Chapter XXIII: The Mediæval Church at Its Height (2)

The Church in this age was the dominant factor in European civilisation. It fashioned laws and dictated the policy of governments; it controlled education and intelligence; it influenced occupations and industries; it moulded social ideas and customs; and it set the standards of morality and determined the life and conduct of both this world and that to come. The Church was divided into two sharply defined classes: the laity and the priesthood. "The great division of mankind, which . . . had become complete and absolute, into the clergy . . . and the rest of mankind, still subsisted in all of its rigorous force. They were two castes, separate and standing apart as by the irrepealable law of God. They were distinct, adverse, even antagonistic, in their theory of life, in their laws, in their corporate property, in their rights, in their immunities. In the aim and object of their existence, in their social duties and position, they were set asunder by a broad, deep, impassable line."[603:1] The priesthood, with an indelible character, married to the Church, stood between God and man and tended to become "The Church."

The Church was essentially an organised state, thoroughly centralised, with one supreme head and a complete gradation of officials; with a comprehensive system of law courts for trying cases, with penalties covering all crimes, and with prisons for punishing offenders. It demanded an allegiance from all its members somewhat like that existing to-day between subjects and a state. It developed one official language, the Latin, which was used to conduct its business everywhere. Thus all western Europe was one great religious association from which it was treason to revolt. Canon law punished such a crime with death, public opinion sanctioned it, and the secular arm executed the sentence.

The Church Militant was thus an army encamped on the soil of
Christendom, with its outposts everywhere, subject to the most
efficient discipline, animated with a common purpose, every
soldier panoplied with inviolability and armed with the
tremendous weapons which slew the soul. There was little that
could not be dared or done by the commander of such a force,
whose orders were listened to as oracles of God, from Portugal
to Palestine and from Sicily to Iceland.[604:1]

History records no such triumph of intellect over brute force
as that which, in an age of turmoil and battle, was wrested
from the fierce warriors of the time by priests who had no
material force at their command, and whose power was based
alone on the souls and consciences of men. Over soul and
conscience their empire was complete. No Christian could hope
for salvation who was not in all things an obedient son of the
Church, and who was not ready to take up arms in its defence;
and, in a time when faith was a determining factor of conduct,
this belief created a spiritual despotism which placed all
things within reach of him who could wield it.[604:2]

In the thirteenth century the mediæval Church was a completed institution and at the height of its power. Its rise from humble beginnings, by a multitude of explainable causes and forces, to this lofty position is a well-nigh incredible miracle. It was very different from all modern churches whether Catholic or Protestant, yet was the mother of all of them. Both theoretically and legally all persons in western Europe belonged to it and were ruled by it, except those who were expelled from it, and thus formed one mighty religious society, the like of which has not again appeared in Christendom. Unable during subsequent centuries to meet the demands of new and higher phases of civilisation, the mediæval Church broke up into the various Christian sects of to-day.

SOURCES

A.--PRIMARY:

1.--Eales, _Life and Works of St. Bernard_.

2.--Henderson, _Historical Documents of the Middle Ages_.

3.--Lea, C. H., _A Formulary of the Papal Penitentiary in the
Thirteenth Century_.

4.--Migne, _Patrologia Latina_.

5.--Morley, _Mediæval Tales_.

6.--Robinson, _Readings in European History_.

7.--Steele, R., _Mediæval Lore_. Lond., 1893.

8.--Thatcher and McNeal, _A Source-Book for Mediæval History_.

9.--Univ. of Penn., _Translations and Reprints_.

B.--SECONDARY:

I.--SPECIAL:

1.--Bethune-Baker, J. F., _The Influence of Christianity on
War_. Camb., 1888.

2.--Brace, G. L., _Gesta Christi_. Lond., 1886.

3.--Cornish, _Chivalry_.

4.--Cutts, E. L., _Scenes and Characters of the Middle Ages_.
Lond., 1872. _Parish Priests and their People._ Lond.,
1890.

5.--Döllinger, J. J. I., _Papal Fables of the Middle Ages_.

6.--Fournier, _Les officialités au moyen âge_.

7.--Gautier, _Chivalry_.

8.--Jessopp, _The Coming of the Friars_.

9.--Lea, H. C., _History of Auricular Confession_. 3 vols.
Phil., 1896. _History of the Inquisition._ 3 vols.
_History of Sacerdotal Celibacy._ _Superstition and
Force._ _Studies in Church History._

10.--Luchaire, _Manuel des institutions_.

11.--Maitland, _The Dark Ages_.

12.--Milman, H. H., _History of Latin Christianity_. viii., bk.
14, ch. 1-10.

13.--Prévost, _L'église et les compagnes au moyen âge_.

14.--Rashdall, _History of the Universities of Europe in the
Middle Ages_.

15.--Smith, _The Troubadours at Home_.

II.--GENERAL.

Adams, _Med. Civ._, ch. 16, 18. Blunt, i., ch. 10-12. Coxe,
Lect. 5-7. Darras, iii., ch. 8-10. Dehorbe, ch. 11, 42.
Fisher, pd. 6, ch. 6. Foulkes, ch. 11, 12. Gieseler, iii., ch.
1, 2, 5, and 6. Gilmartin, ii., ch. 5-13. Hardwick, ch. 8, 10,
11, 12. Hase, sec. 192-237. Hurst, i., ch. 50. Jennings, ii.,
ch. 12, 13. Knight, ch. 14-16. Kurtz, ii., 89-138. Milner,
iii., cent. 12, 13. Moeller, ii., pd. 2, ch. 5; iii., ch. 2
and 3. Neander, iv. Robertson, bk. 5, ch. 13; bk. 6, ch. 6-8.
Sikes, ch. 17.

FOOTNOTES:

[569:1] Lea, _Hist. of the Inq._, iii., 57.

[570:1] Moeller, ii., 436.

[570:2] Munro, "The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century," in _An. Rep. Am. Hist. Assoc._, 1906, i., p. 45.

[571:1] Munro, "The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century," in _An. Rep. Am. Hist. Assoc._, 1906, i., p. 47.

[571:2] Robinson, _Readings_, i., ch. 17.

[573:1] _Translations and Reprints_, iii., No. 6.

[573:2] See Lea, _Hist. of Inq._, for best discussion of this institution.

[573:3] See Acts. xix. 19, for Biblical authority.

[573:4] Putnam, _Censorship of the Church of Rome_, i., 58-61.

[573:5] _Ibid._, 64-67.

[574:1] Neander, iv., 1-82; Kurtz, i., 120-138.

[575:1] In this century it became customary for Popes to fill many benefices themselves and to receive all or half of the first year's income from those appointed.

[576:1] Examples: permit to cousins to marry; release of a monk from his vow.

[576:2] This is a narrow woollen scarf made by the nuns of St. Agnes in Rome.

[577:1] Lea, _Stud. in Ch. Hist._, 235-286.

[577:2] The ceremony of bell, book, and candle was the most common.

[577:3] Lea, _Stud. in Ch. Hist._, 395, 397, 403, 404, 405, 412.

[577:4] _Ibid._, 442, 448.

[577:5] _Ibid._, 384, 463.

[577:6] Matth. Paris, _Hist. Maj._, an. 1208, 1214.

[578:1] Lea, _Stud. in Ch. Hist._, 427.

[578:2] _Ibid._, 417, 419, 420-421, etc.

[578:3] _Ibid._, 440.

[578:4] _Ibid._, 417.

[578:5] _Ibid._, 418.

[579:1] Lea, _Stud. in Ch. Hist._, 427.

[579:2] _Ibid._, 428; Agnel, _Curiosités Judiciaires du Moyen-Âge_, 26.

[579:3] Lea, _Stud. in Ch. Hist._, 428.

[579:4] _Ibid._, 429.

[579:5] _Ibid._, 433. See _Translations and Reprints_, iv., No. 4.

[579:6] Lea, _Stud. in Ch. Hist._, 435-437.

[579:7] _Ibid._, 451; see Letter of Innocent III. in _Regest._, lib. x., ep. 79.

[580:1] Lea, _Stud. in Ch. Hist._, 455.

[580:2] _Ibid._, 457.

[580:3] Waker, _Kirchliches Finanzwesen der Päpste_.

[582:1] Kurtz, i., 166.

[582:2] Gams, _Series Episcoporum Ecclesiæ Catholicæ_; Lea, _Stud. in Ch. Hist._, 61-109.

[583:1] Some monasteries secured papal exemption from episcopal control.

[583:2] Froude, _Short Stories of Great Subjects_, 54.

[584:1] Smith and Cheetham, _Dict. Chr. Antiq._, i., 353, 355; _Cath. Encyc._

[585:1] Kurtz, vol. i., 168. See Howson, _Essay on Cathedrals_; Freeman, _Cathedral Church of Wells_; Walcott, _Cathedralia_.

[585:2] Emerton, _Med. Europe_, 549.

