Chapter XXVI: Appendix: V

THE WORSHIP OF SACRED UTENSILS (page 436)

There can be no doubt that some kind of worship was paid by the Arval Brethren to certain _ollae_, or primitive vessels of sun-baked clay used in their most ancient rites. This is attested by two inscriptions of different ages which are printed on pp. 26 and 27 of Henzen's _Acta Fratrum Arvalium_. After leaving their grove and entering the temple "in mensa _sacrum fecerunt ollis_"; and shortly afterwards, "in aedem intraverunt et _ollas precati sunt_." Then, to our astonishment, we read that the door of the temple was opened, and the _ollae_ thrown down the slope in front of it. This last act seems inexplicable; but the worship finds a singular parallel in the dairy ritual of the Todas of the Nilghiri hills.

Dr. Rivers, in his work on the Todas (Macmillan, 1906, p. 453), in summing up his impressions of their worship, observes that "the attitude of worship which is undoubtedly present in the Toda mind is becoming transferred from the gods themselves to the material objects used in the service of the gods." "The religious attitude of worship is being transferred from the gods themselves _to the objects round which centres the ritual of the dairy_." These objects are mainly the bells of the buffaloes and the dairy vessels; and an explicit account of them, the reverence in which they are held, and the prayers in which they are mentioned, will be found in the fifth, sixth, and eighth chapters of Dr. Rivers' work, which, as an account of what seems to be a religion atrophied by over-development of ritual, is in many ways of great interest to the student of Roman religious experience. The following sentence will appeal to the readers of these Lectures:--

"The Todas seem to show us how the over-development of the ritual aspect of religion may lead to atrophy of those ideas and beliefs through which the religion has been built up; and then how, in its turn, the ritual may suffer, and acts which are performed mechanically, with no living ideas behind them, may come to be performed carelessly and incompletely, while religious observances which involve trouble and discomfort may be evaded or completely neglected."

Whether the worship of the _ollae_ was a part of the original ritual of the Brethren, or grew up after its revival by Augustus, it is impossible to determine. But if we can allow the dairy ritual of the Todas to help us in the matter, we may conclude that in any case it was not really primitive, and that it was a result of that process of over-ritualisation to which must also be ascribed the _piacula_ caused by the growth of a fig-tree on the roof of the temple, and the three Sondergoetter Adolenda Commolenda Deferunda. (See above p. 161 foll., and Henzen, _Acta Fratr. Arv._ p. 147.)

INDEX

Acca Larentia, 67

Acolytes, 177

Adolenda, 162

Addenda Commolenda Deferunda, 162, 490

Aedes Vestae: _see_ Vesta

Aediles, plebeian, 255

Aemilius Paulus, 340, 362, 433

_Aeneid_, the, 119, 206, 230, 250, 251;
as a means of understanding the spirit of the Roman religion, 254;
a poem of religion and morals, 409-425

Aesculapius, 260

_Ager paganus_: lustration, 80, 213
_Romanus_: lustration, 78, 100

Agriculture, the economic basis of Roman life, 99;
festivals, _see_ Festivals

Agrippa, 442, 443

Alba Longa, 109, 128

Alban Mount: Latin festival, 172;
temple of Jupiter Latiaris, 237, 238, 245

Alexander, Archibald, on faith, 472

Ambarvalia, procession of the, 214, 218, 442

Amburbium, 214, 218, 332

Amulets, 42, 59, 60, 74, 84

Ancilia, 97;
lustration, 96, 217;
moving, 36

Angerona, 117

Animism, 65, 122, 148, 164, 287

Anna Perenna: festival, 65, 105, 346;
Ovid's account of, 473

Antoninus Pius, 429

Apollo, 257, 449;
cult of, 268;
associated with Diana, 443, 446;
with Latona, 262;
the Pythian, 323;
temple, 443-445;
institution of Apolline games, 326

Appius Claudius, 300

Aquaelicium, ceremony of the, 50, 52

_Ara_, meaning of, 146

Ara Maxima in the Forum Boarium 29, 230

Ara Pacis of Augustus, 177, 437, 448

Argei: festival, 36, 65;
puppets thrown into the Tiber, 54, 105, 321, 322;
chapels called, 321, 322

Armilustrium, 97

Army: lustration of, 96, 100, 215, 217

Arnobius, 51, 52, 459, 461, 465

Artemis, 235, 443

Arval Brethren: _see_ Fratres Arvales

Asclepios, 260

Astrology, 396-398, 401

Ateius Capito, 441

Athene Polias, 234

Attalus, king of Pergamus, 330

Atticus, Cicero's letters to, 385

Attus Navius, soothsayer, 297

_Augurium canarium_, 310

Augurs, 174-176, 193, 271, 276;
and the art of divination, 292-309;
in relation to the Rex, 301;
art strictly secret, 301;
compared with pontifices, 303
lore preserved in books, 303;
political importance, 305

Augustus, 35, 133, 213, 344;
revival of religion, 428-447;
his connection with Virgil, 428;
pontifex maximus, 433;
restoration of temples, 433-434;
revival of ancient ritual, 434-436;
restorer of the _pax deorum_, 438

Aurelius, Marcus, 456

_Auspicia_, 175, 214;
in life of family, 299;
in State operations, 300;
indissolubly connected with _imperuim_, 301

Aust, on religion of the family, 68;
on Roman deities, 157;
on prayer, 198;
on reaction against the _ius divinum_, 349

Aventine: plebeian quarter, 255;
temples, 95, 147, 233, 234, 237, 244, 484

Axtell, Harold L., on Fortuna, 245

Bacchic rites, introduction of, 344-348

Bailey, Cyril, cited, 400

Beans, used to get rid of ghosts, 85, 107;
taboo on eating, 91, 98

Bellona, connection with Mars, 166

Bibulus, 305

Binder, Dr., on the plebs, 23, 86, 242, 289, 393

Birds, used in augury, 293, 296, 299, 302

Birth, spirits invoked at, 83, 84, 164

Blood: taboo on, 33;
mystic use of, 33, 34, 82;
not prominent in Roman ritual, 180-181;
consecration through, 194;
wine as substitute for, 196

Boissier, G., 391;
on the _Aeneid_, 414, 427

Bona Dea, 484

Bouche-Leclercq, M., on divination, 310

Boundary festivals: _see_ Terminalia

Boundary stones, 81-82, 212;
sprinkled with blood of victims, 34, 82, 196

_Bulla_ worn by children, 60, 74

Burial places _loca religiosa_, 37, 385

Bussell, F. W., cited, 366, 367

Caesar, Julius: belief in spells, 59;
calendar, 95;
pontifex maximus, 305;
and the priesthood, 343

Caesar-worship, 437, 438, 456

Caird, Professor, 357;
on Reason in man, 368, 373

Cakes: honey, 82;
sacred, 83, 130, 141, 180, 183, 184, 274, 449;
_see also_ Salt-cake

Calendar, the ancient religious, 12, 14, 34, 38, 55, 65, 217, 225;
described, 94-109;
in relation to agricultural life, 100-102, 282, 295;
festivals necessarily fixed, 102;
a matter of routine, 103;
its psychological result, 104-105;
a document of religious law, 106;
exclusion of the barbarous and grotesque, 107;
attributed to Numa Pompilius, 108
Julian, 95

