Chapter VI: Some Rural Festivals and Ceremonies (3)

[294] Campbell, "Notes," 248.

[295] Rhys, "Lectures," 359.

[296] Kelly, "Curiosities," 159; Conway, "Demonology," i. 126; Gubernatis, "Zoological Mythology," i. 225; Dyer, "Popular Customs," 274; Brand, "Observations," 616.

[297] Tawney, "Katha Sarit Sâgara," i. 439.

[298] Campbell, "Santâl Folk-tales," 54.

[299] Campbell, "Notes," 239.

[300] Dalton, "Descriptive Ethnology," 109, 220, 234.

[301] Campbell, loc. cit., 232.

[302] Ibbetson, "Panjâb Ethnography," 119.

[303] "Panjâb Notes and Queries," ii. 42; "North Indian Notes and Queries," ii. 27.

[304] "Eastern India," iii. 555.

[305] "North Indian Notes and Queries," ii. 151 sq.

[306] "Notes," 461.

[307] "Bombay Gazetteer," vii. 61.

[308] Risley, "Tribes and Castes," ii. 201.

[309] Dalton, "Descriptive Ethnology," 194.

[310] Ibid., 319.

[311] Atkinson, "Himâlayan Gazetteer," ii. 912.

[312] Wright, "History of Nepâl," 33.

[313] "Settlement Report," 38.

[314] "Archæological Reports," x. 177.

[315] "North Indian Notes and Queries," i. 15.

[316] "Settlement Report," 167.

[317] "Bombay Gazetteer," iii. 221.

[318] Oppert, "Original Inhabitants," 73.

[319] "Totemism," 33 sqq.

[320] Campbell, "Notes," 250.

[321] Manning, "Ancient India," ii. 330 sq.; Tawney, "Katha Sarit Sâgara," i. 185.

[322] "Primitive Culture," ii. 239.

[323] Monier-Williams, "Brâhmanism and Hinduism," 319 sqq.

[324] Wheeler, "History of India," i. 148; "Gazetteer Central Provinces," lxiii.; lxxii.; Campbell, "Notes," 269; Ferguson, "Tree and Serpent Worship," Appendix D; Elliot, "Supplementary Glossary," s.v. "Gaur Taga"; Tod, "Annals," i. 38; Atkinson, "Himâlayan Gazetteer," ii. 280 sqq., 297; Temple, "Legends of the Panjâb," i. 414 sq.

[325] Bhekal Nâg is perhaps the Sanskrit bheka, "frog." It has been suggested that the gypsy Beng or Devil is connected with Bheka, and thus allied to serpent-worship (Groome, "Encyclopædia Britannica," Art. "Gypsies"). Sir G. Cox ("Introduction," 87, note) makes out Bheki, or "the squatting frog," to be an old name for the sun. For the Himâlayan snake shrines see Atkinson, loc. cit., ii. 374 sq.

[326] Oldham, "Contemporary Review," April, 1885.

[327] Oldfield, "Sketches," ii. 204; Wright, "History," 85.

[328] Tawney, "Katha Sarit Sâgara," ii. 173, 544.

[329] "Calcutta Review," li. 304 sq.; liv. 25 sq.; Ferguson, "Eastern Architecture," 289; "Central Provinces Gazetteer," 86.

[330] Tawney, loc. cit. i. 577.

[331] Ibid., i. 312; ii. 225.

[332] "Archæological Reports," vii. 4.

[333] "Settlement Report," 121.

[334] Beal, "Travels of Fah Hian," 67 sq.

[335] "Archæological Reports," i. 274.

[336] Wright, "History of Nepâl," 85, 141.

[337] Henderson, "Folk-lore of the Northern Counties," 289; "Gloucestershire Folk-lore," 23.

[338] Führer, "Monumental Antiquities," 144.

[339] Beal, loc. cit., 90.

[340] "Eastern India," ii. 149.

[341] Growse, "Mathura," 55, 58.

[342] Ibid., 71.

[343] "Reports," xxi. 2, "Academy," 23rd April, 1887.

[344] Sherring, "Sacred City," 75, 87 sqq.; Führer, "Monumental Antiquities," 211. For weather snakes see Tawney, "Katha Sarit Sâgara," i. 438.

[345] "Brâhmanism and Hinduism," 323.

[346] Tawney, loc. cit., i. 32, 55, 538; ii. 568.

[347] Gangadatta, "Folk-lore of Kumaun," Introduction, vii.

[348] Ibbetson, "Panjâb Ethnography," 114; "Legends of the Panjâb," i. 426.

[349] "Principles of Sociology," i. 345; Gubernatis, "Zoological Mythology," ii. 407 sq.; Wake, "Serpent-worship," 105; Tylor, "Primitive Culture," ii. 240.

[350] Leland, "Etruscan Roman Remains," 132.

[351] "Panjâb Notes and Queries," i. 2.

[352] Tod, "Annals," i. 777 sqq.

[353] Clouston, "Popular Tales," i. 127; Grimm, "Household Tales," ii. 405; Tawney, "Katha Sarit Sâgara," ii. 454; Jacobs, "English Fairy Tales," 207, 251.

[354] Gubernatis, "Zoological Mythology," ii. 407; Clouston, loc. cit., i. 126.

[355] "Panjâb Notes and Queries," ii. 91.

[356] Conway, "Demonology," i. 353 sq.

[357] Miss Frere, "Old Deccan Tales," 33; Lâl Bihâri Dê, "Folk-tales," 19.

[358] "Oriental Memoirs," ii. 19, 385.

[359] Knowles, "Folk-tales," 492.

[360] Tawney, "Katha Sarit Sâgara," i. 182.

[361] Tawney, loc. cit., ii. 99; Temple, "Legends of the Panjâb," i. Introduction, xv.; "Wideawake Stories," 193, 331.

[362] Atkinson, "Himâlayan Gazetteer," ii. 851.

[363] Tod, "Annals," i. 614; Wright, "History," 37.

[364] Rousselet, "India and its Native Princes," 28.

