Chapter XXVII: Part 27

It is now thirteen years ago, during the administration of President Hayes, that I first brought this matter to the attention of our government, believing it to be, perhaps, the work of a month. From that day to this, I have found time for nothing else. I learned that its broad humanities were the belt that spanned the world. Dependent, as it is, upon the co-operation of the government, being substantially a link between it and the people at large, I should not have been justified in proceeding to organize great bodies of persons under its regulations, until I was assured what position the government would take in regard to it. I could not _ask_ this decision of the government until actual results had proven to it, and to myself as well, that the position required was one worthy to _be_ taken. Thus the trial has been made single handed. Not a penny of tax nor dues has ever been asked for the expenses of the National Red Cross.

The general impression prevails that it is actively a branch of the government, and of course, provided for by it. This impression has, pecuniarily, been heavily against us, as it enters no philanthropic mind to extend a generosity to the Red Cross, any more than to the War, or State, or Navy Departments, or any other branch of protected government service. No freight bill on shipments has ever been remitted, nor agent ever passed free over a road up to this time; and no bequest has ever been made to it. Postage is not even paid.

The government is supposed to do all these things, and it is generally believed that its officers have large salaries. In one way this impression has been helpful. It has doubtless given prestige; but it is a costly luxury, and not to be _forever_ afforded.

The actual expenses of the government since the first, have been as follows: an appropriation in 1883 of one thousand dollars, expended in government printing of a little pamphlet history of the Red Cross, written by me, at the request of the Senate committee, for circulation after the adoption of the treaty--two thousand copies. As neither frank nor postage were provided for the mailing, the transmission of each copy cost some ten cents. The issue is exhausted. Appropriations of $1000 and $2000 respectively for expenses of governmental delegates to the International Conferences of 1884 and 1887, held at Geneva and Carlsruhe, the delegates giving their time and services, and meeting all costs, excepting those actually incurred en route, and provable by vouchers. Thus making an aggregate of six thousand dollars in eight years expended in its own behalf, with as much in value, in each instance, added by the committee, as otherwise appropriated. These are the only demands ever made upon the government. This balances our accounts to date.

We now reach a point where I may name some directions in which the government might properly extend its protecting and its helping hand. The International Committee of Geneva makes the National Committee of America the recognized medium of communication with our government. It sends its official communications to the president of the American National Red Cross, with directions that this officer present the same to our government, and duly transact the required business. But unfortunately, there is opened no legalized medium through which the Red Cross is expected to confer with the government, through either its executive or its legislative branches. "What is everybody's business is nobody's business." The entire system has each time to be explained to busy men, precedents to be found, and, however willing and anxious, no one can be quite certain if he is right. The naming of two or three gentlemen from your own honorable body to act permanently as a committee on the affairs of the Red Cross would remedy all this, and render simple and efficient what is now complicated and awkward. It would then be _some_body's business. The subject would be understood, the needs comprehended, suitable advantages taken, mistakes avoided, time saved, prestige given both at home and abroad, and the unavoidable communications between the committee and government officials come to be regarded as legitimate business, and not as favors personally sought and graciously listened to.

I regard the appointment of this committee as a most important step, if _any_ steps are to be taken--perhaps indispensable, in view of certain measures which must come officially before Congress.

At the last two International Conferences resolutions were passed requesting that each government within the treaty take firm measures for the protection of the international insignia of the Red Cross, from misuse and abuse by unauthorized persons and parties, as methods of popular advertising for speculation and gain. The patent office is besieged by applicants demanding the Red Cross for trademarks.

It becomes our duty on behalf of these conferences to present these resolutions to the government, together with the statements of the various countries through their delegates, and to ask its consideration, and its official action, in common with that of other nations. Our duty to the government demands this as well.

The great query which confronts us, and often with a tinge of seeming reproach, is: "Why is so little known of your organization? Why is it not written up, and circulated among the people for general information? Even the army knows nothing of it. Where shall we find something published about it?" And these inquiries come from the officers of the Regular Army, the National Guard, the Grand Army, and the medical fraternity in general, not to mention the people at large.

There is probably no one in the land who would more gladly see these questions favorably met, and the information go out, than the parties supposed to be responsible for this dereliction. It has sometimes occurred to me that a little "dangerous surplus" might be safely disposed of in that way without compromising any leading issues.

Governmental bureaus, with full powers, have been commenced requiring less of actual labor, method, skill, clerical ability, and official expenses than are expected and provided yearly at the private headquarters of the American National Red Cross, and with less of general demand for them, and smaller visible results.

Fortunately its president has been always able to furnish space for the Red Cross headquarters in her home, and as it was her child, she has naturally and willingly provided for it. But, gentlemen, children grow! In no other country does the organization of the Red Cross stand as an ordinary benevolent society. In all others its relation to the government is defined, pronounced, and its prestige assured. This is wise and just, and only this can make it of greatest service to the government and to the people.

It is a peculiar institution, without nationality, race, creed or sect, embracing the entire world in its humanizing bond of brotherhood, without arbitrary laws or rules, and yet stronger than armies, and higher than thrones.

I desire to have it better comprehended and more fittingly appointed in our great and advancing country. I would like to see for it a headquarters which, in point of activity, would be a national honor to us. The Red Cross of America should successfully undertake some difficult problems. Hospital and emergency work naturally fall to it. It has come to be the first thought of by any community suddenly overtaken by disaster.

With all our misdirected, criminal and incendiary immigration, which nothing seems to hinder, with our dangerous foreign leaders and teachers, our strikes, mobs and dynamite, who can foresee the moment when the United States flag shall be called to make peace and hold it? And wherever that symbol goes, the Red Cross must follow, and only one step in the rear. The first man who falls must see it on the arm that raises him, and the last must know it has not left him. The National Red Cross of America is not without possibilities for occupation, and these neither theoretical nor sentimental.

Gentlemen, there are some points in reference to which I desire to guard against misapprehension on your part. Of all things, I would not have you get the impression that I desire to foist the Red Cross upon the government for support. That, because I say it is liable to equal a government bureau in point of work and care, I desire to have it made a government bureau. Nothing is more impossible. I would not have you feel that we have carried it to a certain extent, and now want the government to take it up. These things could not be; it would at once defeat the very objects of the organization, which mean _people's help for national needs_, _not_ national help for people's necessities. Still, there is a certain fitting and customary connection between the two, which it is proper to recognize. Certain protection of the rights and welfare of the organization, which it is suitable and for the interest of the government to maintain, as, for instance, the protection of the insignia. Its acts of incorporation--some aid in the circulation of information respecting it, its charters, etc., through its official printing bureaus, and some direct channel of communication, and advice opened between the government and the organization, as customary in other countries, and without which I think we cannot reasonably hope to stand upon a respectable basis in their estimation.

