Chapter I: Front Matter

THE
PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY

By D. MENDELÉEFF

TRANSLATED FROM THE RUSSIAN (SIXTH EDITION) BY

GEORGE KAMENSKY, A.R.S.M.

OF THE IMPERIAL MINT, ST PETERSBURG: MEMBER OF THE RUSSIAN
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL SOCIETY

EDITED BY

T. A. LAWSON, B.Sc. PH.D.

EXAMINER IN COAL-TAR PRODUCTS TO THE CITY AND GUILDS OF LONDON
INSTITUTE FELLOW OF THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY

IN TWO VOLUMES

VOLUME II.

LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO
39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON
NEW YORK AND BOMBAY
1897

All rights reserved

* * * * *

TABLE III.

_The periodic dependence of the composition of the simplest compounds
and properties of the simple bodies upon the atomic weights of
the elements._

+-------------------------+--------------------------------+
| | |
|Molecular composition of | |
|the higher hydrogen and | Atomic weights of the elements |
|metallo-organic compounds| |
|-------------------------+--------------------------------+
| | |
| | |
|E=CH_{3}, C_{2}H_{5}, &c.| |
| | |
| | |
|[1] [2] [3] [4] | [5] [6] |
| | |
| HH| H 1,005 (mean) |
| | Li 7·02 (Stas) |
| | Be 9·1 (Nilson Pettersson)|
| BE_{3} -- --| B 11·0 (Ramsay Ashton) |
| CH_{4} C_{2}H_{6} | |
| C_{2}H_{4} C_{2}H_{2} | C 12·00 (Roscoe) |
| NH_{3} N_{2}H_{4} --| N 14·04 (Stas) |
| OH_{2} --| O 16 (conventional) |
| FH| F 19·0 (Christiansen) |
| | |
| NaE| Na 23·04 (Stas) |
| MgE_{2} --| Mg 24·3 (Burton) |
| AlE_{3} -- --| Al 27·1 (Mallet) |
|SiH_{4} Si_{2}E_{6} -- --| Si 28·4 (Thorpe Young) |
| PH_{3} P_{2}H_{4} --| P 31·0 (v. d. Plaats) |
| SH_{2} --| S 32·06 (Stas) |
| ClH| Cl 35·45 (Stas) |
| | |
| | K 39·15 (Stas) |
| | Ca 40·0 (Dumas) |
| | Sc 44·0 (Nilson) |
| | Ti 48·1 (Thorpe) |
| | V 51·2 (Roscoe) |
| | Cr 52·1 (Rawson) |
| | Mn 55·1 (Marignac) |
| | Fe 56·0 (Dumas) |
| | Co 58·9 (Zimmermann) |
| | Ni 59·4 (Winkler) |
| | Cu 63.6 (Richards) |
| ZnE_{2} --| Zn 65·3 (Marignac) |
| GaE_{3} -- --| Ga 69·9 (Boisbaudran) |
| GeE_{4} -- -- --| Ge 72·3 (Winkler) |
| AsH_{3} -- --| As 75·0 (Dumas) |
| SeH_{2} --| Se 79·0[A] (Pettersson) |
| BrH| Br 79·95 (Stas) |
| | |
| | Rb 85·5 (Godeffroy) |
| | Sr 87·6 (Dumas) |
| | Y 89 (Clève) |
| | Zr 90·6 (Bailey) |
| | Nb 94 (Marignac) |
| | Mo 96·1 (Maas) |
| | Unknown metal |
| | |
| | Ru 101·7 (Joly) |
| | Rh 102·7 (Seubert) |
| | Pd 106·4 (Keller Smith) |
| | Ag 107·92 (Stas) |
| CdE_{2} --| Cd 112·1 (Lorimer Smith) |
| InE_{3} -- --| In 113·6 (Winkler) |
| SnE_{4} -- -- --| Sn 119·1 (Classen) |
| SbH_{3} -- --| Sb 120·4 (Schneider) |
| TeH_{2} --| Te 125·1 (Brauner) |
| | |
| | Cs 132·7 (Godeffroy) |
| | Ba 137·4 (Richards) |
| | La 138·2 (Brauner) |
| | Ce 140·2 (Brauner) |
| | |
| | Ta 182·7 (Marignac) |
| | W 184·0 (Waddel) |
| | Unknown element. |
| | |
| | Ir 193·3 (Joly) |
| | Pt 196·0 (Dittmar McArthur) |
| | Au 197·5 (Mallet) |
| HgE_{2} --| Hg 200·5 (Erdmann Mar.) |
| TlE_{3} -- --| Tl 204·1 (Crookes) |
| PbE_{4} -- -- --| Pb 206·90 (Stas) |
| BiE_{3} -- --| Bi 208·9 (Classen) |
| | Five unknown elements. |
| | Th 232·4 (Krüss Nilson) |
| | Unknown element. |
| | U 239·3 (Zimmermann) |
+-------------------------+--------------------------------+