[365] "Panjâb Notes and Queries," iii. 75.

[366] "Eastern India," ii. 481.

[367] Grierson, "Bihâr Peasant Life," 405; "Maithili Chrestomathy," 23 sqq., where examples of the songs are given; "Panjâb Notes and Queries," iii. 38.

[368] Atkinson, "Himâlayan Gazetteer," ii. 836.

[369] "Settlement Report," 120 sq.

[370] "Natural History," xxxvii. 10.

[371] "Gazetteer," xi. 36.

[372] "Popular Tales," ii. 385.

[373] Führer, "Monumental Antiquities," 28.

[374] Hardy, "Manual of Buddhism," 146.

[375] "Oudh Gazetteer," i. 597.

[376] "Panjâb Notes and Queries," i. 15.

[377] Tawney, "Katha Sarit Sâgara," i. 564; ii. 315.

[378] Temple, "Wideawake Stories," 304, 424; "Panjâb Notes and Queries," i. 15, 76.

[379] Sleeman, "Rambles," i. 42; Conway, "Demonology," i. 354.

[380] "Panjâb Notes and Queries," iii. 92, 59.

[381] "Remaines," 39. He perhaps refers to Tavernier, "Travels," Ball's Edition), i. 42; ii. 249.

[382] "Custom and Myth," ii. 197.

[383] Frazer, "Totemism," 1; and his article on "Totemism," in "Encyclopædia Britannica," 9th Edition.

[384] "Principles of Sociology," i. 367.

[385] "Origin of Civilization," 260, and Mr. Frazer's criticism, loc. cit.

[386] "Tribes and Castes," Introduction.

[387] Frazer, "Golden Bough," i. 13, note.

[388] Robertson-Smith, "Kinship," 17.

[389] Leland, "Etruscan Roman Remains," 90.

[390] Quoted by McLennan, "Fortnightly Review," 1869, p. 419.

[391] O'Brien, "Multâni Glossary," 260 sq.

[392] "Tribes and Castes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh," s.v.v.

[393] Dalton, "Descriptive Ethnology," 254; Risley, "Tribes and Castes," ii. 327.

[394] "Panjâb Notes and Queries," ii. 91.

[395] Frazer, "Golden Bough," ii. 95.

[396] "Dissertation on the Proper Names of Panjâbis," 155 sq.

[397] "Totemism," 3 sqq.

[398] Yule, "Marco Polo," i. 52.

[399] Hardy, "Manual of Buddhism," 251.

[400] Max Müller, "Ancient Sanskrit Literature," 290.

[401] "North Indian Notes and Queries," i. 10; ii. 215; iii. 144; Ball, "Jungle Life," 455 sqq.

[402] Dalton "Descriptive Ethnology," 126, 162, 165 sq., 179, 185, 209, 231, 265.

[403] "Jungle Life," 600.

[404] Campbell, "Notes," 7.

[405] "Râjputâna Gazetteer," i. 223.

[406] Rhys, "Lectures," 508.

[407] Dalton, loc. cit., 327.

[408] Risley, "Tribes and Castes," Introduction, xlvii.

[409] Conway, "Demonology," i. 27; "Herodotus," ii. 73.

[410] Dalton, loc. cit., 131, note; Ball, loc. cit., 89; Robertson-Smith, "Kinship," 306 sq.

[411] "Berâr Gazetteer," 187.

[412] Campbell, "Notes," 8 sqq.

[413] Gubernatis, "Zoological Mythology," ii. 68; and see Lang, "Custom and Myth," 113.

[414] Conway, "Demonology," i. 144.

[415] Tod, "Annals," i. 599.

[416] Gubernatis, loc. cit., ii. 13.

[417] "Golden Bough," ii. 26 sqq., 58.

[418] "Asiatic Studies," 264.

[419] "Archæological Reports," vi. 137.

[420] Führer, "Monumental Antiquities," 88.

[421] "Tribes and Castes," ii. Appendix; Dalton, loc. cit., 162, note, 213, 254.

[422] Lyall, "Asiatic Studies," 9 sq.

[423] Ferrier, "Caravan Journey," 186.

[424] Muir, "Ancient Sanskrit Texts," v. 425 sq.; Lâl Bihâri Dê, "Folk-tales of Bengal," 193 sq., 277; Temple, "Legends of the Panjâb," 48 sqq.; "Wideawake Stories," 277 sqq.; Campbell, "Popular Tales," i. 2; Tawney, "Katha Sarit Sâgara," ii. 323; and for fidelity tests, Grimm, "Household Tales," i. 453; Tawney, loc. cit., ii. 601; Clouston, "Popular Romances," i. 43, 173.

[425] Tylor, "Primitive Culture," i. 352, note; "Wideawake Stories," 419 sqq.; "Panjâb Notes and Queries," iv. 201; Knowles, "Folk-tales of Kashmîr," 192; Tawney, loc. cit., i. 123; Grimm, loc. cit., ii. 400; Hunt, "Popular Romances," 178.

[426] Also see Rhys, "Lectures," 206; Lang, "Custom and Myth," 52.

[427] "Notes," 163.

[428] Hunt, "Popular Romances," 418.

[429] "Modern Egyptians," i. 325.

[430] "Popular Romances," 177.

[431] "Popular Romances," 412, 415.

[432] Führer, "Monumental Antiquities," 173.

[433] "Bombay Gazetteer," xi. 56; xvii. 698.

[434] Robertson-Smith, "Kinship," 49; Lubbock, "Origin of Civilization," 306; Tylor, "Primitive Culture," ii. 164; Conway, "Demonology," ii. 284.

[435] Spencer, "Principles of Sociology," i. 268; Lang, "Custom and Myth," i. 270.

[436] "Indo-Aryans," ii. 70 sqq.; "Journal Asiatic Society, Bengal," 1876; Max Müller, "Ancient Sanskrit Literature," 408 sq.; Muir, "Ancient Sanskrit Texts," i., ii., passim; Wilson, "Rig Veda," i. 59, 63; "Essays," ii. 247 sqq.; Atkinson, "Himâlayan Gazetteer," ii. 800, 867.

