. Stem-leaves cordate or sagittate at the base and sessile, forming a
more or less clasping leaf (3-10 dm. high) (Rock Cress) --56.

55b. Stem-leaves sessile or somewhat petioled, but not clasping --63.

56a. Seeds in 2 rows in each cavity of the pod (early summer) --57.

56b. Seeds in 1 row in each cavity of the pod --59.

57a. Calyx pubescent; the pods reflexed =Rock Cress, Arabis holboellii.=

57b. Calyx glabrous; the pods spreading or ascending --58.

58a. Basal leaves densely pubescent
=Rock Cress, Arabis brachycarpa.=

58b. Basal leaves smooth or nearly so
=Rock Cress, Arabis drummondii.=

59a. Petals conspicuous, about twice as long as the calyx, or longer;
straight, erect, mostly unbranched plants --60.

59b. Petals inconspicuous, equaling or but little longer than the calyx
--61.

60a. Pods 3-4 cm. long, ascending (summer)
=Rock Cress, Arabis patens.=

60b. Pods 8-10 cm. long, recurved (late spring)
=Rock Cress, Arabis laevigata.=

61a. Pods widely spreading; stem usually sparingly branched near the
base (spring) =Rock Cress, Arabis dentata.=

61b. Pods erect or appressed; stem usually unbranched (summer) --62.

62a. Stem-leaves and stem smooth and glaucous
=Rock Cress, Arabis glabra.=

62b. Stem-leaves and stem almost always pubescent, and never
glaucous =Rock Cress, Arabis hirsuta.=

63a. Principal stem-leaves 7-10 cm. long, or more --64.

63b. Principal stem-leaves 2-5 cm. long --65.

64a. Leaves lanceolate or oblong; flowers 10 mm. wide or less (3-7
dm. high; summer) =Rock Cress, Arabis canadensis.=

64b. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate; flowers 15-20 mm. wide (5-8
dm. high; late spring and summer)
=Dame's Rocket, Hesperis matronalis.=