+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| |
| |
| Composition of the saline compounds, X = Cl |
| |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Br, (NO_{3}), 1/2 O, 1/2 (SO_{4}), OH, (OM) = Z, where M = K, |
| 1/2 Ca, 1/3 Al, &c. |
|Form RX RX_{2} RX_{3} RX_{4} RX_{5} RX_{6} RX_{7} RX_{8}|
|Oxi- R_{2}O RO R_{2}O_{3} RO_{2} R_{2}O_{5} RO_{3} R_{2}O_{7} RO_{4}|
|des |
| [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] |
| |
| X or H_{2}O |
| iX |
| -- BeX_{2} |
| -- -- BX_{3} |
| |
| -- CO -- COZ_{2} |
| N_{2}O NO NOZ NO_2 NO_{2}Z |
| -- OX_{2} |
| FZ |
| |
| NaX |
| -- MgX_{2} |
| -- -- AlX_{3} |
| -- -- -- SiOZ_{2} |
| -- -- PX_{3} -- POZ_{3} |
| -- SX_{2} -- SOZ_{2} -- SO_{2}Z_{2} |
| ClZ -- ClOZ -- ClO_{2}Z -- ClO_{3}Z |
| |
| KX |
| -- CaX_{2} |
| -- -- ScX_{3} |
| -- TiX_{2} TiX_{3} TiX_{4} |
| -- VO VOX -- VOZ_{3} |
| -- CrX_{2} CrX_{3} CrO_{2} -- CrO_{2}Z_{2} |
| -- MnX_{2} MnX_{3} MnO_{2} -- MnO_{2}Z_{2} MnO_{3}Z |
| -- FeX_{2} FeX_{3} -- -- FeO_{2}Z_{2} |
| -- CoX_{2} CoX_{3} CoO_{2} |
| -- NiX_{2} NiX_{3} |
| CuX CuX_{2} |
| -- ZnX_{2} |
| -- -- GaX_{3} |
| -- GeX_{2} -- GeX_{4} |
| -- AsS AsX_{3} AsS_{2} AsO_{2}Z |
| -- -- -- SeOZ_{2} -- SeO_{2}Z_{2} |
| BrZ -- BrOZ -- BrO_{2}Z -- BrO_{3}Z |
| |
| RbX |
| -- SrX_{2} |
| -- -- YX_{3} |
| -- -- -- ZrX_{4} |
| -- -- NbX_{3} -- NbO_{2}Z |
| -- -- MoX_{3} MoX_{4} -- MoO_{2}Z_{2} |
|(eka-manganese, Em = 99). EmO_{3}Z |
| RuO_{4}|
| -- RuX_{2} RuX_{3} RuX_{4} -- RuO_{2}Z_{2} RuO_{3}Z |
| -- RhX_{2} RhX_{3} RhX_{4} -- RhO_{2}Z_{2} |
| PdX PdX_{2} -- PdX_{4} |
| AgX |
| -- CdX_{2} |
| -- InX_{2} InX_{3} |
| -- SnX_{2} -- SnX_{4} |
| -- -- SbX_{3} -- SbO_{2}Z |
| -- -- -- TeOZ_{2} -- TeO_{2}Z_{2} |
| IZ -- IZ_{3} -- IO_{2}Z -- IO_{3}Z |
| |
| CsX |
| -- BaX_{2} |
| -- -- LaX_{3} |
| -- -- CeX_{3} CeX_{4} |
| Little known Di = 142.1 and Yb = 173.2, and over 15 unknown elements.|
| -- -- -- -- TaO_{2}Z |
| -- -- -- WX_{4} -- WO_{2}Z_{2} |
| |
| OsO_{4}|
| -- -- OsX_{3} OsX_{4} -- OsO_{2}Z_{2} -- |
| -- -- IrX_{3} IrX_{4} -- IrO_{2}Z_{2} |
| -- PtX_{2} -- PtX_{4} |
| AuX -- AuX_{3} |
| HgX HgX_{2} |
| TlX -- TlX_{3} |
| -- PbX_{2} -- PbOZ_{2} |
| -- -- BiX_{3} -- BiO_{2}Z |
| |
| -- -- -- ThX_{4} |
| |
| -- -- -- UO_{2} -- UO_{2}X_{2} UO_{4}|
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+

