Chapter XXXVII: Book X: Sidenote: Republic X. Socrates, Glaucon (3)

Epic poetry, a combination of imitation and narration, 3. 394 B, 396 E;--epic poets, imitators in the highest degree, 10. 602 C.

Er, myth of, 10. 614 B foll.

Eriphyle, 9. 590 A.

Eristic, distinguished from dialectic, 5. 454 A; 6. 499 A; 7. 539 D.

Error, not possible in the skilled person (Thrasymachus), 1. 340 D.

Essence and the good, 6. 509; essence of the invariable, 9. 585;--essence of things, 6. 507 B; apprehended by the dialectician, 7. 534 B.

Eternity, contrasted with human life, 10. 608 D.

Eumolpus, son of Musaeus, 2. 363 D.

Eunuch, the riddle of the, 5. 479.

Euripides, a great tragedian, 8. 568 A; his maxims about tyrants, _ibid._:--quoted, Troades, l. 1169, _ibid._ {349}

Eurypylus, treatment of the wounded, 3. 405 E, 408 A.

Euthydemus, brother of Polemarchus, 1. 328 B.

Evil, God not the author of, 2. 364, 379, 380 A; 3. 391 E [_cp._ Laws 2. 672 B]; the destructive element in the soul, 10. 609 foll. (cp. 4. 444):--justice must exist even among the evil, 1. 351 foll.; their supposed prosperity, 2. 364 [_cp._ Gorg. 470 foll.; Laws 2. 66 1; 10. 899, 905]; more numerous than the good, 3. 409 D. Cp. Injustice.

Excellence relative to use, 10. 601; excellences ([Greek: a)retai\]) and ends of things, 1. 353.

Exchange, the art of, necessary in the formation of the state, 2. 369 C.

Exercises, naked, in Greece, 5. 452.

Existence, a participation in essence, 9. 585 [_cp._ Phaedo 101].

Experience, the criterion of true and false pleasures, 9. 582.

Expiation of guilt, 2. 364.

Eye of the soul, 7. 518 D, 527 E, 533 D, 540 A;--the soul like the eye, 6. 508; 7. 518:--Eyes, the, in relation to sight, 6. 507 (cp. Sight).

F.

Fact and ideal, 5. 472, 473.

Faculties, how different, 5. 477;--faculties of the soul, 6. 511 E; 7. 533 E.

Faith [or Persuasion], one of the faculties of the soul, 6. 511 D; 7. 533 E.

Falsehood, alien to the nature of God, 2. 382 [_cp._ Laws 11. 917 A]; a medicine, only to be used by the state, _ibid._; 3. 389 A, 414 C; 5. 459 D [_cp._ Laws 2. 663]; hateful to the philosopher, 6. 486, 490.

Family life in the state, 5. 449;--families in the state, _ib._ 461;--family and state, _ib._ 463;--cares of family life, _ib._ 465 C.

Fates, the, 10. 617, 620 E.

Fear, a solvent of the soul, 4. 430 A; fear and shame, 5. 465 A.

Fearlessness, distinguished from courage, 4. 430 B [_cp._ Laches 197 B; Protag. 349 C, 359 foll.].

Feeling, community of, in the state, 5. 464.

Festival of the Bendidea (at the Piraeus), 1. 327 A, 354 A; of Dionysus (at Athens), 5. 475 D.

Fiction in education, 2. 377 foll.; 3. 391; censorship of, necessary, 2. 377 foll.; 3. 386-391, 401 A, 408 C; 10. 595 foll.; not to represent sorrow, 3. 387 foll. (cp. 10. 604); representing intemperance to be discarded, 3. 390;--stories about the gods, not to be received, 2. 378 foll.; 3. 388 foll., 408 C [_cp._ Euthyph. 6, 8; Crit. 109 B; Laws 2. 672 B; 10. 886 C; 12. 941];--stories of the world below, objectionable, 3. 386 foll. (cp. Hades, World below).

Final causes, argument from, applied to justice, 1. 352.

Fire, obtained by friction, 4. 434 E.

Flattery, of the multitude by their leaders, in ill-ordered states, 4. 426 (cp. 9. 590 B).

Flute, the, to be rejected, 3. 399;--flute players and flute makers, _ib._ D; 10. 601.

Folly, an inanition ([Greek: ke/nôsis]) of the soul, 9. 585 A.

Food, the condition of life and existence, 2. 369 C.

Forgetfulness, a mark of an unphilosophical nature, 6. 486 D, 490 E:--the plain of Forgetfulness (Lethe), 10. 621 A.

Fox, the emblem of subtlety, 2. 365 C.

Fractions, 7. 525 E.

Freedom, the characteristic of democracy, 8. 557 B, 561-563.

Friend, the, must be as well as seem {350} good, 1. 334, 335;--the friends of the tyrant, 8. 567 E; 9. 576.

Friendship, implies justice, 1. 351 foll.; in the state, 5. 462, 463.

Funeral of the guardians, 5. 465 E, 468 E; 7. 540 B;--corpses placed on the pyre on the twelfth day, 10. 614.

Future life, 3. 387; 10. 614 foll.; punishment of the wicked in, 2. 363; 10. 615 [_cp._ Phaedo 108; Gorg. 523 E, 525; Laws 9. 870 E, 881 B; 10. 904 C]. _See_ Hades, World below.

G.

Games, as a means of education, 4. 425 A (cp. 7. 537 A);--dice ([Greek: ku/boi]), 10. 604 C;--draughts ([Greek: pettei/a]), 1. 333 A; 2. 374 C; 6. 487 C;--city ([Greek: po/lis]), 4. 422 E:--[the Olympic, &c.] glory gained by success in, 5. 465 D, 466 A; 10. 618 A (cp. 620 B).

General, the, ought to know arithmetic and geometry, 7. 522 D, 525 B, 526 D, 527 C.

Gentleness, characteristic of the philosopher, 2. 375, 376; 3. 410; 6. 486 C; usually inconsistent with spirit, 2. 375.

Geometry, must be learnt by the rulers, 7. 526 foll.; erroneously thought to serve for practical purposes only, _ib._ 527;--geometry of solids, _ib._ 528;--geometrical necessity, 5. 458 D;--geometrical notions apprehended by a faculty of the soul, 6. 511 C.

Giants, battles of the, 2. 378 B.

Gifts, given to victors, 3. 414; 5. 460, 468;--gifts of nature, 2. 370 A; 5. 455; 7. 535 A; may be perverted, 6. 491 E, 495 A; 7. 519 [_cp._ Laws 7. 819 A; 10. 908 C].

Glaucon, son of Ariston, 1. 327 A; 2. 368 A; takes up the discourse, 1. 347 A; 2. 372 C; 3. 398 B; 4. 427 D; 5. 450 A; 6. 506 D; 9. 576 B; anxious to contribute money for Socrates, 1. 337 E; the boldest of men, 2. 357 A; his genius, _ib._ 368 A; distinguished at the battle of Megara, _ibid._; a musician, 3. 398 D; 7. 531 A; desirous that Socrates should discuss the subject of women and children, 5. 450 A; breeds dogs and birds, _ib._ 459 A; a lover, _ib._ 474 D (cp. 3. 402 E; 5. 458 E); not a dialectician, 7. 533; his contentiousness, 8. 548 E; not acquainted with the doctrine of the immortality of the soul, 10. 608.

Glaucus, the sea-god, 10. 611 C.