If Germany can place Count Stolberg, one of its highest official dignitaries and officers, at the _active_ head of its Red Cross, we can scarcely do less than to permit a small advisory committee of our legislature to at least _confer_ with ours.

These are all very small and inexpensive demands upon a government like ours, and from their apparent unimportance, likely to remain unconsidered. Still, they _are_ important to the work that seeks them. With these assured, the National Committee can safely permit the people to take their place in the work, and if the time never comes when the country has need of the help for which they organize, it will be only a too fortunate land.

The part which I have thus far been privileged to take in this work has but one merit. It has been faithful, and I believe, unselfish. With better judgment, greater strength, wealth, power and prestige, or the ready help of those who had, I might have accomplished more. I have nothing to gain from it, and never have had. I have no ambitions to serve, and certainly no purposes. I regret only the years which have gone by in feeble, unaided effort, which, I feel, with stronger help, might have been more serviceable.

All I am worth to it to-day is the experience I have gained. I have no more time for trials, nor proof, and of these, no more are needed. The facts are established. I have stated what is needed of the government, before it can go on, and I ask your kind consideration of the same.

TO THE COMMITTEES OF THE RED CROSS.

AN ACKNOWLEDGMENT.

To our tireless Executive Committee, and to the great and energetic Red Cross Relief Committee of New York, who undertook the concentration of the war relief and the administration of the generous gifts of the people, and who have so faithfully stood by me in the work during all these months, no words can adequately express my gratitude and the appreciation of the National Committee.

For them no task was too great; no requisition was ever refused. To their zealous labors is due, in a great measure, whatever success may have attended the Red Cross in its mission for the relief of the sick and the wounded.

TO THE AUXILIARIES OF THE RED CROSS

AND

THE NURSES WHO WENT TO THE WAR.

To the army of women, brave, generous and true, who either as auxiliaries at home, or as nurses at the field, who made up that magnificent array of womanhood, ready for sacrifice on the altar of humanity and their country--no words of mine can do justice. The monument deserved and traced in that glowing pen picture of the melting tribute of another pen, I beg to place here with my tears of acquiescence, to sanction every line.

A TRIBUTE TO THE RED CROSS NURSES.

By FRANKLIN B. HUSSEY, of Chicago.

* * * * *

The war is over. Now let us rejoice. Now erect your tablets and monuments to the heroes of the war--the living and the dead. Write their names on the long roll of honor: Dewey, Schley, Hobson and Wainwright, Roosevelt, Lee, Wheeler and all the rest, and alongside their names write those of the private soldier and the "man behind the guns." They "remembered the Maine." And while we rear our symbols of marble and of bronze to commemorate their brave deeds, there is one we must not, we cannot, forget.

When our brave boys left home and marched proudly down to war they did not go alone, for the gentle presence of woman walked beside them, to assuage with her soft touch the grim horrors of carnage. A few days ago the busy thoroughfares of our city resounded with the music and fanfares of a great jubilee. I saw the towering fronts of the thronging palaces of trade put off their accustomed garb of work-a-day gray and drab and bedeck themselves in carnival attire, while stretched across from roof to roof for miles hung festoons of glittering lights, banners and flags in a bewildering chaos of red, white and blue. I saw triumphal arches spanning the streets, adorned with the portraits and names of patriots, but I saw not hers of whom I speak.

Under those arches, attended by all the pomp and splendor of the trappings of war, keeping step to the glad music of victory, marched ten thousand men, at their head the Chief Executive of the nation. I saw senators and judges, diplomatic representatives and statesmen, generals and heroes of the army and navy, veterans and volunteer soldiers pass in glittering procession, while a million voices shouted loud huzzas that told of a nation's tribute of gratitude to all those who had contributed to the great victory; but for her I looked in vain.

At night I saw a great feast spread, honored by the presence of the nation's leader and all those who had ridden in the grand pageant. The toasts went round and the glasses clinked, but never a word of her of whom I speak.

Not that she was forgotten; not but that cheers would have rung out at the mention of her name; but because she went about her duty of self-sacrifice so simply, so modestly, without even a thought or expectation that any one would ever know or care whether she lived to come back from the death-laden fever swamp, or not, her part in the great victory had been, for the time being, overlooked; and while gifted tongues are paying their tributes of burning eloquence to our heroes, without seeking to detract one whit from their glory and fame, which they so richly deserve, may I draw nigh, with uncovered head, and cast a flower at _her_ feet? She asks no recognition. She seeks no praise; but on some sunny slope of one of our wooded parks I want to see a simple shaft uplifted in memory of the girl with a red cross on her arm. She went forth to war with no blare of trumpets or beat of drums; the first to go, the last to return; she carried neither sword nor musket, but only the gentle ministrations of a woman's hand and heart; not to make wounds, but to heal them. If you seek fitting words in which to embody her record, go ask those whose fevered brows her cooling palms have pressed, whose bloody wounds her hands have stanched, but the lips that could best tell her noblest deeds lie cold and still, wrapped in the sleep that heeds no bugle call. She carried balm and healing not only to broken and bleeding bodies, but to broken and bleeding hearts as well, and stood through long pestilential nights, like a ministering angel of heaven, beside the weary pillow of pain, and when all that human hands could do had been done, and the dying soldier murmured last words to mother, wife or sweetheart, hers the ear that caught the last faint whisper, hers the fingers that penned the last letter home, hers the voice that read from the thumb-worn page, "The Lord is my Shepherd, I shall not want.... Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death"--while with his hand clasped in hers, his soul passed on through the "valley" and the "shadow" up to "the sandals of God." Yes, raise aloft her statue in the streaming sunlight. Let some great sculptor, catching aright the inspiration of his theme, outline that slender form--that woman's form, with melting heart and nerves of steel, against the soft blue of the summer sky, with her lint and bandages in one hand and her Bible in the other, the sign of the cross upon her sleeve, and the glory of the countenance of the "Son of Man" reflected on her face, and underneath let these words be traced:

To the nurses of the Red Cross--those angels of the battlefield--who
ministered to our soldiers and sailors, the thanks of a grateful
nation; for "Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of
these, ye have done it unto Me."

