Chapter XI (3)

The news of the surrender of Vilagos did not reach Venice till August 20. There Manin had had much difficulty in still retaining the control which had been necessary for the guidance of affairs; and on August 6 a minority of 28 in the Assembly had protested against his reappointment as Dictator. The cholera had now been added to the other horrors of the siege; provisions were growing scarce; and thus the news of Goergei's surrender came as the last straw to break down the hopes of the defenders of Venice. On the 22nd, therefore, the Government agreed to yield. Manin succeeded in preventing the riots which seemed likely to break out on the news of the capitulation; and on August 30 the final surrender of Venice to the Austrians brought to a close the long struggle for liberty which had begun with the Sicilian rising of 1848.

On December 20, 1849, there appeared the following statement in a Swiss paper: "In front of Manin's door was a stone on which his name was engraved. The Austrians broke it to pieces; but the smallest fragments of it have been collected by the Venetians as sacred relics."

So ended the revolutionary period of 1848 and 1849. Those Revolutions had displayed, in a way unknown before, the strength and the weakness of the national principle. The enthusiasm for liberty, and the power of generous self-sacrifice, which was kindled by the feeling for a common language and common traditions, had been shown in each of the Revolutions; and they had struck a blow at the merely diplomatic and military settlements of States which produced a lasting effect. But, on the other hand, with the love for men of the same race and language there awoke in all these nations, with terrible force, the hatred and scorn for men of other races and languages; and thus, while the leaders of the movement taught tyrants their danger, they supplied them at the same time with a defence against that danger,--with another justification of the old maxim of tyrants, "Divide et impera." And so the work of the Revolutionists did not fail; but yet it could not achieve all the noble ends for which it was intended.

The time which followed the defeat of the Revolutionists was to show both their failure and their success. The dreary period of reaction from 1849 to 1859 could not have been expected by any sane man to be of long duration. But the time of reawakening was not like the time of the first dawn of hope. The work which had been ennobled by the thought of Mazzini, by the sword of Garibaldi, by the statesmanship of Manin, and the eloquent enthusiasm of Ciceruacchio, was to be carried to completion by the intrigues of Cavour, and the interested speculation of Louis Napoleon. In the place of the wisdom of Robert Blum, and the wild popular energy of Hecker, was to arise the stern hard policy of "blood and iron"; and, as Germany had failed to absorb Prussia, Prussia was finally to absorb Germany. The blunders and prejudices of the leaders of the Vienna Revolution were to be reproduced by Schmerling, without their self-sacrifice or generosity. But at the same time Francis Deak, the wise statesman, who had stood aside in dislike of the fiercer and more unscrupulous policy of other Magyar leaders, was to re-establish gradually for his country the freedom which she had lost for a time during the Revolutionary struggle. The race struggles of the Austro-Hungarian Empire were to be renewed in a milder form, and the solution of their difficulties postponed to a distant future; while the yet more dangerous problems of Socialism, which had forced themselves in so untimely a manner on the citizens of Vienna and Berlin, were gradually to assume ever greater prominence in the affairs of Europe. Thus it will be seen that the Revolutions of 1848 to '49 were but the climax of movements of which we have not yet seen the end; but, for good and for evil, they left a mark on Europe, which is never likely to be entirely effaced.

THE END.

FOOTNOTES:

[20] I must admit that my estimate of Goergei is, in many respects, lower than that of men whose opportunities of observing the facts, and whose general candour of judgment entitles their opinion to great respect. I can only plead that the severest judgments which I have passed upon him are founded upon his own memoirs; that is, partly upon the facts narrated in them, and partly upon the tone in which they are written.

[21] This was the title of the Emperor Ferdinand in his capacity of King of Hungary.

[22] It will observed that the Roumanians used, wherever possible, the old Roman titles, in order to assert their connection with ancient Rome.

[23] The Council which advised the Ban.

[24] A Bolognese priest, who followed Garibaldi partly in the character of a chaplain and partly as aide-de-camp. See "The Disciples," by Mrs. E. H. King.

INDEX.

A.

Aargau, 152, 155, 160.

Agram, Bishop of in Gaj's time, 99;
Assembly at, 144-5;
May Meeting at, 318-19;
contrasted with Prague, 333.

Albrecht (Professor), 92. _See_ also Arch Dukes.

Alessandria, occupation of, 3;
in 1821, 39-40, 43;
threatened by Radetzky, 182.

Alexander I. of Russia, character of, 3-4;
relations with Mme de Kruedener, 7;
plan of Holy Alliance, 8;
supports Sardinia, 27;
attitude in 1820, 32;
treatment of Greece, 46-7;
death, 49.

Alfieri, Vittorio, influence of, 23;
Manzoni's feeling to, 25, 54;
influence in Piedmont, 35.

Allemandi, 350.

Alliance, Holy. _See_ Holy Alliance.

Altieri, Cardinal, 417.

Ancona, in 1831, 61, 118;
treatment of by French, 159;
by Triumvirs, 464-5;
fall of, 485.

Andrian, 208.

Anfossi, Augusto, conspiracy against Charles Felix, 61;
early career, 263;
in Milan, 263, 265, 267, 269;
death, 337.

---- Francesco, 365.

Antologia, of Florence, 54-5.

Antonelli, Cardinal, supports Italian war, 346;
suspected of treachery, 348.

Antonini, General, 469.

Apponyi, Chancellor of Hungary, 201.

Arch Duchess Sophia, opposed to Metternich, 207;
favours Jellacic, 288;
denounced by Hungarians, 460.

Arch Duke Albert, in March insurrection, 239, 241.

---- Francis Charles, in Imperial Council, 207;
appealed to by merchants, 231;
attitude to Metternich, 241;
denounced by Hungarians, 460.

---- John, promises to Italy, 21;
his toast at Cologne, 209-10;
his liberalism, 241;
pressure on Metternich, 243;
made administrator, 363, 373;
forms new ministry, 374;
opens Viennese Parliament, 378;
intervenes in Croatian question, 383.

---- Louis, helps to govern Vienna, 206;
opposes removal of Hye, 207;
warns Metternich, 232;
his proposal about Windischgraetz, 240;
denounced by Hungarians, 460.

---- Maximilian, in March rising, 242-3.

---- Sigismund, 268.

---- Stephen, deserts Hungary, 395, 432;
denounced by Hungarians, 461.

Arcioni, at defence of Rome, 475.

Armellini, in provisional government, 423;
Triumvir, 464; feelings to French, 473.

Arndt, relations with Stein, 10;
professor, 12;
in 1816, 12;
restored by Frederick William IV., 94;
thanked at Frankfort, 361; vote on truce of Malmo, 374-5.

Arthaber, 245.

Ascoli, Duke of, 34-5.

---- conspiracy in, 464-5.

Auersperg, General, in October rising, 391, 393.

Auerswald, death of, 376.

Austria, Arch Duchy of, relations with Bohemia and Hungary, 250-3.

---- Emperors of. _See_ Francis, Ferdinand, Francis Joseph.

---- Empire of, special evils of in Italy, 20-22;
German language in, 89-90;
policy of, 132-3;
in Switzerland, 151, 159;
political character of, 209;
Moering's view of, _see_ Moering;
Kossuth's view of, 227-8;
attitude of Bohemians towards, 298-300;
of Viennese towards, 304;
proposed federation of, 333;
Radetzky's position in, 335.

---- Estates of. _See_ Estates.

---- House of, policy towards Serbs, 281-2;
feeling to Italy, 363;
deposed in Hungary, 458-61.

Avezzana, 474.

B.

Bach, his soup kitchen, 212;
his treatment of Rieger, 379.

Baden, from 1815-47, 219-20;
movement in in 1847-8, 220-1;
programme of leaders of, 232-3;
insurrections in, 361, 377-8, 485. _See_ also Struve, Hecker, and
Republicans, South German.

Balbo, Prospero, supposed liberalism of, 35;
in 1821, 38-9;
inconsistencies, 120-1.

---- Cesare, early career, 121;
Speranze d'Italia, 121-2.

Banat, 449, 456.

Bandiera Brothers, 118-20, 368.

Bassermann, 221.

Bassi, Ugo, 475, 487.

Batthyanyi, Louis, in 1839, 86;
in 1857, 202;
Prime Minister, 246;
his difficulties, 279-80;
his appeal to Szeklers, 316;
his interview with Jellacic, 383-4;
feeling about Lamberg, 386;
his resignation, 388;
attempted mediation, 462

Battles, of White Hill, 250-1;
of Goito first, 341;
second, 356;
of Cornuta, 349;
of Curtatone, 355;
of Somma Campagna, 364;
of Custozza, 364;
of Schwechat, 396-7, 432;
of Novara, 429.

Bava, General, 341, 363-4.

