Chapter II: General Bibliography on Church History

OUTLINE: I.--Primary materials. II.--Secondary materials.
III.--Sketch of the writing of Church history. IV.--Most
important collections of primary sources. V.--Most important
general Church histories. VI.--Dictionaries and encyclopedias.
VII.--Atlases and chronologies. VIII.--Text-books.
IX.--Sources.

All our information about the origin, life, and growth of the Christian Church comes from the revelation of evidence which is termed sources. These sources are partly original, or primary, and partly secondary. For the student of history both kinds of sources have a definite character and value, and are, therefore, of peculiar interest. Some knowledge about the scope and nature of the sources is necessary for an intelligent view of any field of history. At the same time it is clear that any person presuming to pose as an authority on a given phase of history must not only be thoroughly acquainted with the varied contributions of all secondary works, but must also be a master of the character and worth of all first-hand materials.

The primary sources are simply the records and remains left by the people who lived at any given time. Such materials, it will be readily seen, give the nearest and truest account of the ideas, feelings, motives, and beliefs, as well as of the deeds and actions, of man. An original source is, therefore, merely a source back of which one cannot go for historical information. It is apparent, consequently, that the primary sources are the more important because they are the very foundations of history. "No documents, no history," tersely declared Langlois. The primary sources put us in vital connection with the thoughts, doings, and institutions of past times. In them one sees reflected the spirit of the age. Every line, every word, is a revelation. The student is led to feel history, to actually know men and women of the past, and thus to comprehend our own civilisation in the earlier periods of its evolution. The primary sources cannot be accepted and assigned their true value, however, until their authenticity and genuineness are determined, and the element of personal equation is taken into account. Even then final judgment can never be absolute.

For the sake of giving a clear conception of the range of the primary sources the following classification may be of assistance:

A.--Written sources of the subjoined kind:

I.--Public official documents:

1. Acts of councils and synods.

2. Letters, bulls, briefs, rescripts, and regests of popes,
patriarchs, and bishops.

3. Confessions of faith.

4. Liturgies, hymns, etc.

5. Church canons and laws, and monastic rules.

6. Decrees and letters of kings, nobles, and civic assemblies.

7. Laws of states.

II.--Private writings of personal actors and observers:

1. The Apostles.

2. Church fathers.

3. Heretics and reformers.

4. Heathen.

5. Chroniclers and historians.

6. Missionaries.

7. Clergy and laity.

III.--Inscriptions on churches, public buildings, tombs,
monuments, coins, seals, etc.

B.--Unwritten sources of the following character:

I.--Buildings:

1. Churches and baptisteries.

2. Tombs and monuments.

3. Civic edifices.

4. Private dwellings.

II.--Art:

1. Sculpture--images and emblems.

2. Painting and fresco.

3. Mosaics.

4. Ecclesiastical vestments and ornaments.

5. Church furniture and vessels.

III.--Rites and ceremonies.

IV.--Oral traditions.

The secondary sources are those that are compiled from a study of the original sources, or from other secondary works, or from both, as is more likely to be the case. This class of material is very abundant, and varies greatly in character and value because of the striking difference in authorship, style, and purpose. It is always necessary, therefore, carefully to discriminate the wheat from the chaff and to be able easily to recognise the "earmarks" of a reliable authority. Many of the works produced by modern scientific scholarship are excellent in every respect, and, in many fields of historical study, absolutely indispensable. Secondary sources may be divided as follows:

A.--Written works:

I.--History:

1. General treatises based upon either primary sources, or
secondary materials, or both.

2. Encyclopedias and dictionaries.

3. Monographs, essays, and articles.

II.--Fiction:

1. Novels.

2. Poetry.

3. Drama.

B.--Unwritten:

I.--Oral traditions and reports.

II.--Transmitted rites and ceremonies.

III.--Works of art copied from originals.

The earliest account of the history of the Christian Church extant is the New Testament. The "Memoirs" of Hegesippus, a converted Jew of the second century, is the first known effort to record the growth of the Church, but all his books are lost.[15:1] Eusebius, the Greek bishop, called the "Father of Church history," wrote a comprehensive _Ecclesiastical History_ to 324. Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret, each after his own ideal, continued the narrative of Eusebius. Rufinus translated the work of Eusebius into Latin and continued it to 395, while Epiphanius translated Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret into Latin and brought the record to 518. Theodorus and Evagrius were also continuators of these early works. Sulpicius Severus, a Gallic monk of noble birth, penned a fabulous chronicle of little worth.