* * * * *

AS THE SUN WENT DOWN.

Two soldiers lay on the battlefield
At night when the sun went down,
One held a lock of thin, gray hair
And one held a lock of brown.

One thought of his sweetheart back at home,
Happy and young and gay,
And one of his mother left alone,
Feeble and old and gray.

Each in the thought that a woman cared,
Murmured a prayer to God,
Lifting his gaze to the blue above
There on the battle sod.

Each in the joy of a woman's love,
Smiled through the pain of death,
Murmured the sound of a woman's name,
Tho' with his parting breath.

Pale grew the dying lips of each,
Then, as the sun went down,
One kist a lock of thin, gray hair,
And one kist a lock of brown.

ANON., in _Town Talk_.

UNWRITTEN THANKS.

Dear readers, I pray you accept this last word from me: "Poor even in thanks"--the thanks with which the heart is burdened but cannot speak. The acts of kindness shown during these waiting, and oft weary years, that crowd and clamor for expression, would duplicate this volume many times, and the cherished names that the hand struggles to write, would turn these pages into a biographical dictionary.

Let me pray, then, that every person who takes up this volume and recalls a kind act done me, or a friendly, encouraging word spoken in all the years of the busy period which it covers, shall read between the lines, the cherished memory, the thanks, and the blessing so richly deserved and so fully given.

A WORD OF EXPLANATION.

May this book before quite leaving the hands of its author be permitted this word of explanation.

Its subject took its rise in, and derived its existence from, war. Without war it had no existence. The watchword, indeed one might almost say, the "war cry" of our country and of our people was "_peace_." War was obsolete--out of date--out of taste--in fact, out of the question: hence there existed no need for providing relief for it; and thus the Red Cross has stood, unrecognized in the shadows of obscurity all the eighteen years of its existence among us, waiting for the sure, alas, too sure, touch of war, to light up its dark figure, and set in motion the springs of action.

A few believed, and like disciples, waited with it. If at any time, during that period, one had presumed to offer to the American public a book treating exclusively upon the Red Cross, the production would have found neither publishers nor readers; but now that the stroke of war has fallen and the interest comes home to ourselves, neither can wait for the book to be properly written, hence the unfinished and unsatisfactory condition in which it must present itself.

CONCLUSION.

In the foregoing pages is outlined the history of the American National Red Cross in peace and in war.

We have seen it grow year by year, from the persistent, almost unaccountable rejection of the Treaty of Geneva by our government for eighteen years. We have seen it beginning in the cordial recognition of Blaine, and Garfield, and Arthur, gradually increasing in the amount and scope of its labors, growing, in the slowly gained influence and support of public confidence, to its present condition of general recognition in all parts of our own country, and in the warm appreciation of all the nations that have acceded to the Treaty of the Red Cross. There is, we are happy to believe and to assure our readers everywhere, a warmth and an enthusiastic appreciation of the Red Cross that brings added honor to the country, and that everywhere recommends the principles and the practices for which the sacred symbol stands. No American citizen will hereafter travel in foreign lands any less securely since the American National Red Cross has been before him in Russia, and in Armenia, and in the high conferences where the treaty nations by their representatives from time to time assemble.

It is founded in the soundest and noblest principles, in the deep needs of human nature, and in the enduring instincts and feelings of mankind. It has come to quicken into fresh, new growth the best things in human life. Like the Banyan tree, wherever an auxiliary branch of the Red Cross exists, it will so drop roots into human character and life, that it will make it a parent trunk in turn to send out influences that shall bring other affiliating branches, so that it shall at last cover the earth with its grateful shade, beneath which the tramp of armed men shall cease, and the battle flags be furled. Then, although the original purpose and object of the Red Cross was indeed to heal the wounds and sickness incident to warfare, there will remain the work under the "American Amendment," in which the Red Cross goes forth to heal other great ills of life.

The future of the Red Cross then will be worthy of the labors and sacrifices in which it originated, worthy of the care and tender solicitude with which its growth and progress has been watched and tended.

Into the hands of the coming generations it will be given as the best legacy that the All Father has at any time given to His children--the spirit and the power symbolized and consecrated forever by the Red Cross of Geneva.

NOTES.

AMERICAN NATIONAL RED CROSS.

The Red Cross is often referred to by the press and by many of our friends in correspondence, as a "society." From this practice, it appears that a misapprehension exists regarding the official title of the national organization in this country, and a few words of explanation seem necessary.

As contemplated by the Treaty of the Red Cross, and provided by the regulations of the International Committee, there is formed in each of the countries adopting the Treaty of Geneva, one Central National Committee of the Red Cross, with headquarters at the seat of government.

In this National Committee of each country, authorized by the International Committee and recognized by its own government, is centred the power of organization and direction of all matters connected with the administration of relief contributed by the people in the name of the Red Cross. This authority includes the sole right to form innumerable branches, subject to the direction of the National Committee. These branches, created by the National Organization, may be known as Auxiliary Societies of the Red Cross, or by any other appropriate name, but the central national organization is not a society; it is a National Committee.

Therefore, in referring to or addressing the parent organization, it is improper to use the term "society." It should be remembered that the Central National Committee of the Red Cross for the United States of America, has, for sake of convenience, been incorporated under the title: THE AMERICAN NATIONAL RED CROSS.

RELIEF OF WOUNDED IN WAR.

The Central National Committee of the Red Cross in each country, being duly accredited by the International Committee and officially recognized by its own government, is the lawful means of communication between the people and the armies in the field, acting as the administrator of the contributions of the people for the relief of the sick and wounded in war.

CORRESPONDENCE IN TIME OF WAR.

When hostilities are in progress, and the usual means of communication between the belligerent countries are suspended, prisoners of war are enabled to communicate with their homes through the medium of the Red Cross of neutral nations. Thus, for example, during the late Spanish-American war the prisoners on board the prize ships at Key West were, by an arrangement made with the authorities of the United States Government, permitted to write to their friends and relatives. The letters were, of course, first viséd and certified by the American National Red Cross, and those addressed to persons within the Spanish lines were forwarded through the Red Cross of Portugal.

WOUNDED AS PRISONERS OF WAR.