[437] Tawney, "Katha Sarit Sâgara," i. 336; ii. 253, 338; Temple, "Wideawake Stories," 147; Lâl Bihâri Dê, "Folk-tales," 194; Miss Frere, "Old Deccan Days," 6; "North Indian Notes and Queries," ii. 111, 129; iii. 105.

[438] Burton, "Arabian Nights," iv. 376.

[439] Tawney, loc. cit., i. 212; ii. 616.

[440] "North Indian Notes and Queries," iii. 65.

[441] Ibid., ii. 22.

[442] "Central India," ii. 210.

[443] Campbell, "Khondistân," passim; Frazer, "Golden Bough," i. 384 sqq.; "Râjputâna Gazetteer," ii. 47; Dalton, "Descriptive Ethnology," 130, 147, 176, 285 sq., 281.

[444] Chevers, "Medical Jurisprudence," 406, 411.

[445] Campbell, "Notes," 339: Wilson, "Indian Caste," ii. 22 sq.; "Bombay Gazetteer," x. 114.

[446] Wright, "History," 11, note.

[447] Ball, "Jungle Life," 580.

[448] "North Indian Notes and Queries," i. 112, 148. And for other instances, see Balfour, "Cyclopædia," iii. 477 sqq.

[449] "Panjâb Notes and Queries," iii. 75.

[450] Tawney, "Katha Sarit Sâgara," i. 157, 214.

[451] Knowles, "Folk-tales," 2.

[452] Leland, "Etruscan Roman Remains," 294; Grimm, "Household Tales," i. 396; Hartland, "Legend of Perseus," i. 98.

[453] "Report Inspector-General Police, N.-W.P., 1870," page 93; "Panjâb Notes and Queries," ii. 205; iii. 74, 162; Chevers, "Medical Jurisprudence," 842, 396; Campbell, "Notes," 338.

[454] "North Indian Notes and Queries," i. 148; iii. 71.

[455] Robertson-Smith, "Kinship," 48 sq.

[456] Risley, "Tribes and Castes," i. 456; Dalton, "Descriptive Ethnology," 220.

[457] "Folk-lore," iv. 260.

[458] "North Indian Notes and Queries." iii. 40.

[459] Ibid., 106.

[460] "Bombay Gazetteer," ii. 349; xiv. 49.

[461] Führer, "Monumental Antiquities," 194.

[462] For similar instances see "Archæological Reports," v. 98; "Bombay Gazetteer," xx. 144; "Folk-lore Records," iii. Part II. 182; "Oudh Gazetteer," iii. 253; "Indian Antiquary," xi. 117; "Calcutta Review," lxxvii. 106; Lâl Bihâri Dê, "Folk-tales," 130; "Panjâb Notes and Queries," iii. 110; "North Indian Notes and Queries," ii. 27, 63, 93; Campbell, "Santâl Folk-tales," 106.

[463] "Bombay Gazetteer," iv. 276.

[464] Campbell, "Notes," 348.

[465] "Settlement Report," 126.

[466] Dalton, "Descriptive Ethnology," 146, 281; Risley, "Tribes and Castes," i. 115.

[467] Wright, "History," 35 sq., 156, note, 126, 205, 265.

[468] Tawney, "Katha Sarit Sâgara," ii. 594.

[469] Ibid., i. 306.

[470] Yule, "Marco Polo," ii. 165.

[471] Henderson, "Folk-lore of the Northern Counties," 54, 200 sqq.

[472] "North Indian Notes and Queries," i. 190.

[473] Miss Cox, "Cinderella," 485; Knowles, "Kashmîr Tales," 199; Clouston, "Popular Tales," i. 88; Rhys, "Lectures," 241; Tawney, "Katha Sarit Sâgara," ii. 612.

[474] "Folk-lore Record," iii. Part II. 283. For the commonplace Momiâî which is used as an application by women before parturition, see Watt's "Dictionary of Economic Products," ii. 115.

[475] Führer, "Monumental Antiquities," 284.

[476] Buchanan, "Eastern India," i. 526.

[477] "Oudh Gazetteer," i. 303; ii. 415.

[478] Atkinson, "Himâlayan Gazetteer," ii. 311, note, 792 sq.

[479] "Oudh Gazetteer," i. 61.

[480] "Himâlayan Gazetteer," ii. 282.

[481] Macaulay, "Battle of Lake Regillus," Introduction.

[482] Dalton, "Descriptive Ethnology," 220.

[483] "North Indian Notes and Queries," iii. 2.

[484] Campbell, "Notes," 30.

[485] Rhys, "Lectures," 193.

[486] Hunt, "Popular Romances," 427.

[487] Forbes, "Wanderings of a Naturalist," 103.

[488] Henderson, "Folk-lore of the Northern Counties," 165; Brand, "Observations," 621.

[489] "Principles of Sociology," i. 109 sq., 310; Tylor, "Primitive Culture," i. 353.

[490] "Asiatic Studies," 16.

[491] "Illustrations of the History and Practice of the Thags." 46 sqq.

[492] Tod, "Annals," i. 615; "Panjâb Notes and Queries," iii. 221.

[493] Oldfield, "Sketches," 344, 352.

[494] "North Indian Notes and Queries," iii. 54.

[495] Wilson, "Essays," ii. 188; Risley, "Tribes and Castes," i. 16, 67, 93, 451.

[496] Campbell, "Notes," 9.

[497] "Panjâb Notes and Queries," ii. 20 sq., 93.

[498] Tod, "Annals," ii. 320.

[499] Habakkuk i. 16; Isaiah xxi. 5.

[500] Dyer, "Popular Customs," 400; Brand, "Observations," 209, 773; Aubrey, "Remaines," 25.

[501] Lady Wilde, "Legends," 116.

[502] Grimm, "Teutonic Mythology," 934; Frazer, "Golden Bough," ii. 164.