Calpurnius Piso, L.: _see_ Piso

_Camilli_ and _camillae_, 177, 195

Campus Martius, 34, 447;
lustrum of censors, 203, 210, 215, 219

Cannae, religious panic after the battle of, 319

Cantorelli, on the _annales maximi_, 290

Capitolium, 238, 239, 246, 339;
_Carmen saeculare_ sung, 444-445;
temples, 95, 115, 146, 203, 239, 242, 245, 254, 266, 433, 443, 447

Caprotinae, Nonae, 143

Cardea, 76;
connection with Janus, 485

Caristia, 418, 457

_Carmen_, meaning of, 186;
used at siege of Carthage, 206, 219
_Arvale_, 78, 132, 186, 187, 436
used by _Attiedii_, 187
_saeculare_, 431, 432, 439, 443-447, 450, 451
_Saliare_, 186

Carmenta, 36, 122, 297

Carmentalia, 98

Carna, 117

Carter, J. B., on cult-titles, 153;
on the Latins, 229-230;
on Castor-cult, 232, 244;
on Diana, 236;
on Fortuna, 245;
on Hercules, 231;
on Janus, 141;
on Juno, 144;
on the Manes, 386;
on Mars, 133;
on Poseidon-Neptune, 260

Cassius Hemina, 349, 356

Castor and Pollux, 231, 244;
temple, 231, 244

Cato, the Censor, 121, 132, 182-184, 251, 296, 298, 340

Catullus, on death, 387

Censors, lustrum of the, 203, 210, 215, 219

Census, 215, 218

Cerealia, 100, 121, 269

Ceres, 100, 121, 139, 161, 162, 260, 435, 446;
temple, 255, 269

Cerfius, or Cerus, 158

Chaldeans, 296;
expelled from Rome, 397, 402

Charms, 59-62;
_see also_ Amulets

Chickens, sacred, as omens, 314, 315

Children: purificatory rites, 28;
naming of, 28-29, 42;
amulets and _bulla_ worn by, 42, 60, 74, 84;
dedication of, 204-205

Christianity, early: contributions from the Roman religion, 452-467;
the Greek and Latin fathers compared, 458-459;
its relation to morality, 471

Cicero, 58, 178, 296, 309;
on religiousness of the Romans, 249-250;
on Titus Coruncanius, 281-282;
on divination, 299, 312;
on interest of the gods in human affairs, 360;
on Stoicism, 365-368, 377;
on relation of man to God, 370;
affected by revival of Pythagoreanism, 381, 383, 389;
turns to mysticism, 384, 388;
his letters to Atticus, 385;
his Somnium Scipionis, 383, 386, 412;
belief in a future life, 389;
definition of _religio_, 460

Claudius, Emperor, 309, 438

Claudius Pulcher, P., 315
Quadrigarius, 39

Cleanthes, hymn of, 368, 377

Clusius (or Clusivius), cult-title of Janus, 126

Coinquenda, 162

Colonia, religious rites at founding of, 170

Compitalia, 61, 78, 81, 88, 102

Concordia, 285

Conditor, 161

_Confarreatio_, marriage by, 83, 130, 274

_Coniuratio_, 347, 348, 356

_Consolatio_, 388

Constantius, 430

Consualia, 101, 139

Consuls, annual ceremony at the Capitoline temple, 203, 219, 239-240

Consus, 285;
connection with Ops, 482

Convector, 161

Conway, Professor, on Quirinus and Quirites, 143

Cook, A. B., on Jupiter, 128, 141;
on Janus, 140;
on Quirinus and Quirites, 143

Corn deities, Greek, 255, 259

_Corpus Inscriptionum_, 13, 201

Coruncanius, Titus, 271, 279, 281, 290

Coulanges, Fustel de, on the Lar, 77

Crawley, Mr., on the fatherhood of gods, 157;
on religion and morality, 227, 242

Cremation, 382, 395, 398, 401

Crooke, Mr., on luck in odd numbers, 98

Cult-titles, invention of, 153

Cumont, Professor, on the religion of the Romans, 2;
on Jupiter, 246

Cunina, 159

Cuq, on civil and religious law, 486

_Cura et caerimonia_, Cicero's expression, 81, 104, 106, 108, 145,
162, 170, 270, 282, 343, 434, 460

Curia, 138

Curiatius, 126

Cynics, the, 372

Days, lucky and unlucky, 38-41;
_see also_ Dies

De Marchi, on votive offerings, 201, 202

Dea Dia, 146;
description of rites, 435-436;
veneration for utensils used, 436;
temple, 161, 436

Dead: disposal of the, 45, 84, 121, 395, 401;
cult, 91, 102, 457, 470;
festivals, 40, 112, 418;
contrast between Lemuria and Parentalia, 107, 393-395

Decemviri, 259, 317, 318, 326

Decius Mus, self-sacrifice of, 206-207, 220, 286, 320

Deities, Roman: _see also_ Numen _and_ Spirits;
sources of our knowledge of, 114-115;
mental conception of the Romans regarding, 115-117, 122-123,
139-140, 145, 147, 157, 224-225;
_di indigetes_, 117, 139, 149, 180, 214;
functional spirits with will-power, 119;
the four great gods, 124-134;
epithets of Pater and Mater applied to, 137, 155-157;
the question of marriage, 148-152, 166, 350, 481-485;
fluctuation between male and female, 148-149;
nomenclature, 118, 149-156, 163;
compared with Greek gods, 158;
presence of, at meals, 172-173, 193;
introduction of new, 96, 229-242, 255-262;
women's, _see_ Women

Delphic oracle consulted during Hannibalic war, 323-324, 326

Demeter, 255;
supersession of Ceres by, 100

Deubner, Professor, his theory of the Lupercalia, 138, 478-480

_Devotio_, 206-209, 219-221;
formula, 207-208, 220;
sacrificial nature, 207, 220

Di Manes: _see_ Manes

Di Penates: _see_ Penates

Diana: associated with Janus, 76, 125, 166;
connection with Artemis, 235, 443;
with Apollo, 443, 446;
with Hercules, 262;
functions, 234-236;
temples, 95, 147, 234, 237, 244

_Dies comitiales_, 103
_endotercisi_, 181
_fasti_, 98, 103, 181
_lustricus_, 28, 42, 90
_nefasti_, 38, 40, 98, 103, 181
_postriduani_, 39, 40
_religiosi_, 38-40, 105

Dieterich, on disposal of the dead, 401

Dill, Professor, on Roman worship, 200

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 130, 193, 215, 234, 250

Dionysus: identified with Liber, 255, 344;
ritual, in Greece, 344-345;
outbreak of Dionysiac orgies in Italy, 344

Dis, black victims sacrificed to, 440

Dius Fidius, connection with Jupiter, 130, 142

Divination, 56, 180;
a universal instinct of human nature, 292, 306;
connection with magic, 293, 310;
views on the origin of, 293;
formalised by State authorities, 295, 300;
private, 295;
quack diviners, 296-298;
_auspicia_ of family religion, 298-300;
public, 301;
duties of the Rex, 302;
lore preserved in books, 303;
divination by lightning, 51, 52, 304, 305, 307, 309;
no lasting value in sphere of religion, 306;
a clog on progress, 307;
sinister influence of Etruscan divination on Rome, 307