Formerly a wounded man, as such, had no particular rights which any one was pledged to respect. Now, however, the Treaty of Geneva provides that the wounded immediately become neutral and are entitled to the care and consideration of their captors. There is also preserved to them the right to send messages through the lines, informing their friends of their whereabouts and condition.

THE RED CROSS AND LOCAL CHARITY.

The National Committee of the Red Cross and its branches, not being a local benevolent institution, the Red Cross takes no part in the distribution of local charity, when the distress is such that it is within the power of the community itself to relieve. Therefore, members of auxiliary societies when engaged in the usual charities of a local nature, should not act as the representatives of the Red Cross. The Red Cross in times of peace can only be called into action when a disaster occurs which is of such magnitude as to be considered national in its character, and beyond the control of the immediate community.

NO REFLECTION UPON THE GOVERNMENT.

By their adhesion to the Treaty of Geneva, and by their recognition of the National Committees in each country, the nations of the world have declared that, no matter how extensive the preparations, nor how complete may be the organization of the medical department of an army, it is beyond human possibility to provide for all contingencies. For this reason the National Committees of the Red Cross were created. The necessity for auxiliary aid by the people, through the Red Cross, existing as it does in all the treaty countries, is in no wise a reflection upon the Medical Department of the Army, nor upon the ability and faithfulness of its officers. Hence, the timely acceptance of this auxiliary aid, the necessity for which all nations have publicly acknowledged, brings with it no discredit; it is only its rejection that opens the door to censure.

MEMBERSHIP IN THE RED CROSS.

In the past many applications have been received for membership in the American National Red Cross, to all of which it has been necessary to make the same reply. The central organization being a National Committee, membership thereon is only conferred by election and appointment, not by application. Membership in the Red Cross may, however, be obtained through the auxiliary societies. During the Spanish-American war many auxiliaries were formed for temporary work, but have not yet been received and accredited as permanent societies of the Red Cross. It is hoped, however, that the time may soon come when the local branches of the Red Cross may be found everywhere, and when any one who is acceptable may become a member by joining the nearest auxiliary.

INDEX.

A. Page.

Address by Clara Barton to the President, Congress, and People
of U.S. 60

Address by Clara Barton: "What is Significance of Red Cross in
its Relation to Philanthropy?" 97

Address by Clara Barton to Congress 666

Accession of U.S. to Treaty of Geneva and Additional Articles
of Navy 80

Adhesion of U.S., translation from International Bulletin,
April, 1882 87

Articles of Red Cross Treaty, or the Convention of Geneva 57

Articles, additional, of Oct. 20, 1863 74

American Amendment of Red Cross 383, 668, 681

Appia, Dr. Louis 23, 48, 61

Aguadores, shelling of 561, 645

Americans advised to leave Havana, April 9 549, 603

Amputations few 593

Army Surgeons Accept Red Cross Help 560, 562, 588, 589, 590, 615,
616, 645, 647

"As the Sun Went Down" (Poem) 679

Auxiliaries 474-480

Austrian Committee 31

ARMENIAN RELIEF FIELD, 1895-96:
Red Cross requested to take charge of relief 275
Armenia, conditions in 276, 279, 320
Turkey, signatory power to Red Cross Convention
of 1864 276
Public gatherings in the United States, effect of 276
Obligations of neutrality imposed upon the representatives
and workers under Geneva Treaty 277, 279, 280
Red Cross forbidden to enter Turkey by Turkish Minister
in Washington 277, 278
Turkish Minister's action politically justifiable 277
Red Cross pledged to go to Turkey 277
Red Cross sails from New York, Jan. 22, 1896 277
Dr. Hubbell dispatched to Constantinople 278
Conference with Missionary Board at Constantinople 278
U.S. Minister A.W. Terrell 278, 279, 299, 314
Conference with Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs,
Tewfik Pasha 278
Plan of Relief outlined to Turkish Minister 279
Permission to work and protection of Turkish Government
assured 280
Preparations for dispatching agents begin 283
Relief delayed by denunciatory utterances in the U.S.;
sample; "Pro-Armenian Alliance" 283
Currie, Sir Phillip, suggests Southern Route 284, 288
Expeditions start via Alexandretta (Iskanderun) 285
Doubts and discouragements from home 285
Massacre at Killis, Turkish Government anxious 286
Letter to Frances Willard 286
Zeitoun and Marash epidemics 287, 335, 350, 353, 354
Harris, Dr. Ira, expedition of, and report 287, 294, 336, 350
Perplexing cablegrams from U.S. 288
Cabled American Committee that Red Cross will finish
field alone 289
Letter to Red Cross officer, P.V. De Graw, in U.S. 289
Course of expeditions 290
Shattuck, Miss Corinna, at Oorfa 293, 335
Kimball, Dr. Grace, Bitlis 293
Expeditions reach Harpoot 293
Typhoid and typhus in Arabkir 293, 337, 338
Fifth expedition 294
Harpoot 293, 295, 337
Diarbekir 295
Farkin 295
Furnishing tools for building and harvesting 295
Wood, Chas. King 296, 297, 334, 335, 337, 356
Wistar, E.M. 334, 335, 345, 356
Gates, Rev. C.F., D.D. 296
Cattle for plowing and planting 296
Return of expeditions from Asia Minor 297, 298
Balance of funds placed with W.W. Peet, Treasurer 297
Peet, W.W. 297, 298, 299, 324
Hardships endured by our men 297
Dwight, H.O., D.D. 298, 315, 324
Green, Jos. K., D.D. 298
Hamblin, Dr. Cyrus 299
Washburn, Geo., D.D. 278, 299, 324
Selamlic 299
Time spent socially in Constantinople 299
Respects paid to new Turkish Minister to U.S.,
Moustapha Tehsin Bey, 299
Decoration and diploma, Armenian and Turkish 300, 303
Returning home 304
Grand Duke and Grand Duchess of Baden, visit to 304
Constantinople massacres renewed, and Red Cross proposed
to return, if needed 305
Distances and difficulties of travel, transportation and
communication in Turkey 305
Turkish telegram 307
Funds, never embarrassed for 307
Methods of work, general 310
Difficulties of relief committees at home, and causes 310, 313
The Press and contributors 313
(To the) Government at Washington, and To the U.S.
Legation at Constantinople 313
Ambassadors and representatives of other nations 315
Commendatory 315
"The Independent," report 315
"Marmora," poem 319
Conditions in Armenia, summary of 320