The Middle Ages produced little of real value in the field of Church history. The chronicles represent the best output. A few scholars of the Eastern Church, the Byzantine historians, the annalists of the Latin Church, and several specialists like Gregory of Tours and the Venerable Bede, complete the list. The lives of saints, however, abound.

The fierce controversial spirit of the Reformation produced two monumental works. Matthias Flacius, aided by other Protestant scholars, in the _Magdeburg Centuries_, sought to reveal the whole disreputable career of the old Church. This keen voluminous work of the Reformers called forth from the learned Italian, Baronius, a powerful defence of the Roman Church in his _Ecclesiastical Annals_. Bossuet, a Frenchman, in his _Discourse on Universal History_, made a severe attack on Protestantism, while Tillemont, a Gallic nobleman of Jansenist faith, wrote critically and with more moderation. In Germany, Hottinger, Spanheim, and Arnold vindicated the Reformation. Following the earlier age of fierce theological controversy, Semler, Henke, Schmidt, Hume, and Gibbon wrote in a very rationalistic style and spirit.

During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, German scholars have led the world in their contributions to Church history. The great Mosheim made a pronounced improvement in the writing of Church history and introduced the modern scientific method. He was not alone the most learned theologian of his age in Germany, but was critical in the best sense, honest and impartial. His disciple, Schroeckh, wrote a work of forty-five volumes of considerable value. Gieseler improved on Mosheim's method and wrote an ideal outline of Church history with full citations to all the known sources. Neander, "a giant in learning, and a saint in piety," gave the world an epoch-making _General History of the Christian Religion and Church_ (1825-52). His writings and his ideals have influenced nearly every Church historian since his death, when it was said, "The last of the Church Fathers has gone." Among his immediate pupils are Hagenbach, Kurtz, Guericke, Niedner, and Semisch.

Baur founded the celebrated "Tübingen School" and did some excellent work in the Ante-Nicene period. Strauss, Zeller, Schenkel, Rothe, and Nippold are the most prominent among his followers.

The names of other German historians who have laboured in this domain of knowledge are so numerous that only a few of the most prominent will be mentioned. Chief among the Protestants are Hase, Gfroerer, Ebrard, Herzog, Moeller, Müller, Loofs, Hauck, and Harnack; among the Roman Catholic writers are Stolberg, Katerkamp, Döllinger, Alzog, Pastor, Hefele, Hergenröther and Janssen.

Although British scholarship has not devoted itself so zealously to the writing of Church history, yet some excellent contributions have been made by such men as Pusey, Keble, Newman, Waddington, Milman, Stanley, Stubbs, Robertson, Greenwood, Vaughan, Perry, Lingard, Creighton, Gwatkin, Tozer, Hatch, and Orr.

American interest in the field of Church history is largely the product of the last thirty years. Most conspicuous among the contributors are Smith, Lanson, Shedd, Schaff, Fisher, Sheldon, Dryer, Hurst, Newman, McGiffert, and Henry C. Lea.

At the present time in every Christian country a corps of well-trained scholars are devoting their lives to nearly every phase of Church history, and the outlook is most gratifying.

The literature on Church history, taken as a whole, is perhaps more voluminous than that on any other phase of history. The use of the sources is, in consequence, at the very outset a problem of selection. It is apparent, therefore, that the following brief lists are not meant to be exhaustive. Only the most valuable collections of original documents, and also the most reliable books of a secondary character are included. Special care has been taken to mention all useful collections of sources in the English language. At the conclusion of each chapter will be found references to the sources on special topics.

THE MOST IMPORTANT COLLECTIONS OF PRIMARY SOURCES ARE:

A.--Official Documents:

I.--In English:

1.--Brett, T., _Collection of the Principal Liturgies_.
Lond., 1838.

2.--Fulton, J., _Index Canonum_. N. Y., 1892.

3.--Gee, H., and Hardy, W. J., _Documents Illustrative of
English Church History_. N. Y., 1896.

4.--Hammond, C. E., _Liturgies, Eastern and Western_. Lond.,
1878.

5.--Henderson, E. F., _Select Historical Documents of the
Middle Ages_. Lond. and N. Y., 1892.

6.--Neale, J. M., _The Liturgies of St. Mark, St. James, St.
Clement, St. Chrysostom, and St. Basil_. 2 vols. Lond.,
1859.

7.--Neale, J. M., and Webb, B., _The Symbolism of Churches
and Church Ornaments_. Lond. and N. Y., 1893.