[586:1] This power had been given to them in the reforms of Gregory VII.

[586:2] Robinson, _Readings_, i., 361.

[588:1] Urban II., Adrian IV., Alexander V., Gregory VII., Benedict XII., Nicholas V., Sixtus IV., Urban IV., John XXII., Sixtus V., were among the many Popes of humble ancestry.

[589:1] Anselm of Milan (9th cent.), Regino of Prüm (10th cent.), Burchard of Worms (11th cent.), Ivo of Chartres (12th cent.), and Algerius of Liege (1120).

[589:2] The best edition is by Richter. Unfortunately there is no English translation.

[590:1] Lea, _Formulary of the Papal Penitentiary_, xxxi. to xxxv.

[590:2] _Ibid._

[591:1] One of the most famous preachers of the 13th century was the German Franciscan, Berthold of Regensburg (d. 1272), who often preached to crowds numbering 100,000.

[592:1] See Robinson, _Readings_, i., 348.

[593:1] John Pegues Assinus, a doctor of Paris University, substituted the word consubstantiation.

[594:1] Kings, at their coronation, and sometimes at the approach of death, were by a special favour given the cup.

[594:2] Alexander of Hales gave the dogmatic justification of this idea.

[595:1] Wasserschleben, _Bussordnung_, Halle, 1851.

[595:2] A journey to the Holy Land took the place of all penance.

[595:3] Mansi, _Coll. Concil._, xviii., 525.

[595:4] Fifth Canon of the Council of Ancyra in 314.

[596:1] _Summa_, supplement, p. 3, qu. 25.

[596:2] _Summa_, p. 4, qu. 23, art. 1, 2, memb. 5, 6.

[596:3] Lea, _Indulgences_, 18 _ff._

[596:4] Pflugh-Harttung, _Acta Pontiff._, iii., n. 408; Potthast, _Regest._ n. 3799.

[596:5] Lea, _Indulgences_, 178.

[596:6] _Ibid._, 314.

[596:7] _Ibid._, 305, 310.

[596:8] _Epist._, I Can., vii.

[597:1] After receiving extreme unction recipients were forbidden to touch the ground again with their bare feet or to have marital intercourse.

[602:1] Read the bull _Unam Sanctam_ of Boniface VIII. (1302). Robinson, _Readings_, i., 346.

[602:2] As late as the thirteenth century, an offender who wished to prove that he was a priest in order to obtain the privilege of trial by a church court had to show that he could read a single line. This was called _benefit of clergy_. See Robinson, _Readings_, vol. i., ch. 16; Lea, _Hist. of Inq._, iii., 57.

[603:1] Milman, _Lat. Christ._, vi., 357.

[604:1] Lea, _Hist. of the Inq._, i., 4.

[604:2] _Ibid._, i., 1.

INDEX

A

Abbots, 217, 218, 421;
of Clugny, 429

Abelard, 511, 518, 559

Absolution, 590, 597

Abstinents, 204

Abubekr, 479

Abuses, clerical, 421, 426, 430, 432, 548, 563

Abu Taleb, 479

Acolytes, 63

Acre, fall of, 499

Actium, battle of, 41

Adalbert, 398, 425

Adaldag, 251

Adalgar, 251

Adelaide, 392, 402

Adelbert, 243

Adelbert of Bremen, 438

Adelbert of Prague, 249, 257

Adelpert, 165

Adhemar, Bishop of Pui, 494

Ærius of Sebasta, 220

African Church, 155

Agents at Eastern court, 299

Agilbert, 239

Agilulf, King, 243

Agnes, Empress, 451

Agobard of Lyons, 283, 364

Agriculture, 198

Aidan, 164

Alaric II., 296

Albertus Magnus, 525

Albigenses, 501, 506, 560, 562, 572

Alcuin, 249, 311, 318

Aldich, 335

Alemanni, 234, 243

Aleontera, order of, 514

Alexander II., 360, 364, 369, 442, 446, 451

Alexander III., 362, 364, 379, 413, 545

Alexander IV., 536

Alexander of Alexandria, 137, 138, 141, 349

Alexander of Hales, 597

Alexander the Great, 199, 318

Alexander Severus, 103, 268, 291

Alexius, Emperor, 493, 495

Ali, 479

Alliance of Church and State, 202, 204

Alliance of Pope and Franks, 302, 304, 305, 307

Alms, 352

Amania, 165

Ambrose, 170, 211, 213, 295, 368, 380

Ammon, 205, 208

Anacletus, 331

Anagni, 545

Anastasius, 174, 365

Andrew, St., 257

Angels, 354

Angles, 235

Anglo-Saxon invasion, 240

Anicetus, 155

Anne, 257

Ansgar, 250, 253, 341

Anthony of Alexandria, 205, 211

Anthony, order of, 514

Anthony, St., 203, 208, 427

Antioch, captured, 495

Antioch, Council of, 178, 348

Anti-Petrine view, 77

Antoninus Pius, 102

Apiarius, 167

Apostles, 56;
and monasticism, 201;
and the state, 290

Apostles' Creed, 356, 371

Apostolic Christianity, 202

Apostolic Church, 154, 160 _ff._, 202, 375

Apostolic constitutions, 163;
canons, 178, 330, 331

Apostolic seat, 61

Apostolic succession, 61

Appeals to Rome, 155, 169, 175, 348, 562, 575

Aquileia, Council of, 171

Aquinas, Thomas, 373, 525, 592, 595, 596

Arabia, in 570, 476 _ff._;
under Mohammed, 480

Arabs, 476 _ff._

Archbishops, 61;
22 in Europe, 315, 336;
origin of, 348-350;
power, 350;
in 13th century, 581, 582

Archdeacons, 62

Architecture, 598, 599, 600

Arian controversy, 120, 136 _ff._, 175, 266, 294

Arian princes conquered, 302

Arianism, 143, 145, 189, 232, 233

Arians, 139, 141, 142, 144, 145, 166

Aristotle, 47

Arius, 137, 138, 141, 144

Arles, Council of, 119, 144, 162, 163, 175, 244, 293, 353

Arles, Council of, in 813, 313

Arnold, 16

Arnold of Brescia, 511, 518, 559

Arnoldites, 519

Arnulf, 387

Art, 42, 270

Asceticism, use of, 64, 199;
attacks on, 218, 219

Ascetics, 203;
none in early Church, 204, 427

Athalaric, 296

Athanasius, 9, 139, 141, 142, 144, 166, 181, 206, 209, 211, 212, 349

Athens, 48

Attila, 184

Augustine, St., 9, 168, 170, 211, 213, 372

Augustine's _City of God_, 318

Augustine, Abbot, 165, 235, 236, 237, 238

Augustine, Rule of, 511

Augustinians, 536, 539

Augustus, 48, 94

Aurelian, 105, 156

Aurelius, 330

Avars, 308, 309

Avis, order of, 514

Aymar, abbot of Clugny, 429

B

Babbio, 243

Baldwin of Bouillon, 494

Baldwin II., 513

Bans, 564

Baptism, 181, 219, 352, 372, 374, 375

Baptisteries, 375

Barbarian invasions, 169, 180, 183, 293, 357, 385;
later, 388

Barbarians, conversion of, 230, 231

Baronius, 16

Basil, St., 139, 167, 210

Basil, Rule of, 212

Basil, Emperor, 257

Basques, 308

Baur, 17

Bavarians, 302, 308

Bede, 16, 73, 235, 240

Begging orders, 216, 518 _ff._, 536, 537

Beghards, 519, 520, 538

Beguins, 519, 520

Belisarius deposes a Pope, 297

Bells, 372

Benedict, 187, 213

Benedict VII., 402

Benedict VIII., 368, 407, 408, 420, 426

Benedict IX., 410, 420

Benedict X., 438, 439

Benedictine Rule, 190, 214-216, 428, 431, 432

Benedictines, 199, 248, 434

Benedictus Levita, 335

Berengar, 387

Berengar II., 392, 395

Bernard, St., 368, 369, 402, 491, 496, 511, 513, 516, 518, 570

Bernard of Quintavalle, 528

Bertha, 236

Bible manuscripts, 269

Bishop of Rome, 76, 77, 107, 149, 151, 153, 154, 155, 158;
accepted as Peter's successor, 160, 170;
claims appellate power, 165;
greatest man in Western Europe, 168;
settles disputes, 169;
primacy of, 172, 175;
power approved by Emperor, 178;
calls councils, 294;
becomes a temporal prince, 302

Bishoprics created in Germany, 247, 249, 253

Bishoprics founded in France, 303

Bishops, 57;
equality of, 176;
increase their power, 322;
subjected to state, 337;
election of, 351;
duties, 351 _ff._, 421;
in the East, 501;
in 13th century, 582 _ff._

Bishops, provincial, 158

Björn, King, 253

Black friars, _see_ Dominicans.