+-------------------------+------------+---------+---------------------+
| | | Lower | Simple bodies |
|Molecular composition of | |hydrogen +-----+-------+-------|
|the higher hydrogen and | Peroxides | com- | Sp. | Sp. |Melting|
|metallo-organic compounds| | pounds | gr | vol. | point |
|-------------------------+------------+---------+-----+-------+-------|
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
|E=CH_{3}, C_{2}H_{5}, &c.| | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
|[1] [2] [3] [4] | [15] | [16] |[17] | [18] | [19] |
| | | | | | |
| HH|H_{2}O_{2} | -- |*0·05| 20 | -250°?|
| | -- | -- | 0·59| 11·9 | 180° |
| | -- | BeH | 1·64| 5·5 | 900°?|
| BE_{3} -- --| -- | -- | 2·5 | 4·4 |1,300°?|
| CH_{4} C_{2}H_{6} | | | | | |
| C_{2}H_{4} C_{2}H_{2} |C_{2}O_{5}* | -- |*1·9 | 6·3 |2,600°?|
| NH_{3} N_{2}H_{4} --|N_{2}O_{6}* | N_{3}H |*0·6 | 23 | -203° |
| OH_{2} --|O_{3} | -- |*0·9 | 18 | -230°?|
| FH| -- | -- |?1·0 | 19 | ? |
| | | | | | |
| NaE|NaO | Na_{2}H | 0·98| 23·5 | 96° |
| MgE_{2} --| -- | MgH | 1·74| 14 | 500° |
| AlE_{3} -- --| -- | -- | 2·6 | 11 | 600° |
|SiH_{4} Si_{2}E_{6} -- --| -- | -- | 2·3 | 12 |1,300°?|
| PH_{3} P_{2}H_{4} --| -- | P_2H | 2·2 | 14 | 44° |
| SH_{2} --|S_{2}O_{7} | -- | 2·07| 15 | 114° |
| ClH| -- | -- |*1·3 | 27 | -75° |
| | | | | | |
| |KO_{2} | K_{2}H | 0·87| 45 | 58° |
| |CaO_{2} | CaH | 1·56| 26 | 800° |
| | -- | -- |?2·5 | ?18 |1,200°?|
| |TiO_{3} | -- | 3·6 | 13 |2,500°?|
| | -- | -- | 5·5 | 9 |3,000°?|
| |Cr_{2}O_{7} | -- | 6·7 | 7·7 |2,000°?|
| | -- | -- | 7·5 | 7·3 |1,500° |
| | -- |Fe_{n}H* | 7·8 | 7·2 |1,450° |
| | -- | -- | 8·6 | 6·8 |1,400° |
| | -- | Ni_{n}H | 8·7 | 6·8 |1,350° |
| |Cu_{2}O_{5}*| CuH | 8·8 | 7·2 |1,054° |
| ZnE_{2} --|ZnO_{2} | -- | 7·1 | 9·2 | 418° |
| GaE_{3} -- --| -- | -- | 5·96| 11·7 | 30° |
| GeE_{4} -- -- --| -- | -- | 5·47| 13·2 | 900° |
| AsH_{3} -- --| -- |As_{4}H* | 5·65| 13·3 | 500° |
| SeH_{2} --| -- | -- | 4·8 | 16 | 217° |
| BrH| -- | -- | 3·1 | 26 | -7° |
| | | | | | |
| |RbO |Rb_{2}H* | 1·5 | 57 | 39° |
| |SrO_{2} | SrH | 2·5 | 35 | 600°?|
| | -- | -- |*3·4 | *26 |1,000°?|
| | -- |Zr_{4n}H*| 4·1 | 22 |1,500°?|
| | -- |Nb_{n}H* | 7·1 | 13 |1,800°?|
| |Mo_{2}O_{7} | -- | 8·6 | 11 |2,200°?|
| | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| | | | | | |
| | -- |Ru_{n}H* |12·2 | 8·4 |2,000°?|
| | -- |Rh_{n}H* |12·1 | 8·6 |1,900°?|
| | -- | Pd_{2}H |11·4 | 8·3 |1,500° |
| |AgO | -- |10·5 | 10·3 | 950° |
| CdE_{2} --|CdO_{2} | -- | 8·6 | 13 | 320° |
| InE_{3} -- --| -- | -- | 7·4 | 14 | 176° |
| SnE_{4} -- -- --|SnO_{3} | -- | 7·2 | 16 | 232° |
| SbH_{3} -- --| -- | -- | 6·7 | 18 | 432° |
| TeH_{2} --| -- | -- | 6·4 | 20 | 455° |
| IH| -- | -- | 4·9 | 26 | 114° |
| | | | | | |
| | -- |Cs_{2}H* | 2·37| 56 | 27° |
| |BaO_{2} | BaH | 3·75| 36 | ? |
| | -- | -- | 6·1 | 23 | ? |
| | -- | -- | 6·6 | 21 | 700°?|
| | | | | | |
| | -- |Ta_{n}H* |10·4 | 18 | ? |
| |W_{2}O_{7} | -- |19·1 | 9·6 |2,600° |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | -- | -- |22·5 | 8·5 |2,700°?|
| | -- | Ir_nH* |22·4 | 8·6 |2,000° |
| | -- |Pt_{n}H* |21·4 | 9·2 |1,775° |
| | -- | -- |19·3 | 10 |1,045° |
| HgE_{2} --| -- | -- |13·6 | 15 | -39° |
| TlE_{3} -- --| -- | -- |11·8 | 17 | 294° |
| PbE_{4} -- -- --| -- | -- |11·3 | 18 | 328° |
| BiE_{3} -- --| -- | -- | 9·8 | 21 | 269° |
| | | | | | |
| | -- | -- |11·1 | 21 | ? |
| | | | | | |
| | -- | -- |18·7 | 13 |2,400°?|
+-------------------------+------------+---------+-----+-------+-------+
[A] From analogy there is reason for thinking that the atomic weight
of selenium is really slightly less than 79·0.

Columns 1, 2, 3, and 4 give the molecular composition of the hydrogen and metallo-organic compounds, exhibiting the most characteristic forms assumed by the elements. The first column contains only those which correspond to the form RX_{4}, the second column those of the form RX_{3}, the third of the form RX_{2}, and the fourth of the form RX, so that the periodicity stands out clearly (see Column 16).

Column 5 contains the symbols of all the more or less well-known elements, placed according to the order of the magnitude of their atomic weights.

Column 6 contains the atomic weights of the elements according to the most trustworthy determinations. The names of the investigators are given in parenthesis. The atomic weight of oxygen, taken as 16, forms the basis upon which these atomic weights were calculated. Some of these have been recalculated by me on the basis of Stas's most trustworthy data (_see_