8.--Ogg, F. A., _Source-Book of Mediæval History_. N. Y.,
1908.

9.--Palmer, W., _Origines Liturgicæ_. 2 vols. Lond., 1845.

10.--Roberts and Donaldson, _Ante-Nicene Christian Library_.
Vol. xxiv. Edinb., 1872.

11.--Robinson, J. H., _Readings in European History_. Vol. i.
Boston, 1906.

12.--Schaff, P., _The Creeds of Christendom_. 3 vols. N. Y.,
1878.

13.--Swainson, C. A., _The Greek Liturgies_. Lond. and N. Y.,
1884.

14.--Thatcher and McNeal, _A Source Book for Mediæval History_.
N. Y., 1907.

15.--University of Penn., _Translations and Reprints of
Original Sources of European History_. Phil., 1894 to
present.

16.--Winer, G. B., _Comparative View of the Doctrines and
Confessions of Christendom_. Edinb., 1887.

II.--In Foreign Languages:

1.--Councils and Synods:

(1).--Binius, S., _Concilia Generalia et Provincialia Græca
et Latina_. 4 vols. Best ed., Cologne, 1606.

(2).--Labbé, P., _Concilia_. 18 vols. Paris, 1671. Carried
by others to 1727.

(3).--Hardouin, J., _Conciliorum Collectio_. 12 vols. Paris,
1715.

(4).--Mansi, G. D., _Sacrorum Conciliorum Nova et Amplissima
Collectio_. 31 vols. Flor., 1759-98. Most complete
collection to 1509. New edition now out.

2.--Bulls, Acts, Briefs, Rescripts, and Regests:

(1).--_Bullæ Diversorum Pontificum a Joanne XXII. ad
Julium III. ex Bibliotheca Ludovici Gomes._ Rome, 1550.
This is the oldest collection, but it contains only
fifty documents.

(2).--Cherubini made the first comprehensive collection of
bulls and briefs from Leo I. to 1585. It is known as the
_Magnum Bullarium Romanum_.

(3).--Maynardus, _Bullarium Magnum_. 19 vols. Luxemb.,
1739-68. Contains bulls from Leo I. to Benedict XIV.

(4).--Coquelines made a similar collection at Rome in 14
vols., 1733-48. Barbarini added 6 more vols. Rome, 1835.

(5).--Tomassetti has made the latest collection of bulls
from Leo I. to the nineteenth century. 25 vols. Turin,
1857-72.

(6).--The best collections of early papal briefs were made
by Coustant, Paris, 1721; Schoenemann, Götting., 1796;
Thiel, Braunsberg, 1867-8.

(7).--Jaffé, P., _Regesta Pontificum Romanorum_ (to 1198).
Ber., 1881-88. 2 vols.

(8).--Potthast, A., _Regesta Pontificum_. (1198 to 1304).
Ber., 1873. 2 vols.

(9).--Kehr, _Regesta Pontificum Romanorum_ (to 1198).
Berlin, 1906-7. 2 vols.

(10).--The _Liber Pontificalis_ gives the history of the
popes down to the end of the ninth century. Duchesne's
ed. the most complete. Rome, 1886-92. Mommsen's ed.
excellent.

(11).--Mirbt, C., _Quellen zur Geschichte des Papsttums_. 2d
ed., 1903.

3.--Creeds, Liturgies, and Hymns:

(1).--Walch, C. W. F., _Bibliotheca Symbolum Vetus_.
Lemgo., 1770.

(2).--Niemeyer, A. H., _Collectio Confessionum in Ecclesiis
Reformatis Publicatarum_. Leipz., 1840.

(3).--Kimmel, E. J., _Monumenta Fidei Ecclesiæ Orientalis_.
Jena, 1843-50. 2 vols.

(4).--Heurtley, C. A., _Harmonia Symbolica_. Oxf., 1858.

(5).--Denzinger, H. J. D., _Enchiridion Symbolorum et
Definitionum_. Wurzb., 1888. 6th ed.

(6).--Caspari, C. P., _Quellen zur Geschichte des
Taufsymbols und der Glaubensregel_. Christiania, 1866-75.
3 vols. Revised in 1879.

(7).--Hahn, A., _Bibliothek der Symbole und Glaubensregeln_.
Berlin, 1877. 2d ed.

(8).--Durandus, W., _Rationale Divinorum Officiorum_. (About
1290). Many eds. Last at Naples, 1866.