Blondel, David, 333

Bogoris, Duke, 256

Bohemia, 449

Bohemian Church, 255

Bohemians, 255, 391, 401

Bohemond, 494, 495

Boleslav the Cruel, 255

Boleslaw II., 369

Bologna University, 545, 579, 589

Bonasus, 220

Bonaventura, 537, 538

Boniface, 165, 305, 309

Boniface, St., 244 _ff._, 330, 333

Boniface I., 295

Boniface IV., 378, 380

Boniface VII., 402

Boniface VIII., 413, 525, 581

Borziway, Duke, 255

Bossuet, 16

Brescia, Council of, 467

Bretons, 308

_Breviarium_, 330

Bridge Brothers, 515

Bridget, St., 240

British Christians, 238

Brotherhoods of the Peace of God, 359

Brothers and Sisters of Penitence, 530

Brothers of the Sword, 514

Bruno, 249, 399, 424, 434 _ff._, 511

Bruno, abbot of Clugny, 428

Bruno of Cologne, 510

Buddha, 199

Bulgarians, 253, 256, 407

Burghers, increase in importance, 570

Burgundian Code, 363

Burgundians, 145, 233, 302

Burgundy united with Germany, 406

Byzantine Empire, 126, 405

Byzantine historians, 16

C

Cæcilius, 95

Cæsar, Augustus, 48, 94, 318

Cæsar, Julius, 48

Cæsar, Tiberius, 48

Cæsarins, 538

Caius, 80, 86

Calatrava, order of, 514

Calendar of saints, 378

Calistus, 358

Calixtus I., 177, 453

Calixtus II., 472

Callistus, 160, 163

Calvin, 333

Camaldolites, 429 _ff._, 445

Candles, 220

Canon law, 143, 246, 370, 549

Canonisation, 379

Canons of the Church, 142, 144, 145, 266, 329

Canossa, 463 _ff._

Canute, 407, 409

_Capitula Angilramni_, 331

Capuchins, 539

Caracalla, 103

Carloman, 216, 304, 307

Carmelites, 520, 539

_Carnales_, 338

Caroline Books, 283

Carolingian Empire, 321, 386, 387, 391

Carolingian policy of division of rule, 320, 348

Carthage, Church of, 449

Carthage, Council of, 171

Carthusians, 510, 570

Cassian, 211, 213, 521

Cassiodorus, 330

Catacombs, 268

Catechists, 63

Catechumens, 374, 375

Catharii, 511

Catharists, 560

Catholic Church, 5, 75, 107, 148;
unity of, 156, 157

Cedd, Bishop, 239

Celestine, 168, 174

Celestine III., 362, 364, 551

Celestine V., 512, 538

Celestines, 512, 538

Celibacy, 64, 143, 161, 181, 190, 203, 220, 247, 266, 300, 355, 356,
420, 436, 439, 442, 450, 452, 453 _ff._, 544, 564

Celsus, 95

Celtic missionaries, 164, 246

Celts, 235, 237, 241, 244

Chalcedon, Council of, 172, 174, 184, 194, 218, 294, 297, 349

Chapter, 584 _ff._

Charity, 159, 198, 364, 365

Charlemagne, _see_ Charles the Great.

Charles the Bald, 319, 342, 385

Charles the Fat, 321, 385, 386, 387

Charles the Great, 9, 126, 187, 217, 234, 248, 249, 250, 253, 254,
255, 258;
life of, 307-308;
controls Papacy, 308;
reforms Church, 309;
Emperor, 309-312;
results of his rule, 312-317;
character, 317;
successors, 319-320, 331, 334, 339, 341, 348, 354, 363, 366, 372;
decline of his empire, 384, 385, 389, 392, 393, 395, 398, 400, 405,
410, 412, 414, 443, 446, 455, 471, 486, 487

Charles Martel, 245, 247, 258, 303, 487

Charles the Simple, 385, 390

Charroux, synod of, 358

Chiersy, synod of, 334

Childeric III., 304

Chivalry, 490, 502, 506

Chosroes II., 484

Christ, order of, 514

Christendom, size in 604, 231;
extent in 13th century, 259

Christianity, 46;
illegal, 93, 102, 107;
spread of, 113, 126, 128, 149, 150;
in first and second centuries, 203;
spread to Ireland, 240;
Scotland, 241;
materialised, 270;
political philosophy of early, 289;
not a "religio licita," 290;
compared with Roman religion, 292;
compared with Mohammedanism, 426, 481

Christians, number of, 54, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 102, 104, 105, 106,
107;
number in 305, 113;
in Rome, 148;
number, 259, 268;
increase of, 291;
refuse to conform, 291

Chrysostom, 139, 167, 232, 271

Church and state, 423, 435

Church, apostolic, compared, 160 _ff._

Church Canons, 142, 144, 145

Church, Christian, sources on, 12;
in New Test., 15;
contributions of Jews and pagans, 53;
organisation, 55, 56;
Roman Empire a model, 148;
changes in, 149;
early evils, 163;
unity of, 169;
changes in, 180;
property, 190;
necessary for salvation, 194;
secularised, 201;
worldliness in, 203;
reflects its age, 260;
compared with the state, 292;
recognises supremacy of the state, 292;
union with state not all evil, 293;
paganised, 293;
rules Europe for 1000 years, 294;
ruled by Empire after Constantine, 294, 295;
alienation of property forbidden, 296;
in 7th and 8th century, 300;
receives property from Clovis, 302;
Pepin, 303;
and Charles the Great, 312;
divided into 22 archbishoprics, 315;
declines, 322;
constitution of, 337;
and state, 338;
founded on Peter, 343;
moral arch of safety, 356;
slavery, 356;
peace, 358 _ff._;
private war, 358;
ordeals, 362;
charity, 365;
discipline, 366;
worship, 370;
sacraments, 373;
above state, 418;
corruptions, 422;
in 1073, 445;
property, sale of, 451;
feudalised, 455;
wealth of, 501;
crusades, 502;
attains its claims, 569;
extent and wealth, 574;
good and evil, 600 _ff._;
in 13th century, 602 _ff._

Church Fathers, deplore vices in Church, 180, 191, 201;
command asceticism, 203, 216;
approve images, 272, 276;
and the state, 290, 318, 330, 357, 365, 376

Church government, system of, 60;
evolution of, 64, 184;
regulated, 297, 446

Church history, study of, 1-10;
sources on, 10-11;
not theology, 7;
revival of interest in, 7

Church officers, 57, 162, 260, 455

Churches, endowed in Rome, 118, 265;
decorated, 272;
and shrines, 378;
erected to Our Lady, 381;
erected in Holy Land, 484

Cicero, 41, 42, 93

Cistercians, 249, 511, 570, 591

Civil law, 452

Civilisation, mediæval, 381, 505

Clairvaux, 570

Clarenins, 538

Classical influences, 260

Claudius, 48, 113

Claudius, Bishop of Turin, 283

Clement II., 410, 427, 434

Clement III., 362, 467, 546, 579, 589

Clement VIII., 526

Clement of Alexandria, 80, 86, 269

Clement of Rome, 57, 80, 84, 86, 153, 155, 160, 177

Clergy, houses, 64;
reformed, 190;
regulated, 297;
influence of, 354;
incomes, 355;
higher, 420-422;
under Gregory VII., 448;
in 13th century, 517;
criticised, 571;
cut off from laity, 587 _ff._

Clermont, Council of, 360, 489, 492

Clovis, 234, 302, 303

Clugniacs, 199;
reformation, 424 _ff._, 435

Clugny, 428 _ff._, 434, 436, 490

Cœlestius, 173

Coleman, Bishop, 239

College of Cardinals, 439 _ff._, 580

Columba, 164, 241,

Columbanus, 164, 242, 243

Columbus, 253, 505

Commodion, 80

Commodus, 103

Common people, 45

Communism, 64

Concordat of Worms, 472, 473, 545, 582

Concubinage, 451

Confession, 218, 352, 367, 426, 596

Confirmation, 352, 375

Conrad of Franconia, 390

Conrad II., 407 _ff._, 455

Conrad III., 496

Constantia, 141, 271

Constantine, 9, 54, 106;
Roman Empire under, 112;
life of, 113 _ff._;
vision of the cross, 117 _ff._, 125;
character, 121 _ff._;
successors, 127;
Arian controversy, 139 _ff._, 159;
legalised Christianity, 160, 162;
aid to Church, 175, 219, 232, 269, 270, 271;
subjects Christianity to the state, 292, 294, 318, 331, 336, 354,
365, 372, 374, 379