Bavaria, treatment of by Metternich, 13;
protest against concluding act of Vienna, 18;
resistance of to Metternich, 218;
revolution of 1848 in, 222;
quarrel of with Baden, 377.

Beauharnais, 21, 25.

Bem, early career, 394;
defence of Vienna, 396;
relations with Kossuth and Goergei, 436;
first campaign in Transylvania, 446-7;
contrasted with Csanyi, 449-50;
final struggle of, 492-3;
flies to Turkey, 494.

Bentinck, Lord William, 21, 44.

Berczenczei, 440.

Bergamo, 197, 268.

Berlin, March rising in, 247-9;
discontents in, 402-3;
riots in, 405-6;
struggle of Assembly in, 409-14.

Bern, 152, 154, 156.

Bible, Metternich's view of, 6.

Bini, Carlo, 55.

Blasendorf, 312-14.

Blum, Robert, first appearance, 92;
sympathy with Ronge, 95;
victory of, 96;
sympathy with Poland, 192;
in March rising, 223-5;
influence in Preparatory Parliament, 293, 295;
hinders May rising, 361;
view of Truce of Malmo, 374-5;
action in Frankfort riot, 375-6;
difference with Hecker, 376-7;
his republicanism, 377-8;
in Vienna, 393-7;
his death and its effects, 397-8.

Blumenthal, Major von, 412-13.

Bohemia, division of classes in, 204;
national feeling in, 206;
history of in 17th and 18th centuries, 250-3;
revival of language in, 253-4;
March rising in, 254-60;
race difficulties in, 289-92;
relations of to Frankfort Parliament, 295-302;
effect on of May rising, 308, 310;
peculiarity of its position, 333;
feeling towards Italy, 335;
triumphed over by Frankfort Parliament, 363;
Deputies of in Viennese Parliament, 387, 392;
Deputies at Olmuetz, 415-16;
at Kremsier, 416;
treatment of in Constitution of 1849, 455. _See_ also Slavs,
Prague, Rieger.

Bologna, in 1830, 60;
attitude to Corsica, 60;
sympathy with Lombards, 354;
in August, 1848, 368-9;
struggle of in 1849, 466, 477-9.

Bolza, 144, 183, 267.

Bonn, 412.

Borrosch, tries to save Latour, 391;
at Kremsier, 416.

Bozzelli, 177.

Brandenburg, General, 408, 409-10.

---- City, 409, 413-14.

Brescia, 189, 261;
March rising in, 268-9;
Anfossi's service at, 365;
Garibaldi's march to, 356;
rising in 1849, 428-9.

Breslau, 406, 412.

Brunetti. _See_ Ciceruacchio.

Buda-Pesth, March movement in, 278-9;
contrasted with Presburg, 279-80;
death of Lamberg in, 388;
question of its defence, 438;
besieged by Goergei, 491.

Bund, constitution of in 1815, 8;
effect on of Carlsbad Decrees, 17;
strengthened in 1834, 90;
proposed reform of, 223.

Bundestag, duty of, 9;
decrees of in 1830, 50;
in Schleswig-Holstein question, 165;
action of in March, 1848, 224;
relations of with Frankfort Parliament, 295, 372-3.

Buonaparte, Charles Lucien, at Genoa, 143;
in Venice, 192-3;
advocates Italian Assembly, 419.

---- Napoleon I., 1, 2, 20-1.

---- Louis Napoleon, expulsion of from Switzerland, 154;
letter on Cavaignac's expedition, 467;
elected President, 467, 470;
answer to Roman deputation, 470.

Buonaparte, Pierre, 471.

Buonarotti, 70-1.

Burschenschaft, 14-15.

C.

Camarilla, 244, 381.

Camphausen, his policy, 370;
his fall, 405.

Campo Formio, Treaty of, 20, 23.

Canino, Prince of. _See_ Buonaparte, Charles Lucien.

Canning, George, his foreign policy, 48;
Metternich's opinion of him, 48;
treatment of Greece, 49;
his death, 50.

Capo d'Istria, 47.

Carbonari, 4;
rise and work of, 29-30;
in 1820, 31-2, 33;
Mazzini's relations with, 56-8.

Carlowitz, importance of to Serbs, 283, 284;
May meeting at, 311-12;
June attack on, 319-20;
contrasted with Prague, 333.

---- General von, 225.

Carlsbad Decrees, 17, 221.

Carlsruhe, 221.

Carpathians, 108, 109.

Casati, honours Confalonieri, 144;
character and position, 185;
behaviour in smoking riots, 197;
in March rising, 264-6, 267;
in Lombard war, 336;
policy of, 337;
Mazzini's relations with, 342, 349, 365;
action in May rising, 357;
feeling to Charles Albert, 358.

Castellani, 464.

Castlereagh, in 1815, 2;
in 1821, 44;
suicide, 48.

Cavaignac, 467.

Cavour, 181.

Cernuschi, conduct in March rising, 264;
arrested in May, 357-8;
his proposal in Rome, 487.

Charles Albert, early career, 37;
visits hospitals, 39;
action in 1821, 40, 41, 42;
accession, 61;
feelings of Italians to, 62-3;
Mazzini's letter to, 63-4;
position in Italy, 64-6;
conduct in 1846, 136-7, 147;
sympathies with Sonderbund, 157;
attitude in February 1848, 180-2;
action about Lombard rising, 337-8;
mistakes and victories, 340-1;
Pope's suspicions of, 346;
treatment of Venetia, 348-50, 359;
action about fusion, 350-1;
causes of influence, 351-2;
later victories and defeats, 355-6;
betrayal of Milan, 356-7;
Rossi's suspicions of, 420;
Guerrazzi's feeling to, 423-4;
rebuked by Pope, 425;
last war with Austria, 426, 428, 429;
Roman feeling towards, 427;
abdication, 429-30.

Charles Felix, his politics, 36-7;
accession, 41;
appeal to Charles Albert, 42;
system of government, 43;
treatment of Mazzini, 59;
conspiracy against, 61.

---- VI. of Germany, treatment of Serbs, 282.

Christian VIII. of Denmark, policy of in 1846, 163-4;
in 1848, 371-2.

Chrzanowski, 428.

Ciceruacchio, his myth of Pius IX., 142-3;
his suppression of clerical conspiracy, 145;
his demands for reform, 178;
desires Lombard war, 339.

Civita Vecchia, 467, 471, 472-3.

Coblenz, resistance to King of Prussia, 412.

Cologne, Archbishop of, quarrel of with Frederick William III., 93;
released, 94.

---- socialism in, 403.

Como, 189;
March rising in, 268.

Concordat of Seven, 152, 155.

Confalonieri, Federigo, position and work, 25-6;
in 1821, 36;
imprisoned, 44-6;
effect of death, 144.

Congress of Laybach, 34, 39, 40, 46.

---- of Verona, 48.

---- of Vienna, 2, 3.

Consalvi, Cardinal, policy, 3;
protest about Ferrara, 146.

Constitution, promise of in Bundes-act, 8;
granted by King of Wuertemberg, 13;
promised by King of Prussia, 16;
crushed in 1819, 17-18.

---- for Austria, proposed by Kossuth, 227-8;
of April 1848, 305-6;
of May, 308;
of March 1849, 455-8.

---- of Bohemia, old, 251-4.

---- of Germany, devised at Frankfort, 415.

---- of Hungary, 73-5.

---- of Naples in 1848, 178, 199.

---- of Piedmont, 182.

---- of Prussia in April 1848, 403-4.

---- of Sicily, destruction of, 2;
in 1820, 33.

---- Spanish, 31;
in Naples, 32, 34;
in Sicily, 33;
in Piedmont, 36, 41, 43.

---- of Tuscany, 180.

Corcelles, 485.

Cornuta, 349.

Correnti, 264.

Corsica, 60.

Corsini, 128.

Cosenza, 119-20.

County Assemblies of Hungary, 74.

Cracow, 129-32, 134-5.

Cremona, 189;
March rising in, 269.

Crnojevic, 311.

Croatia, early traditions of, 97-8;
language movement in, 98-100;
internal struggles, 104-5;
treatment of by Magyars, 106-7;
sympathy of with Saxons, 116;
Kossuth's view of in March 1848, 227-8;
soldiers of in Milan, 269;
in Venice, 271-3;
demands of in March 1848, 276-7;
opposition of to "Twelve Points," 287-8;
relations of with Ferdinand, 310;
with Serbs, 318-19;
demands of in Slav Congress, 327;
feeling in about Italy, 335-6;
sympathy of with Roumanians, 439;
attitude of to Constitution of 1849, 455;
influence of Jellacic in, 457.

Csanyi, 449, 450-1.

Curtatone, Battle of, 355-6.

D.

Dahlmann, in 1837, 92;
in 1840, 94;
opposes truce of Malmo, 374;
subsequent action in Parliament, 374, 376.