Gluttony, 9. 586 A.

God, not the author of evil, 2. 364, 379, 380 A; 3. 391 E [_cp._ Laws 2. 672 B]; never changes, 2. 380; will not lie, _ib._ 382; the maker of all things, 10. 598:--Gods, the, thought to favour the unjust, 2. 362 B, 364; supposed to accept the gifts of the wicked, _ib._ 365 [_cp._ Laws 4. 716 E; 10. 905 foll.; 12. 948]; believed to take no heed of human affairs, 2. 365 [_cp._ Laws 10. 889 foll.; 12. 948]; human ignorance of, 2. 365 [_cp._ Crat 400 E; Crit. 107; Parm. 134 E]; disbelief in, 2. 365 [_cp._ Laws 10. 885 foll., 909; 12. 948]; stories of, not to be repeated, 2. 378 foll.; 3. 388 foll., 408 C [_cp._ Euthyph. 6, 8; Crit. 109 B; Laws 2. 672 B; 10. 886 C; 12. 941]; not to be represented grieving or laughing, 3. 388;--'gods who wander about at night in the disguise of strangers,' 2. 381 D;--the war of the gods and the giants, _ib._ 378 B.

God. [_The theology of Plato is summed up by himself in the second book of the Republic under two heads, 'God is perfect and unchangeable,' and 'God is true and_ {351} _the author of truth.' These canons are also the test by which he tries poetry and the poets_ (_see s. v._ Poetry):--_Homer and the tragedians represent the Gods as changing their forms or as deceiving men by lying dreams, and therefore they must be expelled from the state. But Plato has not yet acquired the austere temper of his later years. He does not threaten the impenitent unbeliever with bonds and death_ (Laws 10. 908, 910), _but is content to show by argument the superiority of justice over injustice. In other respects the theology of the Republic is repeated and amplified in the Laws; the theses that God is not the author of evil and will not accept the gifts of the wicked or favour the unjust, are maintained with equal earnestness in both. The Republic is less pessimistic in tone than the Laws; but the thought of the insignificance of man and the briefness of human life is already familiar to Plato's mind_ [_cp._ 6. 486 A; 10. 604; _and see s. v._ Man]. _The conception of God as the Demiurgus or Creator of the universe, which is prominent in the Timaeus, Sophist, and Statesman, hardly appears either in the Republic or the Laws_ (_cp._ Rep. 10. 596 foll.; Laws 10. 886 foll.).]

Gold, mingled by the God in the auxiliaries, 3. 415 A (cp. 416 E; 8. 547 A);--[and silver] not allowed to the guardians, 3. 416 E; 4. 419, 422 D; 5. 464 D (cp. 8. 543).

Good, the saving element, 10. 609:--the good = the beautiful, 5. 452 [_cp._ Lys. 216; Symp. 201 B, 204 E foll.]; the good and pleasure, 6. 505, 509 A [_cp._ Gorg. 497; Phil. 11, 60 A]; the good superior to essence, _ib._ 509; the brightest and best of being, 7. 518 D;--absolute good, 6. 507 B; 7. 540 A;--the idea of good, 6. 505, 508; 7. 517, 534; is the highest knowledge, 6. 505; 7. 526 E; nature of, 6. 505, 506;--the child of the good, _ib._ 506 E, 508:--good things least liable to change, 2. 381;--goods classified, _ib._ 357, 367 D [_cp._ Protag. 334; Gorg. 451 E; Phil. 66; Laws 1. 631; 3. 697];--the goods of life often a temptation, 6. 491 E, 495 A.

Good man, the, will disdain to imitate ignoble actions, 3. 396:--Good men, why they take office, 1. 347; = the wise, _ib._ 350 [_cp._ 1 Alcib. 124, 125]; unfortunate (Adeimantus), 2. 364; self-sufficient, 3. 387 [_cp._ Lys. 215 A]; will not give way to sorrow, _ibid._; 10. 603 E [_cp._ Laws 5. 732; 7. 792 B, 800 D]; appear simple from their inexperience of evil, 3. 409 A; hate the tyrant, 8. 568 A; the friends of God and like Him, 10. 613 [_cp._ Phil. 39 E; Laws 4. 716].

Goods, community of, 3. 416; 5. 464; 8. 543. _See_ Community.

Government, forms of, are they administered in the interest of the rulers? 1. 338 D, 343, 346; are all based on a principle of justice, _ib._ 338 E [_cp._ Laws 12. 945]; present forms in an evil condition, 6. 492 E, 496; none of the existing forms adapted to philosophy, _ib._ 497;--the four imperfect forms, 4. 445 B; 8. 544 [_cp._ Pol. 291 foll., 301 foll.]; succession of changes in states, 8. 545 foll.;--peculiar barbarian forms, _ib._ 544 D. Cp. Constitution, State.

Government, forms of. [_The classification of forms of government which Plato adopts in the Republic is not exactly the same with that given in the Statesman or the Laws. Both in the Republic_ {352} _and the Statesman the series commences with the perfect state, which may be either monarchy or aristocracy, accordingly as the 'one best man' bears rule or many who are all 'perfect in virtue'_ [_cp._ Arist. Pol. iv. 2, § 1]. _But in the Republic the further succession is somewhat fancifully connected with the divisions of the soul. The rule of reason_ [_i.e. the perfect state_] _passes into timocracy, in which the 'spirited element' is predominant_ (8. 548), _timocracy into three governments in turn, which represent the 'appetitive principle,'--first, oligarchy, in which the desire of wealth is supreme_ (8. 533 D; 9. 581); _secondly, democracy, characterised by an unbounded lust for freedom_ (9. 561); _thirdly, tyranny, in which all evil desires grow unchecked, and the tyrant becomes 'the waking reality of what he once was in his dreams only'_ (9. 574 E). _Each of these inferior forms is illustrated in the individual who corresponds to the state and 'is set over against it'_ (8. 550 C). _In the Statesman, after the government of the one or many good has been separated, the remaining forms are classified accordingly as the government has or has not regard to law, and democracy is said to be_ (303 A) _'the worst of lawful and the best of lawless governments'_ (_an expression criticised by Aristotle,_ Pol. iv. 2, § 3). _In the Laws again the subject is differently treated: monarchy and democracy are described as 'the two mother forms,' which must be combined in order to produce a good state_ (3. 693), _and the Spartan and Cretan constitutions are therefore praised as polities in which every form of government is represented_ (4. 712). _But the majority of existing states are mere class governments and have no regard to virtue_ (12. 962 E). _These various ideas are nearly all reproduced or criticised in the Politics of Aristotle, who, however, does not employ the term 'timocracy,' and adds one great original conception,--the_ [Greek: mesê\ politei/a], _or government of the middle class._]

Governments, sometimes bought and sold, 8. 544 D.

Grace ([Greek: eu)schêmosu/nê]), the effect of good rhythm accompanying good style, 3. 400 D; all life and every art full of grace, _ib._ 401 A.

Greatness and smallness, 4. 438 B; 5. 479 B; 7. 523, 524; 9. 575 C; 10. 602 D, 605 C.

Grief, not to be indulged, 3. 387; 10. 603-606. Cp. Sorrow.

Guard, the tyrant's request for a, 8. 566 B, 567 E.