FINANCIAL SECRETARY'S REPORT, ARMENIA:
Turkish money, intricacies of, and varying values 324
Post, Dr. Geo. E., letter of 324
Para, copper coin, value, one-tenth cent 325
Piaster, equal forty para, about, 4½ cents 325
Lira, gold 325
Volunteer aid 326
Money, banking, express 326
Bakshish 326
Method and manner of distribution 327, 328
Raising of funds, popular impression and actual experience in 329
Balance sheet 333

GENERAL FIELD AGENT'S REPORT:
Preparations for interior travel 334
Fuller, Rev. Dr., Aintab 334, 335
Killis 334
Aintab 335
Red Cross methods 328, 329, 335, 336, 339, 345, 355
Marash filled with refugees and epidemics prevailing 335
Marash, Mrs. Lee and Mrs. Macallum 336
Surrounding country pillaged, people killed 335
Trail route, Marash to Harpoot 336
Marash without foods or medicines 336
Arabkir epidemic 294, 337
Hintlian, Dr. Hagop 338, 339
Bush, Miss Caroline E. 338, 339
Arabkir, welcome to 338
Egin City and Aghan villages 343, 344
Gratitude of people 343
Barnum, Rev. H.N. 346
Post, Dr. Geo. 350
Tribute to Red Cross non-sectarian methods, by Dr. Harris 355
Returning expeditions 356

B.

BARTON, CLARA, LETTERS AND CORRESPONDENCE:
Autograph translation of Mr. Moynier's letter to President
of U.S., on adoption of treaty 37
To E.M. Camp, Ed. "Erie Dispatch" (The Little Six) 130
To Ed. "Charleston News and Courier," subject, Sea Island
Relief 268
To Sea Island Committeemen, planting 273
To Frances Willard, Armenian relief 286
To P.V. De Graw, Armenian relief 289
To Admiral W.T. Sampson, Cuban relief, entering Havana 370
To Cuban Relief Committee, New York Cuban relief 374
To Surgeon-Major Louis A. Le Garde, Siboney Hospital 560
To S.E. Barton (cable), Siboney 562
To Admiral Sampson, entering Santiago 574
To Capt. Chadwick, flagship "New York," entering Santiago 575
To R.A. Alger, Secretary of War, transportation, Santiago
to Havana 584
To Capt. S.C. Wertsch, S.S. "Clinton," thanks 631
From J.G. Blaine, Secretary of State 41
From Mr. Moynier, Pres. Comité International 81
From "The Little Six" 132
From A.A. Adee, Secretary of State, Cuban relief 362
From S.E. Barton, Cuban relief 365
From John F. Hoar, U.S. Marshal, Key West, Spanish prisoners 369
From Admiral W.T. Sampson, Cuban relief, entering Havana 373
From R.A. Alger, Secretary of War, Red Cross Treaty 395
From C.H. Allen, Secretary of Navy, Red Cross Treaty 395
From Surgeon-Major Le Garde, hospital work 560
From S.E. Barton, transportation and nurses 562
From Capt. Chadwick, flagship "New York," entering Santiago 575
From R.A. Alger, Secretary of War, transportation, Santiago
to Havana 584
From Capt. P.C. Wertsch, acknowledgment 631
From members of Red Cross field staff on separating 632
From Santiago Relief Committee 639
From Duke of Palmella, Red Cross Intermediary 665
From Spanish Red Cross

Barton, Clara, reimbursed by Congress 78

Barton, Clara, starts to Cuba Feb. 6, 1898 519

Bangs, C.C., work at El Caney and death at Santiago 620, 650

Baracoa and Sagua de Tanamo 623

Battleship "Maine," visit to 523

Battleship "Maine," blowing up of 524, 600

Battleship "Maine's" dead 526

Beckwith, General A. 120

Bell, Major Wm. Duffield, statement of conditions at front
hospital, Santiago 616

Bellows, Henry W. (effort to bring U.S. into treaty) 36

Blaine, Secretary James G. (letter to Clara Barton acknowledging
Mr. Moynier's) 42

Blaine, Secretary, transmits articles Geneva Convention to
President 73

Blanco, General, courtesy of, and co-operation 547, 643

Bulletin, International 27

C.

CAMPS AND CAMP WORK, extracts from reports of 484

ATLANTA DISTRICT:
Camp Fort McPherson, Ga., Rev. Orville G. Nave, agent 420
Atlanta Committee of Red Cross 421
Red Cross work, observation on 421
Camp Hobson, Ga., Lythia Springs 422
Diet Kitchen, Miss Junia McKinley 422

CHATTANOOGA DISTRICT:
Camp Thomas, Chickamauga, E.C. Smith, agent 408
Typhoid fever in camp 411, 502
Hospital "Sternberg" 412
Hospitals "Sanger" and "Leiter" 412
Nurses, great lack of, at first 411
Nurses, 140 women graduate at one time 412
Camp "Shipp," Anniston, Ala. 413
Hunters Island, 507

JACKSONVILLE, FLA., DISTRICT, Rev. Alex. Kent, agent 414
Camp Fernandina 418
Camp hospitals, conditions to be expected in 418
Camp Miami 418
Hospital, recuperating, Pablo Beach 416

LONG ISLAND AND NEW YORK DISTRICT:
Long Island Relief Station, Mrs. A.G. Hammond,
superintendent 489, 490, 505
Camp Wyckoff, Montauk Point, L.I., Howard Townsend,
agent, Dr. Brewer, assistant 426
Bureau of Inquiry and Correspondence 429
Diet Kitchens 429, 505
First work supplying water 426
Hospital, railway emergency 430
Quarantine officer, Dr. Magruder 429
Troops arriving on transports (feeding of) 429
Nurses, 140 Red Cross 429
Supplies, promptness in ordering and receiving 426
Camp Black, nurses at 506

PORTO RICO FIELD WORK, Horace F. Barnes, agent, General W.T.
Bennett, assistant 460
Camp Barton 467
Field agent, qualifications necessary for (Barnes) 470
Method of work 468
Sick, large percentage of, in Porto Rico 468, 469
Sickness, some of causes 469