[503] Dalton, "Descriptive Ethnology," 187, note, 247.

[504] "Idylls," iii. 31.

[505] Henderson, "Folk-lore of the Northern Counties," 52; Gregor, "Folk-lore of North-East Scotland," 43, 92.

[506] Dalton, loc. cit., 218.

[507] "Academy," 23rd July, 1887; "Gentleman's Magazine," July, 1887; Henderson, loc. cit., 233; Brand, "Observations," 233; Lady Wilde, "Legends," 207.

[508] Brand, "Observations," 354.

[509] "Calcutta Review," xviii. 60.

[510] "Folk-lore," i. 157; ii. 293.

[511] Campbell, "Notes," 53.

[512] "Panjâb Notes and Queries," iii. 202; Leland, "Etruscan Roman Remains," 79.

[513] "Calcutta Review," xviii. 51.

[514] Cox, "Mythology of the Aryan Nations," ii. 119, note.

[515] Chambers, "Book of Days," i. 94 sq.

[516] Dalton, loc. cit., 252, 258.

[517] "Primitive Culture," ii. 277.

[518] "Principles of Sociology," i. 158, 273.

[519] "Tribes and Castes of the N.-W. P. and Oudh," s. v. "Agnihotri."

[520] Grimm, "Household Tales," ii. 547.

[521] Tawney, "Katha Sarit Sâgara," i. 322.

[522] Oldfield, "Sketches," ii. 242; Wright, "History," 35; and compare Prescott, "Peru," i. chap. 3; Lubbock, "Origin of Civilization," 312.

[523] Lady Wilde, "Legends," 126.

[524] Abul Fazl appears to have confused Sûraj Sankrânti or the entrance of the sun into a constellation with Sûrya-Kânta or "sun-beloved," the sun-crystal or lens, which gives out heat when exposed to the rays of the sun.

[525] Blochmann, "Aîn-i-Akbari," i. 48.

[526] Leland, "Etruscan Roman Remains," 103.

[527] "Folk-lore," iv. 359.

[528] Dyer, "Popular Customs," 92.

[529] "North Indian Notes and Queries," i. 199.

[530] Hugel, "Travels," quoted by Jarrett, "Aîn-i-Akbari," ii. 314.

[531] "Settlement Report," 121.

[532] "North Indian Notes and Queries," ii. 117; Hunt, "Popular Romances," 81; Campbell, "Popular Tales," ii. 82.

[533] Conway, "Demonology," i. 225.

[534] Rajendra Lâla Mitra, "Indo-Aryans," i. 146.

[535] Ferguson, "Tree and Serpent Worship," 88; "History of Indian Architecture," 60; Cunningham, "Bhilsa Topes," 9; Spencer, "Principles of Sociology," i. 254 sq.

[536] "Central Provinces Gazetteer," 63; "Panjâb Notes and Queries," ii. 8; "North Indian Notes and Queries," ii. 93.

[537] iv. 82.

[538] Monier-Williams, "Hinduism and Brâhmanism," 309.

[539] Tennent, "Ceylon, ii. 132; Ferguson, "Indian Architecture," 184, with engraving; Tylor, "Early History," 116.

[540] "Oudh Gazetteer," ii. 370.

[541] Tawney, "Katha Sarit Sâgara," i. 342; ii. 135, 230, 302, 363; "North Indian Notes and Queries," iii. 13; Clouston, "Popular Tales," i. 448.

[542] Lâl Bihâri Dê, "Folk-tales," 139.

[543] Tawney, loc. cit., i. 499; ii. 276; Grimm, "Household Tales," No. 33; i. 357; Knowles, "Folk-tales of Kashmîr," 432; Campbell, "Santâl Folk-tales," 22; Miss Cox, "Cinderella," 496; Campbell, "Popular Tales," i. 283.

[544] Temple, "Wideawake Stories," 74, 412; Lâl Bihâri Dê, loc. cit., 40, 106, 134, 138, 155, 210, 223; "Cinderella," 526; "North Indian Notes and Queries," iii. 13; Clouston, loc. cit., i. 223.

[545] Campbell, "Notes," 259.

[546] "Rig Veda," iv. 33; Datt, "History of Civilization," i. 72 sq., 79; Monier-Williams, "Brâhmanism and Hinduism," 329.

[547] Wright, "History," 165; "Iliad," v. 265 sqq.; Tawney, "Katha Sarit Sâgara," ii. 593.

[548] Tawney, ibid., i. 130, 574, quoting Grimm, "Teutonic Mythology," i. 392.

[549] Campbell, "Popular Tales," Introduction, lxxviii.

[550] Miss Cox, "Cinderella," 476; Clouston, "Popular Tales," i. 373.

[551] Clouston, loc. cit., i. 417; Grimm, "Household Tales," ii. 479; Tawney, loc. cit., ii. 261; Clouston, ibid., 110, 218; Tawney, ibid., i. 13.

[552] Rousselet, "India and its Native Princes," 116.

[553] "Indian Antiquary," xi. 325 sq.; "Panjâb Notes and Queries," ii. 2.

[554] Campbell, "Notes," 392.

[555] "Germania," 10.

[556] Henderson, "Folk-lore of the Northern Counties," 142.

[557] Gubernatis, "Zoological Mythology," i. 332.

[558] "Panjâb Notes and Queries," i. 113.

[559] "Annals," ii. 319.

[560] Lubbock, "Origin of Civilization," 275.

[561] Campbell, "Notes," 292.

[562] Hislop, "Papers," Appendix, i. iii.

[563] Burton, "Arabian Nights," ii. 340.

[564] Knowles, "Folk-tales," 90; Tawney, "Katha Sarit Sâgara," ii. 168; Clouston, "Popular Tales," i. 97; Grimm, "Household Tales," ii. 419.

[565] Tawney, loc. cit., i. 37, 78; ii. 28, 32; Grimm, loc. cit., ii. 404; Tawney, loc. cit., ii. 107.

[566] Gubernatis, loc. cit., ii. 160.