Guardians of the state, must be philosophers, 2. 376; 6. 484, 498, 501, 503 B; 7. 520, 521, 525 B, 540; 8. 543; must be both spirited and gentle, 2. 375; 3. 410; 6. 503 [_cp._ Laws 5. 731 B]; must be tested by pleasures and pains, 3. 413 (cp. 6. 503 A; 7. 539 E); have gold and silver mingled in their veins, 3. 415 A (cp. 416 E; 8. 547 A); their happiness, 4. 419 foll.; 5. 465 E foll.; 6. 498 C; 7. 519 E; will be the class in the state which possesses wisdom, 4. 428 [_cp._ Laws 12. 965 A]; will form one family with the citizens, 5. 462-466; must preserve moderation, _ib._ 466 B; divided into auxiliaries and guardians proper, 3. 414 (cp. 8. 545 E; _and see_ Auxiliaries, Rulers):--the guardians [i.e. the auxiliaries] must be courageous, 2. 375; 3. 386, 413 E, 416 E; 4. 429; 6. 503 E; must have no fear of death, 3. 386 (cp. {353} 6. 486 C); not to weep, 3. 387 (cp. 10. 603 E); nor to be given to laughter, 3. 388 [_cp._ Laws 5. 732; 11. 935]; must be temperate, _ib._ 389 D; must not be avaricious, _ib._ 390 E; must only imitate noble characters and actions, _ib._ 395 foll., 402 E; must only learn the Dorian and Phrygian harmonies, and play on the lyre and harp, _ib._ 398, 399; must be sober, _ib._ 398 E, 403 E; must be reared amid fair surroundings, _ib._ 401; athletes of war, _ib._ 403, 404 B; 4. 422; 7. 521 E; 8. 543 [_cp._ Laws 8. 830]; must live according to rule, 3. 404; will not go to law or have resort to medicine, _ib._ 410 A; must have common meals and live a soldier's life, _ib._ 416; will not require gold or silver or property of any kind, _ib._ 417; 4. 419, 420 A, 422 D; 5. 464 C; compared to a garrison of mercenaries (Adeimantus), 4. 419 (cp. 8. 543); must go to war on horseback in their childhood, 5. 467; 7. 537 A; regulations for their conduct in war, 5. 467-471:--female guardians, _ib._, 456, 458, 468; 7. 540 C (cp. Women).

Gyges, 2. 359 C; 10. 612 B.

Gymnastic, supposed to be intended only for the body, 2. 376 E; 3. 403; 7. 521 [_cp._ Laws 7. 795 E]; really designed for the improvement of the soul, 3. 410; like music, should be continued throughout life, _ib._ 403 C; effect of excessive, _ib._ 404, 410; 7. 537 B; should be of a simple character, 3. 404, 410 A; the ancient forms of, to be retained, 4. 424; must co-operate with music in creating a harmony of the soul, _ib._ 441 E; suitable to women, 5. 452-457 [_cp._ Laws 7. 804, 813, 833]; ought to be combined with intellectual pursuits, 7. 535 D [_cp._ Tim. 88]; time to be spent in, _ib._ 537.

H.

Habit and virtue, 7. 518 E; 10. 619 D.

Hades, tales about the terrors of, 1. 330 D; 2. 366 A; such tales not to be heeded, 3. 386 B [_cp._ Crat. 403];--the place of punishment, 2. 363; 10. 614 foll.; Musaeus' account of the good and bad in, 2. 363;--the journey to, 10. 614 [_cp._ Phaedo 108 A]:--(Pluto) helmet of, 10. 612 B. Cp. World below.

Half, the, better than the whole, 5. 466 B.

Handicraft arts, a reproach, 9. 590 [_cp._ Gorg. 512].

Happiness of the unjust, 1. 354; 2. 364; 3. 392 B (cp. 8. 545 A, _and_ Gorg. 470 foll.; Laws 2. 661; 10. 899 E, 905 A);--of the guardians, 4. 419 foll.; 5. 465 E foll.; 6. 498 C; 7. 519 E;--of Olympic victors, 5. 465 D, 466 A; 10. 618 A;--of the tyrant, 9. 576 foll., 587;--the greatest happiness awarded to the most just, _ib._ 580 foll.

Harmonies, the more complex to be rejected, 3. 397 foll.;--the Lydian harmony, _ib._ 398; the Ionian, _ib._ E; the Dorian and Phrygian alone to be accepted, _ib._ 399.

Harmony, akin to virtue, 3. 401 A (cp. 7. 522 A);--science of, must be acquired by the rulers, 7. 531 (cp. Music);--harmony of soul and body, 3. 402 D;--harmony of the soul, effected by temperance, 4. 430, 441 E, 442 D, 443 (cp. 9. 591 D, _and_ Laws 2. 653 B);--harmony in the acquisition of wealth, 9. 591 E.

Harp, the, ([Greek: kitha/ra]), allowed in the best state, 3. 399. {354}

Hatred, between the despot and his subjects, 8. 567 E; 9. 576 A.

Health and justice compared, 4. 444; pleasure of health, 9. 583 C; secondary to virtue, _ib._ 591 D.

Hearing, classed among faculties, 5. 477 E; composed of two elements, speech and hearing, and not requiring, like sight, a third intermediate nature, 6. 507 C.

Heaven, the starry, the fairest of visible things, 7. 529 D; the motions of, not eternal, _ib._ 530 A.

Heaviness, 5. 479; 7. 524 A.

Hector, dragged by Achilles round the tomb of Patroclus, 3. 391 B.

Helen, never went to Troy, 9. 586 C.

Hellas, not to be devastated in civil war, 5. 470 A foll., 471 A: --Hellenes characterised by the love of knowledge, 4. 435 E; did not originally strip in the gymnasia, 5. 452 D; not to be enslaved by Hellenes, _ib._ 469 B, C; united by ties of blood, _ib._ 470 C; not to devastate Hellas, _ib._ 471 A foll.; Hellenes and barbarians are strangers, _ib._ 469 D, 470 C [_cp._ Pol. 262 D].

Hellespont, 3. 404 C.

Hephaestus, binds Herè, 2. 378 D; thrown from heaven by Zeus, _ibid._; improperly delineated by Homer, 3. 389 A; chains Ares and Aphroditè, _ib._ 390 C.

Heracleitus, the 'sun of,' 6. 498 B.

Herè, bound by Hephaestus, 2. 378 D; Herè and Zeus, _ibid._; 3. 390 B; begged alms for the daughters of Inachus, 2. 381 D.

Hermes, the star sacred to (Mercury), 10. 617 A.

Hermus, 8. 566 C.

Herodicus of Selymbria, the inventor of valetudinarianism, 3. 406 A foll.

Heroes, not to lament, 3. 387, 388; 10. 603-606; to be rewarded, 5. 468; after death, _ibid._

Heroic rhythm, 3. 400 C.

Hesiod, his rewards of justice, 2. 363 B; 10. 612 A; his stories improper for youth, 2. 377 D; his classification of the races, 8. 547 A; a wandering rhapsode, 10. 600 D:-- Quoted:-- Theogony, l. 154, 459, 2. 377 E. Works and Days, l. 40, 5. 466 B. l. 109, 8. 546 E. l. 122, 5. 468 E. l. 233, 2. 363 B. l. 287, _ib._ 364 D. Fragm. 117, 3. 390 E.

Hirelings, required in the state, 2. 371 E.

Holiness of marriage, 5. 458 E, 459 [_cp._ Laws 6. 776]. _See_ Marriage.