TAMPA DISTRICT, Dr. S.S. Partello, agent 493

WASHINGTON, D.C., DISTRICTS:
Camp Alger, Washington, B.H. Warner, field agent 397
Camp Bristow Diet Kitchen 400
Camp Point Sheridan visited, Mrs. Mussey 399
Fort Meyer Diet Kitchen, Dr. Mary E. Green 400
Post Hospital, Washington Barracks 399
Camps and camp regulations, suggestions 405
Common sense criticism 405
Green, Dr. Mary E. 400
Ice plant auxiliary of New York 402
Legion Loyal Women 403
Medicine and supplies furnished promptly by Red Cross 399
Nurses, experienced, needed 399, 401
President and Secretary of War always interested in
efforts of Red Cross 405
Red tape hinders needed supplies 399
Returning troops at Fortress Monroe, meeting of 401
Troops en route, sick and well, care of 401
Testimony of officers, surgeons and soldiers to work of
Red Cross 403
Tribute to the Red Cross 406
Sag Harbor Home 507

CAROLINA SEA ISLANDS HURRICANE AND RELIEF 197
Hurricane, description of 197
Hurricane, Admiral Beardslee's description 203
Sea Islands, geography, people, conditions, religion 203, 205, 209
First local aid 202
Red Cross called by the Governor of South Carolina 201
Sea Islands Hurricane, needs and methods of relief 208, 210
Relief work in Sea Islands Hurricane, district report of
J. MacDonald, Hilton Head 211, 219
Report of Mrs. MacDonald, clothing 220
Report of warehouse and shipping department, Dr. E.W. Egan 222
Medical and sanitary, Dr. E.W. Egan 228
Report Beaufort District, Dr. J.B. Hubbell 232
Report Charleston District, H.L. Bailey 244
Report of clothing department, Mrs. Jos. Gardner and
Mrs. H.L. Reed 252-263
Sewing circles 257
"Christmas Carol," poem 261
Summary of work done 268
Leaving the field 268
Circular letter to committeemen the year following, Feb., 1895 273
Cobb, D.L. 360, 361, 420, 624, 655

CUBA AND CUBAN RELIEF:
Casino, Havana 521
Cuban Central Relief Committee, formation of 362, 363, 634
Cuban relief, first efforts fail from political and
other influences 516
Cuban relief, numerous obstructions, political and sensational 514
Spain addressed, requesting permission to distribute in Cuba 515
Spain's courteous and generous response, a courtesy carelessly
overlooked by Americans 515
Conference with President and Secretary of State on Cuban
relief 516
Cuba, conditions of country and people (Senator Proctor) 534
Cuban Congressional Committee 546
Cienfuegos 544, 643
Cisneros, Miss 543
Co-operation of Cuban physicians 643
Cuban refugees, relief, Tampa and Key West 368
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR 360
Cuba and the Cuban campaign 514
Cuban Hospital, Siboney 557, 614
Cargo for north coast of Cuba, Mary E. Morse 624
Chadwick, Capt., battleship "New York," correspondence 575
Clinics while waiting 551, 644, 645
Clothing report, Miss Fowler 656
"Clinton," steamer furnished by Government for Red Cross
transportation 583, 629
"Clinton" leaves Havana, Sept. 1 1898, 585, 630, 652
"Comal," steamer arrives Havana 585

Committees, central or national 27, 28

Charities, difficulties in administering 166

Conference of 1863, preliminary to the Convention of Geneva,
of Aug. 22, 1864 23, 24, 28, 35, 36, 38, 51, 52, 53

Conference, second, Oct. 20, 1868 74

Congress votes $1,000 for printing 92

Convention of Geneva, Red Cross, Aug. 22, 1864 24, 57

Conclusion 681

Correspondence in time of war 608, 644, 683

"Crevasse," escape from a 121

Cyclone of Mississippi and Louisiana 112

Cyclone of Mount Vernon, Ill., Feb. 19, 1888 143

D.

Death rate from wounds, small 593

Diet Kitchens 400, 402, 429, 505

Distribution places, Havana 522, 600, 601

Douglas, Robert, house and warehouse for Red Cross, Santiago 619

Dufour, General 23, 50

Dunant, Henri (Swiss) 23, 48

Distribution, a criminal neglect in, the occasion of great
disturbance in the United States 547

E.

Egan, Dr. E.W. and Geo. Kennan, to the front, Santiago 646

Egan, Dr. E.W., report 642

El Caney and Firmeza refugees, supplies for 577, 619, 620, 649

Emergency package, good results 593

Explanatory note to readers 680

F.

Federal Council of Switzerland 24

Fields of work from 1881 to 1894 104

Field drill 643

Financial secretary, Cuban work, report 600

Financial statement, Cuban relief 635

First relief committee for Cuban help not successful 515

Flood of Mississippi river, 1884 119

Floods of Ohio and Mississippi, 1882 and 1883 104, 111, 112

Floods, Ohio and Mississippi, 1884, government account of
Red Cross work 128

Food and supplies for sick soldiers, scarcity in Cuban campaign 595

Food and hospital supplies, scarcity of, at front 616, 649

Franco-Prussian war 25

Forest fires of Michigan, 1881 108

French, Alice (Octave Thanet) 177

French Red Cross 33, 664

G.

Garcia, General Calixto 560, 561, 614, 645, 646

Geneva Convention Treaty in United States (translation
from International Bulletin) 77

German-Austrian war 25

German Red Cross 32

Government relationship to the Red Cross 377, 378, 379, 380, 383,
384, 395

Guantanamo, June 25th 560, 610, 619, 645

Guantanamo, Captain McCalla asks for 100,000 rations
for Cubans 574

Guantanamo supplies for Cubans declined for fear of yellow
fever contagion 574, 619

Governments that have adopted treaty, list 58

Governmental recognition of the Red Cross 28, 80, 85, 91, 92, 377,
378, 379, 380, 383, 395

Geddings, Surgeon (Egmont Key, Fla.) 632

H.

