Chapter IX: Section 2: ) by the number and hardness of the rules called the Pie, and

the manifold changings of the Service_[2].

In order to provide for the many occasions when a difference was to be made, rubrics had been multiplied and inserted at the places to which they applied. The Revisers (1) collected as many as possible at the beginning of each Service, or at the end; and (2) reduced the number of rubrics thus collected together, by reducing the number of variations which were to be provided for.

Duplication of Phrases.

It has often been noticed that pairs of words having nearly the same meaning frequently occur in the Prayer Book. This doubling of an idea may be called 'Duplication'.

Duplication is of two kinds: either the words coupled together are so nearly identical in meaning that one is but a repetition of the other; or else the {34} second word shows an advance upon the first. The former kind may be called 'parallel duplication' and is used for emphasis: the latter kind may be called 'progressive duplication', because it is used to represent the living idea which advances even while it is being uttered. Instances of both abound in this part of the Service, as well as in the Collects and other prayers which we shall notice later on.

Examples of Duplication.

1. _Exhortation_.

Parallel. _goodness_ and _mercy_.
_assemble_ and _meet together_.

Progressive.

( _acknowledge_ . . . . . suggesting reluctance.
( _confess_ . . . . . . . " willingness.

( _sins_ . . . . . . . . . the outward act.
( _wickedness_ . . . . . . the inward fault.

( _dissemble_ . . . . . . pretend they are not there.
( _cloke_ . . . . . . . . cover them up.

( _requisite_ . . . . . . what we should like.
( _necessary_ . . . . . . what we must have.

( _pray_ . . . . . . . . . ask earnestly.
( _beseech_ . . . . . . . " more earnestly.

( humble, lowly ( attitude with regard ) Distrust
( ( to the past ) of Self.
(
( penitent ( attitude with regard ) Shame for
( ( to the present ) sin.
(
( obedient ( attitude with regard ) Resolution
( ( to the future ) to leave
( ) the sin.

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2. _Confession_.

Parallel. _erred_ and _strayed_.

Progressive.

( _device_ . . . . . . . . . . an act of the mind.
( _desire_ . . . . . . . . . . an act of the heart.

( _left undone_ . . . . . . . Omission.
( _done_ (wrongly) . . . . . . Commission.

Cf. _sins, negligences and ignorances_ Litany.

( _spare_ . . . . . . . . . . with regard to the past.
( _restore_ . . . . . . . . . " " " the future.

( _godly_ . . . . . . . . . . duty to God.
( _righteous_ . . . . . . . . " " man.
( _sober_ . . . . . . . . . . " " self.

3. _Absolution_.

Parallel. _declare_ and _pronounce_.
_truly_ (with truth), _unfeignedly_ (without pretence).

Progressive.

( _death_ . . . . . . . . . . Life is something more than
( _turn and live_ . . . . . . the absence of death.

( _power_ . . The Priest . . may pronounce.
( _commandment_ . . must "

( _Absolution_ . . . . . . . . unloosing.
( _Remission_ . . . . . . . . putting away.

( _pardoneth_ . . . . . . . . (Fr. _pardonner_) God forgiveth.
( _absolveth_ . . . . . . . . (Lat. _absolvo_) God looseth the
sinner.

( _repent_ . . . . . . . . . . looking at Self.
( _believe_ . . . . . . . . . " " God.

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( _pure_ . . . . . . . . . . . absence of evil.
( _holy_ . . . . . . . . . . . presence of good.

( _repentance_ . . . . . that our present lives may
( please God.
( _God's Holy Spirit_ " our remaining lives
( may please Him.

It will be clear that if we keep from sin repentance is more intimately connected with our present lives than with the future. Yet both repentance and the gift of the Holy Spirit are required for life now and hereafter.

[1] S. Basil, _ad Clerum Neoc. Ep._ 63, Tom. 2, 843 D, quoted by Wheatley, says that "the primitive Christians in all Churches, immediately upon their entering into the House of Prayer, made a confession of their sins to God with much sorrow and concern and tears, every man pronouncing his own confession with his own mouth."

So Ezra (ix. 5, 6, &c.) and Daniel (ix. 1-19) approached God with Confession.

[2] The Pie. Three explanations are offered of this word. (1) _pi_=the first letter of the word _pinax_ _a chart_, i.e. the Table of Lessons, &c. (2) Pie,--as in magpie, piebald,--from the two colours of the page. (3) Litera picata--the pitch-coloured letter--which began each several order in the rules.

The title of the Sarum Breviary makes Pie equivalent to Breviary or Portiforium. The most attractive derivation is that which associates it with the Greek word for a chart or map.

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