[567] Forsyth, "Highlands of Central Indian," 278; Tod, "Annals," ii. 660; Rowney, "Wild Tribes," 139; Dalton, "Descriptive Ethnology," 214; Frazer, "Golden Bough," ii. 110.

[568] Trumbull, "Blood Covenant," 312; Tylor, "Primitive Culture," i. 309; Sleeman, "Rambles," i. 153 sqq.

[569] "Folk-lore," i. 169; Lyall, "Asiatic Studies," 13; Spencer, "Principles of Sociology," i. 323; Conway, "Demonology," i. 313 sq.; Scott, "Letters on Demonology," 174.

[570] "Berâr Gazetteer," 62; Wright, "History of Nepâl," 38; Frazer, "Golden Bough," ii. 101.

[571] Dalton, loc. cit., 132, 133, 158, 214.

[572] "Berâr Gazetteer," 191 sq.; "Hoshangâbâd Settlement Report," 255 sq.

[573] See for example Knowles, "Kashmîr Folk-tales," 3, 45, 46.

[574] Dalton, loc. cit., 33.

[575] Knowles, loc. cit., 47; Campbell, "Santâl Tales," 18.

[576] Wright, "History," 169.

[577] "Annals," ii. 669.

[578] Dalton, "Descriptive Ethnology," 280.

[579] "Rambles and Recollections," i. 154 sqq.

[580] "Zoological Mythology," i. 160 sq.

[581] Wright, "History," 161; Tawney, "Katha Sarit Sâgara," ii. 348 sq.

[582] "North Indian Notes and Queries," iii. 65.

[583] Temple, "Wideawake Stories," 116; Campbell, "Santâl Folk-tales," 40; Clouston, "Popular Tales," i. 146.

[584] Sherring, "Sacred City," 63, 65.

[585] "Notes," 276.

[586] Cox, "Mythology of the Aryan Nations," ii. 336.

[587] "Journal Asiatic Society, Bengal," lix. 212. The horror with which the Homeric Greeks regarded the eating of a corpse by dogs comes out very strongly in the Iliad.

[588] "Indian Antiquary," v. 358 sq.

[589] "Original Inhabitants," 157 sq.

[590] "Archæological Reports," xxiii. 26.

[591] "North Indian Notes and Queries," i. 118.

[592] Campbell, "Notes," 276 sq.

[593] Wright, "History," 39 sq.

[594] Hislop, "Papers," 6.

[595] "Folk-lore," iii. 127; "Panjâb Notes and Queries," iii. 94, 148; iv. 46, 150, 173; "North Indian Notes and Queries," iii. 18, 67; Knowles, "Folk-tales of Kashmîr," 36, 429; Clouston, "Popular Tales," ii. 166; Tawney, "Katha Sarit Sâgara," ii. 90; "Gesta Romanorum," Introd. xlii.

[596] Conway, "Demonology," i. 134; Gregor, "Folk-lore of North-East Scotland," 126 sq.

[597] "Remaines," 53.

[598] Risley, "Tribes and Castes," i. 79 sq.

[599] "Panjâb Notes and Queries," i. 88.

[600] "Journal Asiatic Society, Bengal," 1847, p. 234.

[601] "Household Tales," ii. 444.

[602] Atkinson, "Himâlayan Gazetteer," ii. 329.

[603] "Folk-lore," iv. 351; "Gesta Romanorum," 25.

[604] Brand, "Observations," 583.

[605] Robertson-Smith, "Kinship," 194.

[606] "Demonology," i. 122.

[607] "North Indian Notes and Queries," i. 15.

[608] Brand, "Observations," 785.

[609] "Epigrams," i. 6.

[610] "Panjâb Notes and Queries," iv. 131; Moorcroft, "Travels," i. 22; "Journal Asiatic Society Bengal," 1840, p. 572; "Aîn-i-Akbari," i. 289.

[611] Miss Cox, "Cinderella," 473.

[612] Muir, "Ancient Sanskrit Texts," i. 24 sq.; iii. 166, 310 sq.; McLennan, "Fortnightly Review," 1870, 198 sq.

[613] Cox, "Mythology of the Aryan Nations," i. 107, 437 sq.; ii. 49 sq.

[614] Romesh Chandra Datt, "History of Indian Civilization," i. 253 sq.

[615] Bühler, "Sacred Laws," Part i. 64, 119, note.

[616] Rajendra Lâla Mitra, "Indo-Aryans," ii. 134; Muir, "Ancient Sanskrit Texts," i. 24 sqq.

[617] Schliemann, "Ilios," 112; Rawlinson, "Herodotus," ii. 27 sq., 41; Ewald, "History of Israel," ii. 4; Robertson-Smith, "Kinship," 196; Frazer, "Golden Bough," ii. 40.

[618] Campbell, "Notes," 285.

[619] Gubernatis, "Zoological Mythology," i. 3 sqq.; Cox, "Introduction," 151 sqq.; Kuenen, "Religion of Israel," i. 236 sq.; Goldziher, "Mythology among the Hebrews," 226, 343; Wake, "Serpent-worship," 35; Spencer, "Principles of Sociology," i. 340; McLennan, "Fortnightly Review," 1870, p. 199.

[620] "Golden Bough," ii. 60.

[621] Hartland, "Legend of Perseus," i. 158.

[622] Sellon, "Memoirs Anthropological Society of London," i. 328.

[623] "Institutes," xi. 60, 80.

[624] Tawney, "Katha Sarit Sâgara," i. 227.

[625] "North Indian Notes and Queries," iii. 215.

[626] Atkinson, "Himâlayan Gazetteer," ii. 914; "Râjputâna Gazetteer," ii. 67.

[627] "North Indian Notes and Queries," iii. 39.

[628] Miss Gordon-Cumming, "From the Hebrides to the Himâlaya," i. 141.

[629] Atkinson, loc. cit., ii. 771; Wright, "History of Nepâl," 82.

[630] "Panjâb Notes and Queries," iii. 109.

