Chapter I: The Triumph of Despotism 1

" II. FIRST EFFORTS OF CONSTITUTIONALISM 19

" III. FAITH AND LAW AGAINST DESPOTISM 52

" IV. LANGUAGE AND LEARNING AGAINST DESPOTISM 88

" V. DESPOTISM RETIRING BEFORE CONSTITUTIONALISM 117

" VI. FIRST MUTTERINGS OF THE STORM 168

" VII. THE DOWNFALL OF DESPOTISM 216

" VIII. THE STRUGGLE OF THE RACES 275

" IX. THE REVOLUTION BREAKS INTO SEPARATE PARTS 334

" X. LAST EFFORTS OF CONSTITUTIONALISM 401

" XI. THE DEATH STRUGGLE OF FREEDOM 431

INDEX 497

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

GIUSEPPE MAZZINI _Frontispiece._

KOSSUTH LAJOS _to face page_ 84

ROBERT BLUM " 224

IL VASCELLO, ROME " 483

AUTHORITIES CONSULTED.

GENERAL HISTORY.

Metternich's Memoirs.
Menzel's Geschichte der letzten vierzig Jahre.

GERMANY.

GENERAL GERMAN HISTORY.

Arndt, Life of.
Blum, Life of.
Goerres, Life of.
Marx, Neue Rheinische Zeitung.
Perthes, Life of.
Stein, Life of, by Professor Seeley.
Stenographischer Bericht des deutschen Vor Parlaments zu Frankfort.
---- des Fuenfziger Ausschuesses.
---- der deutschen Constituirenden Versammlung.
Zimmermann Deutsche Revolution.

PRUSSIA.

Humboldt Brief-Wechsel mit einem Jungen Freunde.
---- Letters to Varnhagen von Ense.
Schmalz Berichtigung einer Stelle in der Bredow-Venturinischen
Chronik fuer das Jahr 1808.

BADEN.

Goegg (Amand) Rueckblick auf die Badische Revolution (from La Ligue
des Peuples).
La Liberte de Penser (a journal containing pamphlets, &c., on the
Baden Revolution).
Morel Der Maerz-Aufstand und Die Badische Revolution.
Struve (Gustav) Geschichte der Volks Erhebungen in Baden.
" (Amalie) Erinnerungen, &c.

SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN.

Adressen an eine hohe deutsche Versammlung, &c., von Kiel.
Bunsen. Memoir on Constitutional Rights of the Duchies.
Droysen. The Policy of Denmark towards the Duchies.

SWITZERLAND.

Der Untergang des Sonderbundes.

AUSTRIA.

GENERAL HISTORY.

Helfert. Geschichte Oesterreichs.
Springer. Geschichte Oesterreichs seit der Wiener Frieden, 1809.
Pillersdorf. Rueckblick auf die politische Bewegung in Oesterreich.

VIENNA.

Dunder. Denkschrift ueber die Wiener October Revolution.
Gruener. Geschichte der October Revolution.
Reschauer. Das Jahr 1848.
Reichstag's Gallerie, &c.
Verhandlungen des Oesterreichischen Landtages 1848.
Violand. Die Sociale Geschichte der Revolution in Oesterreich.
Wiener Boten.

BOHEMIA.

Mueller. Die merkwuerdigsten Tage Prags in der Pfingst-Woche des
Jahres 1848.
Pameti (Pamphlets and proclamations, &c., in the Archives of
Prague).
Schoepf. Volks Bewegung in Prag.
Staendische Verhaeltnisse des Konigreichs Boehmen.
Stiles. Austria in 1848-9.
Tomain. Das Boehmische Staatsrecht.

GALICIA.

Ausschluesse ueber die jungsten Ereignisse in Polen.
Krasinski. Panslavismus und Germanismus.
Krolikowski. Memoire sur l'Etat de Cracovie, 1840.
Zaleski. Die Poelnische Frage.

HUNGARY.

GENERAL HISTORY.