Dobschuetz, on Christianity, 455

Dogs: sacrifices: _see_ Sacrifices

Dolabella, Cornelius, 342

Doellinger, Dr., on the Flamen Dialis, 112;
on prayer, 468

Domaszewski, von, cited, 99, 110, 154, 167;
definition of _numen_, 119;
on the cult epithets of Janus, 140;
on Juno, 144;
on evolution of _dei_ out of functional _numina_, 165

Duhn, Professor von, cited, 31, 89

Dynamic theory of sacrifice, 177, 184, 190, 194

Earthquakes, expiation of, 339

Eilithyia, Greek deity of childbirth, 442, 446, 449

Ennius, cited, 65, 152, 183, 298, 322, 350, 351, 356

Epictetus, 369, 372

Epicurism, 352, 358, 360, 361, 375, 376, 381, 404, 453

Epicurus, 359

Epulum Iovis: _see_ Jupiter

Equirria, 96, 99, 217

Eschatology, Christian: preparation of the Roman mind for, 454

Esquiline, 87, 395

Etruscans, 17;
domination in Rome, 237, 239, 245, 258;
art of divination, 299, 304;
sinister influence on Rome, 307, 346, 347, 391

Evil spirits, 11, 29, 75, 76, 84, 93;
wolf's fat as a charm against, 90

_Evocatio_, 58, 206

_Excantatio_, 58, 482

_Extipicina_, Etruscan rite of, 180

Fabius Pictor, 161, 261, 318, 320, 323, 326

Falacer, 122

Family (_familia_): origin and meaning of, 70, 86;
religion in the, 68, 70, 73, 92, 116, 224, 226-228, 251, 270, 274,
298-300;
description of the house, 72-73, 87;
its holy places, 73;
spirits of the household: _see_ Spirits;
the Lar familiaris, 77;
position of slaves, 78;
_religio terminorum_, 82;
marriage, 83;
childbirth, 83;
burial of the dead, 73, 92;
maintenance of the _sacra_, 274-275

_Fanum_, meaning of, 146

_Far_, sacred cakes of, 45, 83, 130, 141, 180, 274

Farnell, Dr., cited, 19, 27, 160, 161, 205;
on the vow of the _ver sacrum_, 219;
on Dionysiac ritual, 345, 355

Farreus, connection with Jupiter, 130

_Fas_, early usage of, 487-488

Fasti: _see_ Calendar

Faunalia, 137

Faunus, 81, 89, 297, 479;
connection with Lupercalia, 117

_Februum_, meaning of, 210, 222

Feretrius, cult-title of Jupiter: _see_ Jupiter

Feriae Iovis, 129
Latinae, 40, 61, 172

Feronia, 284, 318

Ferrero, on the _Carmen saeculare_, 431, 450;
on the _ludi saeculares_, 440

Fertility, customs to produce, 100, 106, 143, 210, 222, 479

Festivals, 78-81, 97, 105;
agricultural, 34, 82, 98, 100, 120;
harvest, 98, 101, 121;
vintage, 100, 129;
of the dead: _see_ Dead;
Latin festival on Alban mount, 172;
in calendar, necessarily fixed, 95, 99, 102;
women's: _see_ Women

Festus, 33, 61, 141, 217

Fetiales, 31, 130, 143, 157, 251, 434, 488

Fides, 154, 446, 450;
connection with Jupiter, 167

Fig-tree: sprouting of, on roof of temple, 162;
_piacula_ offered to various deities, 436, 490

Flamen Cerealis, 161, 163
Dialis, 32, 112, 124, 129, 193, 239, 246, 327, 342, 479;
insignia, 177;
taboos on, 33-35, 44, 45, 108, 109, 327, 342, 343
Martialis, 124, 131, 142, 341
Quirinalis, 124, 131, 134, 139, 142, 181, 197, 342, 434
Volcanalis, 484

Flamines, 113, 122, 123, 175, 193, 280, 341, 434;
insignia, 177;
personal purity essential, 178, 195

Flaminica Dialis, 135, 144;
insignia, 177;
taboos on, 35-36

Flaminius, 315, 317, 338, 340

Flora, 122

Fons, 117, 285

Forculus, the door spirit, 76

Fordicidia, 100, 120, 121

Fornacalia, 173

Fortuna (Fors Fortuna), 201, 235, 245, 284, 297, 396, 401

Forum Boarium, human sacrifices, 112, 320

Fratres Arvales: Acta Fratrum Arvalium, 161, 213, 435;
altar, 164;
carmen, 78, 132, 186, 187, 436;
ritual of, 35, 100, 146, 149, 157, 162, 182, 191, 195, 213;
revived by Augustus, 434;
duties of the Brethren, 435;
worship of sacred utensils, 489-490
Attiedii, 157, 187, 215

Frazer, Dr. J. G., his definition of religion, 8;
his theory of divine kingship, 19, 20, 49, 51, 52, 115, 128, 140;
on totemism, 25, 26;
on taboo, 30, 34, 47;
on _oscilla_, 61, 62, 67;
on the Parilia, 100, 222;
on marriage of gods, 144, 149, 150, 152, 155, 156, 165, 350, 481-485;
on cult of Jupiter, 167;
on appointment of _camillae_, 177, 195;
on Diana, 235;
on superstition, 264

Fulgur, cult-title of Jupiter, 129

Furrina, 18, 117, 122

Gallus, Aelius, on _religiosum_, 37

Games instituted to divert attention in times of trouble, 262-263;
Apolline, 326;
_see also_ Ludi

Gardner, Professor E., cited, 355

Gardner, Professor P., on Christianity, 452;
on prayers for the dead, 457;
cited, 465

Gellius, Aulus, on the conjunction of divine names, 150-152;
story of Scipio, 240;
on religiousness of the Romans, 250

Genius: the male principle of life, 30, 92, 154, 317, 332;
of the paterfamilias, 30;
doubtful identification of Hercules with, 30;
in combination with Hercules and Juventas, 332;
Juno the feminine counterpart of, 87

Gennep, M. van, on taboo, 42, 44;
on religious ceremonies, 65, 90, 442;
on lustrations, 211, 212

_Gentes_, 69, 259

_Georgics_, the religious spirit of the, 407

Ghosts, 75, 85, 91, 92, 107

Gilds, trade, 230

Glover, Mr., on Christianity, 456

God, as represented in the _Aeneid_, 426

Gods: _see_ Deities

Gratitude, not a prominent characteristic of the Roman, 252, 267

Greek comedy, influence on Roman religion, 351-353
gods, compared with Roman, 158;
introduced into Rome, 230-242
literature, 296
philosophy, influence on Roman religion, 357-375

Greenidge, Dr., on the _auspicia_ and the _imperium_, 301

Gregory the Great, 475

Gwatkin, Professor, on Augustine, 469;
on the relation of early Christianity to morality, 471