Constantine II., 144

Constantine V., 277, 280

Constantinople, fall of, 286, 449

Constantinople, second Council of, 145, 178, 281, 282

Constantinople, synod of, 277

Constantius, 144, 294

Constantius Chlorus, 113, 114, 115

Constitution of Lothair, 395

Constitution of Otto I., 395

Conte, Le, 333

Conversion, mediæval, 231 _ff._

Converts, pagan, 180

Cornelius, 79

_Corpus Juris Canonici_, 338, 360, 588, 589

Corruptions in the Church in 10th and 11th centuries, 422;
13th century, 563

Council, Reform, of 1074, 450

Councils, 162, 237, 266, 294, 313, 376, 421, 452, 471, 544

Credulity of Western Europe, 487

Creed, Nicene, 171

Creighton, 17

Crescentius, 403

Cross, 269, 271

Cross bearers, order of, 514

Crusades, 249, 258, 377, 404, 450;
causes, 483 _ff._;
time, purpose, and number, 491 _ff._;
first, 493 _ff._;
second, 496 _ff._;
third, 497;
fourth, 498;
minor crusades, 498 _ff._;
failed, 499;
results, 500 _ff._;
children's, 492;
against heretics, 561

Culdees, 241, 252

Culture, 198

Curia, Roman, 562

Cyprian, 80, 82, 107, 155, 158, 159, 160, 205, 372

Cyril, 139, 168

Cyrillus, 254, 255, 256

Czechs, 253, 388

D

Damascus, 181

Damasus, 295, 330, 434

Damiani, 371, 373, 432 _ff._, 436, 438, 441, 442

Danes, 253, 388, 391, 392, 399, 401, 407

David, Sultan, 493

Deacons, 56, 364

Decian persecution, 203

Decius, 98, 104, 105

Decretals, 173;
of Gregory I., 174

_Decretum Gratiani_, 589

Dedication of churches, 352

De Gama, 505

De Moulin, 333

Democracy of Papacy, 300

Denis, St., 74, 164

Denmark, Church in, 250, 251

Deposition of a Pope, 297

"Deposito Martyrum," 81

Devil, 354

_Dictatus Papæ_, 448

Didymus, Blind, 139

Diet of Worms, 434, 460

Dioceses, 349

Diocletian, 98, 105, 112, 114

Dionysius Areopagite, 373

Dionysius Exiguus, 330, 334

Dionysius, Bishop of Corinth, 80, 86

Dionysius of Alexandria, 137

Dionysius of Rome, 137, 156

Discipline, 366, 376

Divorce not permitted, 356, 564

Doctrine of Addai, 81

Doctrines, 591

Doge of Venice, 430

Dogma, 295, 572

Döllinger, 17

Dominic, St., 518, 519 _ff._;
youth and education, 521;
goes to France, 522;
rebukes the Cistercians, 522;
founds St. Rouen, 523;
order approved by Innocent III., 523;
organisation, 524;
spread, 525;
death, 525, 570

Dominicans, 259, 432, 502, 521, 525 _ff._, 570, 591

Dominicus, St., 429

Domitian, 100, 101

Domitilla, 100

Donation of Constantine, 332, 334

Donation of Pepin, 306

Donatists, 136, 189

Donatus, 212

Dorylæum, battle of, 495

Dryer, 17

Dunstan, St., 427

Duran de Husce, 519

E

East and the West, breach between, 438

Easter, date of, 143, 155, 160, 220, 239, 240, 266

Eastern Church, 155, 184, 231, 266

Eastern Church and Western compared, 286

Eastern Empire, 502;
estranged from the Western, 503, 549

Ebionites, 132, 136

Ebo, Archbishop of Rheims, 250, 335

Ecclesia and Jewish kingdom, 56

Ecclesiastical monarchy, 301

Edessa, fall of, 496

Edict of Milan, 119, 174

Edict of 380, 128

Education, under Charles the Great, 317, 356

Ekkehard, 401

Elders, duties of, 59

Election of clergy, 193

Election of Pope, 296, 297, 298

Elias, 210

Elizabeth, 46

Elvira, Council of, 163

Elvira, synod of, 268, 276

Emerton on study of Church history, 1

Emperor, 289, 295;
German, 445, 446;
Eastern, and crusades, 491

Empire, prosperous, 40;
moral condition, 46;
union with Papacy, 175;
spiritualised, 293;
revival under Otto I., 391;
and Papacy, 398;
distracted, 549

Eon de l'Etoile, 558

Ephesus, Council of, 168, 171, 294

Ephraëm, 139

Episcopal cases taken out of secular courts, 337

Erasmus, 332

Erfurt, Council of, 453

Eric, 251, 252

Eschylus, 43

Esquimos, 252

Essenes, 44, 200, 209

Estates of the Church, 365

Ethelbert, 236, 237, 238

Eucharist, 266, 363, 370, 372, 373, 374, 558

Eudoxia, 167

Eugenius II., 361

Eugenius III., 496

Eusebius of Cæsarea, 15, 54, 71, 81, 102, 106, 117, 118, 139, 141,
211, 271

Eusebius of Nicomedia, 139

Eustace of Bouillon, 494, 495, 496

Eustathius, 210

Evagrius, 15

Ewald, 165, 244, 249

Exarchs, 349

Excommunication, 155, 157, 158, 172, 367 _ff._, 561, 576 _ff._, 597

Exorcists, 63

Extreme unction, 377, 597, 598

F

Fabiola, 365

Fasting, 203, 220, 367

Felix II., 145, 185

Festival of All Saints, 378

Festival of All Souls, 378

Festival of Orthodoxy, 282

Festival of the Annunciation, 381

Festival of the Ascension of Mary, 381

Festival of the Purification of Mary, 381

Festivals multiplied, 161, 193, 375

Feudalism, 217, 389, 503, 505, 515, 574

Filioque, 266, 285

Finances of Rome, 445

Fisher, 17

Flagellants, 432, 506

Flavian, 9, 167

Flavius Clemens, 100

Florence, Council of, in 1439, 285

Fontevraud, order of, 511

Formosus, 386, 387, 419

Fortunatus, 155

Foulques de Neuilly, 519

France, beginnings of, 231

Francis, St., 9, 518, 526 _ff._;
early career, 526 _ff._;
forms an order, 528 _ff._;
confirmed by Pope, 529;
labours, 530;
death and canonisation, 530;
his influence, 531;
growth of the order, 532;
compared with Dominic, 533 _ff._;
later history, 538 _ff._, 570

Franciscans, 259, 432, 502, 524, 526 _ff._, 570, 591

Frankfort, Council of, 369

Franks, 234, 235, 249, 302 _ff._

Fratricelli, 538

Frederick II., Emperor, 498, 550, 577

Frederick Barbarossa, 497

Frederick, Bishop, 252

Frederick the Great, 318

Frederick of Lorraine becomes Pope, 438

Free cities, 503, 505, 506

Freeman, 4

French Revolution, 429

Fridolin, 243

Fulda, monastery at, 248

Fulk of Neuilly, 498

G

Gaius, 93

Galerius, 106, 114, 115

Gall, St., 243

Gallienus, 105

Gallus, 165, 243

Gama, De, 505

Gautbert, 253

Gebhard, 437 _ff._

Gelasius, 167, 174, 573

Genseric, 184

Gerach of Reichersberg, 518

Gerbert, 399, 402, 404, 425, 426

German Church, 247, 394

German cloisters, 429

German kingdom, 391

German Pope, first, 403;
Popes, 425

Germanus, 278

Germany, origin of, 321, 244;
influences, 260

Geyza, Prince, 257

Geography, 505

Ghibellines, 549

Gibbon, 16, 73

Gieseler, 3, 17

Gilbert, 512, 516

Gilbertines, 512

Gnostics, 132, 136, 202, 268

Goddana, 210

Godfrey of Bouillon, 494, 495, 496, 513

Godfrey of Tuscany, 442

Gontran, King, 242

Goths, 145, 302

Gottschalk, 254

Grammont, order of, 510

Gratian, 128, 167, 171, 368, 434, 589

Grecian religion, 42

Greek, 41

Greek Catholics, 76

Greek Church, 231, 233, 257, 449

Greek Fathers, 170

Greeks, 401

Greenland, 252

Gregory of Tours, 16, 73, 319

Gregory I., the Great, 9, 167, 185, 191, 216, 218, 231, 236, 242, 270,
274, 275, 276, 298, 329, 336, 344, 358, 365, 368, 370, 371, 380,
389, 440, 441

Gregory II., 245, 278, 279, 300

Gregory III., 247, 280, 300, 303

Gregory V., 403, 404, 425, 426, 427

Gregory VI., 410, 420, 434, 455

Gregory VII., 173, 339, 369, 432;
election, 446;
beliefs, 447 _ff._;
reform efforts, 450 _ff._;
opposition, 453 _ff._;
investiture strife, 457 _ff._;
Henry IV., 462 _ff._;
driven from Rome, 467;
dies in exile, 467;
character, 467 _ff._;
influence, 470;
crusader, 488, 545