Dalmatia, 97-8.

Dandolo, Enrico, 483.

Dante, influence of on Mazzini, 55-6.

Darmstadt. _See_ Hesse.

Dawkins, Consul, 488.

D'Azeglio, Massimo, "I Casi di Romagna," 128-9;
championship of Charles Albert, 137-8;
praise of Gizzi, 140;
demands Constitution, 181;
puts pressure on Pope, 339.

Deak, in 1832, 81-2;
rebuke to Gaj, 100;
resignation in 1843, 103;
helps in reforms, 201-2;
position in first Ministry, 279-80;
rebuke to Saxons, 315;
attempted mediation, 462;
final triumph, 496.

Debreczin, 438.

De Laugier, 355.

Del Caretto, 177.

Della Torre, in 1821, 42-3.

Dembinski, made commander, 439;
quarrel with Goergei, 452-3;
dismissal, 454.

Denmark, relations of with Schleswig-Holstein, 164, 371-2;
war with Germany, 373-5.

Dessewfy, in 1825, 76.

Deym, Count, 301, 323.

Dresden, 223-5.

Durando, Giacomo, conspiracy of, 61;
book on Italy, 125-6;
demands Constitution, 181.

---- Giovanni, made Papal general, 339-40;
denounces Radetzky, 340;
relations with Charles Albert and Manin, 345;
at Cornuta, 349;
defence of Vicenza, 349;
surrenders Vicenza, 359.

Duesseldorf, resistance to King of Prussia, 412.

E.

Endlicher, Professor, 234.

England, policy of in 1815, 2;
"madness of," 49;
relations of with Cracow, 131-2;
Gagern's feeling to, 233;
action in Sicily, 469.

Eoetvoes, controversy with Kossuth, 200;
in first Ministry, 279;
in deputation to Vienna, 387;
retirement, 462.

Estates of Bohemia, 208, 253.

---- of Lower Austria, 204, 210;
promises of Metternich to, 225;
action in March rising, 234-9.

---- of Schleswig-Holstein, 371.

Esterhazy in Hungarian Ministry, 279.

Ewald, protest in 1837, 92.

F.

Fabbri, 418.

Faster, 255, 260, 320, 331.

Favre, Jules, 476.

Ferdinand of Austria, accession, 85-6;
attitude to Croats, 106;
contrasted with Kossuth, 107;
feeling of Vienna towards, 206-8, 235, 245-6;
March deputation to, 234;
struggle with Ministers, 244-5;
concessions to Viennese, 246-7;
to Bohemia, 290;
appeal of Bohemians to, 301-2;
attitude in May, 308;
treatment of Jellacic, 310;
of Roumanians, 318;
Palacky's gratitude to, 322;
supposed friendship with St Januarius, 352;
return to Vienna, 378;
attitude towards rival races, 381-5;
treatment of Hungarians, 385, 386-7, 388;
second flight, 393;
abdication, 415-16;
denounced by Hungarians, 460-1.

---- I. of Germany, Bohemian policy, 250;
opposition to Turks, 281.

---- II. of Germany, Bohemian policy, 251-2.

---- III. of Germany, Bohemian policy, 251-2.

---- I. of Naples, destroys Sicilian Constitution, 2;
influence of Filangieri on, 29;
attitude in 1816, 29;
in 1820, 82;
goes to Laybach, 34-5;
treachery of, 39;
tyranny, 44.

Ferdinand II. of Naples, government of Sicily, 169-70;
his birthday, 173;
concessions, 177-8;
joins Lombard war, 338;
jealousy of Charles Albert, 346;
May coup d'etat, 352-3;
re-conquers Sicily, 468-70.

---- of Spain, tyranny, 30;
in 1820, 31.

---- of Tuscany, 53.

Ferrara, Austrian claim to, 3;
first Austrian occupation, 146-50;
expulsion of Austrians from, 354;
second occupation, 368;
third attack on, 466;
capture of, 477;
vote of, 477.

Ferrari, 349.

Ferrero, action in 1821, 40.

Ficquelmont, 186, 261, 302.

Filangieri, 29.

Fischhof, on March 13th, 235-9;
appeals about Press Law, 304;
tries to save Latour, 391-2;
at Kremsier, 416.

Fiume, 461.

Florence, 180, 424-5, 468.

Forli, 138, 422.

Foscolo, Ugo, early career, 23;
writes "Jacopo Ortis," 24;
"Il Conciliatore," 26.

Fossombroni, his policy, 53-4;
effect of his death, 128.

France in 1815, 2;
Mazzini in, 68-9;
sympathy with Poland, 129;
relations with Poland, 129;
with Cracow, 131;
in 1848, 215-18, 221, 225, 256;
treatment of Roman Republic, 469;
ambassador in Sicily, 469.

Francis, Emperor of Austria, relations with Metternich, 1;
popularity in Rhine Province, 12;
treatment of Hungary, 73, 75;
death, 85;
relations with Gaj, 99;
concessions to Cracow, 130;
rebuke of Salzburgers, 206;
effect of death, 206;
dislike of Jesuits, 211;
treatment of Estates of Lower Austria, 240;
treatment of Serbs, 283.

Francis IV. of Modena, character and policy, 41;
treachery, 50, 58;
attitude to Charles Albert, 64.

---- V. of Modena, 149-50.

---- of Naples, supposed liberalism, 30;
tyranny of, 62.

---- Joseph, Kossuth's hopes from, 227;
accession, 416;
summons Kremsier Parliament, 416;
dissolves it, 417;
issues new Constitution, 455;
hostility to Hungary, 461;
appeals to Russians, 491.

Frankfort, Decrees at in 1832, 50, 221.

---- Preparatory Parliament at, 292-7.

---- Committee of Fifty at, 297.

---- riots at, 375-6.

---- Constituent Assembly at, proposed, 232;
early action of, 360-3;
causes of loss of power, 397;
failure in Schleswig-Holstein question, 370-5;
attitude of towards Prussian Parliament, 414;
offers Crown of Germany to Frederick William, 415;
fall of, 484-5.

Frankl, note to 399.

Frederick II. of Prussia, attitude to German literature, 89.

---- William III. of Prussia, in 1815, 2-3;
feeling to Holy Alliance, 7-8;
relations with Schmaltz, 10-11;
scruples, 16;
quarrel with Archbishop of Cologne, 93;
character and death, 93-4.

---- William IV. of Prussia, character, 94;
relations with Metternich, 163;
summons to Estates, 165-6;
conduct in March rising, 226, 246-9;
treatment of Posen, 370;
declares war on Denmark, 373;
makes truce, 373-4;
appoints Brandenburg, 408;
interview with Jacoby, 408-9;
dissolves parliament, 413-14;
recalls deputies from Frankfort, 484;
suppresses Baden rising, 485;
_see_ also Prussia, Frankfort, Jacoby.

Freyburg, Canton, 160-1.

---- Town, 162.

Froebel, 397.

Fuester, 234.

G.

Gabler, 254-5, 258.

Gaeta, 422, 425.

Gagern, Heinrich von, influence in Darmstadt, 222;
at Heidelberg, 283.

Gaj, his Illyrian movement, 98-9;
his answer to Deak, 100;
defeat of his work, 100;
in March movement in Vienna, 276;
suspected by Greek clergy, 283-4;
his attitude to Serbs, 319;
his feelings to Italy, 335.

Galicia, insurrection of, 1846, 132-4, 140;
Maria Theresa's treatment of, 253;
April rising in, 306-7;
demands in Slav Congress, 326;
wish for separation, 327.

Galletti, General, 474.

---- Minister, 421.

Garibaldi, repulsed by Charles Albert, 342;
in Lombardy, 366-7;
excluded from Bologna, 419;
defeats Zucchi, 464;
invited to Sicily, 469;
defeats Oudinot, 475-6;
defeats Neapolitans, 477;
quarrel with Roselli, 481-2;
struggle by the Vascello, 482-6;
popularity, 485;
advice to Assembly, 486;
final effort, 487.

Gavazzi, 419.

Gedeon, General, 444.

Genoa, treatment of, by England, 2;
in 1821, 42-3;
in 1847-8, 180-2;
sends volunteers to Lombardy, 337;
final insurrection in, 474.

Germany, aspirations of, 3;
religious feeling in, 5;
relations of with Bund, 8-9;
Stein's feeling towards, 8-10;
discontent in, 12-16;
condition of from 1819 to 1840, 90-1;
literary and religious movement in, 91-6;
question of unity of, 12, 210, 221-3, 226, 232, 236, 238, 248-9,
292-4, 407, 415;
relations of to Vienna, 209;
to Bohemia, 295-302;
feeling in to Italy, 335, 346;
relations of with Prussia, 376, 378;
effect on, of fall of Vienna, 398, 400;
fall of liberties of, 484-5.