Haddon, Professor, on supernaturalism, 21

Hades, 390, 391

Hannibalic War: revival of _religio_, 315, 317;
Sibylline books consulted, 316-319, 329;
sacrifices and offerings made to deities, 318;
religious panic after battle of Cannae, 319;
human sacrifices, 320;
Delphic oracle consulted, 323, 324, 326;
outbreak of _lascivia_, 324;
institutio$1 $2 Apolline games, 326;
religious history of last years, 327-329;
gratitude to deities, 329;
the Magna Mater of Pessinus brought to Rome, 330

Hardie, Professor, and the double altar in connection with funeral
rites, 425

Hariolus, 297, 298, 311

Harrison, Miss, on covering the head at sacrifices, 195

Haruspices, 296, 313, 337, 338, 397;
history of the, 307-309

Hebe, 332

Heinze, on the _Aeneid_, 413-415, 419, 426, 427

Heitland, Mr., on Bacchanalia, 346, 356

Heracleitus, 257

Hercules: associated with Diana, 262;
with Juno, 17;
in combination with Juventas and Genius, 317, 332;
doubtful identification with Genius, 30;
identified with the Greek Heracles, 230, 243;
Victor or Invictus, 230, 231, 236, 243, 244;
cult of, 231, 244;
festival, 243;
worship confined to men, 29

Hermes, 260

Hirtzel, Mr., cited, 426

Homer, religion of, compared with that of Roman patricians, 392

Honey cakes, 82

Honos et Virtus, 285, 446;
temple, 328

Horace, 81, 299, 403, 405;
_Carmen saeculare_, 431-432, 439, 443-447, 450, 451

Hora Quirini, 482-483

Horses: lustrations, 96, 215;
races, 97;
sacrifice of, _see_ Sacrifices

Howerth, Ira W., his definition of religion, 8

Hubert et Mauss, on magic, 64, 65;
on sacrifice, 190, 194, 195, 198

Human sacrifice, 33, 44, 107, 112, 226, 320, 440

Hut-urns, sepulchral, 87, 477

Huts or booths, use of, in religious ritual, 473-477

Huvelin, M., on magic, 64

Ides, 39, 65, 95, 251, 484;
sacred to Jupiter, 129

Iguvium: ritual, 22, 138, 181, 197;
lustration of the _arx_, 187, 214, 215;
of the people, 31, 208, 215-216

Images and statues of gods, 146, 147, 165, 239, 262, 264, 336, 337;
statue of Athene, 355

Immortality, belief in, 69, 386-387, 389, 424

Imporcitor, 161

_Inauguratio_ of the priest-king Numa, 174-175, 193

Incense, 164, 180, 330, 458

Indigetes, di, 117, 139, 149, 180, 214

Indigitamenta, 76, 84, 88, 130, 138, 153, 159-161, 163, 165, 168, 281,
286, 291

Individualism, growth of, 240, 266, 287, 340, 358, 411, 456

Innocent, Bishop of Rome, 309

Iron, tabooed in religious ceremonies, 32, 35, 45, 214

Isis: religion, 455, 456;
temple, 433

_Ius_, early usage of, 486-487
_augurale_, 296
_civile_, 5, 169;
and the _ius divinum_, 58, 276-279
_divinum_, 13, 24, 33, 38, 49, 68, 104, 106, 107, 128, 146, 227, 228,
241, 271-273, 286, 287, 296, 345;
and the _ius civile_, 58, 276-279;
ritual, 169-191, 467;
the pontifical books the pharmacopoeia of, 286;
decay and neglect, 203, 314, 327, 352, 353;
reaction against, 324, 340-344, 348;
Augustan revival, 429
_hospitii_, 31, 32
_Manium_, 387

Janus: the door spirit, 76, 127, 146;
bifrons of the Forum, 77;
speculations regarding, 125, 140, 141;
cult-titles, 126;
worship, 183, 212;
connection with Cardea, 485;
with Diana, 76, 125, 166;
with Juno, 126, 135;
with Vesta, 140, 145;
temple, 126

Jebb, Professor, on poetry of the Greeks, 424

Jevons, Dr., 19;
on totemism, 26;
on taboo, 28, 41;
on magic, 48, 186;
on priests, 176

Jews, proselytising, expelled from Rome, 139 B.C., 397, 402

Jhering, von, on origin of Roman divination, 293, 294, 311

Jordan, H., 13;
on pairing of deities, 152

Junius, 315

Juno, 121, 479;
Caprotina, 143;
Curitis, 144;
Moneta, 135;
Populonia, 144;
Regina, (of Ardea) 318,
(of the Aventine) 318, 329,
(of Veii) 135, 206, 284;
Sospita, 318, 354;
connection with Hercules, 17;
with Janus, 126, 135;
with Jupiter, 136, 144, 166, 443, 444, 446;
one of the Etruscan trias, 94, 237;
representative of female principle, 17, 87, 135, 144;
temples, 135, 172, 237, 328, 329, 354

Junonius, cult-title of Janus, 126

Jupiter, 115, 118, 124, 127, 128, 141, 143, 147, 159, 183, 212;
difference between Jupiter and Zeus, 141;
connection with Diana, 76;
with Dius Fidius, 130, 142, 167, 450;
with Juno, 136, 144, 166, 443, 444, 446;
with Juturna, 485;
with Tellus, 121;
with Terminus, 82;
Capitolinus, 120, 129, 204, 205, 237, 238, 240, 241, 318, 319, 333,
367;
Dapalis, 141;
Elicius, 36, 50-52, 129, 137;
Fagutalis, 141;
Farreus, 130;
Feretrius, 129, 433;
Fulgur, 129;
Grabovius, 187;
Latiaris, 237, 238;
Lucetius, 129;
Sabazius, 402;
Summanus, 129;
one of the Etruscan trias, 94, 172, 237, 336;
cult at Praeneste, 167;
cult-titles Optimus Maximus, 129, 238;
Ides sacred to, 129;
worshipped on Alban Mount, 109, 128, 172;
epulum Iovis, 172, 263, 268, 336, 338, 353;
temples, 95, 115, 129, 146, 172, 237-238, 241, 245, 246, 254, 266,
433, 443

Juturna, 284, 285;
connection with Jupiter, 485

Juventas, in combination with Genius and Hercules, 317, 332

Kalends, 39, 95, 126, 135, 251, 484

Kobbert, Maximilianus, on _religio_, 46

Kronos, identified with Saturnus, 118

Lactantius, 156, 165, 388, 459, 461, 462, 469

Lang, Mr., 19;
cited in connection with the calendar of Numa, 105

_Lapis_: _see_ Stones

Laralia: _see_ Compitalia

Larentia, Acca, 67

Lar familiaris, 77, 78, 92, 251

Lares compitales, 61, 117, 132, 186

Latin Festival: _see_ Feriae Latinae

Latins, the, 10, 23, 25, 86, 123, 130, 172, 193, 229

Latona, associated with Apollo, 262

Laughing, in ritual of Lupercalia, 106, 111

Laurel branches carried in procession, 265

Lawson, J. C., on burial and cremation, 91, 400, 401

Leather, tabooed in the worship of Carmenta, 36

Lecky, Mr., on Stoicism, 362, 377

Lectisternium, 263-266, 268, 317-319, 327

_Leges regiae_, connection with the _ius divinum_, 272

Leland, C. G., 67

Lemuria, 40, 85, 98, 107, 401;
compared with the Parentalia, 393-395

Lepidus, pontifex maximus, 433, 438

Liber, 158, 260, 332;
identified with Dionysus, 255, 344;
temple, 255

Libera, 260;
identified with Persephone, 255

Liberalia, 332

Libitina, 159

Licinius Imbrex, 151

Licinius, P., pontifex maximus, 342

Lightning, divination by, 51, 52, 304, 305, 307, 309

Limentinus, spirit of the threshold, 76

Livius Andronicus, 328

Livy, cited, 170, 174, 204, 205, 216, 217, 252, 261, 264, 269, 280,
300, 316, 324, 405;
on Bacchanalia, 346-348