Gregory VIII., 546

Gregory IX., 537, 538

Gregory X., 526, 539

Gregory Nanzianzen, 349

Gregory of Utrecht, 248

Grosseteste, 590

Gualbert, St. John, 431

Guelphs, 549

Guericke, 17

Guido of Spoleto, 386

Guilds, 576

Guiscard, 441, 449, 494

Gwatkin, 17

H

Hadrian, Emperor, 102

Hadrian I., Pope, 281

Hadrian II., 355, 418

Hagenbach, 17

Hakam, 485

Hakon the Good, 251

Halimand, Archbishop, 436

Halitgar, 250

Hanseatic League, 506

Harnack, 17, 58

Harold Klak, King, 250

Hase, 17

Hatch on Church history, 4, 58

Hauck, 17

Heaven, 354, 381

Hefele, 17

Hegesippus, 15

Hegira, 480, 481

Helena, 113

Heliogabalus, 103

Hell, 354, 381

Helvidius, 220

Henke, 16

Henry I., 390, 420

Henry II., 241, 406 _ff._, 424, 426, 572, 577

Henry III., 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 420, 424, 427, 434, 437, 438,
439, 456

Henry IV., 360, 363, 437, 439, 446, 451, 459 _ff._, 461, 463 _ff._,
467, 577

Henry V., 471, 472

Henry VI., 498, 549, 550

Henry VIII., 318

Henry the Fowler, 424

Henry of Lausanne, 559

Heraclius, 484

Heresy, 143, 145, 153, 154, 157, 165, 183, 184, 205, 220, 247, 295,
517, 557 _ff._, 564, 572, 576

Heretics, 173, 268, 293, 368, 501, 539, 560, 561

Hergenröther, 17

Hermits, 199, 206 _ff._

Herod, 79

Herzog, 17

Hieracus, 205

Hierarchy, 176, 198, 260

Hilarion, 208, 210

Hilarius, 61

Hilary, 144, 164

Hildebrand, 9, 191, 363, 424, 426, 429, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 441
_ff._;
chosen Pope, 500, 545, 548, 565

Hildebrandine reformation, 490

Hincmar, 332, 336, 341, 361, 369

Hippolytus, 80, 177

_Hispania_, 331

Hirshau, 431

Holy Ghost, order of, 515

Holy Roman Empire, 344, 401, 411 _ff._

Holy Water, 372, 572

Honoratus, 164

Honorius, 240, 295

Honorius II., 442, 513, 519

Honorius III., 364, 520, 524

Hosius, 118, 141, 144

Hospitalers, 502

Hospitals, 365

Hottinger, 16

House of Commons in England, 504

Hugh, abbot of Clugny, 429

Hugh Capet, 387

Hugh of Provence, 392

Hugh of St. Victor, 373

Hugh of Vienne, 525

Hugh the Great, 392

Hugh the Long, 494, 495

Hugo, Cardinal, 446, 447

Humbert, Cardinal, 436

Hume, 16

Humiliati, 512

Hungarians, 385, 493

Huodo, Count, 401

Hurst, 17

Hymns, 371

I

Iceland, 252

Iconoclasti, 277

Iconoclastic controversy, 267, 282 _ff._, 300, 304, 309

Iconolatræ, 277

Ignatius of Antioch, 75, 80, 86, 159, 177, 336

Images, not used by early Christians, 268;
edict against, 278, 379, 501

Image worship, 161, 267 _ff._, 269, 273 _ff._, 279 _ff._, 302

Imperial theory of church and state, 413, 414

Incense, 220

Independence of Pope, 302

Indulgences, 377, 501, 560, 561, 572, 595, 596

Index, 573

Industry, 198

Innocent I., 167, 170, 171, 172, 181, 452, 596

Innocent II., 362

Innocent III., 9, 191, 287, 339, 362, 364, 369, 389, 413, 436, 498,
500, 502, 510, 515, 519, 522, 544, 545;
early life, 545;
enters Church, 546;
chosen Pope, 547;
ideas and reform policy, 547 _ff._;
becomes head of Europe, 549 _ff._;
asserts supremacy over the East, 555;
rules North, 556;
champions crusades, 556, 557;
sought to crush heresy, 557 _ff._;
character and influence, 560 _ff._, 596

Innocent IV., 525, 526, 580

Innocent V., 525

Inquisition, 364, 501, 539, 564, 565, 573

Inquisitors General, 560

Interdict, 369, 370, 577, 578

International peace, 503

Interpreters, 63

Investiture, 436, 442

Iona, 341

Ireland, 240, 241, 250

Irenæus, 57, 80, 86, 107, 151, 157, 177, 268, 291

Irene, 311

Isidore of Seville, 330, 333, 334, 349

Italian monasteries, 429

Italians, 394

Italy, origin of, 321;
reunited with East, 296;
hated Greeks and Lombards, 300;
independence of, 550

J

James, 78, 79, 561

Janitors, 63

Janssen, 17

Jerome, 61, 81, 165, 181, 210, 211, 213, 219, 230, 330, 485

Jerusalem, 48;
massacre, 496;
capture, 497

Jesus, teachings of, 49, 55, 82, 85, 101, 103;
and asceticism, 200;
and civil government, 289, 364;
and slavery, 356;
and baptism, 374

Jewish church, 46, 204

Jewish synagogue, 59;
passover, 266

Jews, 189, 260, 276, 277, 358, 501

Joannes, 208

Johannus Turrecrenta, 332

John, 78, 86

John, King of England, 369, 549, 552-555

John I., 296

John II., 179, 296

John VIII., 418

John X., 419

John XI., 429

John XII., 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 419, 424

John XIII., 398, 401, 425

John XIV., 402

John XV., 379, 403

John XVI., 404

John XIX., 407, 408, 420

John of Damascus, 274, 279, 280

John of Gorz, 399

John the Greek, 402

John of Syracuse, 189

John, St., 237

John, St., order of, 512

Joseph, 46

Jovinian, 219, 220

Judaism, 476, 479

Judas Iscariot, 79

Judgment of God, 361-364

Julian, Emperor, 127, 145, 271

Julian I., 166, 171, 181

Julius Paulus, 93

Julius, Pope, 144

_Jus ecclesiasticum_, 589

Justin II., 185

Justinian, 179, 187, 294, 296, 397

Justin Martyr, 291

Jutes, 235

Juvenal, 46

K

Katerkamp, 17

Keble, 17

Kentigern, St., 241

Kilian, 165

Knights of Emancipation, 515

Koethe, prophecy about Church history, 8

Koraish priests, 479, 480

Koran, 502

Kurtz, 17

Kylian, 243

L

Lactantius, 81, 118, 220

Laity cut off from clergy, 193, 198;
in 12th century, 353, 448, 451, 571, 572

Lambert, 386

Lanfranc of Canterbury, 442

Langton, Stephen, 553, 554

Las Casas, 525

Lateran Councils, 360, 408, 439, 557, 562, 563, 564

Latin, 41;
used in worship, 371

Latin Christianity, 46, 400

Latin Church, 16, 255

Latin Empire of Constantinople, 498, 502

Latin kingdom of Jerusalem, 502

Laurentius of Amalfi, 434

Law, imperial, controls the Church, 295

Law, study of, 503;
under Innocent III., 567

Lawrence, 296

Laws of Charles the Great, 315 _ff._

Lay investiture, 449;
origin, 457;
opposition, 458;
Henry IV. and, 459 _ff._;
compromise in 1111, 471;
Concordat of Worms, 472, 545

Laying on of hands, 375

Lazarus, order of, 515

Lechfeld, battle of, 393

Lectors, 62

Legatine power, 501

Lent, 266, 370

Leo the Armenian, 282

Leo, King of Armenia, 555

Leo I., 168, 174, 182, 344, 374, 452

Leo III., the Isaurian, 277, 278

Leo III., Pope, 310, 440-441

Leo IV., 340, 364

Leo VIII., 397-398, 424

Leo IX., 424, 436, 438

Leontius, Bishop of Neapolis, 273

_Lex Visigothorum_, 330

Libanus, 219

_Liber Pontificalis_, 330

Liberatus, 349

Liberius, 145

Licinius, 116, 118, 124

Lingard, 17

Literature, bourgeois, 570-571

Liturgy, 254, 352

Lollards, 283

Lombard, Peter, 373, 378, 525, 592

Lombards, 233, 303 _ff._, 308, 549

Lombardy, crown of, 392, 409

Longobards, 145

Loofs, 17

Lord's Prayer, 356, 371

Lord's Supper, _see_ Eucharist.