Germany, South, 218-22, 232.

Gervinus, in 1837, 92.

Gioberti, writes for "Young Italy," 69;
early career, 122-3;
"Il Primato," 123-5;
quarrel with Jesuits, 122, 125;
affected by Pius IX.'s election, 138;
plans for restoring Pope, 425.

Giskra, 307-8.

Gizzi, Cardinal, 140-2.

Goegg, 220.

Goethe, influence on Foscolo, 24;
opinion of Manzoni, 25.

Goito. _See_ Battles.

Goldmark, on March 13th, 237;
tries to reconcile Germans and Bohemians, 325;
saves Rieger from violence, 379;
tries to save Latour, 391.

Goergei, early career, 433-4;
made commander, 434;
quarrels with Kossuth, 434-9;
feelings to Bem, 436;
removed from command, 439;
quarrel with Dembinski, 452-4;
political creed, 435, 458-9;
captures Komorn, 490;
besieges Pesth, 491;
made Dictator, 493;
his surrender, 493-4.

Goerres, 12, 17.

Greece, rising in, 46-7, 49.

Greek Church, 99, 112, 283-4, 313.

Gregory XVI., treatment of Gaj, 99;
unpopularity of, 125;
Renzi's charges against, 126;
state of government at death of, 138-9;
Metternich's attitude to, 146;
denounces Swiss reformers, 153;
reforms proposed to him, 347;
Louis Napoleon's insurrection against, 470.

Grillo, Giovanni, 171-2.

Grimm brothers, in 1837, 92.

Guerrazzi, literary leadership, 54;
liberalism of, 148;
imprisoned, 180;
plans for Leopold, 423-4;
in provisional government, 423-4;
opposes Mazzini, 424-5;
opposes Gioberti, 425;
failure of his government, 467-8.

Guizot, relations with Metternich, 150;
policy in Switzerland, 162.

H.

Hanover, constitution granted, 90;
abolished, 91;
protest of professors in, 91-2.

---- King of, resists March movement, 226;
opposes Frankfort Assembly, 373.

Hansemann, 403, 405, 407, 411.

Hapsburg. _See_ Austria, house of.

Haulik, Bishop, 105.

Haynau, 428-9, 489-90.

Hecker, causes of popularity, 219-20;
attitude of at Heidelberg, 233;
effect of insurrection, 376-7.

Heidelberg, March meeting at, 232.

Herbst, Dr., note to 134.

Hermannstadt, importance in Transylvania, 441;
treatment by Bem, 449;
fall of, 492.

Hesse Cassel, March rising in, 222.

---- Darmstadt, March rising in, 222;
position of Gagern in, 233.

---- Duke of, his action in Mainz, 361.

Hofer, Andrew, 10.

Holy Alliance, end of, 50. _See_ also Alexander, Kruedener (Mme de),
Frederick William III., Metternich.

Honveds, 433.

Hormayr, 204.

Horn, Uffo, 258.

Hoyos, 307.

Hrabowsky, 312, 320.

Hungary, difference from other countries, 73-5;
division of races in, 96, 276, 288;
relations of with Croatia, 97, 276-7, 287-8;
growth of national feeling, 106-7;
"nobles" 102-3;
compared with Lombardy, 191;
feelings of, for county government, 201-3;
relations of, with Vienna, 209, 226-30;
Gagern's admiration of, 233;
responsible ministry in, 246-7;
relations of with Bohemia, 250, 253;
treatment of by Ferdinand, 384-7;
invasion of by Jellacic, 388-9;
position of after Schwechat, 432-3;
division of parties in, 433-9;
later struggles in, 433-63;
relations of with Venice, 489-90;
final effort of, 490-2;
fall of, 493-4.

Hungary, Diet of, in 1825, 75-6;
in 1832, 81;
in 1840, 100;
in 1843, 102;
in 1849, 439, 441.

Hye, share in debating Society, 207;
denounces annexation of Cracow, 212;
hesitations in March, 234-5;
appealed to by Windischgraetz, 245;
attitude about press law, 303-4.

---- House of Magnates of, their concession to Croats, 105.

I.

Illyrian Movement, 99, 283.

Imola, conspiracy in, 464. _See_ also Pius IX.

Innspruck, 306, 310, 393.

Inquisition, 465-6.

Istria, influence of Venice in, 97.

Italy, conquerors' promises to, 20-1;
condition of, in 1820-30, 52-3;
question of unity of, 56-8, 170, 190, 419, 423;
contrasted with Hungary, 117-18;
position of Charles Albert in, 62-4;
relations of with Switzerland, 157, 159;
feelings of other races to, 335-6;
separateness of struggle in, 336;
feeling of Frankfort parliament to, 362-3;
of Viennese to, 387, 389-90;
feelings in towards Roumanians, 439;
final struggles in, 463-88.

---- Young. _See_ Mazzini.

J.

Jacoby defies King of Prussia, 409;
interview with Blumenthal, 412-13.

Jahn, 14-15, 16, 94.

Jancu, career in Transylvania, 443;
suspicions of Kossuth, 457;
Kossuth's negotiations with, 492.

Jellacic, elected Ban, 288;
in April and May, 310;
advances to Serbs, 318-19;
feelings to Italy, 335;
feelings of Viennese to, 380;
position in June, 383;
interview with Batthyanyi, 383-4;
change of position, 384;
invades Hungary, 388;
Dictator, 388;
his defeats, 390;
marches against Vienna, 393;
publishes Constitution of 1849, 457.

Jesuits, attacks on in Saxony, 95;
Gioberti's quarrel with, 122, 125;
influence at Rome, 126;
in Tuscany, 128, 148;
in Switzerland, 156, 157;
expulsion of from Rome demanded, 178;
from Turin, 181;
hatred of in Vienna, 211;
in Bavaria, 222;
Anfossi's hostility to, 263;
attacks on in Brescia, 268;
propaganda of against Greek Church, 282;
hatred of Rossi, 419.

John, Arch Duke. _See_ Arch Duke.

Joseph I. of Germany, his treatment of Serbs, 282.

---- II. of Germany, his policy, 5;
his agrarian reforms, 81;
Germanising attempts of, 89-90;
reforms in Transylvania, 110-11;
policy in Bohemia, 253;
denounced by Hungarians, 460.

Jozipovic, 104-5.

Jungmann, 254.

K.

Kikinda. _See_ Velika Kikinda.

Kiss, victory over Serbs, 385-6;
struggle with Russians, 491-2.

Klapka, captures Komorn, 490;
his defence of it, 494.

Klausenburg, 316, 441, 444, 446.

Knicsanin, 320, 385.

Kollar, 254, 283.

Kolowrat, relations with Metternich, 206, 241;
founds College of Censorship, 214;
mistakes in March, 231-2;
attitude to Bohemians, 260;
in March Ministry, 302.

Komorn, 490, 494.

Kossuth, 51;
character and early career, 83-4;
imprisoned, 85;
released, 86;
starts "Pesti Hirlap," 100;
attacks Slavs, 101-2;
championship of Jozipovic, 105;
contrasted with Ferdinand, 107;
sympathy with Poland, 129;
dispute with Eoetvoes, 200-1;
growth of power, 201-3;
programme of reform, 201-2;
speech of March 3rd, 226-9;
its effects, 229, 232, 236, 238;
his welcome in Vienna, 246;
position of in March Ministry, 279-80;
attitude of to Serbs, 284;
to Croats, 287-8;
to Ferdinand in May, 309;
suspected by Bohemians, 332;
inconsistencies about Italy, 336;
feelings of Viennese towards, 380, 384;
treatment of Croatian army, 384;
urges advance of Hungarians, 395-6;
position after Schwechat, 432;
appoints Goergei, 433;
quarrels with Goergei, 433-9;
relations with Bem, 436;
order in October, 441;
relations with Csanyi, 449;
appoints Vetter, 454;
issues Declaration of Independence, 458-62;
causes of power, 462;
relations with Manin, 489-90;
final struggles, 490-2;
fall, 493.

Kotzebue, 14, 15.

Kremsier, Parliament at, 416-17, 454-5.

Kriny, 171-2.

Kruedener, Mme de, 7.

Kuebeck in March ministry, 302.

Kudler, 212.

Kukuljevic, 276-7.

Kuranda, edits "Grenz Boten," 208;
argues with Bohemians, 299;
appeals against Press Law, 304.

L.

La Farina, 170, 172, 176.

Lago Maggiore, 367.

La Masa, 174, 176.

Lamberg, 386, 388.

Lambruschini, 138, 141, 145.

Latour, Governor at Vienna, 240, 242.

---- War Minister, his intrigues, 381-3, 386, 440;
sends Lamberg to Pesth, 386;
his plot discovered, 389;
sends troops to Hungary, 390-1;
his death, 381-2.