Havana, arrived at, August 25th 584, 629

Harbor clinics 606, 644, 645

Havana custom duties, excessive, prevent unloading
supplies 585, 629, 652

Havana citizens, cordial co-operation in relief work 601

Havana harbor, fine of $500 imposed 585, 627

Havana, "Maine" victims at San Ambrosia Hospital 525

Havana, Red Cross headquarters 528 del Cerro 526, 601

Havana understood to be open port 583, 626

History of Red Cross, preparation of, in 1883 96

HOME CAMPS AND AMERICAN WATERS 362-513

Homes of Hunter's Island and Sag Harbor 507

Hospital, Charleston city, nurses sent 496

Hospital, Siboney, Cuba 557, 561, 590, 614

Hospital, Fort Hamilton, nurses at 497

Hospital, Fort Monroe, nurses sent 496

Hospitals, Fort Wadsworth, Staten Island, nurses sent to 497, 502

Hospital, Governor's Island, nurses at 497, 502

Hospital, "Leiter" 495

Hospital at Siboney, opened July 2d 561, 590, 615

Hospital ship "Solace," Captain Dunlap 555, 610

Hospital supplies from "State of Texas" 595

Hospital supplies at Santiago 562, 651

I.

Ice schooner "Mary E. Morse" 559, 580, 624

Incidents of workroom 659-661

Incorporation of American Red Cross 47, 94

Intermediary offices of Red Cross 664, 665, 684

Intermediaries in Spanish-American war:
Switzerland 384, 386
Portugal 608, 644, 664, 665, 683
France 664

International Committee 27, 28, 667, 682

International Committee, circular announcing formation
of the American National Red Cross 91

International Committee, medal of honor to Clara Barton 82, 83

International conferences, representation in 668

International communications, made through the International
Committee 667, 682

International Committee, twenty-five years' record
(illustration) 84

International relations of National Committees 28

Iron Cross of Prussia presented to Clara Barton 83

Italian Red Cross 31

J.

Jaruco, condition, relief (Cuba) 527

Jaruco's tribute to the dead of the "Maine" 530

JOHNSTOWN FLOOD, PA., 1889 157
Benevolent Union of Conemaugh Valley 164
Johnstown flood, incidents 171-173
Johnstown flood, "In Memoriam" 174
Five o'clock tea 163
Johnstown Finance Committee, extract from report, sheltering
people 169
Johnstown contributions, general fund, $1,600,000 168
Johnstown's farewell to Miss Barton 169
Red Cross houses, warehouse and infirmary 164
Johnstown houses, removal of 167
Johnstown infirmary 164
Poem, "The Dread Conemaugh" 170

Jorrin, Senora J.S. 526, 530

Jovellanos (Cuba) 654

K.

Kennan, George 395, 587, 646

Klopsch, Louis, assumes charge of distribution in Cuba 547

L.

La Yocabo, Havana 521

Landing supplies, difficulties, Siboney 563

Late in Siboney, we cannot reach our ship 568, 650

Le Garde, Major-Surgeon Louis A., request for
Red Cross help, 560, 589, 618, 645

Le Garde, Surgeon-Major, testimonial to Red Cross physicians
and nurses 599

LESSER, Dr. A. MONAE (report of) 587

Lesser, Mrs. A. Monae (Sister Bettina) 531, 545

Liabilities to war in United States less than in other countries 35

Liberality of transportation companies 364

Los Fosos, Havana 521, 522, 545, 546, 602

M.

MacClenny nurses, story of 147, 148

Matanzas (Cuba) 546, 547, 653

Matanzas, condition of hospitals and people 531

Matanzas, Governor of, Francisco de Armas 532, 546, 547

"Mattie Bell," steamer on Mississippi 118

Marianao hospital 655

Mason, Robert 578, 621, 651

Maxwell, Miss 502, 503

McCalla, Captain 560, 610, 619, 645

McKibben, General (military governor, Santiago) 621

Membership in Red Cross 684

Methods of relief 310, 328, 329, 370, 421, 426, 438, 484, 498,
579, 601, 607, 608, 615, 621, 626, 642, 643,
644, 654, 661, 683

Method of collecting supplies for reconcentrados 363

Method of sending nurses quickly 498

Michaelson, H. 578, 579, 621, 651

Military and medical preparations never adequate in battle 666, 683

Mines, submarine, Santiago 575

Mississippi and Louisiana cyclone 112

Modus vivendi between Spain and United States 384-394

Moynier, President Gustave 23, 50

Moynier, President Gustave, letter to Miss Barton on adhesion
of United States to treaty and status of American Red Cross
Committee 81

Moynier, President Gustave, letter of (autograph translation
by Clara Barton) 37

Moynier, President Gustave, letter of thanks to Clara Barton
on receipt of official documents of treaty 90

Moynier's letter to Mr. Blaine 42

Moynier, President, letter (Garfield's indorsement) 40

Moynier, President Gustave (letter to President of
United States) 36, 41

"Moynier," steam launch, 394

N.

National committees, character of 668, 682

National committees, relations of 28

Navy, articles for 74

Navy, courtesies of, to the Red Cross 367, 550, 555, 576, 578, 606,
610, 651

Neutral countries, 34

Neutrality in Red Cross principles recognized 547

Neutrality in war pledged 666

Neutrality of wounded 683

Neutrality of supplies and personnel 24

Notes on the Red Cross 682

Nurses, 28, 30, 399, 401, 411, 412, 429, 435, 436, 492,
493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 502, 506, 590, 595,
596, 646, 663

Nurses and assistants, more telegraphed for 590

Nurses, lack of, at first 399, 411, 595, 646

Nurses of the Red Cross, tribute to, by Hussey 677

Nurses in operating tents 646

Nurses for Siboney carried to Porto Rico 492

O.

Objections to Red Cross answered 26

Official instructions to officers, land and naval, concerning
steamship "State of Texas" 367

Officers in the field, kindness of 664

Ohio river floods, 1884 115

Ohio river flood, "Josh. V. Throop," Red Cross steamer on
Ohio river, 1884 114, 124

"Olivette," United States hospital ship 559

Opinions of a major surgeon about women on the field 569

Organization and methods of work (see methods) 27

Orphanage in Havana 531, 545, 602, 642

P.