[631] "North Indian Notes and Queries," i. 154.

[632] Dyer, "Popular Customs," 18.

[633] Yule, "Marco Polo," ii. 341.

[634] Dalton, "Descriptive Ethnology," 283.

[635] "Indian Antiquary," i. 348 sq.

[636] Atkinson, "Himâlayan Gazetteer," ii. 913.

[637] Jarrett, "Aîn-i-Akbari," ii. 348, quoting Erskine; "Babar," Introduction, 47.

[638] "Rambles," i. 199 sqq.

[639] "Central India," i. 329, note; ii. 164.

[640] Balfour, "Journal Asiatic Society Bengal," xiii. N.S.; Gunthorpe, "Notes on Criminal Tribes of Berâr," 36.

[641] Ball, "Jungle Life," 165; "North Indian Notes and Queries," i. 60; "Calcutta Review," lxxx. 53, 58.

[642] Gubernatis, "Zoological Mythology," i. 75.

[643] "Notes," 287.

[644] Dalton, "Descriptive Ethnology," 131.

[645] "Golden Bough," ii. 93.

[646] Manu, "Institutes," ii. 41.

[647] Burton, "Arabian Nights," ii. 508; Tawney, "Katha Sarit Sâgara," i. 166; Clouston, "Popular Tales," i.; "Gesta Romanorum," Tale xviii.

[648] Wright, "History," 81.

[649] Blochmann, "Aîn-i-Akbari," i. 121.

[650] Führer, "Monumental Antiquities," 8, 73, 105, 188; Cunningham, "Archæological Reports," i. 225.

[651] Tawney, "Katha Sarit Sâgara," i. 73, 177, 328 sq.; ii. 102, 215, 500, 540; Knowles, "Kashmîr Folk-tales," 17.

[652] Black, "Folk Medicine," 152.

[653] Führer, loc. cit., 161.

[654] Campbell, "Notes," 267.

[655] Brand, "Observations," 739.

[656] "Panjâb Notes and Queries," iv. 2.

[657] Hunt, "Popular Romances," 377.

[658] For the crow in English folk-lore, see Henderson, "Folk-lore of the Northern Counties," 126; Gregor, "Folk-lore of N.E. Scotland," 135 sq.

[659] Gubernatis, "Zoological Mythology," ii. 253 sq.; "Panjâb Notes and Queries," i. 27.

[660] Tawney, "Katha Sarit Sâgara," ii. 64, 73.

[661] Balfour, "Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal," N.S. xiii.

[662] Monier-Williams, "Brâhmanism and Hinduism," 301; Atkinson, "Himâlayan Gazetteer," ii. 329.

[663] "North Indian Notes and Queries," i. 15.

[664] Lady Wilde, "Legends," 81 sq., 172; "Panjâb Notes and Queries," iii. 24; Brand, "Observations," 732; Henderson, "Folk-lore of the Northern Counties," 239 sq.; Aubrey, "Remaines," 197; "North Indian Notes and Queries," ii. 215.

[665] "Mythology of the Aryan Nations," ii. 219 sq.

[666] "Notes," 264.

[667] "Folk-lore," iv. 350.

[668] Grimm, "Teutonic Mythology," iii. 977.

[669] Leland, "Etruscan Roman Remains," 354.

[670] Robertson-Smith, "Kinship," 196 sq.

[671] "North Indian Notes and Queries," i. 12, 42, 60; ii. 29; iii. 161; Grimm, "Household Tales," i. 367; ii. 428, 573.

[672] McLennan, "Fortnightly Review," vi. 582.

[673] Knowles, "Kashmîr Folk-tales," 449.

[674] Brand, "Observations," 699.

[675] Rhys, "Lectures," 175.

[676] Ferguson, "History of Indian Architecture," 54; Tennent, "Ceylon," i. 484.

[677] Gubernatis, "Zoological Mythology," ii. 307 sqq.

[678] Lady Wilde, "Legends," 177.

[679] Hislop, "Papers," 6.

[680] "North Indian Notes and Queries," iii. 178.

[681] Tawney, "Katha Sarit Sâgara," ii. 105.

[682] Brand, "Observations," 701.

[683] Leland, "Etruscan Roman Remains," 272.

[684] "Panjâb Notes and Queries," iii. 81; "North Indian Notes and Queries," iii. 162.

[685] "Zoological Mythology," i. 375.

[686] Tawney, "Katha Sarit Sâgara," ii. 18.

[687] Temple, "Wideawake Stories," 139, 205, 255 sqq.

[688] "Folk-lore," iii. 342.

[689] "North Indian Notes and Queries," i. 4, 38.

[690] Rhys, "Lectures," 553.

[691] Lady Wilde, "Legends," 238 sq.

[692] Rousselet, "India and its Native Princes," 402; "North Indian Notes and Queries," i. 76; ii. 57, 93; iii. 130.

[693] Atkinson, "Himâlayan Gazetteer," ii. 380, 775.

[694] Tawney, "Katha Sarit Sâgara," i. 24, 207; ii. 599.

[695] Knowles, "Folk-tales," 27, 158.

[696] Cox, "Mythology of the Aryan Nations," i. 292, note; ii. 25 sq.

[697] Hartland, "Science of Fairy Tales," 65.

[698] Buchanan, "Eastern India," iii. 532.

[699] Grimm, "Household Tales," ii. 407.

[700] Tawney, loc. cit., ii. 271.

[701] "Gloucestershire Folk-lore," 9.

[702] Tawney, loc. cit., ii. 594; Grimm, loc. cit., i. 357.

[703] Hunt, "Popular Romances," 130.

[704] "Panjâb Notes and Queries," iii. 8.

[705] Brand, "Observations," 685.

[706] "Katha Sarit Sâgara," ii. 39.

[707] Buchanan, "Eastern India," ii. 157.

[708] Dyer, "Popular Customs," 270.