Lothair, 319 _ff._

Lothair II., 336

Louis the Child, 387, 389, 420

Louis the German, 254

Louis the Pious, 216, 217, 250, 253, 255, 319 _ff._, 335, 363, 378,
395

Louis II., 320, 340, 341

Louis IV., 393

Louis VII., 496, 504

Louis IX., 498, 526

Louis X., 504

Lucifer, 144

Lucius, King, 73

Lucius I., 452

Ludolph, 393, 394

Luitgarde, St., 566

Luitprand, King of Lombards, 302, 399

Lull, 248

Luther, 3, 219, 434, 451, 536, 546

Lyons, 73

Lyons, Council of, 285

M

Macarius, 141, 208, 213

Mæcenas, 94

_Magdeburg Centuries_, 332

Magellan, 505

Magna Charta, 554, 555

Magyars, 256, 391, 393, 399

Majola, abbot of Clugny, 429

Mamno of Cologne, 438

Manichæans, 105, 132, 133, 189

Marcella, 211

Marcellus, 139, 141

Marcia, 103

Marcian, 155, 156

Marco Polo, 505

Marcus Aurelius, 102

Marozia, 419

Marriage, 181, 204, 255, 266, 356, 378, 407, 420, 424, 430, 432, 436,
448, 453, 564

Marsiglio of Padua, 332

Martel, Chas., 302

Martin, St., 164

Martin of Tours, 212

Martin I., 299

Martyrs, 193, 270, 378, 380

Mary, Virgin, 46, 193, 356, 381

Mass, 189, 193, 217, 218, 352, 370, 572, 593, 594

Massacre of Jerusalem, 496

Matthew, 80

Matthias Flacius, 16

Maurice, 299

Maurus, 512

Maxentius, 115, 117, 123, 269

Maximian, 114, 115

Maximus of Salona, 368

Maximus the Thracian, 104

Maximus of Turin, 170

McGiffert, 17

Mediæval Papacy, 5, 183, 201, 234, 293, 389

Meersen, treaty of, 321

Meister Echart, 525

Melania, 210, 211

Melchiades, 331

Mercurius, St., 427

Merovingian kings, 348

Methodius, 205, 254, 255, 256

Metropolitans, 61, 337, 348, 349, 581, 582

Michael III., 254, 284

Middle Ages, 16, 198

Mieczyslav, Duke, 256

Milan, Council of, 144

Mileve, Council of, 171

Milman, 17

Milvian Bridge, 116, 117, 118, 123

Minims, 539

Miracles, 220, 501

Missionary monks, 198

Missionary zeal of Rome, 152, 153, 164, 198, 229 _ff._, 233, 251, 254,
255, 259, 303

Mistiwoi, 254

Moeller, 17

Mohammed, 318, 450, 476 _ff._

Mohammedanism, 258, 277, 278, 293, 476 _ff._, 482 _ff._

Monarchians, 134, 253

Monastery, first walled, 209

Monastic abuses, 407, 427, 516

Monastic orders, decline of, 515

Monastic Rule, 242

Monasticism, Christian, 45, 185, 190, 198, 199 _ff._, 204 _ff._, 209,
210, 211, 212, 217, 218, 220 _ff._, 239, 243, 249, 254, 421, 424,
429, 486, 502, 510, 516

Monk, the ideal man, 198, 199, 217, 352

Monks, 421, 517

Monotheism, 46

Montanism, 135, 136, 177, 202

Montesta, order of, 514

Moors, 514

Morality, 198, 353, 354, 563

Moravians, 254

Mosheim, 16

Moymir, 254

Müller, 17

Muratorian canon, 81

Music in worship, 193, 270, 371, 372

Mysticism, 570

N

Napoleon, 4, 307, 318, 386, 399, 406, 408, 412, 470, 514

Napoleon III., 307

National churches, 322

National states, rise of, 320

Neo-Cæsarea, Council of, 163

Neo-Platonism, 199

Nepotism, 563

Nero, 84, 99, 100

Nerva, 101

Nestorian controversy, 272

Newman, 17

New Testament, 15

Nicæa, 495

Nicæa, Council of, 120, 131 _ff._, 142 _ff._, 153, 155, 162, 171, 175,
176, 178, 232, 281, 282, 293, 331, 380

Nicene Creed, 142, 143, 144, 145, 171, 234, 266, 314

Nicholas I., 255, 256, 283, 322, 332, 333, 334, 336, 340 _ff._, 344,
364, 389, 413, 418

Nicholas II., 360, 439, 441, 442

Nicholas of Cusa, 332

Niedner, 17

Nilus, 272, 427, 429

Nippold, 17

Nithard, 253

Norbert, St., 511

Norman conquest, 241, 362, 408

Normans, 408, 449

Northmen, 251, 385 _ff._

Norway, 251

Norway, King of, 449

Novatianists, 135, 156

Nuns, 352, 421

Nurses, order of, 515

O

Obotrites, 388

Observants, 539

Odilo, abbot of Clugny, 429, 433

Odo, abbot of Clugny, 428

Odo of Eudes, 386, 387

Odoacer, 296

Olaf, 251, 252

Olaf the Saint, 252

Oldratus, John, 512

Old Testament, 48

Olga, Grand Duchess, 257

Oligarchy in Church of fourth century, 169

Optatus, Bishop of Mileve, 9, 73, 169

Ordeals, 361 _ff._

Ordination, 377

Origen, 80, 82, 86, 137, 177, 205

Orosius, 170

Orphanages, 365

Orr, 17

Orthodoxy of the West, 143, 153, 165, 181

Ostrogoths, 232, 296

Oswy, King, 239

Otgar, 335

Otto, Duke of Saxony, 390

Otto I., the Great, 126, 253, 255, 257, 258, 318, 390 _ff._, 420, 421,
424, 425, 443, 487

Otto II., 253, 394, 401 _ff._, 425

Otto III., 402 _ff._, 420, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 430

Otto IV., 550

Otto of Brunswick, 550

P

Pachomius, 209

Pachomius, Rule of, 212

Pagan and Christian Rome, 55

Paganism, 113, 120, 127, 128, 149, 180, 190, 247, 252, 501

Palæmon, 209

Palestine creed, 142

Pallium, 576

Palmers, 485

Pammachus, St., 365

Pantheon, 378, 380

Papa, or Pope, 173

Papacy, rise of, 148, 159, 160, 164 _ff._, 169, 175, 176, 177, 182,
189, 193, 259, 284, 295, 296, 297, 299, 300, 301, 306, 309, 320
_ff._, 336, 339, 340, 370, 404, 406, 412-414, 419, 423, 440, 441,
517, 549, 561, 566, 569

Papacy, decline of, 389, 394, 410, 419, 420, 434, 559

Papacy and Empire, 391

Papal constitution, 337, 445

Papal court, 580, 590

Papal hierarchy, 143, 176, 299, 344, 575

Papal penitentiary, 589, 590

Papal theory of relation of Church and state, 316, 413, 569

Papias, 80, 86

Paris, Council of, 334

Parish, 365, 387

Paschal II., 429, 471, 472, 545

Paschal III., 315

Paschasius Radbertus, 372

Pastor, 17

Pastoraux, 506

Patriarch of Constantinople, 296

Patriarch, 61;
of the West, 143, 156, 349

Patriarchs of the East, 156

Patrician of Rome, 308, 410

Patrick, St., 240, 241

"Patrimony of St. Peter," origin, 307, 394

Paul, 46, 54, 72, 73, 74, 77, 79, 84, 86, 87, 100, 148, 151, 170, 248,
290, 356, 364, 440

Paul of Nola, 211

Paul of Thebes, 203, 205

Paul II., 581

Paula, 210, 211

Paulina, 365

Peace, international, 503

Peace of God, 358

Peace, universal, 46

Pelagius, 171, 173, 297, 298, 299

Pelagius II., 187, 298

Penalties, 367

Penance, 352, 370, 375, 376, 595, 596

Penitential books, 376

Pepin, 248, 300, 303, 304, 306, 363, 372

Perry, 17

Persecution, 99 _ff._, 108, 116, 119, 152, 157, 203, 560

Persius, 46

Peter, 57, 72, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 100,
151, 153, 159, 166, 170, 237, 239, 246, 259, 284, 290, 336, 343,
433, 440, 448, 451, 561

Peter of Alexandria, 81

Peter Comester, 332

Peter of Corbeil, 545

Peter the Great, 318

Peter the Hermit, 490, 493

Peter and Paul, 151

Peter Waldo, 559

Peter's primacy, 78, 79, 151, 170

Peter's See, 159

Petrine theory, 76, 77, 82, 85, 87, 107, 169, 170, 175, 177, 188, 337,
544

Pharisees, 44

Philip, 61

Philip I., 494

Philip IV., 514

Philip VI., 504

Philip the Arabian, 104

Philip Augustus, 369, 497, 549, 551, 577

Philip of Hohenstaufen, 550

Philosophy of early Christians, 202

Photius, 257, 283, 343

Piacenza, Council of, 489

Pictures, 270

Picts, 241

Pierre de Bruys, 558

Pilgrimages, 161, 193, 270, 367, 484, 485, 486, 501

Pindar, 43

Plato, 43, 48

Pliny, governor of Bithynia, 290

Pluralism, 563, 565

Plutarch, 47

Poitiers, synod of, 358

Poland, 449

Poles, 253, 388

Polycarp, 155, 177

Polytheism, 46

Pontifex Maximus, 149, 152, 160, 289, 292

Poor Catholics, 519

Poor Clares, 530

Poorhouses, 365

"Poor Man," 519

Poor Men of Lyons, 519, 560

Pope favours kingship of Pepin, 304

Popes, 61, 154, 159, 173, 180, 233, 234, 259, 295, 296, 297, 299, 300,
302, 310, 312, 314, 316, 322, 336, 347, 348, 349, 355, 358, 394,
418, 423, 443, 488, 571, 575, 576