Beschwerden and Klagen der Slaven in Ungarn, 1843.
Boehmisch-Slavische Helden in der Panslavismus.
Deak, Life of.
Goergei. My Life and Acts in Hungary.
Irby (Miss). Across the Carpathians.
Klapka. Memoirs of the War of Independence in Hungary.
Kossuth, Memoir of in a History of Hungary by E. O. S.
Kovari (Laslo) Okmanytar az 1848-9. (This book, though written in
Hungarian, contains some important documents in German, of
which alone I have been able to make use.)
Mailath (Count Johann) Geschichte von Oesterreich.
" Der Ungarische Reichstag in 1830.
Paget. Hungary and Transylvania.
Pulszky. Meine Zeit mein Leben.
" (Madame). Memoirs of a Hungarian Lady.
Smith (Toulmin). Parallels between Constitution and Constitutional
History of England and Hungary.
Szechenyi (Vortrag ueber) Ludwig Fezstory.
Zur Geschichte des Ungarischen Freiheits-Kampfes Autentische
Berichte.

CROATIA AND SLAVONIA.

Aktenstuecke zur Geschichte des Croatisch Slavonischen Landtages, by
Pejakovic.
Agramer Zeitung, 1843-8.
Deutsche Viertels-Jahr-Schrift (article called Mittheilungen aus
Serbien).
Le Duc. La Croatie et la Confederation Italienne.
Serbes de Hongrie, &c.
Verhandlungen des Agramer Landtags in October, 1845.
Other pamphlets on the Croatian question.

TRANSYLVANIA.

Bem. Feldzug in Siebenbuergen, by Czetz.
Bonar. Transylvania, its Products and People.
Deutsche Worte, a magazine.
Friedenfels, Joseph Bedeus von Scharberg.
Klausenburg, Collection of documents in Library of.
Lauriani. Die Romaenen der Oesterreichischer Monarchie.
Maros Vasarhely, Collection of Baron Apor at.
Roth. Der Sprach-Kampf in Siebenbuergen.
Scharberg. Die Verfassung Siebenbuergens.
Unterhaltungen aus der Gegenwart.
Vereinigung Siebenbuergens mit Ungarn vom Standpunkte der Sachsischen
Nation beleuchtet.
Zieglauer. Die Reform-Bewegung in Siebenbuergen.

ITALY

GENERAL HISTORY.

Alfieri. Opere. Autobiography.
Bianchi (Nicomede), Storia della politica Austriaca rispetto ai
Sovrani ed ai Governi Italiani dell'anno 1791, al Maggio
del 1857.
Coppi. Annali d'Italia.
D'Amato. Panteon dei Martiri della liberta Italiana.
Farini. Lo Stato Romano (really including much of other parts).
Foscolo (Ugo) Scritte politici inediti. Jacopo Ortis.
---- Lettera a Conte Verri.
---- Lettera a Conte di Ficquelmont.
---- (Vita di). Pecchio.
Gallenga. Italy in 1848.
Gioberti Vincenzo (biography by V. G. in I Contemporanei Italiani).
Del Primato Morale e Civile degli Italiani.
Gualterio. Gli Ultimi Rivolgimenti Italiani.
---- Delle Negative date dal Conte Solaro della Margherita.
La Concordia (paper published at Genoa).
La Farina. Storia dell Italia dopo il Settembre del 1847.
Manzoni (Alessandro). Cenni Sulla vita Sua.
Miscellanee politiche Genovesi (pamphlets, songs, &c., published at
Genoa, and bearing on the revolution).
Mazzini, Life and Writings of (translated by E. A. V.).
Panizzi, Lettere ad, di uomini illustri, &c.
Ranalli. Istorie Italiane dal 1846 al 1853.

LOMBARDY AND VENETIA.