[709] For the European witch, consult among other authorities Scott, "Letters on Demonology and Witchcraft," passim; Chambers, "Book of Days," i. 356 sq.; Gregor, "Folk-lore of North-East Scotland," 69 sq.; Conway, "Demonology," ii. 317, 327; Lubbock, "Origin of Civilization," 245 sq.

[710] "Asiatic Studies," 79 sqq., 89 sqq.

[711] "Etruscan Roman Remains," 155.

[712] Chambers, "Popular Rhymes of Scotland," 23.

[713] "North Indian Notes and Queries," i. 14.

[714] Tawney, "Katha Sarit Sâgara," i. 289.

[715] Tylor, "Primitive Culture," ii. 176; Tawney, loc. cit., i. 375.

[716] Temple, "Wideawake Stories," 395; Tawney, loc. cit., i. 157, 159, 289, 340; ii. 164, 240; Brand, "Observations," 589; Rhys, "Lectures," 199: Hunt. "Popular Romances," 327.

[717] Leland, "Etruscan Roman Remains," 150; Hunt, loc. cit., 328.

[718] Dyer, "Popular Customs," 395; Tawney, loc. cit., i. 313.

[719] "Bombay Gazetteer," iv. 27; Temple, "Legends of the Panjâb," iii. 13.

[720] Loc. cit., 3.

[721] Dalton, "Descriptive Ethnology," 323.

[722] Campbell, "Notes," 203 sq.

[723] Lady Wilde, "Legends," 78.

[724] "Lectures," 516 sq.

[725] Malcolm, "Central India," ii. 212.

[726] Dalton, "Descriptive Ethnology," 290.

[727] "Notes," 257 sq.

[728] Tylor, "Primitive Culture," i. 312 sqq.; Henderson, "Folk-lore of the Northern Counties," 201 sq.

[729] Balfour, "Cyclopædia," i. 961; Lyall, "Asiatic Studies," 85; "Panjâb Notes and Queries," iii. 7.

[730] Tylor, "Early History," 276.

[731] Leland, "Etruscan Roman Remains," 218.

[732] "Rambles and Recollections," i. 84 sqq.

[733] "Central India," ii. 216.

[734] Lady Wilde, "Legends," 151.

[735] Leland, loc. cit., 221.

[736] Brand, "Observations," 609.

[737] Dalton, "Descriptive Ethnology," 252.

[738] Malcolm, "Central India," ii. 214, note.

[739] Leland, loc. cit., 57; Brand, loc. cit., 740; Clouston, "Popular Tales," i. 177.

[740] Tod, "Annals," ii. 106.

[741] "Natural History," vii. 2.

[742] Tod, "Annals," ii. 638; Malcolm, loc. cit., ii. 212.

[743] Temple, "Legends of the Panjâb," i. Introduction, xxi; "Wideawake Stories," 429.

[744] "Oriental Memoirs," ii. 374 sq.

[745] "Central Provinces Gazetteer," 110 sq.

[746] Ibid., 39.

[747] "Reports Nizâmat Adâlat," 14th December, 1854.

[748] "Berâr Gazetteer," 197.

[749] Hartland, "Legend of Perseus," i. 98.

[750] Knowles, "Folk-tales," 77.

[751] Dyer, "Popular Customs," 164; Brand, "Observations," 108, 341.

[752] Campbell, Notes," 83.

[753] "Folk-lore," ii. 290; Gregor, "Folk-lore of North-East Scotland," 188; Henderson, "Folk-lore of the Northern Counties," 201, 218 sq., 244; Aubrey, "Remaines," 247; Farrer, "Primitive Manners," 290 sq.

[754] "Central Provinces Gazetteer," 157.

[755] Dalton, "Descriptive Ethnology," 199.

[756] Spencer, "Principles of Sociology," i. 240.

[757] "Panjâb Notes and Queries," ii. 6.

[758] See Leland, "Etruscan Roman Remains," 199.

[759] Henderson, "Folk-lore of the Northern Counties," 32; Gregor, "Folk-lore of North-East Scotland," 183.

[760] Tawney, "Katha Sarit Sâgara," ii. 221.

[761] "Panjâb Notes and Queries," iii. 7.

[762] Lady Wilde, "Legends," 197, 206. See instances collected by Hartland, "Legend of Perseus," ii. 64 sq.

[763] Aubrey, "Remaines," 11; and for examples of similar practices see Sir W. Scott, "Letters on Demonology," 273; Spencer, "Principles of Sociology," i. 243; Tylor, "Primitive Culture," i. 116; ii. 149; Lubbock, "Origin of Civilization," 241, 244; Henderson, loc. cit., 148; Farrer, "Primitive Manners," 287; Oldenberg, "Grihya Sûtras," i. 57.; Hartland, "Legend of Perseus," ii. 70 sq.

[764] "Qânûn-i-Islâm," 222 sq.

[765] Hunt, "Popular Romances," 320.

[766] "Letters on Demonology," 273; "Remaines," 61, 228; "Folk-lore," iii. 385; iv. 256; Miss Cox, "Cinderella," 491.

[767] Ward, "Hindus," i. 100; Temple, "Legends of the Panjâb," i. Introduction, xvii; and compare Tawney, "Katha Sarit Sâgara," ii.

[768] "Folk-lore," i. 157; Hartland, "Legend of Perseus," ii. 78.

[769] "Hoshangâbâd Settlement Report," 287.

[770] Malcolm, "Central India," ii. 212 sq.

[771] "Central Provinces Gazetteer," 39, 157.

[772] Dalton, "Descriptive Ethnology," 199.

[773] Chevers, "Indian Medical Jurisprudence," 546 sq.

[774] Ibid., 12, note, 14, note, 393, 488, 492, note, 493, 514; Ball, "Jungle Life," 115 sq.; "Calcutta Review," v. 52.

[775] "Folk-lore," ii. 293; Hunt, "Popular Romances," 315.

[776] Tylor, "Primitive Culture," i. 113.

[777] Yule, "Marco Polo," i. 172, 175, with note; ii. 41; Sir W. Scott, "Letters on Demonology," 68 sq.

[778] Campbell, "Notes," 141.