Laybach. _See_ Congress of.

Lazzaroni, 353.

Le Blanc, Colonel, 473.

Leghorn, literary movement in, 54-6;
revolution in, 180;
Mazzini in, 424.

Legion, of Vienna students, 302, 396, 399-400.

---- of Prague, 321.

Leipzig, sympathy of, with Dahlmann, 92;
riot at in 1845, 95-6;
March rising in, 223-5.
_See_ also University.

Lemberg, contrasted with Prague, 333.

Lemenyi, 314.

Leo XII., 65.

Leopold I., Emperor of Germany, treatment of Illyrians, 99;
of Transylvania, 110;
of Serbs, 281.

---- II., Emperor of Germany, Bohemian policy, 253;
concessions to Serbs, 283.

---- I., Grand Duke of Tuscany, contrasted with his successors, 53.

---- II., Grand Duke of Tuscany, policy, 53;
treatment of Renzi, 128;
banishes D'Azeglio, 129;
becomes a reformer, 148;
relations with Lucca and Modena, 149-50;
grants Constitution, 179-80;
declares war on Austria, 338;
motives of action, 423-4;
flight, 424;
recalled, 468.

Lesseps, 479-81.

Libelt, 321.

Loehner, his proposal in March, 240;
denounces Latour, 389;
at Kremsier, 416.

Lola Montez, 222.

Lombardy, effect on of Napoleon's wars, 19;
weakness of Central Congregation, 21;
condition in 1815, 22;
Carbonarism in, 30;
state in 1821, 44-6;
Menz's plans for, 72-3;
in 1846, 143-4;
government of, 184-6;
grievances of, 189-192;
February edict in, 214-15;
March risings in, 260-9;
war in, 336-68;
Austrian treachery in, 426;
Charles Albert's last war in, 428-9.
_See_ also Nazari.

Louis, Arch Duke. _See_ Arch Duke.

---- Napoleon. _See_ Buonaparte.

---- Philippe, his conservatism, 50;
attitude in 1833, 60;
policy in Switzerland, 153, 154, 159. _See_ also Guizot.

Lucca, political position, 52;
relations of with Tuscany, 149, 150.

Lueders, General, 448.

Luzern, 152, 153-4, 156, 160, 162.

Lychnowsky, his death, 376.

M.

Maestri, 366.

Magyars, their relations with other races, 96-7;
Metternich's hostility to them, 99;
their hostility to Croats, 99-102, 107;
1st settlement in Hungary, 108;
position in Transylvania, 108, 114;
relations with Roumanians, 110, 112, 442-3;
opposition to Roth, 115-16;
relations with Slovaks, 276;
with Slavs, 278, 281-2, 284-6, 310-20;
attitude in May, 309;
quarrel with Bohemians, 332, 387-8;
attitude towards Italy, 335-6;
relations with Vienna, 387-9, 395, 397.

Mailath, Anton, 86, 201, 229.

Mainz, treatment of by Prussians, 361, 404.

Malghera, 489-90.

Malmo, truce of, 373-5;
its effect in Berlin, 407.

Mamiani, Terenzio, his banishment, 61;
influence at Paris, 123;
refuses amnesty, 141;
made Minister, 348;
policy and fall, 417-18;
made Foreign Minister, 421-2;
attitude after Pope's fall, 423;
interview with Lesseps, 479.

Manara, in rising in Milan, 269;
difficulties in Lombard war, 337;
march to Civita Vecchia, 471;
controversy with Oudinot, 471-2;
at defence of Rome, 474-7;
death, 486.

Manin, promotes railway with Piedmont, 137;
his petitions, 193-5;
imprisonment, 196;
its effect, 270;
his release, 271;
in March rising, 271-4;
influenced by Venetian traditions, 343-4;
relations with Durando, 345;
welcomes Pepe, 354-5;
resists fusion, 358;
tries to help Vicenza, 358-9;
resignation, 359-60;
recall, 367;
final struggle, 488-90;
surrender, 494;
his stone, 494-5.

Mannheim, 221.

Mantua, in March rising, 340;
captured by Radetzky, 341;
fortification of, 348;
movements of Radetzky about, 355.

Manzoni, career and aims, 24-5;
growth of influence, 54.

Margherita, Solaro della, opposed to Gioberti, 123;
politics, 137;
sympathy with Sonderbund, 157.

Maria Theresa, agrarian reforms of, 81;
treatment of Transylvania, 110, 115;
of Bohemia, 253;
of Serbs, 282-3.

Marinovich, 272.

Maros Vasarhely, 108, 444.

Maximilian. _See_ Arch Duke.

Mayerhoffer, 386.

Mazzini, 51;
early career, 55-6;
attitude to Carbonari, 56-7;
political creed, 57-9;
first banishment, 59;
first insurrection, 60;
letter to Charles Albert, 63-4;
personal influence, 66-7;
contrasted with other revolutionists, 67-8;
founds Young Italy, 68-9;
invasion of Savoy, 69-71;
impression on Metternich, 71;
relation with Brothers Bandiera, 118-20;
sympathy with Poland, 129;
effect of on working classes, 191;
relations with Tommaseo, 194;
appeal for Charles Albert, 337-8;
visit to Milan, 342;
appealed to by Lombard Government, 349;
advice rejected, 349-50;
protest against fusion, 350-1;
opposes May insurrection, 356-7;
plan for defence of Milan, 365-6;
last struggle in Lombardy, 367;
in Leghorn, 424-5;
attitude to Charles Albert, 427;
work as Triumvir, 464;
warned by Ledru Rollin, 470;
urges resistance to French, 473;
feeling of Lesseps to, 480;
repels Corcelles, 485;
his final advice to Assembly, 486.

Mazzoni, 424.

Medici, last effort in Lombardy, 367;
defends Vascello, 483-6.

Menotti, Ciro, 50.

Mensdorff, 331.

Menz, 71-3, 157.

Meesenhauser, 396.

Messina, in 1820, 34;
Ferdinand's visit to, 169;
September rising in, 171.

Meszaros, in Batthyanyi's Ministry, 279;
rebukes Goergei, 453;
supersedes Goergei, 492.

Metternich, Prince, rise to power, 1;
system of government, 2;
feeling to Alexander, 3-4;
to religion, 5-7;
opposition to Stein, 8-10;
to S. German States, 13;
a "moral power," 15;
triumph in 1819, 16-18;
surprise at movement of 1820, 32;
treatment of Lombardy in 1821, 44;
of Confalonieri, 44-6;
attitude to Greece, 46-7;
opinion of Canning, 48;
change towards England, 48-9;
triumph in 1832, 50-1;
policy towards Tuscany, 53;
opinion of Mazzini, 71;
feelings to Hungary, 73;
quarrel with Szechenyi, 78;
defeat in 1839, 86-7;
attitude to Gaj, 99;
denounces Grand Duke of Tuscany, 128;
treatment of Cracow, 134;
feeling to Charles Albert, 135-6;
treatment of Canton Ticino, 136;
occupation of Ferrara, 146;
attitude towards Switzerland, 151-2, 157, 162, 167, 214;
feeling about Jesuits, 157;
relations with Guizot, 159;
relations with Frederick William IV., 163, 165;
attitude to Schleswig-Holstein, 163-5;
position at end of 1847, 167;
concessions to Lombardy, 199;
opinion of Italy, 200;
attack on Hungarian County Government, 201-3;
how affected by Ferdinand's accession, 207;
attack on Grenz Boten, 208;
causes of unpopularity, 211;
oppression of Lombardy, 214;
attitude to S. Germany, 218-19;
alarm at French Revolution, 225;
hopes to crush Hungary, 228;
vague promises of, 231-2;
resistance to March rising, 240-1;
demands for removal of, 225, 230, 234-5;
his fall, 243-4;
opinion of Serbs, 382.

Metternich, Princess, her opinion of Pius IX., 141;
of Frederick William IV., 166.
---- Germain, 375.

Mieroslawski, in March rising, 248;
enthusiasm for in Berlin, 370;
in Sicily, 469;
in Baden, 485.

Mihacsfalva, 317.

Milan, grain riots in 1847, 144;
demonstration at, 146-7;
government of in February 1848, 182-6;
Provincial Congregation, 189;
smoking riots, 196-8;
Metternich's concessions to, 199;
effect of Sicilian revolution in, 199-200;
March rising, 262-9;
government of, in Lombard war, 336-7;
Mazzini's visit to, 342, 349-50;
contrasted with Venice, 343-4;
May rising in, 356-7;
fall of, 365-7.

Military frontier, 281, 319, 455.

Minto, Lord, 147, 177.

Modena, political position, 52;
Austrian occupation, 150;
insurrection in, 337;
defended by Durando, 345;
Radetzky's policy in, note to 380. _See_ also Francis IV. and V.