Lua, 165, 481, 482

Lucaria, 98

Lucetius, cult-title of Jupiter, 129

Lucilius, 156, 183

Lucretius, cited, 352, 359, 360, 376, 387, 394, 396, 403-406, 453;
his contempt for _superstitio_, 361, 367;
on Roman belief in Hades, 390;
his use of _religio_, 460

_Lucus_, meaning of, 146

_Ludi_, 44, 95, 122, 204: _see also_ Games
_magni_, vowed to Jupiter during Hannibalic war, 319, 333
_saeculares_, 34, 431, 480;
prayers used in, 198, 468;
ritual described, 438-447;
discovery of inscriptions, 439
_scenici_, 261, 263, 350

Lupercalia, 20, 34, 53, 65, 106, 118, 179, 194, 210, 393;
whipping to produce fertility, 54, 479;
Prof. Deubner's theory, 137, 478-480

Luperci, 34, 54, 106, 434, 479

Lupercus, 478

Lustrations: meaning of _lustrare_, 209-210;
lustration of the _ager paganus_, 80, 213;
of the _ager Romanus_, 78, 100;
of _ancilia_, 96, 217;
of the army, 96, 100, 215, 217;
of the _arx_ of Iguvium, 187, 199;
of cattle and sheep, 100;
of the city, 214, 317;
of the farm, 132, 212;
of horses, 96, 215;
of people, 31, 216;
of trumpets, 96, 215;
animistic conception of, 211;
ultimately adapted by Roman Church to its own ritual, 211, 218, 457

Luthard, on Roman religion, 288

Macrobius, cited, 28, 196, 206, 208, 219, 220, 484

_Macte esto_, meaning of the phrase, 182, 183, 197, 442

Magic: allied to taboo, 27, 47;
contagious and homoeopathic, 48;
and divination, 293, 309;
harmless, 59;
prayers and incantations, 185, 186, 198;
private, 57, 68;
in purificatory processes, 210;
and religion, 47-49, 56, 224, 253;
rigorously excluded from State ritual, 49, 57, 105, 107, 224;
sympathetic, 50, 55

Magna Mater of Pessinus, brought to Rome, 330, 344, 348

Maia, 165, 166;
connection with Volcanus, 151, 484

Maiestas, 151, 484

_Mana_, the positive aspect of taboo, 27, 30, 42, 48, 60

Manes, 39, 50, 75, 85, 92, 102, 106, 121, 208, 320, 341, 391, 392;
individualisation of, 386;
Di Manes, 341, 386

Mania, mother of the Lares, 61

Manilius, his poem on astrology, 396

Mannhardt, his theory of the Vegetation-spirit, 19-20, 478;
on laughing in ritual of the Lupercalia, 111-112

Marcellus, 315, 328

Marcius, Latin oracles supposed to be written by, 326

Marcius Rex, praetor, 339

Marcus Aurelius, 369, 429

Marett, Mr., on taboo, 42, 45;
on _sacrificium_, 192;
on divination, 310

Marquardt, on Roman religion, 13, 16;
on naming of children, 42

Marriage: a religious ceremony, 83, 177, 274, 279;
Tellus an object of worship at, 121;
among deities, 148-152, 166, 350, 481-485

Mars, 124, 129, 147, 204, 208, 215, 246, 319;
various forms of his name, 131;
as a married god, 150-152, 166;
invocations to, 186, 212;
connection with Bellona, 166;
with Nerio, 150-151, 166;
with Quirinus, 134, 150;
pater, 212;
Silvanus, 29, 132, 142;
cult of, 132-134;
festival, 96-97;
temple, 133

Martianus Capella, 308

Masson, Dr., 357, 395;
on Roman fear of future torments, 391

Mastarna, Etruscan name of Servius Tullus, 237, 246

Masurius Sabinus, 90

Matutinus, cult-title of Janus, 126

Meals, sacrificial, 172, 173, 193, 436;
epulum Iovis: _see under_ Jupiter

Megalesia, 330

Mens, 285

Mercurius (Hermes), 260, 262, 268, 484

Messor, 161

Mildew, spirit of the: _see_ Robigus

Minerva, one of the Etruscan trias, 94, 237;
name Italian, not Etruscan, 234, 245;
associated with trade gilds, 233, 234, 236;
Capta, 284;
temples, 172, 233, 234, 244

Minium, faces painted with, 82, 115, 336

Minucius Felix, 461

Mithras, religion of, 455, 456, 464

Moirae (Parcae), 442, 446

_Mola salsa_: _see_ Salt-cake

Moles, 150, 154, 158

Mommsen, cited, 200, 440;
and the religion of the Romans, 2;
on the _Fasti anni Romani_, 95, 96, 111;
on _Carmen saeculare_, 444

Mucius Scaevola: _see_ Scaevola

_Murus_, 94

Mysticism, 380-398, 404;
in the form of astrology, 396, 401;
not native to the Roman, 454

Neo-Pythagoreanism: _see_ Mysticism

Neptunalia, 474

Neptunus, 117;
identified with Poseidon, 118, 260;
connection with Salacia, 150, 483;
with Mercurius, 262

Nerio: connection with Mars, 150-151, 166;
meaning of Nerio Martis, 150, 154

Nettleship, Professor, on the phrase _macte esto_, 197;
on the character of Aeneas, 410, 427;
on _sanctus_, 470

Nigidius Figulus, 299, 384, 397

Nones, 39, 95, 251;
Nonae Caprotinae, 143

Numa Pompilius, priest-king: Livy's account of his _inauguratio_,
174-175;
legends, 108, 115, 170, 180, 233, 322;
Calendar described, 92-109;
spurious books found in stone coffin, 349, 381

Numbers, mystic, 98, 328, 334, 441, 449

_Numen_, 34, 111, 250, 264, 364, 365, 367, 407;
meaning of the word, 118;
von Domaszewski's definition of, 119;
evolution of _dei_ out of functional _numina_, 165;
_see also_ Spirits _and_ Deities

Oak-gods, 125, 129, 141, 143

Oaths: connection of Castor and Pollux with, 232;
of Hercules, 231;
of Jupiter, 130;
taken in open air, 141-142;
the religious, in public life, 358, 375;
used by women, 244;
taboo on, 343, 355

Oberator, 161

October horse, 20, 34, 65, 106;
sacrifice of, 45, 105, 179

Odd numbers, luck in, 98

_Ollae_, worship of, 489-490

Opalia, 101

Opiconsiva, 101

Ops, 156;
connection with Consus, 482;
with Saturnus, 482

Oracles, 339, 354;
_see also_ Delphic oracle

Orcus, 166;
the old name for the abode of the Manes, 391, 392;
sacrifice of captives to, 44