[779] "Eastern India," ii. 108, 445.

[780] Gubernatis, "Zoological Mythology," ii. 202; Growse, "Mathura," 53.

[781] "Oudh Gazetteer," iii. 480.

[782] Hartland, "Science of Fairy Tales," 270 sqq.

[783] Frazer, "Golden Bough;" Gomme, "Ethnology in Folk-lore;" Mannhardt, "Wald- und Feldkulte."

[784] Leland, "Etruscan Roman Remains," 96.

[785] Campbell, "Notes," 89.

[786] On the rule against giving fire from his house, see Hartland, "Legend of Perseus," ii. 94.

[787] Henderson, "Folk-lore of the Northern Counties," 74; "Folk-lore," iii. 12, 84, 90; Dyer, "Popular Customs," 14; Lady Wilde, "Legends," 103, 106, 203.

[788] "Gazetteer," iii. 237.

[789] "North Indian Notes and Queries," iii. 95.

[790] "Settlement Report," 123 sq.

[791] Atkinson, "Himâlayan Gazetteer," ii. 856.

[792] "North Indian Notes and Queries," iii. 196.

[793] Dalton, "Descriptive Ethnology," 198.

[794] "Observations," 316.

[795] Chambers, "Book of Days," i. 94 sqq.; Aubrey "Remaines," 40 sq.

[796] Cunningham, "Archæological Reports," ii. 455.

[797] Atkinson, loc. cit., ii. 886.

[798] "Golden Bough," i. 249.

[799] "Hoshangâbâd Settlement Report," 124; Atkinson, loc. cit., ii. 870; "Panjâb Notes and Queries," iv. 197.

[800] "Household Tales," ii. 276.

[801] Ibbetson, "Panjâb Ethnography," 120.

[802] Blochmann, "Aîn-i-Akbari," i. 217.

[803] Wright, "Cawnpur Memorandum," 105; Buchanan, "Eastern India," i. 194.

[804] "Settlement Report," 17.

[805] "Folk-lore," ii. 303; Brand, "Observations," 7; Rhys, "Lectures," 520.

[806] "North Indian Notes and Queries," ii. 92.

[807] Risley, "Tribes and Castes," i. 290.

[808] "Berâr Gazetteer," 207.

[809] Tod, "Annals," i. 631.

[810] Gubernatis, "Zoological Mythology," i. 51.

[811] "Remaines," 40; Brand, "Observations," 17.

[812] Campbell, "Notes," 376.

[813] "Bareilly Settlement Report," 93 sq.

[814] Sleeman, "Rambles and Recollections," i. 235, 240.

[815] "Bareilly Settlement Report," 93.

[816] "Folk-lore," i. 163.

[817] "Rambles and Recollections," i. 248.

[818] "Settlement Report," 256.

[819] "North Indian Notes and Queries," ii. 64.

[820] Frazer, "Golden Bough," ii. 131.

[821] Risley, "Tribes and Castes," i. 72.

[822] "Folk-lore," iii. 321.

[823] Frazer, "Golden Bough," ii. 122.

[824] "Remaines," 9; Brand, "Observations," 118.

[825] "Bareilly Settlement Report," 93.

[826] "Karnâl Settlement Report," 151.

[827] "Bareilly Settlement Report," 93; "North Indian Notes and Queries," iii. 94; and compare Tylor, "Primitive Culture," ii. 40; Lady Wilde, "Legends," 199.

[828] Frazer, "Golden Bough," iii. 94.

[829] "Bareilly Settlement Report," 87 sq.

[830] "Karnâl Settlement Report," 183.

[831] "Settlement Report," 78.

[832] "Golden Bough," i. 333 sqq.; Brand, "Observations," 311; Henderson, "Folk-lore of the Northern Counties," 87; "Folk-lore," iv. 123; Hunt, "Popular Romances," 385.

[833] "Panjâb Notes and Queries," iii. 56.

[834] "North Indian Notes and Queries," i. 57.

[835] Dalton, "Descriptive Ethnology," 213.

[836] "Settlement Report," 78 sq.

[837] "Karnâl Settlement Report," 173.

[838] "Settlement Report," 78.

[839] Conway, "Demonology," ii. 117.

[840] "Karnâl Settlement Report," 174.

[841] Dyer, "Popular Customs," 17, 90, 199, 384.

[842] Hislop, "Papers," 22.

[843] Führer, "Monumental Antiquities," 118.

[844] Buchanan, "Eastern India," ii. 480; Wilson, "Essays," ii 233; Atkinson, "Himâlayan Gazetteer," ii. 867 sq.; "Panjâb Notes and Queries," iii. 127; Growse, "Mathura," 56.

[845] "Golden Bough," ii. 246; and see Conway, "Demonology," i. 65 sqq.; Henderson, "Folk-lore of the Northern Counties," 72 sqq.; Gregor, "Folk-lore of North-East Scotland," 167 sq.; Brand, "Observations," 165 sqq.

[846] Frazer, "Golden Bough," ii. 268.

[847] "Mathura," 84 sq.

[848] Dyer, "Popular Customs," 414.

[849] Hunt, "Popular Romances," 208; "Folk-lore," i. 520; ii. 128; Dyer, loc. cit., 234.

[850] "Annals," i. 599 sq.

[851] Dyer, loc. cit., 52.

[852] Wright, "History," 41.

[853] "North Indian Notes and Queries," iii. 92.

[854] "Folk-lore," ii. 178; "Herodotus," ii. 58.

[855] "North Indian Notes and Queries," iii. 184.

[856] Ibid., iii. 17, 99.

[857] "Indian Antiquary," xi. 297.

[858] "North Indian Notes and Queries," iii. 24.

[859] "Hoshangâbâd Settlement Report," 126 sq.

[860] "Bombay Gazetteer," vi. 29.

[861] Dyer, "Popular Customs," 32, 75, 85, 353 sq.

[862] Dalton, "Descriptive Ethnology," 196 sq.

[863] "Primitive Culture," i. 22 sq.