Homer, supports the theory that justice is a thief, 1. 334 B; his
rewards of justice, 2. 363 B; 10. 612 A; his stories not approved for
youth, 2. 377 D foll. (cp. 10. 595); his mode of narration, 3. 393 A
foll.; feeds his heroes on campaigners' fare, _ib._ 404 C; Socrates'
feeling of reverence for him, 10. 595 C, 607 (cp. 3. 391 A); the
captain and teacher of the tragic poets, 10. 595 B, 598 D, E; not a
legislator, _ib._ 599 E; or a general, _ib._ 600 A [_cp._ Ion 537
foll.]; or inventor, _ibid._; or teacher, _ibid._; no educator, _ib._
600, 606 E, 607 B; not much esteemed in his lifetime, _ib._ 600 B foll.;
went about as a rhapsode, _ibid._ Passages quoted or referred to:--
Iliad i.
l. 11 foll., 3. 392 E foll.
l. 131, 6. 501 B.
l. 225, 3. 389 E.
l. 590 foll., 2. 378 D.
l. 599 foll., 3. 389 A.
Iliad ii.
l. 623, 6. 501 C.
Iliad iii.
l. 8, 3. 389 E. {355}
Iliad iv.
l. 69 foll., 2. 379 E.
l. 218, 3. 408 A.
l. 412, _ib._ 389 E.
l. 431, _ibid._
Iliad v.
l. 845, 10. 612 B.
Iliad vii.
l. 321, 5. 468 D.
Iliad viii.
l. 162, _ibid._
Iliad ix.
l. 497 foll., 2. 364 D.
l. 513 foll., 3. 390 E.
Iliad xi.
l. 576, _ib._ 405 E.
l. 624, _ibid._
l. 844, _ib._ 408 A.
Iliad xii.
l. 311, 5. 468 E.
Iliad xiv.
l. 294 foll., 3. 390 C.
Iliad xvi.
l. 433, _ib._ 388 C.
l. 776, 8. 566 D.
l. 856 foll., 3. 386 E.
Iliad xviii.
l. 23 foll., _ib._ 388 A.
l. 54, _ib._ B.
Iliad xix.
l. 278 foll., _ib._ 390 E.
Iliad xx.
l. 4 foll., 2. 379 E.
l. 64 foll., 3. 386 C.
Iliad xxi.
l. 222 foll., _ib._ 391 B.
Iliad xxii.
ll. 15, 20, _ib._ A.
l. 168 foll., _ib._ 388 C.
l. 362 foll., _ib._ 386 E.
l. 414, _ib._ 388 B.
Iliad xxiii.
l. 100 foll., _ib._ 387 A.
l. 103 foll., _ib._ 386 D.
l. 151 _ib._ 391 B.
l. 175 _ibid._
Iliad xxiv.
l. 10 foll., _ib._ 388 A.
l. 527, 2. 379 D.
Odyssey i.
l. 351 foll., 4. 424 D.
Odyssey viii.
l. 266 foll., 3. 390 D.
Odyssey ix.
l. 9. foll., _ib._ B.
l. 91 foll., 8. 560 C.
Odyssey x.
l. 495, 3. 386 E.
Odyssey xi.
l. 489 foll., _ib._ C; 7. 516 D.
Odyssey xii.
l. 342, 3. 390 B.
Odyssey xvii.
l. 383 foll., _ib._ 389 D.
l. 485 foll., 2. 381 D.
Odyssey xix.
l. 109 foll., _ib._ 363 B.
l. 395, 1. 334 B.
Odyssey xx.
l. 17, 3. 390 D; 4. 441 B.

Homer, allusions to, 1. 328 E; 2. 381 D; 3. 390 E; 8. 544 D.

Homeridae, 10. 599 E.

Honest man, the, a match for the rogue, 3. 409 C (cp. 10. 613 C).

Honesty, fostered by the possession of wealth, 1. 331 A; thought by mankind to be unprofitable, 2. 364 A; 3. 392 B.

Honour, pleasures enjoyed by the lover of, 9. 581 C, 586 E:--the 'government of honour,' _see_ Timocracy.

Hope, the comfort of the righteous in old age (Pindar), 1. 331 A.

Household cares, 5. 465 C.

Human interests, unimportance of, 10. 604 B (cp. 6. 486 A, _and_ Theaet. 173; Laws 1. 644 E; 7. 803);--life, full of evils, 2. 379 C; shortness of, 10. 608 D;--nature, incapable of doing many things well, 3. 395 B; --sacrifices, 8. 565 D. {356}

Hunger, 4. 437 E, 439; an inanition ([Greek: ke/nôsis]) of the body, 9. 585 A.

Hymns, to the gods, may be allowed in the State, 10: 607 A [_cp._ Laws 3. 700 A; 7. 801 E];--marriage hymns, 5. 459 E.

Hypothesis, in mathematics and in the intellectual world, 6. 510; in the sciences, 7. 533.

I.

Iambic measure, 3. 400 C.

Ida, altar of the gods on, 3. 391 E.

Idea of good, the source of truth, 6. 508 (cp. 505); a cause like the sun, _ib._ 508; 7. 516, 517; must be apprehended by the lover of knowledge, 7. 534;--ideas and phenomena, 5. 476; 6. 507;--ideas and hypotheses, 6. 510;--absolute ideas, 5. 476 [_cp._ Phaedo 65, 74; Parm. 133]; origin of abstract ideas, 7. 523; nature of, 10. 596; singleness of, _ib._ 597 [_cp._ Tim. 28, 51].

Idea. [_The Idea of Good is an abstraction, which, under that name at least, does not elsewhere occur in Plato's writings. But it is probably not essentially different from another abstraction, 'the true being of things,' which is mentioned in many of his Dialogues_ [_cp. passages cited s. v. Being_]. _He has nowhere given an explanation of his meaning, not because he was 'regardless whether we understood him or not,' but rather, perhaps, because he was himself unable to state in precise terms the ideal which floated before his mind. He belonged to an age in which men felt too strongly the first pleasure of metaphysical speculation to be able to estimate the true value of the ideas which they conceived_ (_cp. his own picture of the effect of dialectic on the youthful mind,_ 7. 539). _To him, as to the Schoolmen of the Middle Ages, an abstraction seemed truer than a fact: he was impatient to shake off the shackles of sense and rise into the purer atmosphere of ideas. Yet in the allegory of the cave_ (_Book VII_), _whose inhabitants must go up to the light of perfect knowledge but descend again into the obscurity of opinion, he has shown that he was not unaware of the necessity of finding a firm starting-point for these flights of metaphysical imagination_ (_cp._ 6. 510). _A passage in the Philebus_ (65 A) _gives perhaps the best insight into his meaning: 'If we are not able to hunt the good with one idea only, with three we may take our prey,--Beauty, Symmetry, Truth.' The three were inseparable to the Greek mind, and no conception of perfection could be formed in which they did not unite._ (Cp. Introduction, pp. lxix, xcvii).]

Ideal state, is it possible? 5. 471, 473; 6. 499; 7. 540 (cp. 7. 520, _and_ Laws 4. 711 E; 5. 739); how to be commenced, 6. 501; 7. 540: --ideals, value of, 5. 472. For the ideal state, _see_ City, Constitution, Education, Guardians, Rulers, etc.

Ignorance, nature of, 5. 477, 478; an inanition ([Greek: ke/nôsis]) of the soul, 9. 585.

Iliad, the style of, illustrated, 3. 392 E foll.; mentioned, _ib._ 393 A. Cp. Homer, Odyssey.