Orosius, 333

Orphic doctrine, 381;
tablets, 398

Oscilla, 61, 67;
Dr. Frazer's theory, 61;
_see also_ Puppets

Otto, W., on connection of _religio_ with practice of taboo, 46

Ovid, on Roman gods, 22;
his picture of the Sementivae, 79, 80;
rite of pagus, 82;
on the Lemuria, 107, 112, 394;
on Janus, 125;
on images of gods, 147;
on the Robigalia, 181, 196, 197, 434;
on meals at sacrifices, 193;
on the word _februum_, 210;
on annual ceremony by consuls, 219;
on the festival of Anna Perenna, 346, 473

Paganalia, 61, 62, 67, 102

Pagus: the _familia_ in relation to, 71;
meaning of the word, 87;
festival of the Lar, 78;
other festivals, 79;
the _religio terminorum_, 81-82;
lustrations of the, 213, 214

Pais, on Acca Larentia, 67;
on the Tarquinii and Mastarna, 245

Palatine: _Carmen saeculare_ sung on the, 443-447, 450;
temple of Apollo, 443-445

Pales, 122, 149

Panaetius: and the Scipionic circle, 363-364, 453;
his theology, 365;
and Platonic psychology, 382, 398

Pantheism, Stoic, 366-368

Papirius, the consul, 314, 315, 331

Parentalia, 40, 107, 387, 401, 418, 457;
compared with the Lemuria, 393-395

Parilia, 100, 120, 193, 222, 474

Pater and Mater, as applied to deities, 155-157

Patricians, 259, 304;
religious system a monopoly of, 229

Patulcius, cult-title of Janus, 126

Pax (deity), 446, 451

_Pax deorum_, 169, 224, 261, 264, 272, 276, 286, 302, 328, 329;
means towards maintenance of, 171, 180, 273, 300;
violation of, 320;
re-established by Augustus, 429, 431, 433

Pebble-rain, 316, 329, 332

Penates, 73, 74, 86, 92, 116, 193

Persephone, 255

Peter, R., on Indigitamenta, 160

Petronius, on ceremony of the aquaelicium, 64

Philodemus, 359, 375

Picus, 297

_Pietas_, 174, 227, 250, 254, 387, 405, 409-412, 466;
meaning of, 462-463;
Virgil's word for religion, 412

Piso, L. Calpurnius, 51-53, 484

_Pius_, 63, 462;
see _Pietas_

Plague, Sibylline books consulted at outbreak of, 261

Plato, 258, 381

Plautus, 151, 351-352

Playwrights, their influence on Roman religion, 240, 351, 353

Plebeians, 105, 170;
aediles, 255;
the Plebs as the original inhabitants of Latium, 242, 259, 268, 289;
emotional tendency of, 263-264;
opening of priesthoods to, 268, 271, 279;
increase of importance under the Etruscan dynasty, 275;
first plebeian praetor, 279;
pontifex maximus: _see_ Coruncanius, Titus

Pliny, 51, 256;
on spells and charms, 53, 57, 59, 60, 65, 66, 90, 186;
on human sacrifice, 320;
on death, 388, 400

Polybius, cited, 250, 253, 316, 363, 369, 390;
on religion, 336

_Pomoerium_, 94, 214, 225, 230, 231

Pomona (or Pomunus), 122, 149;
connection with Vertumnus, 485

Pompeianus, prefect of Rome, 309

Pomponius, 278, 289

Pons sublicius: no iron used in building, 35;
Argei thrown from, 54, 105, 321

Pontifex Maximus, 175, 271, 280, 341;
_tabula_ kept by, 283;
compelling power of, 342, 355

Pontifices, 120, 177, 200, 341;
share in festivals, 106, 139;
the question of their origin, 180, 195, 271;
insignia of, 193;
College of, 271;
open to plebeians, 268, 271, 279;
legal side of their work, 272-276;
the XII. Tables, 58, 276-278, 289;
self-elected, 276;
abolition of legal monopoly, 279;
work of, in third century B.C., 282;
admission of new deities, 284;
compilation of annals, 285;
collection of religious formulae, 287;
the Pontifical books, 76, 159, 182, 197, 283, 285-286

_Porca praecidanea_, rite of the, 121, 183, 191

Portunus, 118, 122

Poseidon, identified with Neptunus, 118

Posidonius, 250, 365, 367, 382-384, 398

Prayers, 76, 106, 126, 153, 215, 224, 225, 251;
at the _inauguratio_ of the priest-king Numa, 175;
at making of new clearing, 169, 182;
at sacrifices, 181-191;
at flowering of the pear-trees, 182;
when wine is offered, 182;
for the ceremony of lustration, 183;
form and manner of Roman, 185, 189, 196;
magical survivals in, 188-189;
in ritual of _Ludi saeculares_, 442, 449, 468

_Precatio_, 53, 166

Priests: _see_ Pontifices

Processions: of _lustratio_, adapted to the ritual of the Roman
Church, 211, 218, 457;
of the _triumphus_, 217, 239-240;
Roman fondness for, 263;
_see also_ Lustrations

_Procuratio_, 316, 328;
_fulminis_, 115

_Prodigia_, 281, 316, 324, 325, 328, 338, 339, 354

Promitor, 161

Propertius, 22, 147, 403

Proserpina, black victims sacrificed to, 440

Pudor, 446

_Pulvinaria_, 337, 338

Punic War: _see_ Hannibalic War

Puppets: Argei thrown into Tiber, 54, 105, 321;
oscilla, 61, 67

Purification: _see_ Lustrations

_Puticuli_, 395, 401

Pythagoras, legend of a religious connection between Numa and, 349, 381

Pythagoreanism, 349, 380-381

Pythagoreans, 98

Quindecemviri, 440, 442

Quinquatrus, 217

Quirinal, 134

Quirinus, 94, 118, 124, 143, 147, 246;
identified with Mars, 134;
with Romulus, 135

Quirites, 134, 143

Rain-making: _see_ Aquaelicium

Ramsay, Sir W. M., 465

Red colouring in sacred rites and its connection with blood, 89, 177,
194

Redarator, 161

Regia, 45, 105, 106, 271, 288;
sacrarium Martis in, 133, 208

Regifugium, 99

Reinach, M. Salomon, cited, 26, 42, 114, 131, 481

_Religio_, 9, 28, 30, 36, 38, 72, 76, 83, 85, 93, 104, 106, 174, 223,
227, 241, 248, 261, 263, 267, 270, 273, 282, 287, 294, 364, 405, 407;
meanings and uses of the word, 21, 37, 41, 186, 192, 198, 249, 254,
385, 462, 470;
Cicero's definition of, 460;
and taboo, 34, 36, 40, 46;
revival of, during Hannibalic war, 315, 317, 336-339

_Religio Larium_, 79
_terminorum_, 81, 82

Religion, definitions of, 7-9;
and magic, 47-49, 56, 224, 253;
and morality, 227, 242, 292, 466, 471;
primitive, 25-28, 63, 69;
real, a matter of feeling, 406