Moga, General, hesitations, 396;
defeat, 396-7;
deposition, 433.

Moltke, 374.

Moncenigo, 195-6.

Montanara, 365.

Montanelli, promotes unity in Italy, 138;
brings pressure on Pius IX., 148;
his scheme of constituent Assembly, 419;
joins provisional Government, 424;
offered place in Triumvirate, 468.

Montecuccoli, 236-9.

Monti, Vincenzo, 22, 23.

Moravia, relations of with Bohemia, 258, 289, 290, 291;
demands of in Slav Congress, 326.

Moro, Domenico, 119.

Moering, 213.

Murat, 21, 29, 32.

N.

Naples, Carbonari in, 4, 29, 30;
struggles for freedom in, 28-9;
tyranny in, 169;
relations of with Sicily, 169-71, 469;
insurrection of in 1848, 177;
riots in, 338;
coup d'etat in, 351-3;
struggle of with Rome, 477.

---- Kings of. _See_ Ferdinand, Francis.

Napoleon. _See_ Buonaparte.

Nassau, revolution of '48, 222-3.

Nazari, 186-90.

Neuhaus, 155.

Neusatz, 284-5.

Nicholas of Russia, 49.

Nopcsa, 314.

Nota, Alberto, 37.

Novara. _See_ Battles.

Nugent, General, his promises to Italy, 21;
his appointment in Naples, 29;
his choice of Pepe, 32;
his invasion of Venetia, 348;
attack on Brescia, 428;
death, 429.

O.

Ochsenbein, 159.

O'Donnell, 261, 264;
his carriage, 266.

Offenburg (meeting at), 166, 220.

Olivieri, 356.

Olmuetz, 415, 416.

Opizzoni, opinion of smoking riots, 198;
saved by Bolognese, 369.

Orsini, preserves order, 464-5.

Oudinot, expedition to Civita Vecchia, 470, 472-3;
interview with Manara, 471-2;
defeated by Garibaldi, 475;
his treachery, 480, 481, 482-3;
capture of Rome, 487.

P.

Pachta, 183-4.

Padua, 197;
relations of with Venice, 344;
Durando's wish to assist, 345;
desire of for fusion, 358;
fall of, 359.

Palacky, revives Bohemian language, 254;
refusal to Committee of Fifty, 297;
speech in Prague Committee, 298-9;
summons Slav Congress, 301;
speech in Congress, 321-3;
feast of reconciliation, 325;
action in June rising, 330;
accused of plot, 332.

Palermo, in 1820, 33-4;
in 1847, 170-1;
in January, 1848, _see_ Sicily;
bombardment of, 469.

Palffy, 194, 271, 273.

Palma, Count, 40.

Palmanuova, fall of, 359.

Palmerston, protest about Cracow, 134;
policy in Italy, 147;
opposition to Metternich, 158;
policy in Switzerland, 162;
treatment of Manin, 488.

Papacy, Metternich's respect for independence of, 50;
its effect on Charles Albert, 65;
Gioberti's view of, 123-4.

Pareto, 338.

Parini, Giuseppe, 23.

Paris, contrasted with Palermo and Presburg, Preface, 2;
treatment of Young Italy in, 68;
Polish centre in, 70;
revolution in, _see_ France;
Mazzini's address from, 337;
Rossi's influence in, 418.

Parma, political position of, 52;
occupied by Austrians, 150;
throws off Austrian yoke, 347;
defended by Durando, 345.

Passalacqua, 338.

Pavia, 189, 197, 427.

Peasantry, of Poland, 80.

---- of Hungary, 80-3.

Pepe, Guglielmo, chosen leader in 1820, 31-2;
defeated in 1821, 42;
heads Lombard expedition, 338;
recalled by Ferdinand, 334;
welcomed by Manin, 354.

---- Florestano, 33.

Perczel, his quarrel with Goergei, 434.

Perthes, 91.

Peschiera, 349, 355, 358.

Pesth. _See_ Buda-Pesth.

Petoefy, 278.

Pfuel, General von, 247, 370, 404.

Piedmont, Gioberti's view of its position, 124-5;
relations of with Ticino, 135-6;
share of in Lombard war, _see_ Charles Albert;
league of princes against, 346;
fusion of with Lombardy, 350-1, 356;
fusion of with Venetia, 359-60;
relations of with Rome, 427.

Pillersdorf, concessions to Bohemians, 289;
in March Ministry, 302-4;
advice in May, 308;
his fall, 378.

Pisa. _See_ University.

Pius VII., his protest against Treaty of Vienna, 3;
effect on Papacy of early career, 65, 124, 126.

Pius VIII., 65.

Pius IX., election, 140;
amnesty, 141;
popular belief in, 142-3;
reforms, 145;
conspiracy against him, 145;
uncertainties, 147; effect of his reforms, 169;
concessions at end of 1847, 179;
hesitations, 335;
dragged into Lombard war, 338;
confusion of his position, 339;
Encyclical of April 29th, 346-7;
accepts Mamiani, 348;
suspicions of King of Naples, 354;
Radetzky's alarm at his reforms, 358;
attitude in June 1848, 417-18;
appoints Rossi, 418;
accepts democratic Ministry, 421;
flight to Gaeta, 422;
denounces Charles Albert, 425.

Poerio, Carlo, 177.

Poland, insurrection of 1830, 50;
relations of exiles with Italy, 69-71;
weakness of, 80;
feelings of Liberals to, 129;
proposals about in Frankfort Parliament, 306;
its share in Slav Congress, 321, 323, 327.

Pollet, 243.

Portugal, 48.

Posen, Blum's feeling to, 129;
March movement in, 248-9;
relations of with Prussia, 296, 370;
with Frankfort Parliament, 362;
cruelties of Pfuel in, 404, 405;
concessions to, 408.

Pozzo di Borgo, 4.

Pragmatic Sanction, 97.

Prague, in the 17th century, 252;
March movement in, 254-60;
race difficulties in, 289-90;
meeting of Congress at, 320-8;
June rising in, 328-33;
effect of fall, 332-3.

Presburg, influence of contrasted with Paris, preface 2;
policy of contrasted with Buda-Pesth, 278-9.

Press, Austrian law on, 193-4;
demands for freedom of, 195, 212, 220, 221, 224, 236, 305, 371;
concessions of in Vienna, 244, 303-4;
in Hungary, 246, 280;
in Berlin, 247;
censorship of, 214, 224, 225, 231.

Prussia, position in Europe, 7;
hatred of in Rhine Province, 12;
position of in Germany in 1837, 93;
policy of to Cracow, 130;
rivalry of with Frankfort, 361, 375;
relations of with Posen, 370;
action of in Danish war, 371-5;
change of relations with Germany, 376, 496;
constitutional struggles in, 402-14.

---- King of. _See_ Frederick William III. and IV.

Prussia, Prince William of, 370, 404, 407.

Puchner, relations of with Roumans, 440-1;
campaign in Transylvania, 442-6;
negotiates with Russians, 447-8;
deposed, 463.

Pulazky, 229, 254, 389, 395, 436.

R.

Raab, 437, 490.

Radetzky, appealed to by Duke of Modena, 150;
threatens Charles Albert, 182;
Milanese opinion of, 184;
hostility of to Lombard clergy, 196;
organizes smoking massacres, 197-8;
proclamation by, 198-9;
in March rising, 265-6, 269;
accepted as champion of Empire, 335;
retreat from Milan, 337;
denounced by Durando, 340;
recaptures Mantua, 341;
fortifies it, 348;
at Curtatone, 355;
at Goito, 356;
share in May conspiracy, 357;
captures Vicenza, 359;
defeats Charles Albert, 363-4;
reconquers Lombardy, 367;
invades Roman States, 368;
policy of in Modena, note to 380;
treachery of in Lombardy, 426;
final struggle against Venice, 490.

Ragusa, 98.

Rainieri, 182, 184, 188, 198.

Rajacic, timidity, 286;
summons Serb Assembly, 287;
conduct in Serb Assembly, 311;
elected Patriarch, 312;
attitude to Croats, 319;
struggle with Stratimirovic, 385-6;
checks opposition to Austria, 457.

Rakoczi, 281-2. See note also.

Ramorino, 70-1, 428.

Recsey, 388-9.

Regis, Colonel, in 1821, 43;
in 1831, 60.

Renzi, Pietro, his insurrection, 125-8.

Republicans, Italian, in Lombard war, 342;
attitude of in Milan, 356-8, 365;
government of Rome by, 464-6;
defence of Rome by, 473-87.

Republicans, South German, 232-3, 361, 376-8, 485.

Reichenberg, rivalry with Prague, 291.

Restelli, 366.

Rhine Province, Prussian tyranny in, 12;
in March rising, 248;
Socialism in, 403;
relations of with France, 404.