Popes, German, 445

Pornocracy, 419

Prayers for the dead, 220

Preaching, 371, 591

Precentor, 63

Prémontré, order of, 511

Presbyter, 57, 60

Priesthood, elevation of, 161;
constitutes the Church, 339

Priests, 218;
freed from secular courts, 338;
duties, 352, 353, 421;
in conflict with monks 517, 586

Primates, 348, 581, 582

Prince Edward, 498

Pro-Petrine view, 77

Property of Pope, 306

Property renounced, 204

Protestant historians, 17, 76

Protestant revolt, 131

Protestant revolution, 131, 321

Provinces, 349

Prussians, 249

Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals, 284, 326 _ff._, 389, 418, 436, 448, 544,
548, 567, 589

Purgatory, 266, 352, 381, 560, 596

Puritans, Arabic, 479

Pusey, 17

Pythagoreans, 199

R

Radbert, 593

Radbod, 243, 244, 245

Radislaw, 254

Raimbold, Archb., 360

Ratherius, 399

Rathod, 333, 335, 336, 341, 342

Raymond, Count of Toulouse, 489, 494, 495, 516, 561, 562

Raymond of Puy, 512

Recollects, 539

Reformation, 3, 199, 203, 242, 296, 306, 355, 404, 406, 410, 423
_ff._, 429, 436, 437, 448, 450, 451, 490, 502, 510, 518, 526, 544,
563, 565, 571

Relics, 161, 191, 193, 220, 245, 270, 306, 354, 378, 379, 380, 488,
501, 563, 572

Religion, definition of, 6

_Religiosi_, 217

Remini, Canons of, 294

Renaissance, 505, 526

Remould, St., 429, 430

Resemblances and differences of Eastern and Western Churches, 286

Richard I., 497, 549

Riculfus, 335

Rimbert, 251

Ritual, 161, 254, 255, 449, 591

Robanus Maurus, 372

Robert d'Arbrissel, 491, 511

Robert of Apulia, 459

Robert of Flanders, 494, 495

Robert of Molesme, 511

Robert of Normandy, 494, 495

Robertson, 17

Rochis, 216

Roman bishop becomes Pope, 193

Roman Catholic belief, 76

Roman Church, 77, 107, 150, 152, 153, 160, 164, 176, 231, 233, 239,
251, 257, 266, 295, 296, 300, 301, 344, 347, 365, 560, 574

Roman constitution, 289

Roman Emperor, 161

Roman Empire, 40, 95, 98, 112, 148, 161, 295, 312, 401

Roman hierarchy, 149 _ff._

Roman language, 149, 190

Roman religion, 42

Roman see, 160

Romans, 398

Rome, 40, 48, 55, 148, 150, 159

Rome, Council of, 295

Romould, St., 431, 432

Rothe, 17

Rouen, St., 523

Rudolph of Swabia, 466 _ff._

Rufinus, 211

Russia, 449

Russians, 253, 257, 388

Rutilius, 219

S

Sabbath, 255

Sabellians, 136, 137

Sabinian, 299

Sacerdotal class, 63

Sacramentaries, 372

Sacraments, 352, 370, 371, 372 _ff._, 592 _ff._

Sadducees, 44

Saints, 193, 270, 354, 501

Saint-worship, 378, 379

Saladin, 497

Sallust, 46

Salvation, 366

Samaritans, 45

Saracens, 308, 385, 388, 401, 419, 484

Sardica, Council of, 144, 165, 166, 171, 178, 181

Savonarola, 525

Saxons, 234, 249, 258, 308, 309, 318, 450

Schaff, 17

Schenkel, 17

Schism, 143, 156, 165

Schmidt, 16

Scholasticism, 526

Schools, 247

Schools of Rome, 48

Schroeckh, 16

Scotland, 241

Sebaldus, St., 250

Sects, rise of, 132, 157

_Seculares_, 218

See of Rome, 301

Seligenstadt, Council of, 590

Seljukian Turks, 485

Semi-Arians, 141, 142

Semish, 17

Semler, 16

Senators, 59

Seneca, 47

Separation of clergy and laity, 63

Separation of East and West, 143

Separation of Roman and Greek churches, 265, 285

Septimus Severus, 103

Serfdom, 504, 505

Sergius II., 340

Serviten, 512

Severinus, 244

Severus, 255

Shedd, 17

Sheldon, 17

Shrines, 378

Simeon, 46, 429

Simeon Stylites, 210

Simon de Monfort, 562

Simon Magnus, 81

Simony, 189, 407, 411, 421, 424, 426, 427, 430, 432, 436, 437, 439,
442, 448, 450, 455 _ff._, 545, 564