Roman: a highly formalised system, 3, 63, 103-104, 200, 226, 248-249,
340;
compared with Roman law, 5;
a technical subject, 6;
its difficulties, 13;
aid from archaeology and anthropology, 16-20, 25;
primitive survivals in, 24, 30;
examples of real magic in, 50, 53-54;
a reality, 62-63, 103, 249;
in the family, _see_ Family;
of the State, 93, 105, 226-228, 270;
the Calendar of Numa the basis of our knowledge of, 94-109;
moral influence mainly disciplinary, 108, 228;
Greek influence, 120, 255-262, 346, 350-353;
Roman ideas of divinity, 115-117, 122-123, 145-164;
ritual of the _ius divinum_, 169-222;
personal purity essential in all worshippers, 178;
discouraged individual development, 226;
introduction of new deities, 96, 229-242, 255-262;
priesthoods limited to patrician families, 229;
religious instinct of the Romans, 249;
neglect and decay, 263-265, 287, 314, 429;
growth of individualism, 240, 266, 287, 340, 358, 411, 456;
Sibylline influence, 242, 255-262;
secularisation of, 270-291;
sinister influence of Etruscan divination, 307-309, 346;
_see_ Divination;
used for political purposes, 336;
attempt to propagate Pythagoreanism, 349-350, 381;
destitution of Romans in regard to idea of God and sense of duty,
357-358;
no remedy in Epicurism, 361;
arrival of Stoicism: _see_ Stoicism _and_ Mysticism;
belief in future torments, 390;
religion compared with that of Homer, 392;
early Christianity, 396;
religious feeling in Virgil's poems, 403-427;
Augustan revival, 428-451;
contributions to the Latin form of Christianity, 452-472;
_see also_ Prayer _and_ Sacrifice

Renan, cited, 185

Renel, M., cited, 26

Reville, M. Jean, on the formalism of the Roman religion, 3;
his definition of religion, 8

Rex Nemoreusis, 235
sacrorum, 128, 174, 175, 180, 193, 207, 229, 271, 273, 341, 434;
relation of the Rex to the augurs, 301-302

Ridgeway, Professor, on the Flamen Dialis, 112;
on Janus, 140;
on original inhabitants of Latium, 242, 393

Rivers, Dr., on the ritual aspect of religion among the Todas, 489-490

Robertson Smith, Professor, 19, 26, 27, 172, 221;
on the Feast of the Tabernacles, 476

Robigalia, 139, 196

Robigus, 100, 117, 122, 146, 179, 434;
Ovid's version of prayer to, 197

Roman Church, survival of old religious practices in the, 25, 211, 218,
456-458, 469

Romulus, 51, 130, 135

Roscher, Dr., 141

_Sacellum_, meaning of, 146

_Sacer_ and _sacramentum_, 36, 277, 464

Sacred utensils, worship of, 436, 489-490

Sacrifices, 29, 90, 224, 225;
description of the act, 179-181;
honorific, 172, 173;
piacular, 35, 172, 173, 182, 189, 191, 208, 273, 436;
sacramental, 141, 172;
vicarious, 208;
dynamic theory of, 177, 184, 190, 194;
meals in connection with, 172, 173, 193, 436;
mystic use of blood, 34, 82;
victim must be acceptable to the deity, 179;
women and strangers excluded from rites, 29-31;
prayers at, 181-191;
sacrifice of cakes, 82, 83, 180, 183, 184;
cow, 100, 120, 436;
dog, 181, 197, 216, 434;
goat, 54, 106, 179, 479;
horse, 34, 97, 105, 179;
lamb, 37, 82, 436;
ox, 132, 179, 212, 215, 444;
pig, 82, 132, 170, 179, 212, 215, 436;
red dog, 179, 310;
salt-cake, 73, 207;
sheep, 132, 179, 181, 212, 215, 434;
sow, 121, 183;
white heifer, 172, 177, 239;
wine, 82, 180, 182-184, 196;
_see also_ Human sacrifice

_Sacrificium_, meaning of, 171, 464

_Sacrum_, 171, 254

_Saeculum_, the old Italian idea of a, 440

St. Augustine, cited, 58, 76, 120, 149, 159, 163, 297, 430, 458;
on Decius, 220

Sainte Beuve, on Virgil, 404

St. Paul, 455, 466-468

Salacia, 165;
connection with Neptunus, 483

Salii, 40, 96, 110, 132, 133, 143, 176, 182, 217, 229, 434;
ritual, 97
Collini, 134
Palatini, 134

Sallust, 405

Salt-cake, 73, 207

Salus, 154, 285

_Sanctus_, meaning of, 463-464, 470

Sarritor, 161

Saturnalia, 81, 99, 101-103, 107, 112

Saturnus, 101, 111, 118, 318;
identified with Kronos, 118;
connection with Consus, 482;
with Ops, 482

Sayce, Professor, 155

Scaevola, P. Mucius, 283
Q. Mucius, 73, 86, 338, 353, 371

Scipio, the elder, 240, 247, 267, 340, 354;
receives the Magna Mater at Rome, 330
Aemilianus, 198, 203-204, 340;
his friendship with Polybius and Panaetius, 362-364, 369, 371

Scott, Sir Walter, compared with Virgil, 408

Sellar, Professor, on Virgil, 404, 406

Sementivae, festival, 79, 89

_Senatusconsultum de Bacchanalibus_, 347, 348, 356

Seneca, 369, 378, 438, 455

Septimontium, 110

Servius, cited, 58, 62, 119, 120, 134, 138, 142, 143, 146, 183, 184,
194, 210
Sulpicius, 371, 387
Tullius, 235;
his Etruscan name Mastarna, 237

Sibyl of Cumae, 257-258

Sibylline books, 173, 242, 255-257, 261, 323;
consulted during the Hannibalic war, 316-319, 329;
used for personal and political purposes, 339

Silvanus, 76, 81, 89, 132, 142

Slaves, 53, 78, 395, 401, 474;
Greek, buried alive in the _Forum boarium_, 112, 320

Sodales Titienses, 434

Sol, image of, on the Palatine, 445, 447, 450

Sondergoetter, Usener's theory of, 161-164, 168

Spells, 48, 53, 57-59, 208, 221;
origin of prayer in, 185, 189

Spes, 285

Spirits, 34, 58;
agricultural, 161, 251, 285;
dead, _see_ Ghosts;
of the doorway, 75-76, 92, 127;
evil, _see_ Evil spirits;
household, 11, 68, 73, 74, 77, 83, 84, 86, 92, 104, 193;
spring, 92;
water, 285;
woodland, 76, 81, 83, 92, 132;
development into _dei_, 116, 117, 119, 120, 123-124, 161, 165;
_see also_ Deities _and_ Numen

Spolia opima, 138, 141, 288;
dedicated at temple of Jupiter Feretrius, 130, 433

Stanley, on religion and morality, 292

Statues and busts at Rome, first mention of, 340, 354;
_see also_ Images

Stoicism, 359, 377, 381-383;
introduced into Rome, 362;
its influence on the Roman mind, 370-372, 404, 453;
weak points in Roman, 372-374;
failed to rouse an "enthusiasm of humanity," 375, 454

Stones: lapis manalis, 50;
silex, 130;
stone representing Magna Mater, 330;
_see also_ Boundary stones