Ridolfi, 148.

Rieger, summons Slav Congress, 301;
accused of plot, 332;
treatment of in Vienna Parliament, 379;
at Kremsier, 416.

Riego, Raphael, his insurrection, 30-1.

Rilliet, General, 161.

Rimini, insurrection of, 127-8.

Rodbertus, 407.

Rollin, Ledru, warns Mazzini, 470;
opposes expedition to Rome, 476;
his insurrection, 484.

Romagna, insurrection in, 128.

Roman States, movement in for Constituent Assembly, 422-3;
government of by Triumvirate, 464-7;
reconquest of by Austrians, 485.
_See_ also Pius VII., Gregory XVI., Saffi, Ciceruacchio.

Rome, opening of Parliament in, 417;
rising in after Rossi's death, 421;
Mazzini in, 427;
Triumvirate in, 464-7;
relations of with Tuscany, 467-8;
French expedition against, 470-3;
siege of, 473-7, 481-4;
fall of, 486-8.
_See_ also Pius IX., Mazzini, Ciceruacchio.

Ronge, 94-5, 221.

Roselli, 481-2.

Rossi, influence at Paris, 122;
share in election of Pius IX., 140;
relations of with Guizot, 159;
appointed Minister, 418;
policy, 419;
death, 420-1.

Roth, Stephen, his pamphlet, 113-14;
emigration scheme, 115-16;
government in Transylvania, 445;
death, 450-2.

Roumanians, conquered by Szekler, 108;
position in Transylvania, 110;
effect on of Joseph II.'s reforms, 110-11;
Libellus Wallachorum, 111-12;
treatment of by Schaguna, 113;
defence of by Roth, 114;
May meeting, 312-15;
growing sympathy with Saxons, 316;
insurrection of, 317-18;
struggles of in September and October, 439-46, 448;
feelings of to Constitution of 1849, 456;
Kossuth's concessions to, 457.

Rovigo, relations of with Venice, 344.

Ruffini, Jacopo, his suicide, 69.

Ruggiero, Settimo, 176, 469-70.

Russia, position of in Europe, 7, 10;
policy of to Cracow, 130;
hatred of in Vienna, 238;
feeling of German Liberals to, 296;
of Palacky to, 297;
fear of in Berlin, 404;
invades Transylvania, 448;
defeat of by Bem, 449;
conquers Transylvania, 491-2.

---- Czar of. _See_ Alexander, Nicholas.

Ruthenians, demands of in Slav Congress, 323.

S.

St. Gallen, 152, 158.

Saaz, rivalry with Prague, 291.

Saffi, Aurelio, action in time of Gregory XVI., 138;
appeal for a Constituent Assembly, 432;
made Triumvir, 464;
helps in preserving order, 464-5.

Salmen, 315.

Salvotti, 46.

Sand, Ludwig, 15.

Santa Rosa, Santorre di, his policy in 1821, 36;
relations with Charles Albert, 40;
policy, 42-3;
final defeat, 43.

---- Pietro di, 181.

Sardinia, King of. _See_ Victor Amadeus, Victor Emmanuel, Charles
Felix, Charles Albert.

Sardinia, position of. _See_ Piedmont.

Sarner Bund, 152-3.

Savelli, 139.

Savoy, invasion of in 1834, 69-71;
House of, _see_ Victor Amadeus, &c.

Saxons, position of in Transylvania, 108-10, 441;
relations of to Roumanians, 110, 112, 444-5;
treatment of by Magyars, 114-15;
protest against absorption, 315-16;
vote on that subject, 317;
relations of with Puchner, 445;
application of to Russia, 448;
treatment of by Csanyi, 449-52.

Saxony, King of, in 1815, 2.

---- Prussian claim to, 3;
position of in 1837, 92;
reform movement in, 95-6;
revolution of 1848 in, 223-5.

Schaguna, his work for Roumanians, 113;
share in May meeting, 314-15;
attempt to check Roumans, 318;
relations with Puchner, 445;
appeal to Russia, 448.

Scharnhorst, 11.

Schauffer, 398.

Schill, 11.

Schiller, on German literature, 89.

Schilling, insults Bohemians, 298-9.

Schleswig-Holstein, question of in 1846, 163-5;
in 1848, 371-5;
effect of in Prussia, 404-7.

Schmalz, his pamphlet, 11;
his honours, 12.

Schmerling, 317, 496.

Schuselka, his pamphlet, 208;
demand for his expulsion, 208;
appeal against Press law, 304;
tries to reconcile Germans and Bohemians, 325;
speech to Magyar deputation, 387-8.

Schuette, organizes April demonstration, 304-5.

Schwarzenberg, 268-9.

Schwytz, 152-3.

Sciva, 171-2.

Sedlnitzky, 185, 204, 207, 212, 214;
his fall, 247.

Serbs, effect of their entry into Hungary, 97-8;
in Buda-Pesth, 277;
demands of in March 1848, 278, 280, 284;
treatment of in March and April 1848, 284-5;
movement for independence, 286-7;
May meeting of, 311-12;
May insurrection, 319, 320;
demands of in Slav Congress, 323;
Metternich's opinion of, 382;
changed character of movement, 85-6;
feeling of to Constitution of 1849, 455-6;
influence of Rajacic over, 457.

Sicily, constitution destroyed, 2;
attitude of in 1820, 33-4;
reconquest of, 44;
effect of insurrection, 167;
Neapolitan government of, 168-70;
insurrection in January 1848, 171-7;
offers throne to Duke of Genoa, 346-52;
fall of, 468-70.

Sigel, 485.

Silesia, Prussian, effect of famine in, 166;
March rising in, 248;
general condition of, 402-3;
Roman Catholics in, 412.

---- Austrian, relations of with Bohemia, 258, 289, 290.

Silvio Pellico, 26.

Simon of Breslau, action in Frankfort riots, 375-6.

Sismondi, 26, 69.

Sladkowsky, 323, 328.

Slavonia, relations of with Croatia, 97-8;
centre of Serb movement, 280-4.

Slavs, their position in Hungary, 101;
attempts to Magyarise, 101-2;
in March 1848, 276;
relations of with Germany, 296;
Congress of, 300-1, 320-8.

---- Southern, connection between, 98-9.

Slovaks, relations of with Bohemia, 254;
demands of in March 1848, 276;
in Slav Congress, 326;
relations of with Ferdinand, 461.

Slovenes, demands of in March 1848, 276;
in Slav Congress, 327.

Smolka, tries to save Latour, 391.

Socialism, at Frankfort, 294-5;
at Vienna, 305, 389;
at Berlin, 403;
later rise of, 496.

Solothurn, 152.

Sommaruga, 207.

Sonderbund, 155, 159, 160;
war of, 160-3.

Sophia, Arch Duchess. _See_ Arch Duchess.

Spain, popular feeling in, 4, 5;
rule of in Lombardy, 20;
rising in 1820, 30-1;
French invasion of in 1822, 48.

Spaur, 182, 188-9, 261.

Speri, Tito, 428.

Stabile, Mariano, 176.

Staende. _See_ Estates.

Statella, General, 354.

Stein, influence on Czar, 4;
opposition to Metternich, 8-10;
loss of power, 10;
attitude towards Wartburg demonstration, 15;
zeal for constitution, 16.

Stephen. _See_ Arch Dukes.

Sterbini, denounces Rossi, 419;
Rossi's feeling to, 420;
appointed Minister, 421;
in provisional government, 423;
opposition to Roselli, 482.

Stratimirovic, character and position, 286;
burns Crnojevic's letter, 311;
finds allies for Serbs, 312, 319;
overthrow by Rajacic, 385-6;
counteracted by Rajacic, 482.

Strobach, 323, 392.

Struve, early efforts of, 219-21;
at Heidelberg, 233;
his fifteen proposals, 294-5;
heads September rising, 377-8.

Stuttgart, 485. _See_ also Wuertemberg.

Suplikac, 312, 386.

Switzerland, struggles in, 151-63;
attacks of Austria on, 214;
effect of on Baden, 220.

Swornost, 308-9, 321, 323, 328.

Szabo, 491.

Szaffarik, work for Slovaks, 254;
effect on Serbs, 283;
summons Slav Congress, 301;
in Slav Congress, 321;
action in June rising, 330.

Szechenyi, in 1825, 75-6;
political position, 77;
quarrel with Metternich, 78;
effect of his movement in Croatia, 98;
championship of Slavs, 102-3;
relations with Batthyanyi, 202;
opposition to Kossuth, 203, 246, 279;
madness, 462.

Szegedin, 316.

Szeklers, position in Transylvania, 108-9;
attitude to Roumanians, 110;
appealed to by Magyars, 316;
collision of with Roumans, 317-18, 440;
opposition to Puchner, 441;
appealed to by Roumans, 442;
cruelties, 444;
Bem's relations with, 447;
resistance of to Russians, 491-2.

