Chapter I: Front Matter

THE PSYCHOLOGY
OF
MANAGEMENT

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
NEW YORK * BOSTON * CHICAGO * DALLAS
ATLANTA * SAN FRANCISCO

MACMILLAN & CO., LIMITED
LONDON * BOMBAY * CALCUTTA
MELBOURNE

THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD.
TORONTO

THE PSYCHOLOGY
OF
MANAGEMENT

_The Function of the Mind in Determining,
Teaching and Installing Methods
of Least Waste_

BY
L.M. GILBRETH, PH.D.

New York
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1921

1914,
BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

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Set up and electrotyped. Published March, 1914

TO MY
FATHER AND MOTHER

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER I PAGE

DESCRIPTION AND GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE PSYCHOLOGY
OF MANAGEMENT ............................................. 1

Definition of Psychology of Management--Importance of
the Subject--Purpose of this Book--Definition of
Management--The Three Types of Management--Possible
Psychological Studies of Management--Plan of Psychological
Study Here Used--Underlying Ideas or Divisions of
Scientific Management--Outline of Method of
Investigation--Conclusions to be Reached.

CHAPTER II

INDIVIDUALITY ............................................... 21

Definition of Individuality--Place of Individuality in
Psychology--Individuality Under Traditional
Management--Individuality Under Transitory
Management--Individuality Under Scientific
Management--Selection of Workers--Separating
Output--Recording Output Separately--Individual
Tasks--Individual Instruction Cards--Individual
Teaching--Individual Incentives--Individual
Welfare--Summary: (a) Effect of Individuality upon Work;
(b) Effect of Individuality upon Worker.

CHAPTER III

FUNCTIONALIZATION ........................................... 52

Definition of Functionalization--Psychological Use of
Functionalization--Functionalization in Traditional
Management--Functionalization Under Transitory
Management--Functionalization Under Scientific
Management--Separating the Planning From the
Performing--Functionalized Foremanship--The Function of
Order of Work and Route Clerk--The Function of Instruction
Card Clerk--The Function of Time and Cost Clerk--The
Function of Disciplinarian--The Function of Gang Boss--The
Function of Speed Boss--The Function of Repair Boss--The
Function of Inspector--Functionalizing the
Worker--Functionalizing the Work Itself--Summary: (a)
Effect of Functionalization upon the Work; (b) Effect of
Functionalization upon the Worker.

CHAPTER IV

MEASUREMENT ................................................. 90

Definition of Measurement--Importance of Measurement in
Psychology--Relation of Measurement in Psychology to
Measurement in Management--Importance of Measurement in
Management--Measurement in Traditional
Management--Measurement in Transitory
Management--Measurement in Scientific
Management--Qualifications of the Observer--Methods of
Observation--Definitions of Motion Study and Time
Study--Methods of Motion Study and Time Study--Summary:
(a) Effect of Measurement on the Work; (b) Effect of
Measurement on the Worker; (c) Future Results to be
Expected; (d) First Step Toward Obtaining These Results.

CHAPTER V

ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS ...................................... 123

Definition of Analysis--Definition of Synthesis--Use of
Analysis and Synthesis by Psychology--Importance of
Analysis and Synthesis in Management--Place in Traditional
Management--Place in Transitory Management--Place in
Scientific Management--The Work of the
Analyst--Determining Factor in Amount of Analysis--Field
of Psychology in Analysis--Qualifications of an
Analyst--Worker's Interest in Analysis--The Work of the
Synthesist--Results of Synthesist's Work--The
Task--Discussion of the Name "Task"--Definition of "Task"
in Scientific Management--Field of Application of the Task
Idea--Qualifications of the Synthesist--Summary: (a)
Effect of Analysis and Synthesis on the Work; (b) Effect
of Analysis and Synthesis on the Worker.