Chapter XIII: Conclusions--The Individual and the National Purposes (4)

Slavery,
effect of introduction of factor of, on Democrats and Whigs, 72;
sanctioned by the Constitution, and results, 72-73;
attitude of the two political parties toward, 73-74;
shirking of the question, and compromises, 74;
brings out inconsistency of alliance between Jeffersonian democracy
and American nationality as embodied in Constitutional Union, 75;
Webster's attitude on the question, 75-77;
American people separated into five parties by, 77;
attitude of Constitutional Unionists toward, 78;
beliefs of Abolitionists, Southern Democrats, Northern Democrats, and
Republicans, 78-79;
body of public opinion looking to de-nationalizing slavery, which was
organized into the Republican party, 83-84.

Smythe, William, 151.

Social Democrats,
party of, in Germany, 251.

Socialism,
weakness of, 210;
idea of an international, a mistake, 210-211.

Socialists,
doctrine preached by extreme, in France, 243.

Social problem,
democracy and the, 138-140.

South America,
bearing of Monroe Doctrine on, and possible complications resulting
from, 294-296.

Spain,
religious wars of, 219;
national feeling in, increased by abuses of Napoleon, 225.

Specialization,
contempt for, in Middle West of pioneer days, 63-65;
necessity for, resulting from industrial development, 102-103;
of the American business man, 105 ff., 117;
of the politician, 117 ff.;
labor unions a decisive instance of, 126 ff.;
among lawyers, 134-135;
regarded as a revolt from the national democratic tradition, 138-139;
perils of, to American social organization, 139;
part to be played in individual emancipation by, 427-441.

Spoils system,
causes of introduction of, 57, 59-60;
effect of, opposite of that intended, 60-61;
civil service reform and the, 143.

"Square deal," Roosevelt's, 20, 151, 172.

Standard of living,
a constantly higher, for wage-earners, 206;
labor unions an effective machinery for raising, 387.

Standard Oil Company,
attempted regulation of, by various states, 355.

Standards,
in scientific work and in liberal or practical arts, 434-435;
acquirement of authentic, 435-436;
of technical excellence, 436-437;
only way of improving popular, for men of higher standards, 443-444.

State,
development of the national, 215 ff.;
increasing political efficiency of, shown to be proportioned to
responsible exercise of powers, 217-220.

State governments,
reorganization of, in democratic spirit, after Revolutionary War, 31;
lack of success of American, 317;
failure of criminal and civil courts, 318;
chaotic condition of tax systems and educational systems, 318-319;
incompetent and frequently dishonest financial and economic
legislation, 319;
fault lies partly in existing standards of morality, but in part
also is result of unwise organization, 319;
demand for reorganization of, 319-320;
movement in favor of initiative and referendum in, 320, 327-328;
wrong diagnosis of causes of legislative corruption and incompetence,
320-321;
reasons for failure of, 321 ff.;
disadvantages of system of checks and balances in, 323-324;
failure of, to be imputed chiefly to lack of a centralized responsible
organization, 324;
improvement in legislatures necessary, 326-329;
plan suggested for improvement of, 328-331;
administrative reform in, 333 ff.;
maintenance of order by, 344;
reorganization of criminal laws by, 344-345;
improvement of prisons and insane asylums by, 345;
possible activities of, in relation to labor, educational questions,
etc., 346;
method of attaining their maximum usefulness, 347;
relation of, to cities, 347-349;
questions such as regulation of commerce, control of corporations,
distribution of wealth, and prevention of poverty outside of field
of activities of, 350;
domination of railroads in, 352-353;
interference of, with railroad, insurance, and other corporations,
353-355.

Steffens, Lincoln, 163.

Sterilization of criminals, 345.

Strikes, 127-128, 392.

Suffrage,
advantages and disadvantages of a limited, 198-199.

Supreme Court,
power of the, 132-133;
success of, in the American political system, 134;
question of life tenure of office of judges of, 200.

T

Taft, President, 135.

Tammany Hall, 125, 151.

Tariff,
an example of class legislation, 191;
Federal authorities responsible for, 274;
first duty of United States to revise, 305.

Tariff reform, 142-143.

Taxation,
remedying excessive profits of corporations by, 370;
as a weapon of municipalities against monopolies, 374;
use of power of, to equalize distribution of wealth and raise money
for governmental expenses, 381;
of inheritances, 382-385;
of incomes, 384-385;
real estate and saloon, 385.

Tax systems,
state, chaotic condition of, 318.

Technical schools,
growth of, 429-430.

Tobacco manufacture,
regulation of, by government, 379.

Tolstoy,
pernicious results of triumph of democracy of, 282;
led into error by brotherly feelings, 453.

Trade schools, 391.

Tradition,
force of accumulated national, in forming a people into a state,
227, 259;
the national, of England, Germany, France, and America, 267-270;
necessity of emancipation of nations from, 279.

Trust funds,
evils of, 383-384.

Trusts.
_See_ Corporations.

U

Un-Americanism,
the reforming spirit wrongly called, 49.

Unification, of Germany by Bismarck, 247-249;
wars which helped toward, were justifiable, 256.

Unionism, labor.
_See_ Labor unions.

United States Steel Corporation,
lease of ore lands by, 114.

V

Vienna, Treaty of, 225.

Virtue,
the principle of democracy, 454.

Voting,
for state representatives, 329;
American systems of, 341-343.

W

Wage-earners,
increasing standard of living for, 206;
weakness of socialistic programme for, 210-211.
_See_ Labor unions.

War of 1812 and its lessons, 53-55.

Wars,
justifiability of, 255-256;
likelihood of more, before establishment of a stable European
situation, 257.

Washington,
foreign policy contained in Farewell Address of, 290.

Wealth,
necessity of opportunity for acquiring, 203;
improvement in the distribution of, 209-210;
distribution of, in France, 244-245;
equalization of distribution of, by graduated inheritance tax, 381-385.

Webster, Daniel, 52, 427;
reason for failure of ideas of, 69-70;
representative of behavior of public opinion as regarded slavery question
during the Middle Period, 75-77.

Wells, H.G., quoted, 4.

Whigs,
standards represented by, against Jacksonian or Western Democracy, 65-67;
wherein they improved on the Federalists, 67;
policy of internal improvements, 66;
its failure, 67-68;
failure regarding re-chartering of National Bank, 68;
and regarding policy of protection, 68;
complete failure in fight against Federal executive, 68-69;
reason for failures, 69-70;
attitude of, toward slavery, 73-74.

Workingmen,
party composed of, in Germany, 251.