Strangers, fear of, 30-32

Stubbs, Bishop, 103

Subrincator, 161

Subterranean altar, black victims offered at, 440, 445

_Suffimenta_, 441, 442, 449

Sulpicius, consul 211 B.C., 337

Summanus, cult-title of Jupiter, 129

_Suovetaurilia_, 132, 212, 215

_Superstitio_, 106, 355, 361, 405;
temple of Isis condemned as a centre of, 433

_Supplicatio_, 262, 265, 269, 337;
ordered during Hannibalic war, 317, 319, 323, 325, 329

Tabernacles, Feast of the, 475, 476

Taboo, 25, 83, 223;
definition of, 27;
its ethical value, 28;
on children, 28;
on women, 29;
on strangers, 30-32;
on criminals, 32;
on inanimate objects, 32;
on places, 36;
on times and seasons, 38-41;
on iron, 35, 44, 214;
on leather, 36;
on the Flamen Dialis, 33-35, 44, 45, 108, 109, 327, 342, 343;
on the Flaminica Dialis, 35

Tacitus, 398

Tarentum, sacrifices on subterranean altar, 440, 445

Tarquinii, the, 146, 237, 245

Tellus (Terra Mater), 100, 120, 122, 136, 138, 139, 156, 158, 161,
162, 320, 435, 442, 446;
an object of worship at marriage, 121;
connection with Jupiter, 121;
temple, 285

Tempestates, 285

Temples: absence of, in earliest Rome, 146;
restored by Augustus, 343; Aesculapius, 260;
Apollo, on the Palatine, 443-445;
Bona Dea on the Aventine, 484;
Castor, 231, 244;
Ceres, Liber, and Libera, 255-257, 269, 344;
Consus, 285;
Dea Dia, 161;
Diana, on the Aventine, 95, 147, 234, 237, 244;
Isis, 433;
Janus, 126;
Juno Moneta, 135, 328-329;
Juno Sospita, 354;
Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva, 146, 172, 237-238, 246, 254, 443;
Jupiter Feretrius, on the Capitol, 95, 115, 129-130, 146, 147, 203,
245, 266, 433;
Jupiter Latiaris, on the Alban Hill, 237, 238, 245;
Mars, 133;
Minerva, on the Aventine, 233, 234, 244;
Pales, 285;
Tellus, 285;
Vertumnus, 285;
Vesta, _see_ Vesta: aedes

Terminalia, 34, 193, 196

Terminus, 82, 117, 239

Terra Mater, _see_ Tellus

Tertullian, cited, 159, 163, 459, 461, 465

Theodosian code, 430

Tiberius, 429, 438, 447

Tibicines, 180, 195, 233, 445

Tibullus, cited, 22, 80, 147, 178, 403;
on use of huts at rural festivals, 474

Time, religious or mystical conception of, 440-441, 449

_Toga praetexta_, worn by priests and children, 29, 42, 50, 61, 74, 84,
175-177, 194-195, 436
_virilis_, 42

Tombstones, memorial, first mention of, 341

Totemism, 25-27

Toutain, M., 26

Tozer, Mr., on Dante, 419

Trade: deities brought to Rome by, 230;
connection of Hercules with, 231;
gilds, 233

Trasimene, outbreak of _religio_ after the battle of, 318

Treaties, Jupiter's connection with, 130

_Tripodatio_, 187, 198

Tubilustrium, 96, 217

Turiae, Laudatio, cited, 389

Turnus, 483

Tylor, Dr., 26, 49, 74, 293

Usener, H., 19, 138, 160;
his theory of the Sondergoetter, 161-164, 168

Vacuna of Reate, 284, 290

Valerius Antias, 52, 115, 137
Flaccus, C., 342-343, 355
Maximus, 203-204, 299, 378

Varro, cited, 16, 59, 76, 79, 81, 89, 103, 120, 125, 142, 143, 149, 156,
159, 168, 210, 222, 235, 251, 321

_Vates_, meaning of, 297-298

Vedic ritual, 185

Vegetation-spirit, Mannhardt's theory, 19, 20, 478

Venilia, 483

Venus, connection with Volcanus, 166

_Ver sacrum_, 196, 204-205, 318

_Verbenarius_, 31, 43

Verrius Flaccus, 16, 30

Vertumnus, 147, 291;
connection with Pomona, 485;
temple, 285

Vervactor, 161

Vesta, 73, 74, 76, 92, 116, 126, 136, 137, 140, 147, 481;
aedes, 39, 40, 126, 136, 146, 477;
penus Vestae, 36, 73, 101, 136, 442

Vestal virgins, 53, 113, 120, 139, 175, 177, 194, 320;
at the ceremony of the Argei, 54, 55, 106, 321;
salt-cake baked by, 73;
representative of daughters of the family, 136;
statues of, 144

_Vicus_, 71

Vilicus, 78

Vinalia, 100

Virgil, on _religio_, 37;
on the Paganalia, 62, 67;
on _lustratio_, 80, 213, 221;
on the Manes, 386, 399;
religious feeling in his poems, 403-427, 455;
compared with Wordsworth, 407-408; with Scott, 408;
his idea of _pietas_, 409;
his connection with Augustus, 428;
see also _Aeneid_

Virites, 150, 158

Virtus, 446

Volcanalia, 98, 101

Volcanus, 118, 122, 124;
connection with Maia, 151, 484;
with Venus, 166

Volturnus, 117, 118, 122, 124

Vortumnus, 165, 284

Vows, 188, 226, 286;
private, 201-202;
public, 200, 202-204;
extraordinary, 204-208;
see also _Devotio_ and _Evocatio_

Waltzing, on Roman trades, 233

Westcott, Bishop, on Augustine, 458

Westermarck, Dr., cited, 31, 44, 123, 179;
on magic, 47;
on religion of primitive man, 63, 394;
on Roman prayers, 185;
on religion and morality, 227

Williamowitz-Moellendorf, on Hercules, 243

Wine, used at sacrifices, 82, 180, 182-184;
as a substitute for blood, 196

Winter, J. G., cited, 243

Wissowa, Georg, cited, 13, 14, 16-18, 33, 36, 112, 122, 146, 193, 199,
319, 440;
on _dies religiosi_, 38-40;
on the Argei, 54, 55, 65, 111, 321, 322;
on the ritual of the Salii, 97;
his list of _di indigetes_, 117, 139;
on Faunus, 118;
on Janus, 126, 141;
on Mars, 142;
on the Indigitamenta, 159, 161-163, 168;
on cult of Jupiter, 167;
on prayer, 198;
on Hercules, 243;
on Hebe, 332;
on _Carmen saeculare,_ 444, 450

Wolf's fat, used as a charm against evil spirits, 83, 90

Women, 264, 265;
taboo on, 29;
excluded from certain sacrificial rites, 29-30;
at the ceremony of the aquaelicium, 64;
rites to produce fertility, 54, 106, 143, 479;
oaths used by, 244;
excitement among, during Hannibalic war, 324;
rebellion against the _ius divinum,_ 344;
festivals, 143, 346, 443, 450;
deities, 135, 235, 272, 297, 318, 332, 479

Wordsworth, compared with Virgil, 407

Zeller, cited, 351, 356;
on human law and divine law, 371

Zeus, 367

Zosimus, cited, 309, 439, 449, 450

THE END

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