Ilion, _see_ Troy.

Illegitimate children, 5. 461 A.

Illusions of sight, 7. 523; 10. 602 [_cp._ Phaedo 65 A; Phil. 380, 42 D; Theaet. 157 E].

Images, (i.e. reflections of visible objects), 6. 510; 10. 596 (_cp._ Tim. 52 D). {357}

Imitation in style, 3. 393, 394; 10. 596 foll., 600 foll.; affects the character, 3. 395; thrice removed from the truth, 10. 596, 597, 598, 602 B; concerned with the weaker part of the soul, _ib._ 604.

Imitative poetry, 10. 595; arts, inferior, _ib._ 605.

Imitators, ignorant, 10. 602.

Immortality, proof of, 10. 608 foll., (cp. 6. 498 C, _and see_ Soul).

Impatience, uselessness of, 10. 604 C.

Impetuosity, 6. 503 E.

Inachus, Herè asks alms for the daughters of, 2. 381 D.

Inanitions ([Greek: ke/nôseis]) of body and soul, 9. 585 A.

Incantations used by mendicant prophets, 2. 364 B; in medicine, 4. 426 A.

Income Tax, 1. 343 D.

Indifference to money, characteristic of those who inherit a fortune, 1. 330 B.

Individual, inferior types of the, 8. 545; individual and state, 2. 368; 4. 434, 441; 5. 462; 8. 544; 9. 577 B [_cp._ Laws 3. 689; 5. 739; 9. 875, 877 C; 11. 923].

Infants have spirit, but not reason, 4. 441 [_cp._ Laws 12. 963 E].

Informers, 9. 575 B.

Injustice, advantage of, 1. 343; defined by Thrasymachus as discretion, _ib._ 348 D; injustice and vice, _ibid._; suicidal to states and individuals, _ib._ 351 E [_cp._ Laws 10. 906 A]; in perfection, 2. 360; eulogists of, _ib._ 361, 366, 367; 3. 392 B (_cp._ 8. 545 A; 9. 588); only blamed by those who have not the power to be unjust, 2. 366 C; in the state, 4. 434; = anarchy in the soul, _ib._ 444 B [_cp._ Soph. 228]; brings no profit, 9. 589, 590; 10. 613.

Innovation in education dangerous, 4. 424 [_cp._ Laws 2. 656, 660 A]. See Gymnastic, Music.

Intellect, objects of, classified, 7. 534 (cp. 5. 476); relation of the intellect and the good, 6. 508.

Intellectual world, divisions of, 6. 510 foll.; 7. 517; compared to the visible, 6. 508, 509; 7. 532 A.

Intercourse between the sexes, 5. 458 foll. [_cp._ Laws 8. 839 foll.]; in a democracy, 8. 563 B.

Interest, sometimes irrecoverable by law, 8. 556 A [_cp._ Laws 5. 742 C].

Intermediates, 9. 583.

Intimations, the, given by the senses imperfect, 7. 523 foll.; 10. 602.

Intoxication, not allowed in the state, 3. 398 E, 403 E. Cp. Drinking.

Invalids, 3. 406, 407; 4. 425, 426.

Ionian harmony, must be rejected, 3. 399 A.

Iron (and brass) mingled by the God in the husbandmen and craftsmen, 3. 415 A (cp. 8. 547 A).

Ismenias, the Theban, 'a rich and mighty man,' 1. 336 A.

Italy, 'can tell of Charondas as a lawgiver,' 10. 599 E.

J.

Judge, the good, must himself be virtuous, 3. 409 [_cp._ Pol. 305].

Judgement, the final, 10. 614 foll. Cp. Hades.

Juggling, 10. 602 D.

Just man, the, is at a disadvantage compared with the unjust (Thrasymachus), 1. 343; is happy, _ib._ 354 [_cp._ Laws 1. 660 E]; attains harmony in his soul, 4. 443 E; proclaimed the happiest, 9. 580 foll.;--just men the friends of the gods, 10. 613 [_cp._ Phil. 39 E; Laws 4. 716 D];--just and unjust are at heart the same (Glaucon), 3. 360.

Justice, = to speak the truth and pay one's debts, 1. 331 foll.; {358} = the interest of the stronger, _ib._ 338; 2. 367 [_cp._ Gorg. 489; Laws 4. 714 A]; = honour among thieves, 1. 352; = the excellence of the soul, _ib._ 353:--the art which gives good and evil to friends and enemies, _ib._ 332 foll., 336; is a thief, _ib._ 334; the proper virtue of man, _ib._ 335; 'sublime simplicity,' _ib._ 348; does not aim at excess, _ib._ 349; identical with wisdom and virtue, _ib._ 351; a principle of harmony, _ibid._ (cp. 9. 591 D); in the highest class of goods, 2. 357, 367 D [_cp._ Laws 1. 631 C]; the union of wisdom, temperance, and courage, 4. 433 [_cp._ Laws 1. 631 C]; a division of labour, _ibid._ foll. (cp. _supra_, 1. 332, 349, 350, _and_ 1 Alcib. 127):--nature and origin of (Glaucon), 2. 358, 359; conventional, _ib._ 359 A [_cp._ Theaet. 172 A, 177 C; Laws 10. 889, 890]; praised for its consequences only (Adeimantus), _ib._ 362 E, 366; a matter of appearance, _ib._ 365:--useful alike in war and peace, 1. 333; can do no harm, _ib._ 335; more precious than gold, _ib._ 336; toilsome, 2. 364:--compared to health, 4. 444:--the poets on, 2. 363, 364, 365 E:--in perfection, _ib._ 361:--more profitable than injustice, 4. 445; 9. 589 foll.; superior to injustice, 9. 589; final triumph of, _ib._ 580; 10. 612, 613:--in the state, 2. 369; 4. 431; the same in the individual and the state, 4. 435 foll., 441 foll.:--absolute justice, 5. 479 E; 6. 501 B; 7. 517 E.

Justice. [_The search for justice is the groundwork or foundation of the Republic, which commences with an enquiry into its nature and ends with a triumphant demonstration of the superior happiness enjoyed by the just man. In the First Book several definitions of justice are attempted, all of which prove inadequate. Glaucon and Adeimantus then intervene:--mankind regard justice as a necessity, not as a good in itself, or at best as only to be practised because of the temporal benefits which flow from it: can Socrates prove that it belongs to a higher class of goods? Socrates in reply proposes to construct an ideal state in which justice will be more easily recognised than in the individual. Justice is thus discovered to be the essential virtue of the state,_ (_a thesis afterwards enlarged upon by Aristotle_ [Pol. i. 2, § 16; iii. 13, § 3]), _the bond of the social organization, and, like temperance in the Laws_ [3. 696, 697; 4. 709 E], _rather the accompaniment or condition of the virtues than a virtue in itself_ [_cp._ Introduction, p. lxiii]. _Expressed in an outward or political form it becomes the great principle which has been already enunciated_ (i. 322), _'that every man shall do his own work;' on this Plato bases the necessity of the division into classes which underlies the whole fabric of the ideal state_ (4. 433 foll.; Tim. 17 C). _Thus we are led to acknowledge the happiness of the just; for he alone reflects in himself this vital principle of the state_ (4. 445). _The final proof is supplied by a comparison of the perfect state with actual forms of government. These, like the individuals who correspond to them, become more and more miserable as they recede further from the ideal, and the climax is reached_ (9. 587) _when the tyrant is shown by the aid of arithmetic to have '729 times less pleasure than the king'_ [_i.e. the perfectly just ruler_]. _Lastly, the happiness of the just is proved to_ {359} _extend also into the next world, where men appear before the judgment seat of heaven and receive the due reward of their deeds in this life._]

K.