(10).--Renaudot, E., _Liturgiarum Orientalium Collectio_.
New ed., Paris, 1847. 2 vols.

(11).--Muratori, L. A., _Liturgia Romana Vetus_. Venice,
1748.

(12).--Assemani, J. A., _Codex Liturgicus Ecclesiæ Universæ_.
Rome, 1749-66. 13 vols.

(13).--Weale, W. J. H., _Bibliotheca Liturgica_. Lond., 1886.

(14).--Delisle, L., _Mémoire sur d'anciens Sacramentaires_.
Paris, 1886.

4.--Laws and Canons:

(1).--Richter, L. A., _Corpus Juris Canonici_. Leipz.,
1833. 2 vols.

(2).--Friedberg, E., _Corpus Juris Canonici_. Leipz.,
1876-82. Best ed.

(3).--Migne, _Patrologia Latina_. Contains many ancient
laws.

(4).--Haenel, _Theodosian Code_. Bonn, 1842. 6 vols.

(5).--Krueger, _Justinian Code_. Ber., 1877.

(6).--Moser, J. J., _Corpus Juris Evang. Ecclesiæ_. Zur.,
1737. 2 vols.

5.--Decrees and Acts of Civic Authorities:

(1).--Pertz, et al., _Monumenta Germaniæ Historica_. Ber.,
1819 to present.

(2).--Muratori, _Scriptores Rerum Italicarum_. Milan,
1723-57. 25 vols. From 500 to 1500.

(3).--_Thesaurus Veterum Inscriptionum._ Milan, 1739-42. 4
vols.

(4).--_Corpus Juris Civilis._ Good ed. by Kriegel Brothers,
Leipz., 1833-40. Best ed. by Mommsen, Ber., 1895. 3 vols.

B.--Private Writings of Contemporaries:

I.--In English:

1.--Roberts and Donaldson, _Ante-Nicene Christian Library_.
25 vols. Edinb., 1864-72, 1897.

2.--Coxe, A. C., _Ante-Nicene Fathers_. 10 vols. Buf.,
1886-88.

3.--Pusey, et al., _A Library of the Fathers of the Holy
Catholic Church_. 48 vols. Oxf., 1839-85.

4.--_The Publications of the Parker Society._ 53 vols. Camb.,
1840-55. For English Church.

5.--Schaff, et al., _Select Library of the Nicene and
Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church_. 14 vols.
Buf., 1886-90. First series.

6.--Schaff and Wace, _Select Library of the Nicene and
Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church_. 14 vols.
Lond. and N. Y., 1890-94.

7.--Bohn, _Antiquarian Library_. 36 vols. Lond., 1847, etc.

_Classical Library._ 107 vols. Lond., 1848, etc.

_Ecclesiastical Library._ 15 vols. Lond., 1851, etc.

8.--Foxe, _Acts and Monuments_. Townsend ed. Lond., 1843.

9.--Lightfoot, _The Apostolic Fathers_. Lond., 1889.

II.--In Foreign Languages:

1.--Canisius, H., _Antiquæ Lectiones_. 2d ed., 1725. 7 vols.

2.--Combefis, F., _Græco-Lat. Patrum Bibliotheca Auctarium
Novum_. 2 vols. Paris, 1648.

_Bibliotheca Græcorum Patrum Auctarium Novissimum._ 2 vols.
Paris, 1672.

_Bibliotheca Patrum Concoinatoria._ 8 vols. New ed. Paris,
1859.

3.--D'Achery, J. L., _Veterum aliquot Scriptorum qui in Galliæ
Bibliothecis delituerant, maxime Benedictinorum
Spicilegium_. 13 vols. Paris, 1655-77. New ed., 1723.

4.--Du Pin, L. E., _Bibliothèque Universelle des Auteurs
Ecclésiastiques_. 47 vols. Paris, 1686-1704. Several
later editions.

5.--Martène, E., _Veterum Scriptorum et Monumentorum Collectio
Nova_. Rouen, 1700.

6.--Montfauçon, B. de, _Collectio Nova Patrum et Scriptorum
Græcorum_. Paris, 1706. 2 vols.

7.--Muratori, L. A., _Rerum Italicarum Scriptores_. Mil.,
1723-51. 25 vols. New ed. now being published, ed. by
Carducci.

8.--Ceillier, R., _Histoire Générale des Auteurs Sacrés et
Ecclésiastiques_. New ed., Paris, 1858-69. 16 vols.