Szemere, his Press law, 280.

Szent-Tomas, 385.

T.

Taaffe, opposition to Pillersdorf, 304.

Tatischeff, 47.

Teleki, Governor of Transylvania, 315.

Thun, Count Leo, controversy with Pulszky, 254;
joins National Committee, 301;
threatens Swornost, 323;
appeals to Windischgraetz, 324;
imprisoned, 329-30.

---- Count Matthias, summons Slavonic Congress, 301.

Thurgau, 152, 155.

Thurn, General, 490.

Ticino, Canton, relations with Piedmont, 135-7, 342;
for free trade, 144;
attacked by Uri, 160.

Tommaseo, his petitions, 193-4;
early career, 194;
arrest and release, 270-1;
tries to help Vicenza, 358;
opposes fusion, 359-60.

Torres, 337.

Torresani, 182-3, 188, 197, 244, 265, 267.

Transylvania, position of its Diet, 79;
Diet dissolved in 1832, 83;
Diet restored in 1839, 86;
geographical position of, 107-8;
ethnology of, 108-9;
Roth's view of, 114;
effect on Hungary, 281-2;
position of Roumanians in, 313;
loss of independence, 316-17;
later struggles in, 439-52;
conquest of by Russians, 491-2.

Treviso, 344, 359.

Trieste, Italian attack on, 360.

Trojan, 255, 260.

Tugend Bund, 11, 129.

Turansky, 327, 332.

Turin, in February 1848, 181-2.
_See_ Santa Rosa, University.

Turkey, hostility of House of Austria to, 281;
flight of Hungarian leaders to, 494.

Tuscany, special position of, 52-4;
Guerrazzi's hopes for, 423-4;
rising in 1849, 424-5;
failure of movement in, 467-8.

Tyrol, Italian, 341, 343, 345, 363.

---- German, 266, 267.
_See_ Innspruck.

Tyssowsky, 132.

U.

Udine, relations of with Venice, 344;
fall of, 348.

Universities, their effect on revolutionary movement, 38.

---- of Germany, 14-16.

University, of Berlin, 404.

---- of Goettingen, in 1837, 92.

---- of Heidelberg, 164-5.

---- of Leipzig, Slavonic feeling in, 98.

---- of Munich, 222, 259.

---- of Padua, closing of, 199.

---- of Pavia, closing of, 199.

---- of Pisa, 148, 355.

---- of Prague, 258-9, 308-9, 321, 324, 328, 330.

---- of Turin, in 1821, 38-9;
in 1848, 337.

University, of Vienna, 212, 230, 233-5, 302-4, 305, 307.

---- of Zurich, 153.

Unruh, von, struggle with Brandenburg, 409-10;
attitude at Brandenburg, 413;
effect of his action, 413.

Urban, 440.

Urbarium, 81.

Urbino, 356-7.

Uri, 160.

Utrecht, Peace of, its effect in Lombardy, 20.

V.

Varga, Catherine, 113.

Vay, 441.

Velika Kikinda, effect of riot at, 285-6.

Venetia, compared with Lombardy, 192;
relations with Venice, 344-5;
struggle in, 348-9, 359;
fusion of with Piedmont, 359-60.

Venice, influence in Dalmatia and Istria, 97;
trade of with Piedmont, 135;
character of before revolution, 192;
movements in, 193-6;
March rising in, 270-4, 343;
contrasted with Milan, 343-4;
relations with other cities, 343-5;
Pepe welcomed at, 354-5;
vote of fusion at, 359-60;
recalls Manin, 367;
sympathy of with Bologna, 369;
feeling in towards Pius IX., 464;
towards Louis Napoleon, 470;
final struggle of, 488-90;
surrender of, 494.
_See_ also Buonaparte (Charles Lucien), Manin.

Verona, transference of Viceroy to, 199;
Radetzky's relations with, 341, 355, 364.
_See_ also Congress.

Vetter, 454.

Vicenza, relations of with Venice, 344;
defence of, 349;
fall of, 359;
Austrian treachery in, 426.

Victor Amadeus, King of Sardinia, his relations with Austria, 26-7.

Victor Emmanuel I., King of Sardinia, protest in 1815, 3;
his relations with Austria, 27;
his despotism, 27-8;
attitude in 1820, 35-6;
abdication, 41.

Victor Emmanuel, Duke of Savoy, afterwards King of Italy, wounded at
Goito, 356;
accession to throne of Piedmont, 429.

Vienna, effect of on Lombardy, 189-90;
Metternich's government of, 204-8;
effect on of Ferdinand's accession, 206-8;
double position of, 209;
movements in, 210-14, 225-6;
March rising in, 229-47;
its effect in Bohemia, 259;
in Milan, 262;
in Venice, 271;
relations of with Prague, 325-6;
July Parliament in, 378-80;
relations of with Hungary, 380, 384, 387;
with Bohemia, 379, 392;
with Italy, 379-80, 387;
October rising in, 390-7;
fall of, 397-9;
effect of fall on Prussia, 408.
---- Concluding Act of, 17-18.

---- Decrees of 1834, 90, 221.

---- Treaty of, 3, 8, 17, 130, 146, 149, 151, 155, 160, 164. _See_
also Congress.

Vilagos, 493-4.

Villamarina, 135.

W.

Waizen, declaration of, 438-9.

Wallachia, rising in in 1821, 46-7.

Wallacks. _See_ Roumanians.

Warsaw, trade with Cracow, 130;
insurrection in, 131.

Wartburg, Feast of, 14-15.

Weimar, Duke of, his policy, 13-16.

Welden, General, besieges Bologna, 368-9;
cruelty of in Pavia, 426.

Wellington, his opinion of Navarino, 49;
small effect of his rule, 50.

Wesselenyi, position and influence, 79;
speech at Presburg, 83;
imprisonment and its results, 85-6;
appeal to Szeklers, 316;
joins deputation to Vienna, 387;
retirement from politics, 462.

Willisen, General von, 370.

Wimpffen, General, 478.

Windischgraetz, made commandant of Vienna, 240;
proposed Dictatorship of, 240-1, 244-5;
protest against deposition of Metternich, 243;
announcement on March 22nd, 247;
irritation of Bohemians with, 323-4, 328;
attitude in June rising in Prague, 329-32;
besieges Vienna, 395-7;
defeats Goergei, 437-8;
his offer to Goergei, 438;
rejects mediation in Hungary, 462;
military opinion of his generalship, 463.

Workmen's movements, in Vienna, 239-40, 305, 389-90;
in Berlin, 247, 402, 403, 405-6, 408;
in Prague, 323, 328;
in Silesia, 402, 405, 406.

Wrangel, 410-11.

Wuertemberg, first two Kings of, 13;
protest of against Concluding Act, 18;
Roth's relations with, 115;
resistance of to Metternich, 218;
March rising in, 221-2;
quarrel with Baden, 377. _See_ also Stuttgart.

Y.

Ypsilanti, 40.

Z.

Zay, his circular, 101-2.

Zichy, Governor of Venice, 272, 273.
---- Hungarian Count, his execution, 434.

Zitz, action of in Frankfort riots, 375.

Zollverein, 93, 210.

Zucchi, recalled to Milan, 366;
treatment of Garibaldi, 419;
defeated by Garibaldi, 464.

Zug, Canton, 162.

Zurich, 152, 154, 156. _See_ also University.

CHISWICK PRESS:--C. WHITTINGHAM AND CO., TOOKS COURT,
CHANCERY LANE.

* * * * *

Transcriber's note:

Many old spellings have been preserved; in particular, the spelling of many Slavic names with a c has been left unchanged. Obvious misspellings and punctuation errors have been corrected, and dashes representing ranges have been regularised as endashes (-) rather than emdashes (--).

Additionally:

"Raizenstadt" and "Raitzenstadt";

"Voyvodschaft" and "Voyvodeschaft";

"Windischgraets" and "Windischgraetz";

"Buda Pesth" and "Buda-Pesth";

"Krudener" and "Kruedener";

"Pressburg" and "Presburg";

"Gaeta" and "Gaeta";

and "Crnojevic" and "Crnojevic" have in each case been regularised to the latter form. Instances of a.m. and p.m. in small capitals on page 482 have been regularised to lower case ("from 2 a.m. till 6 p.m.").

All references to Madame de Kruedener have been regularised as "Mme"; this was the form used in the main text, except that in this plain text version the superscript typography of "me" has been removed. The index entry for de Kruedener on page 505 has been moved to fit the alphabetical order.

Both "Daniele Manin" and "Daniel Manin" were used in the text and have not been changed.

A duplicated word on page 319 ("disputed the right of of the Serbs to stay in Hungary") has been removed.