Andryane. Memoires d'un prisonnier d'Etat.
Anfossi (Francesco). Memorie sulla campagna di Lombardia del 1848.
Biblioteca di Brera (Milan), Collections of Caricatures, Pamphlets,
and Proclamations in.
Cantu (Cesare). Editions and Lives of Monti and Parini.
Casati. Nuove rivelazioni su i fatti di Milano nel 1847-8.
Cattaneo. Dell'Insurrezione di Milano.
" Archivio Triennale.
Dandolo. Italian Volunteers and Lombard Rifle Brigade.
Gazzetta di Milano, 1848.
Manin, Documents et pieces autentiques laissees par.
Quadro politico di Milano (collection of pamphlets, &c.).
Vedovi (Timoleone). I martiri di san Georgio e di Belfiore.

NAPLES AND SICILY.

Colletta. History of Naples (translated).
Ruggiero Settimo. Per Gabriele Colonna.

PIEDMONT.

Balbo (Cesare) autobiography.
" Speranze d'ltalia.
Brofferio. Storia di Piemonte.
" I miei Tempi.
Solaro della Margherita, Vita di per Biginelli.
" Memorandum Storico-Politico.
" Avvedimenti Politici.

ROMAN STATES.

Artaud. Vie de Pie 7.
" Vie de Pie 8.
Balleydier. Storia della Revoluzione di Roma.
Beghelli. La Republica Romana del 1849.
Brasini. L'8 Agosto 1848, Bologna.
" La Resistenza di Bologna nelle otto Giornate di Maggio,
1849.
D'Azeglio (Massimo) Degli ultimi casi di Romagna.
" Correspondance Politique.
Monitorio Romano, 1848 and 1849.
Orsini. Memoirs.
Pasolini (Memoir of), by his son, translated.
Protocollo della Republica Romana.
Republica Italiana del 1849 (anonymous clerical).
Rossi (Pellegrino). Vita di per Raggi (including other notices of
him).
Torre (Federico). Memorie Storiche sull'intervento Francese
(unfinished).

TUSCANY.

Guerrazzi (Domenico) Apologia della Vita Politica. (His novels
should also be read to estimate his influence.)

CHIEF RACES OF AUSTRIAN EMPIRE.

HUNGARY.

_Magyars_, ruling race; found in most parts of the Kingdom, but
most largely in the Northern parts. Semi-Turkish race (non-Aryan).
Various creeds; Calvinism the most distinctive (_i.e._, the one
that has most connected itself with the race-struggles). Chief
town, Buda-Pesth.

_Croats_, chiefly found in Croatia, but sometimes in Slavonia and
Dalmatia. Creed, Roman Catholic; Slavonic race; chief town, Agram.

_Saxons_, found in S.E. of Transylvania. Creed, mainly Lutheran;
race, German; chief town, Hermannstadt.

_Serbs_, found chiefly in Slavonia, but also in Banat, Bacska, and
in smaller numbers in other parts of Hungary. Creed, Greek Church;
race, Slavonic; chief towns, Neusatz and Carlowitz.

_Slovaks_, found in North Hungary. Creed, Lutheran; race, Slavonic.

_Szekler_, found in N.E. of Transylvania. Creeds, various; race,
same as Magyars; chief town, Maros Vasarhely.

_Roumanian_, or _Wallack_, in all parts of Transylvania, and a few
in the Banat. Creed, Greek Church; race, mixed Dacian and Italian;
chief town, Blasendorf.

_Italians_, found in Dalmatia and Istria.

WESTERN AUSTRIA.

_Germans_, found everywhere, but chiefly in Archduchy. Creed,
mainly Roman Catholic; chief town, Vienna.

_Slovenes_, found in Krain, Carinthia, and Styria. Race, Slavonic.

_Czechs_, in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia. Creed, chiefly Roman
Catholic; race, Slavonic; chief town, Prague.

GALICIA.

_Poles_, found in all parts. Creed, Roman Catholic; race, Slavonic;
chief town, Lemberg.

_Ruthenians._ Creed, Greek Church; race, Slavonic.

TABLE OF DATES.

1846. April 25. Charles Albert defies Austria about the
salt-tax.
June 15. Election of Pius IX.
July 8. King of Denmark asserts his right to absorb
Schleswig-Holstein.
" 16. Pius IX's. amnesty.