Packing supplies for shipping, suggestions 656

Palmella, Duke of (President Portuguese Red Cross) 664, 665

Partello, Dr. S.S. (field agent at Tampa) 653

Phinney, Miss, death of 495

Pinar del Rio, Artimesa 540

Plans for self-help formulated with co-operation of
General Blanco 547

Poem, "The Women who Went to the Field" 509

Proctor, Senator Redfield 531, 533, 534

Porter, Mrs. J. Addison 567, 569, 570, 643

Portuguese Red Cross, intermediary between United States
and Spain, 608, 644, 664, 665, 683

Postmaster Brewer at Siboney 568, 650

Preparations for war 25

Press, the support of 364

President Arthur, declaration of the articles of navy 80, 385

President Arthur explaining articles of navy 555

President Arthur recommends treaty in message, December, 1881 72

President Arthur, special message giving adhesion of United
States to treaty and additional articles 80, 385

President Arthur transmits treaty papers to Senate 73

President Arthur's proclamation of treaty of Red Cross 85

President Garfield (Moynier's letter presented to) 41

President Hayes (Moynier's letter presented to) 41

President's Cabinet the Board of Consultation for National
Red Cross 92

President McKinley's call for reconcentrado relief 361, 516

President McKinley requests Red Cross to return to Cuba
with supplies for reconcentrados 549

President McKinley asked for transportation, reply 583, 629

_Projet de concordat_, propositions and resolutions 51

R.

Ratifying power for Red Cross treaties--the Congress of
Berne-Switzerland 667

Reincorporation of American National Red Cross 94

Relief of wounded soldiers, first proposition for 23

Red Cross accepted by government 395

Red Cross American amendment 383, 668, 681, 683

Red Cross constitution 46, 94

Red Cross, first in United States 36

Red Cross history, 1882 96

Red Cross, introduction into United States 668

Red Cross incorporation, original 47

Red Cross insignia 24, 58, 75, 76, 390, 667

Red Cross insignia, protection of 671, 673

Red Cross international conferences 176, 668

Red Cross international committee 667, 682

Red Cross intermediary offices 664, 683

Red Cross in sanitary science 667

Red Cross in floods of Ohio, Chicago "Interocean" 117, 119

Red Cross, congressional committee needed 671-673

Red Cross not branch of government 670

Red Cross national committees, of other countries 667

Red Cross national committees 668, 682

Red Cross, objections to, answered 26

Red Cross, peculiar institution, definition 25, 666, 672, 682, 683

Red Cross of other nations--their co-operation in
Spanish-American war, relief 662, 663

Red Cross prestige in other countries 673

Red Cross, relationship to government 378, 379, 380, 383, 384, 395

Red Cross, recognition in United States tardy 61

Red Cross should not be government bureau 672

Red Cross, when government aid should be given 673

Red Cross work no reflection on military medical departments 683

Red Cross service accepted by Secretary of Navy 395

Red Cross relief, Ohio river, reference to, in government report 128

Red Cross "Farewell," Evansville Journal, May 28, 1884 126

Red Cross "Society" 682

Red Cross of Dansville, N.Y., first local society in
United States 107

Red Cross Society of Rochester, N.Y. 109

"Red Cross Work," Evansville Journal, extract 119

RED CROSS MEMBERSHIP 684
Railway companies, courtesies and co-operation (Cuban) 643
Ramsden, Fredk 577, 578, 621, 650
Reception at Tampa 606
Reconcentrados 360, 361, 528, 534, 537
Reconcentrado relief, first shipments to Cuba 363
Reconcentrado hospitals and clinics 531, 532, 642
Reconcentrado relief, Red Cross called to 365
Red Cross of other nations, co-operation in
Cuban war 384, 386, 662, 664, 665, 683
Red Cross services accepted by Cuban surgeons, Santiago 588
Red Cross staff 601, 606, 609, 622, 623, 646
Red Cross president arrives Havana, February 9, 1898,
general conditions described 520, 600
Refugees at Key West and Tampa 603, 605, 608, 644, 653
Reid, Mrs. Whitelaw 506
Report of Dr. E.W. Egan 642
Report of Miss Annie Fowler. Clothing 656
Rough Riders' battle, the first news of 557, 610
"Red Cross Flag is Flying," poem 359

RED CROSS RELIEF COMMITTEE OF NEW YORK FOR THE
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR:
Officers, members and subcommittees 473
Treasurer's report, May to December 1, 1898 474
Auxiliaries, women's committee on 474
Auxiliaries, supplies contributed through supply
committee, $80,000 477
Supplies shipped by transports 470
Auxiliaries, special work 478
Auxiliary No. 1, ambulances, mules, launches,
disinfectants, etc. 475, 478, 489
Auxiliary No. 2, workrooms for families of enlisted men 475, 478
Auxiliary No. 3, maintenance of trained nurses, 412, 426, 429,
475, 478, 488,
489, 491
Auxiliary No. 3, report 491
Nurses sent to Santiago and Porto Rico 492
Hospital ship "Lampasas" 492
Nurses' work in Tampa 493
President and Secretary of War, committee's conference with 494
Auxiliary No. 5, equipped cots 475, 479
Auxiliary No. 10, ice and ice plants 402, 475, 479, 486
Auxiliary No. 17, supplies 475, 479
Auxiliary No. 19, laundry 475, 480
Auxiliary No. 22, garments, food, reading 475, 480
Auxiliary No. 40, emergency hospital furnishings,
soldiers' families 475, 480

CALIFORNIA RED CROSS:
Mrs. Willard B. Harrington, president 431
Letter of secretary, Mrs. L.L. Dunbar 431
Early work, supplementing government necessities 431
Executive board 433
Organization 434
Red Cross delegate to Pacific coast, Judge Sheldon 435
Manila, nurses sent to 435
Transports, nurses and agents with 435, 436
Field hospital to Manila 436
Soldiers' home built at Presidio 437
Manner of work 438
Identification medals 438
Financial statement, consolidated, California Red Cross
societies 439

RED CROSS OF OREGON:
Mrs. Henry E. Jones, president; Mrs. F.E. Lounsbury,
secretary 441
Auxiliaries of Oregon 449
Emergency funds 444
Novel contribution of Lipman, Wolf & Company 447

RED CROSS OF ST. PAUL, MINN.:
A.S. Talmadge, president; Miss Caroline M. Beaumont,
secretary 425

RED CROSS OF WASHINGTON STATE:
Mrs. John B. Allen, president; Miss Marie Hewitt, secretary 452
State of Washington Emergency Corps, extract from report 458

SEATTLE RED CROSS:
Mrs. J.C. Haines, president; Mrs. H.C. Colver, secretary 455

TACOMA RED CROSS:
Mrs. Chauncey Griggs, president; Mrs. H.M. Thomas, secretary 456

WALLA WALLA RED CROSS:
Mrs. Lester S. Wilson, president; Mrs. Eugene Boyer, secretary 456

SPOKANE RED CROSS:
Mrs. Virginia K. Hayward, president; Mrs. A.J. Shaw, secretary 457