King, the Great, 8. 553 D:--pleasure of the king and the tyrant compared, 9. 587 foll.;--kings and philosophers, 5. 473 (cp. 6. 487 E, 498 foll., 501 E foll.; 7. 540; 8. 543; 9. 592).

Kisses, the reward of the brave warrior, 5. 468 C.

Knowledge ([Greek: e)pistê/mê, gignô/skein]), = knowledge of ideas, 6. 484; --nature of, 5. 477, 478; classed among faculties, _ib._ 477; 6. 511 E; 7. 533 E;--previous, to birth, 7. 518 C;--how far given by sense, _ib._ 529 [_cp._ Phaedo 75];--should not be acquired under compulsion, _ib._ 536 E;--the foundation of courage, 4. 429 [_cp._ Laches 193, 197; Protag. 350, 360];--knowledge and opinion, 5. 476-478; 6. 508, 510 A; 7. 534; knowledge and pleasure, 6. 505; knowledge and wisdom, 4. 428;--the highest knowledge, 6. 504; 7. 514 foll.;--unity of knowledge, 5. 479 [_cp._ Phaedo 101];--the best knowledge, 10. 618;--knowledge of shadows, 6. 511 D; 7. 534 A:--love of knowledge characteristic of the Hellenes, 4. 435 E; peculiar to the rational element of the soul, 9. 581 B.

L.

Labour, division of, 2. 370, 374 A; 3. 394 E, 395 B, 397 E; 4. 423 E, 433 A, 435 A, 441 E, 443, 453 B [_cp._ Laws 8. 846, 847].

Lacedaemon, owes its good order to Lycurgus, 10. 599 E;--constitution of, commonly extolled, 8. 544 D; a timocracy, _ib._ 545 B:--Lacedaemonians first after the Cretans to strip in the gymnasia, 5. 452 D.

Lachesis, turns the spindle of Necessity together with Clotho and Atropos, 10. 617 C; her speech, _ib._ D; apportions a genius to each soul, _ib._ 620 D.

Lamentation over the dead, to be checked, 3. 387.

Lands, partition of, proclaimed by the would-be tyrant, 8. 565 E, 566 E.

Language, pliability of, 9. 588 D [_cp._ Soph. 277 B].

Laughter not to be allowed in the guardians, 3. 388 [_cp._ Laws 5. 732; 11. 935]; nor represented in the gods, _ib._ 389.

Laws, may be given in error, 1. 339 E; supposed to arise from a convention among mankind, 2. 359 A; cause of, 3. 405; on special subjects of little use, 4. 425, 426 [_cp._ Laws 7. 788]; treated with contempt in democracies, 8. 563 E; bring help to all in the state, 9. 590.

Lawyers, increase when wealth abounds, 4. 405 A.

Learning, pleasure of, 6. 486 C (cp. 9. 581, 586).

Legislation, cannot reach the minutiae of life, 4. 425, 426; requires the help of God, _ib._ 425 E. Cp. Laws.

Leontius, story of, 4. 439 E.

Lethe, 10. 621.

Letters, image of the large and small, 2. 368; 3. 402 A.

Liberality, one of the virtues of the philosopher, 6. 485 E.

Liberty, characteristic of democracy, 8. 557 B, 561-563.

Licence, begins in music, 4. 424 E [_cp._ Laws 3. 701 B]; in democracies, 8. 562 D.

Licentiousness forbidden, 5. 458. {360}

Lie, a, hateful to the philosopher, 6. 490 C (cp. _supra_ 486 E);--the true lie and the lie in words, 2. 382;--the royal lie ([Greek: gennai/on pseu=dos]), 3. 414;--rulers of the state may lie, 2. 382; 3. 389 A, 414 C; 5. 459 D;--the Gods not to be represented as lying, 2. 382;--lies of the poets, _ib._ 377 foll.; 3. 386, 408 B (cp. 10. 597 foll.).

Life in the early state, 2. 372;--loses its zest in old age, 1. 329 A; full of evils, 2. 379 C; intolerable without virtue, 4. 445; shortness of, compared to eternity, 10. 608 D;--the life of virtue toilsome, 2. 364 D; --the just or the unjust, which is the more advantageous? _ib._ 347 foll.;--three kinds of lives among men, 9. 581;--life of women ought to resemble that of men, 5. 451 foll. [_cp._ Laws 7. 804 E];--the necessities of life, 2. 369, 373 A;--the prime of life, 5. 460 E.

Light, 6. 507 E. Cp. Sight, Vision.

Light and heavy, 5. 479; 7. 524.

Like to like, 4. 425 C.

Literature ([Greek: lo/goi]), included under 'music' in education, 2. 376 E.

Litigation, the love of, ignoble, 3. 405.

Logic; method of residues, 4. 427;--accidents and essence distinguished, 5. 454;--nature of opposition, 4. 436;--categories, [Greek: pro/s ti], 4. 437; quality and relation, _ibid._;--fallacies, 6. 487. For Plato's method of definitions, _see_ Knowledge, Temperance; and cp. Dialectic, Metaphysic.

Lotophagi, 8. 560 C.

Lots, use of, 5. 460 A, 462 E; election by, characteristic of democracy, 8. 557 A.

Love of the beautiful, 3. 402, 403 [_cp._ 1 Alcib. 131]; bodily love and true love, _ib._ 403; love and the love of knowledge, 5. 474 foll.; is of the whole, not of the part, _ib._ C, 475 B; 6. 485 B; a tyrant, 9. 573 B, 574 E (cp. 1. 329 B):--familiarities which may be allowed between the lover and the beloved, 3. 403 B:--lovers' names, 5. 474:--lovers of wine, _ib._ 475 A:--lovers of beautiful sights and sounds, _ib._ 476 B, 479 A, 480.

Luxury in the state, 2. 372, 373; a cause of disease, 3. 405 E; would not give happiness to the citizens, 4. 420, 421; makes men cowards, 9. 590 B.

Lycaean Zeus, temple of, 8. 565 D.

Lycurgus, the author of the greatness of Lacedaemon, 10. 599 E.

Lydia, kingdom of, obtained by Gyges, 2. 359 C:--Lydian harmonies, to be rejected, 3. 398 E foll.

Lying, a privilege of the state, 3. 389 A, 414 C; 5. 459 D.

Lyre, the instrument of Apollo, and allowed in the best state, 3. 399 D.

Lysanias, father of Cephalus, 1. 330 B.

Lysias, the brother of Polemarchus, 1. 328 B.

M.

Madman, arms not to be returned to a, 1. 331; fancies of madmen, 8. 573 C.

Magic, 10. 602 D.

Magistrates, elected by lot in democracy, 8. 557 A.

Magnanimity, ([Greek: megalo/prepeia]), one of the philosopher's virtues, 6. 486 A, 490 E, 494 A.

Maker, the, not so good a judge as the user, 10. 601 C [_cp._ Crat. 390].