1847. Jan. 3. Landtag summoned to Berlin.
July 5. Pope grants Civic Guard to Rome.
" 14. Clerical conspiracy suppressed in Rome.
" 16. Austrian occupation of Ferrara.
" 20. Swiss Diet resolves to dissolve Sonderbund.
Sept. 1. Unsuccessful rising in Messina.
" 12. Meeting of South German Liberals at Offenburg.
" 29. Metternich formally expresses his approval of
the Sonderbund.
Nov. 4. Motion carried at Pesth for taxation of nobles.
" 24. Troops of the Swiss Diet occupy Luzern.
Dec. 9. Nazari makes his motion for reform in Milan.
" 16. Agreement for Austrian troops to evacuate
Ferrara.
" 27. Ciceruacchio asks the Pope to join the Italian
League.

1848. Jan. 2 and 3. Smoking riots at Milan.
" 12. Sicilian rising begins.
" 19. Arrest of Manin and Tommaseo at Venice.
" 29. Neapolitan Constitution granted.
Feb. 4. Leopold of Tuscany promises Constitution.
" 12. Pope appoints first lay Ministers.
" 22. Martial law proclaimed in Lombardy.
" 27. Meeting at Mannheim to demand German Parliament.
Mar. 2. Second Chamber of Baden demands repeal of
Carlsbad Decrees. Downfall of Ministry in
Bavaria.
" 3. Kossuth's speech at Presburg.
" 11. First meeting at the Wenzelsbad in Prague.
" 13. Rising in Vienna. Workmen's petition in Berlin.
Granting of Liberal Ministry by King of
Saxony.
" 15. Abdication of Metternich.
" 16. Students' rising in Pesth. Rising in Berlin.
Granting of Constitution by Pope.
" 17. Serb meeting at Pesth.
" 18 to 22. Five days of Milan.
" 22. Rising in Venice.
" 23. Manin chosen President of Venetian Republic.
Jellacic made Ban of Croatia. Charles Albert
declares war on Austria.
" 25. Prussian Assembly opens.
" 26. King of Naples deposed by Sicilians.
" 31. Meeting of Vor-Parlament at Frankfort.
April 2. Bundestag repeals Carlsbad Decrees.
" 4. Bundestag authorises Prussia to act for Germany
in Schleswig-Holstein.
" 8. First battle of Goito.
" 11. Palacky refuses to join the Committee of Fifty
at Frankfort.
" 16. First Baden insurrection.
" 29. Papal allocution against the Italian war.
May 1. Slavs summoned to meet in Prague.
" 3. Mamiani Ministry formed.
" 13. Meeting of Serbs at Carlowitz. Provisional
Government at Milan declare for fusion.
" 15. Coup d'etat in Naples. Second rising in Vienna.
Meeting of Roumanians at Blasendorf.
" 18. First meeting of Constituent Assembly at
Frankfort. Flight of Emperor of Austria to
Innspruck.
" 28. Battle of Curtatone.
" 29. Unsuccessful riot in Milan. Completion of vote
of fusion.
" 30. Slavonic Congress in Prague. Abolition of
Transylvanian Parliament. Surrender of
Peschierato Charles Albert.
June 2. First encounter between Magyars and Roumanians.
" 3. Separate Provisional Government formed in
Bohemia.
" 11. Hrabowsky's attack on Carlowitz. Fall of
Vicenza.
" 12 to 18. Rising in Prague.
" 19. Ferdinand declares Jellacic a traitor.
" 29. Jellacic made Dictator by Croatians. Archduke
John chosen Administrator of the German
Empire.
July 4. Venice accepts the fusion with Piedmont.
" 22. Kossuth supports vote for sending troops against
Italians.
Aug. 5. Capitulation of Milan.
" 8. Expulsion of Austrians from Bologna.
" 11. Restoration of Manin's dictatorship in Venice.
" 26. Truce of Malmo signed.
" 31. Abolition of feudal dues in Vienna.
Sept. 5. Frankfort Assembly condemns the Truce of Malmo.
" 9. Jellacic crosses the Drave.
" 11. Meeting of Roumanians to protest against
Hungarian conscription.
" 16. Frankfort Assembly rescinds its vote about the
Truce of Malmo.
" 18. Emeute in Frankfort.
" 21. The "Struve Putsch."
" 25. Official appointment of Lamberg at Buda-Pesth.
" 28. Murder of Lamberg.
Oct. 3. Jellacic declared Dictator of Hungary.
" 6. Murder of Latour.
" 7. Croat army surrenders to the Hungarians.
Ferdinand flies to Innspruck.
" 8. Kossuth threatens death to those who won't hang
out the Hungarian flag.
" 10. Auersperg and Jellacic join forces.
" 11. Bohemian deputies meet in Prague.
" 18. Puchner's appeal to the Transylvanians.
" 21. Hungarian troops cross the Austrian frontier.
" 22. First meeting of Kremsier Parliament.
" 30. Battle of Schwechat.
Nov. 1. Windischgraetz enters Vienna.
" 9. Blum shot.
" 15. Murder of Rossi. Prussian Assembly votes that no
more taxes be paid.
" 24. Flight of Pope.
" 28. Prussian Assembly decide to leave Berlin.
Cavaignac announces intended expedition
to Rome.
Dec. 2. Abdication of Ferdinand.
" 5. Final dissolution of Prussian Parliament.
" 13. Address from Forli asking for Constituent
Assembly.
" 18. Frankfort Parliament abolishes feudal dues.
" 31. Hungarian Committee of Defence retreats to
Debreczin.