Siricius, 173, 181, 220

Sirmium, Council of, 144

Sixtus V., 441

Slaves, 119, 190, 290, 356

Slave trade, 190

Slavic Church, 254, 255

Slavs, 253, 258, 308, 385, 388, 392, 399

Socrates, 15, 117

Soldiers of Jesus Christ, 525

Sophocles, 43

Soter, 80

Sources of history, 12-15

Sovereign power of Pope, 306

Spain, 449

Spanheim, 16

Spanish Church, 181

_Spiritales_, 338, 538

Stanley, 17

State and church, 545

States, 290, 423

"States of the Church," 307

Stephanus, King, 257

Stephen, 61, 156, 160

Stephen II., 305, 307

Stephen IV., 440

Stephen VI., 364, 386, 419

Stephen IX., 438

Stephen of Chartres, 494

Stephen of Lisiac, 510

Stephen of Tigerno, 510

Stephen of Tournai, 332

Stolberg, 17

Strauss, 17

Stubbs, 17

Sturm, abbot, 248

Suetonius, 95

Suevi, 232

Suidbert, 249

Sulpicius Severus, 16

Sunday, 120, 237

Superstitions of Europe, 487, 501

Suso, Henry, 525

Sutri, Council of, 410

Swabians, 243

Sweden, 253

Swen, King, 251, 449

Swidbert, 165

Sylverius, 296

Sylvester II., 257, 364, 404, 406, 410, 425, 426, 488

Symmachus, 296

Synods, 162, 352

Syriac Church, 81

T

Tacitus, 46, 73, 95, 99, 101

Tanchelm, 558

Tancred, 494

Tauler, John, 525

Templars, 502

Temporal power of the Papacy, 301, 302

Temporal power subject to papal, 559

Tertullian, 57, 71, 73, 80, 84, 86, 106, 107, 137, 152, 159, 205, 268,
372, 381

Teutonic Knights, 502, 514

Teutonic Order, 250

Teutonic-Roman Church, 233, 234

Theodatus, 297

Theodora, 282, 419

Theodore, 139

Theodore of Canterbury, 377

Theodoret, 168

Theodoric, 296

Theodorus, 239

Theodosian Code, 296

Theodosius I., 128, 179

Theodosius II., 294

Theophano, 399, 401, 402

Theophilus, 331

Theosophists, 45

Therapeutæ, 200, 209

Third Estate in France, 504

Thirteenth century, 569

Thougbrand, 252

Thomas à Becket, 545

Tiberius, 71

Tithes, 574

Tithing, unjust, 436

Titus, 100

Toledo, synod of, 358

Toleration, edict of, in 311, 118

Tonsure, 64, 237, 266

Torres, 333

Tours, battle of, 258, 482

Tours, Council of, 437

Tozer, 17

Trajan, 98, 101

Transubstantiation, 370, 564, 593

Travel, 42

Treaties, 563

Treves, synod of, 591

Tribur, Council of, 463

Trinitarians, 139, 141

Trinity, 246

Trinity, order of the, 514

Troyes, Council of, 471

Truce of God, 359 _ff._, 369, 409, 429, 490, 503

Trudbert, 243

Turks, 286

Tyre, Council of, 294

U

Ulfilas, 232

Ulpian, 104

Ulrich, 379

Union of Celtic and Roman churches, 239

Union of Church and state, 293

Union of Rome and Greece, 265, 266

Unity of belief, 157

Unity of the Church, 564

Universal Church, 185

Unni, 251

Urban II., 360, 429, 470, 489, 490, 514, 545

Urban VIII., 581

Ursinus, 295

V

Valens, 128, 219

Valentinian I., 128, 171, 179

Valentinian II., 128

Valentinian III., 167, 184, 294

Valerian, 105

Vallombrosians, 431

Vandals, 145, 232

Vaughan, 17

Venice, Patriarch of, 449

Verdun, massacre of, 249

Verdun, treaty of, 320, 321

Vespasian, 100

Victor, 155, 157, 160, 331

Victor III., 422, 470

Vienna, 73

Vigilantius, 220

Vigillus, 297, 299

Vincent Ferrier, 525

Vinland, 252

Virgin Mary, 193

Visigothic Code, 296

Visigoths, 232, 233

Visitors in the Church, 296

Vitalian, 371

Viterbo, 560

Vladimir, 257

Vulgate, 181, 237, 330, 331, 372

W

Waddington, 17

Waldenses, 560, 572

Walter of Cologne, 493

Walter the Penniless, 493

Wends, 253, 254, 388

Werenfrid, 244

West Franks, 399

Western Church, 160, 171, 231, 266, 295, 297, 298

Whitby, Council of, 239

Whitsunday, 375

Wiclif, 332, 451

Widows, order of, 204

Widukind, 399

Wilfred, 239

Wilfrid, 165

Willibrord, 165, 243, 245, 250

William of Bavaria, 431

William of Burgundy, 449

William the Conqueror, 450, 494

William of Normandy, 442

Willibald, 248

Worms, synod of, 363

Worship, 352

Wulfram, 244

Y

Yngrin, 250

Z

Zachariah, 46

Zacharias, 304, 305

Zealots, 45

Zeller, 17

Zephyrinus, 160, 331

Zeus, 43

Zosimus, 167

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES

On page 21, under "3.--Creeds, Liturgies, and Hymns", entry number (9.) is missing in the original.

The outlines of Sources for Chapters VI. and XXI. are not in logical order. The outlines are displayed as printed.

The following corrections have been made to the text:

Page xii: VII.--[emdash missing in original]Nicholas I.

Page 15: III.--Works of art copied from originals.[period
missing in original]

Page 19: _Comparative View of the Doctrines and Confessions of
Christendom_. Edinb., 1887.[period missing in original]

Page 20: Mirbt, C., _Quellen zur Geschichte des
Papsttums_[original has Papsthums].

Page 21: _Collectio Confessionum in Ecclesiis Reformatis
Publicatarum_. Leipz., 1840.[period missing in original]

Page 23: _Rerum Italicarum Scriptores_.[original has a comma]
Mil., 1723-51.

Page 24: 14.--[emdash missing in original]Migne, J. P.,
_Patrologiæ Cursus Completus_.

Page 24: _Bibliothèque de Théologie Historique._
Paris,[original has period] 1906 _ff._

Page 26: see Alzog, i., § 17; Schaff,[comma missing in
original] i., 29.

Page 26: wrote a History of the Langobards[original has
Langobords]

Page 26: Haymo (d. 853), bishop of Halberstädt[original has
Halderstadt]

Page 28: bishop of Meaux, wrote a "_Discourse on Universal
History_."[quotation mark missing in original]

Page 31: 10.--Baur (d. 1860),[original has a period] professor
in Tübingen

Page 31: Best ed. by Bury.[period missing in original] Lond.,
1896.

Page 32: 2.--Shedd[original has extraneous comma] (d. 1894),
professor

Page 43: yet were omnipotent and omniscient[original has
omniscent]

Page 49: Virgil (70-19 B.C.),[original has a period] _Works_.

Page 65: See Chap. III. of this work.[period missing in
original]

Page 66: Cyprian (d. 258?), _Works_. _Ib._, viii.[period
missing in original]; xiii., 1-264

Page 66: _Ante-Nic. Christ. Lib._, xvii. Am.[original has a
comma] ed., vii.

Page 67: _Apostolical Canons._[original has a comma] Tr. by R.
C. Jenkins.

Page 67: In his _Works_, vii.[period missing in original]-ix.

Page 68: Farrar, F. W., _The Early Days of Christianity_. N.
Y.,[comma missing in original] 1882.

Page 70: Schaff, i., 187-217,[original has a semicolon]
432-506.

Page 80: named Peter and Paul as Neronian[original has
Neroian] martyrs

Page 82: _Eccl.[original has extraneous semicolon] Hist._, v.,
c. 6

Page 88: xii., 326, 379, 451, 452;[original has a period] Am.
ed., ii.

Page 109: Aurelius, _Meditations_[original has extraneous
period], xi., 3.

Page 110: Butler, ch. 6[original has extraneous period]-8.

Page 110: Foulks[original has Foulks], ch. 1-3.

Page 111: Robertson, bk. i., ch.[period missing in original]
1-3, 5-7.

Page 113: the daughter of an innkeeper[original has innkeepea]

Page 130: Croke[original has Crake], ch. 12-16.

Page 138: that the Son is Logos[original has Logus] in soul

Page 146: Philostorgius, _Epitome[original has Eptiome] of
Ecclesiastical History_.

Page 146: I.--SPECIAL:[semicolon missing in original]

Page 147: _The Arian Controversy._ N. Y., 1889. Ch.[original
has ch.] 1, 2.

Page 165: Willibrord[original has Willebrord] around Utrecht

Page 194: Best in _Ante-Nic. Christ. Lib._, vol. 17.[period
missing in original]

Page 196: Platina[original has Platnia], B., _Lives of the
Popes_.

Page 227: Day, S. P., _Monastic Institutions_. Lond.,[comma
missing in original] 1865.

Page 227: Fosbroke, T. D., _British Monachism_. 3d[original
has extraneous period] ed.

Page 262: Haddan[original has Haddon], A. W., and Stubbs, W.

Page 263: Pelzel and Dabrowsky, _Rerum Bohemic._[original has
Bohemis]

Page 263: Potthast,[comma missing in original] _Regesta_

Page 275: Tertullian[original has Turtullian] (192), quoting
the second

Page 275: Minucius[original has Minutius] Felix (220) argued

Page 276: but still justified the use of images.[276:8][FN
anchor was numbered 7 in the original]

Page 279: full of the most ludicrous[original has ludricrous]
historical blunders

Page 320: By the treaty of Verdun in 843,[original has a
period]

Page 323: Mansi, _Sacrorum Conciliorum_[original has
Conciliorrum]

Page 324: Mann, H. K., _The Lives of the Popes in the Early
Middle Ages_.[period missing in original]

Page 324: Pressensé[original has Pressense], E. de, _History
of Church and State_.

Page 333: carried to Rome by Rathod[original has Rothod] in
864

Page 340: A sumptuous[original has sumptous] feast was then
served

Page 345: Freib.[original has Frieb.], 1884

Page 357: but called Christian[original has Chrstian] slaves
brothers

Page 362: Clement III., Celestine[original has Celestin] III.,
and Innocent III.

Page 363: Hildebrand and Henry IV. at Canossa[original has
Canosa]

Page 364: Alexander III., Celestine[original has Celestin]
III., Honorius III.

Page 373: Areopagite[original has Areopagita] believed in six

Page 382: Pertz, et al., _Monumenta Germaniæ[original has
Germanæ] Historica_.

Page 382: Pflugh-Harttung[original has Pflug-Harttung], J. v.,
_Acta Pontificum Romanorum Inedita_.

Page 390: curtailment of their prerogatives.[original has a
comma]

Page 408: but ten years[original has an extraneous comma]
later he was forced

Page 412: or of innumerable[original has inumerable] local
contests

Page 413: ideal theory, united[original has untied] the Church
and the state

Page 415: _Ausgewählte[original has Ausgewhälte] Urkunden zur
Erläuterung der Verfassungsgeschichte Deutschlands im
Mittelalter_

Page 415: _Die Geschichtsschreiber[original has
Geschictschreiber] der deutschen Vorzeit._

Page 415: _Die Kaiserurkunden[original has Kaiserkunden] des
X., XI., und XII., Jahrhunderts Chronologisch verzeichnet_

Page 416: Giesebrecht[original has Giesbrecht], W. V.,
_Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit_.

Page 416: 5.--Langen, _Geschichte der römischen Kirche_.[period
missing in original]

Page 417: Darras[original has Darrus], ii., 358, 580.

Page 417: Gilmartin, i.[period missing in original], 31.

Page 417: Hallam, ch. 1, pt. 1;[original has a comma] ch. 3,
pt. 1.

Page 435: whose bishops and priests[original has persist] were
given to luxury

Page 450: account for his simoniacal[original has simonaical]
practices

Page 456: King to destroy "[quotation mark missing in
original]this heresy so detestable

Page 464: had even persuaded[original has pursuaded] the
Countess Matilda

Page 467: Henry IV. laid siege[original has seige] to Rome

Page 478: which rejected polytheism and preached
asceticism[original has aceticism]

Page 483: Salerno besieged[original has beseiged] (873)

Page 495: They laid siege[original has seige] to Nicæa

Page 509: Chantrel, per. 4,[comma missing in original] ch. 1,
2.

Page 526: occupied a chair in the University[original has
Univeristy] of Paris

Page 529: and to preach the word of God.[period missing in
original]

Page 531: even attempted to win the Sultan himself.[original
has a comma]