Man, 'the master of himself,' 4. 430 E [_cp._ Laws 1. 626 E foll.]; 'the form and likeness of God,' 6. 501 B [_cp._ Phaedr. 248 A; Theaet. 176 C; Laws 4. 716 D]; his unimportance, 10. 604 B (cp. 6. 486 A, {361} _and_ Laws 1. 644 E; 7. 803); has the power to choose his own destiny, 10. 617 E; --the one best man, 6. 502 [_cp._ Pol. 301]:--Men are not just of their own will, 2. 366 C; unite in the state in order to supply each other's wants, _ib._ 369;--the nature of men and women, 5. 453-455;--analogy of men and animals, _ib._ 459;--three classes of, 9. 581.

Manners, influenced by education, 4. 424, 425; cannot be made the subject of legislation, _ibid._; freedom of, in democracies, 8. 563 A.

'Many,' the term, as applied to the beautiful, the good, &c., 6. 507.

Many, the, flatter their leaders into thinking themselves statesmen, 4. 426; wrong in their notions about the honourable and the good, 6. 493 E; would lose their harsh feeling towards philosophy if they could see the true philosopher, _ib._ 500; their pleasures and pains, 9. 586;--'the great beast,' 6. 493. Cp. Multitude.

Marionette players, 7. 514 B.

Marriage, holiness of, 5. 458 E, 459; age for, _ib._ 460; prayers and sacrifices at, _ibid._;--marriage festivals, _ib._ 459, 460.

Marsyas, Apollo to be preferred to, 3. 399 E.

Mathematics, 7. 522-532; use of hypotheses in, 6. 510;--mathematical notions perceived by a faculty of the soul, 6. 511 C:--the mathematician not usually a dialectician, 7. 531 E.

Mean, happiness of the, 10. 619 A [_cp._ Laws 3. 679 A; 5. 728 E; 7. 792 D].

Meanness, unknown to the philosopher, 6. 486 A; characteristic of the oligarchs, 8. 554.

Measurement, art of, corrects the illusions of sight, 10. 602 D.

Meat, roast, the best diet for soldiers, 3. 404 D.

Medicine, cause of, 3. 405; not intended to preserve unhealthy and intemperate subjects, _ib._ 406 foll., 408 A; 4. 426 A [_cp._ Tim. 89 B]; the two kinds of, 5. 459 [_cp._ Laws 4. 720]; use of incantations in, 4. 426 A;--analogy of, employed in the definition of justice, 1. 332 C.

Megara, battle of, 2. 368 A.

Melody, in education, 3. 398 foll.; its influence, 10. 601 B.

Memory, the philosopher should have a good, 6. 486 D, 490 E, 494 A; 7. 535 B.

Mendicant prophets, 2. 364 C.

Menelaus, treatment of, when wounded, 3. 408 A.

Menoetius, father of Patroclus, 3. 388 C.

Mental blindness, causes of, 7. 518.

Merchants, necessary in the state, 2. 371.

Metaphysics; absolute ideas, 5. 476;--abstract and relative ideas, 7. 524;--analysis of knowledge, 6. 510;--qualifications of relative and correlative, 4. 437 foll.; 7. 524. Cp. Idea, Logic.

Metempsychosis, 10. 617. Cp. Soul.

Midas, wealth of, 3. 408 B.

Might and right, 1. 338 foll. [_cp._ Gorg. 483, 489; Laws 1. 627; 3. 690; 10. 890].

Miletus, Thales of, 10. 600 A.

Military profession, the, 2. 374.

Mimetic art, in education, 3. 394 foll.; the same person cannot succeed in tragedy and comedy, _ib._ 395 A; imitations lead to habit, ib. D; men acting women's part, _ib._ E; influence on character, _ibid._ foll. Cp. Imitation.

'Mine and thine,' a common cause of dispute, 5. 462.

Ministers of the state must be educated, 7. 519. See Ruler. {362}

Miser, the, typical of the oligarchical state, 8. 555 A (cp. 559 D).

Misfortune, to be borne with patience, 3. 387; 10. 603-606.

Models (or types), by which the poets are to be guided in their compositions, 2. 379 A.

Moderation, necessity of, 5. 466 B [_cp._ Laws 3. 690 E; 5. 732, 736 E].

Momus (god of jealousy), 6. 487 A.

Monarchy, distinguished from aristocracy as that form of the perfect state in which one rules, 4. 445 C (cp. 9. 576 D, _and_ Pol. 301); the happiest form of government, 9. 576 E (cp. 580 C, 587 B).

Money, needed in the state, 2. 371 B [_cp._ Laws 11. 918]; not necessary in order to carry on war, 4. 423;--love of, among the Egyptians and Phoenicians, _ib._ 435 E; characteristic of timocracy and oligarchy, 8. 548 A, 553, 562 A; referred to the appetitive element of the soul, 9. 580 E; despicable, _ib._ 589 E, 590 C (cp. 3. 390 E).

Money-lending, in oligarchies, 8. 555, 556.

Money-making, art of, in Cephalus' family, 1. 330 B; evil of, 8. 556; pleasure of, 9. 581 C, 586 E.

Money-qualifications in oligarchies, 8. 550, 551.

Moon, reputed mother of Orpheus, 2. 364 E.

Motherland, a Cretan word, 9. 575 E [_cp._ Menex. 237].

Mothers in the state, 5. 460.

Motion and rest, 4. 436;--motion of the stars, 7. 529, 530; 10. 616 E.

Multitude, the, the great Sophist, 6. 492; their madness, _ib._ 496 C. Cp. Many.

Musaeus, his pictures of a future life, 2. 363 D, E, 364 E.

Muses, the, Musaeus and Orpheus the children of, 2. 364 E.

Music, to be taught before gymnastic, 2. 376 E (cp. 3. 403 C); includes literature ([Greek: lo/goi]), 2. 376 E;--in education, _ib._ 377 foll.; 3. 398 foll.; 7. 522 A (_see_ Poetry, Poets, _and cp._ Protag. 326; Laws 2. 654, 660); complexity in, to be rejected, 3. 397 [_cp._ Laws 7. 812]; the severe and the vulgar kind, _ibid._ [_cp._ Laws 7. 802]; the end of, the love of beauty, _ib._ 403 C; like gymnastic, should be studied throughout life, _ibid._; the simpler kinds of, foster temperance in the soul, _ib._ 404 A, 410 A; effect of excessive, _ib._ 410, 411; ancient forms of, not to be altered, 4. 424 [_cp._ Laws 2. 657; 7. 799, 801]; must be taught to women, 5. 452.