1849. Jan. 11. Frankfort Parliament votes for exclusion of
Austria from Germany.
" 22. Goergei sends Waizen Declaration to
Windischgraetz.
Feb. 1. Saxons apply for help to Russians.
" 6. Re-occupation of Ferrara by Austrian troops.
" 8. Flight of Grand Duke from Tuscany.
" 9. Proclamation of Roman Republic.
" 19. Goergei superseded by Dembinski.
" 21. Announcement that the Austrians have crossed
the Po.
" 26. Opening of Prussian Parliament.
Mar. 7. Dissolution of the Kremsier Parliament.
" 11. Capture of Hermannstadt by Bem.
" 12. Charles Albert declares war on Austria.
" 20. Formal announcement of new Austrian
Constitution.
" 23. Battle of Novara. Abdication of Charles Albert.
" 28. Frankfort Parliament decides to offer Crown of
Germany to King of Prussia.
" 29. Mazzini, Saffi, and Armellini made Triumvirs.
April 1. Capture of Brescia by Haynan.
" 3. King of Prussia refuses the Crown of Germany.
" 14. Declaration of Hungarian Independence.
" 17. Final meeting of Sicilian Parliament.
" 24. French arrive before Civita Vecchia.
" 25. Re-occupation of Pesth by the Hungarians.
" 27. Dissolution of Prussian Parliament.
May 14. Beginning of third Baden insurrection. King of
Prussia recalls Prussian members from
Frankfort Parliament.
" 15. Neapolitans capture Palermo.
" 20. Bologna captured by Austrians.
" 26. Proposals of Lesseps accepted by Triumvirs.
" 30. Frankfort Parliament resolves to adjourn to
Stuttgart.
" 31. Oudinot rejects Lesseps' Convention.
June 4. Russian proclamation of intended invasion of
Hungary.
" 13. Ledru Rollin's insurrection in Paris.
" 17. First Russian victory in Transylvania.
" 18. Final dissolution of German Parliament.
" 19. Austrians capture Ancona.
" 30. Roman Assembly decides to yield. Prussians
surround Rastatt, which is centre of Baden
movement.
July 3. French enter Rome.
" 15. Papal Government restored.
" 28. Death of Charles Albert. Hungarian Diet
dissolves itself.
Aug. 5. Capture of Hermannstadt by Russians.
11. Goergei made Dictator. Kossuth flies from
Hungary.
" 13. Goergei surrenders at Vilagos.
" 28. Austrians enter Venice.
Sept. 26. Klapka surrenders Komorn.