Music. [_Music to the ancients had a far wider significance than to us. It was opposed to gymnastic as 'mental' to 'bodily' training, and included equally reading and writing, mathematics, harmony, poetry, and music strictly speaking: drawing, as Aristotle tells us_ (Pol. viii. 3, § 1), _was sometimes made a separate division._ I. _Music_ (_in this wider sense_), _Plato says, should precede gymnastic; and, according to a remarkable passage in the Protagoras_ (325 C), _the pupils in a Greek school were actually instructed in reading and writing, made to learn poetry by heart, and taught to play on the lyre, before they went to the gymnasium. The ages at which children should commence these various studies are not stated in the Republic; but in the VIIth Book of the Laws, where the subject is treated more in detail, the children begin going to school at ten, and spend three years in learning to read and write, and another three years in music_ (Laws 7. 810). _This agrees very fairly with the selection of the_ {363} _most promising youth at the age of twenty_ (Rep. 7. 537), _as it would allow a corresponding period of three years for gymnastic training._ II. _Music, strictly so called, plays a great part in Plato's scheme of education. He hopes by its aid to make the lives of his youthful scholars harmonious and gracious, and to implant in their souls true conceptions of good and evil. Music is a gift of the Gods to men, and was never intended, 'as the many foolishly and blasphemously suppose,' merely to give us an idle pleasure_ (Tim. 47 E; Laws 2. 654, 658 E; 7. 802 D). _Neither should a freeman aim at attaining perfect execution_ [_cp._ Arist. Pol. viii. 6, §§ 7, 15]: _in the Laws_ (7. 810) _we are told that every one must go through the three years course of music, 'neither more nor less, whether he like or whether he dislike the study.' Both instruments and music are to be of a simple character: in the Republic only the lyre, the pipe, and the flute are tolerated, and the Dorian and Phrygian harmonies. No change in the fashions of music is permitted; for where there is licence in music there will be anarchy in the state. In this desire for simplicity and fixity in music Plato was probably opposed to the tendencies of his own age. The severe harmony which had once characterized Hellenic art was passing out of favour: alike in architecture, sculpture, painting, literature, and music, richer and more ornate styles prevailed. We regard the change as inevitable, and not perhaps wholly to be regretted: to Plato it was a cause rather than a sign of the decline of Hellas._]

Musical amateurs, 5. 475;--education, 2. 377; 3. 398 foll.; 7. 522 A; --instruments, the more complex kinds of, rejected, 3. 399 [_cp._ Laws 7. 812 D];--modes, _ib._ 397-399; changes in, involve changes in the laws, 4. 424 C.

Mysteries, 2. 365 A, 366 A, 378 A; 8. 560 E.

Mythology, misrepresentations of the gods in, 2. 378 foll.; 3. 388 foll., 408 C (cp. Gods); like poetry, has an imitative character, 3. 392 D foll.

N.

Narration, styles of, 3. 392, 393, 396.

National qualities, 4. 435.

Natural gifts, 2. 370 A; 5. 455; 6. 491 E, 495 A; 7. 519, 535.

Nature, recurrent cycles in, 8. 546 A (cp. Cycles); divisions of, 9. 584 [_cp._ Phil. 23].

Necessities, the, of life, 2. 368, 373 A.

Necessity, the mother of the Fates, 10. 616, 617, 621 A.

Necessity, the, 'which lovers know,' 5. 458 E;--the 'necessity of Diomede,' 6. 493 D.

Nemesis, 5. 451 A.

Niceratus, son of Nicias, 1. 327 C.

Nicias, 1. 327 C.

Nightingale, Thamyras changed into a, 10. 620.

Niobe, sufferings of, in tragic poetry, 2. 380 A.

[Greek: no/mos], strain and law, 7. 532 E [_cp._ Laws 7. 800 A].

Not-being, 5. 477.

Novelties in music and gymnastic to be discouraged, 4. 424.

Number, said to have been invented by Palamedes, 7. 522 D;--the number of the State, 8. 546.

O.

Objects and ideas to be distinguished, 5. 476; 6. 507. {364}

Odysseus and Alcinous, 10. 614 B; chooses the lot of a private man, _ib._ 620 D.

Odyssey, 3. 393 A. Cp. Iliad.

Office, not desired by the good ruler, 7. 520 A.

Old age, complaints against, 1. 329; Sophocles quoted in regard to, _ibid._; wealth a comforter of age, _ibid._;--old men think more of the future life, _ib._ 330; not students, 7. 536 [_cp._ Laches 189];--the older to bear rule in the state, 3. 412 [_cp._ Laws 3. 690 A; 4. 714 E]; to be over the younger, 5. 465 A [_cp._ Laws 4. 721 D; 9. 879 C; 11. 917 A].

Oligarchy, a form of government which has many evils, 8. 544, 551, 552; origin of, _ib._ 550; nature of, _ibid._; always divided against itself, _ib._ 551 D, 554 E--the oligarchical man, 8. 553; a miser, _ib._ 555; his place in regard to pleasure, 9. 587.

Olympian Zeus, the Saviour, 9. 583 B.

Olympic victors, happiness and glory of, 5. 465 D, 466 A (_cp._ 10. 618 A).

One, the, study of, draws the mind to the contemplation of true being, 7. 525 A.

Opinion and knowledge, 5. 476-478; 6. 508 D, 510 A; 7. 534; the lovers of opinion, 5. 479, 480; a blind guide, 6. 506; objects of opinion and intellect classified, 7. 534 (cp. 5. 476);--true opinion and courage, 4. 429, 430 (cp. Courage).

Opposites, qualification of, 4. 436; in nature, 5. 454, 475 E. Cp. Contradiction.

Oppositions in the soul, 10. 603 D.

Orpheus, child of the Moon and the Muses, 2. 364 E; soul of, chooses a swan's life, 10. 620 A;--quoted, 2. 364 E.

P.

Paeanian, Charmantides the, 1. 328 B.

Pain, cessation of, causes pleasure, 9. 583 D [_cp._ Phaedo 60 A; Phil. 51 A]; a motion of the soul, _ib._ E.

Painters, 10. 596, 597; are imitators, ib. 597 [_cp._ Soph. 234]; painters and poets, _ib._ 597, 603, 605:--'the painter of constitutions,' 6. 501.

Painting, in light and shade, 10. 602 C.

Palamedes and Agamemnon in the play, 7. 522 D.

Pamphylia, Ardiaeus a tyrant of some city in, 10. 615 C.

Pandarus, author of the violation of the oaths, 2. 379 E; wounded Menelaus, 3. 408 A.

Panharmonic scale, the, 3. 399.

Panopeus, father of Epeus, 10. 620 B.

Pantomimic representations, not to be allowed, 3. 397.

Paradox about justice and injustice, the, 1. 348.

Parental anxieties, 5. 465 C [_cp._ Euthyd. 306 E].

Parents, the oldest and most indispensable of friends, 8. 574 C; parents and children in the state, 5. 461.

Part and whole, in regard to the happiness of the state, 4. 420 D; 5. 466; 7. 519 E; in love, 5. 474 C, 475 B; 6. 485 B.

Passionate element of the soul, 4. 440; 6. 504 A; 8. 548 D; 9. 571 E, 580 A. _See_ Spirit.

Passions, the, tyranny of, 1. 329 C; fostered by poetry, 10. 606.

Patient and agent equally qualified, 4. 436 [_cp._ Gorg. 476; Phil. 27 A].

Patroclus, cruel vengeance taken by Achilles for, 3. 391 B; his treatment of the wounded Eurypylus, _ib._ 406 A. {365}

Pattern, the heavenly, 6. 500 E; 7. 540 A; 9. 592 [_cp._ Laws 5. 739 D].

Paupers. _See_ Poor.

Payment, art of, 1. 346.

Peirithous, son of Zeus, the tale of, not to be repeated, 3. 391 D.

Peleus, the gentlest of men, 3. 391 C.

Perception, in the eye and in the soul, 6. 508 foll.

Perdiccas [King of Macedonia], 1. 336 A.

Perfect state, difficulty of, 5. 472; 6. 502 E [_cp._ Laws 4. 711]; possible, 5. 471, 473; 6. 499; 7. 540 [_cp._ Laws 5. 739]; manner of its decline, 8. 546 [_cp._ Crit. 120].

Periander, the tyrant, 1. 336 A.

Personalities, avoided by the philosopher, 6. 500 B [_cp._ Theaet. 174 C].