9.--Bouquet, M., _Scriptores Rerum Gallicarum et Francilarum_.
New ed., Paris, 1869-77. To date 23 vols.

10.--Gallandi, A., _Bibliotheca Veterum Patrum Antiquorumque
Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum_. 14 vols. Venice, 1765-81.
380 authors.

11.--Routh, M. J., _Reliquiæ Sacræ_. 5 vols. Oxf., 2d ed.,
1846-1848.

12.--Pertz, et al., _Monumenta Germaniæ Historica_. Ber., 1819
to present.

13.--Niebuhr, et al., _Scriptores Historiæ Byzantinæ_. Bonn,
1828-55. 48 vols.

14.--Migne, J. P., _Patrologiæ Cursus Completus_. Paris,
1844-66. 222 vols. of Latin Fathers and 166 vols. of
Greek Fathers.

15.--Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and Ireland from
the Roman Invasion to Henry VIII. Lond., 1858-90. 210
vols. (Rolls series).

16.--Academy of Vienna, _Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiæ Latinæ_. 17
vols. Vienna, 1867-95.

17.--Jaffé, P., _Bibliotheca Rerum Germanicarum_. 1864-73. 6
vols.

18.--Graffin, P., _Patrologia Syriaca_. Paris, 1895. 2 vols.

(19).--_Die Griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten
drei Jahrhunderte._

(20).--_Bibliothèque de Théologie Historique._ Paris, 1906
_ff._ (To be completed in 60 vols.)

C.--Inscriptions:

I.--In English:

1.--Northcote, J. S., _Epitaphs of the Catacombs_. Lond.,
1898.

2.--Bingham, J., _Antiquities of the Christian Church_. Oxf.,
1855. 10 vols. Very valuable.

3.--Guericke, H. E. F., _Manual of the Antiquities of the
Church_. Lond., 1851.

4.--Bennett, C. W., _Christian Archæology_. N. Y., 1888.

5.--Rushforth, G. McN., _Latin Historical Inscriptions_. Oxf.,
1893.

II.--In Latin:

1.--_See Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum._ Best ed. by Mommsen
under Berlin Academy. 1862 to date 11 vols.

2.--Boeckh, P. A., _Corpus Inscriptionum Græcarum_. Ber.,
1824.

3.--Le Blant, E., _Inscriptions chrét. de la Gaule_. Paris,
1856-65. 2 vols.

4.--Hübner, E., _Inscriptions Hispan. Christ._ Ber., 1871.

_Inscrip. Brit. Christ._ Ber., 1876.

5.--De Rossi, J. B., _Inscriptiones Christianæ Urbis Romæ
Septimo Sæculo Antiquiores_. Rome, 1861.

6.--Fabretti, A., _Corpus Inscriptionum Italicarum_. Turin,
1867-77. 2 vols. Three supplements. Flor., 1800.

7.--_L'Epigraphie Chrestienne en Gaule et dans l'Afrique._
Paris, 1890.

MOST IMPORTANT GENERAL CHURCH HISTORIANS:

A.--Before the Reformation:

I.--Greek:

1.--Hegesippus, a Christian Jew in Asia Minor (2d cent.),
wrote a Church history in five books. Based on
traditions. Only fragments preserved. See _Ante-Nic.
Lib._, viii., 762-5. See Eusebius.

2.--Eusebius (d. 340), "Father of Church History," wrote a
history of Church to 324. Valuable storehouse. Various
Eng. translations. That by McGiffert, N. Y., 1890, in
_Nic. and Post-Nic. Fathers_, i., is the best.

3.--Socrates (d. 408), a lawyer, continued Eusebius to 439.
Bohn. _Nic. and Post-Nic. Fathers_, ii.

4.--Sozomen (d. 400), a lawyer, continued Eusebius to 423.
_Ibid._ Bohn.

5.--Theodoret (d. 457), a bishop, aimed to complete Socrates
and Sozomen. _Ibid._ Bohn.

6.--Evagrius (d. 537), a lawyer, continued Theodoret. Bohn.
Bagster, _Eccles. Historians_.

For other Greek historians, lost or not in English, see Alzog,
i., § 17; Schaff, i., 29.

II.--Latin--to the Reformation:

1.--Rufinus (b. 345), a priest, translated Eusebius and added
an inaccurate history of the Arians (318-395). Preface
only in Eng. _Nic. and Post-Nic. Fathers_, iii., 565.

2.--Severus (b. 363), a Gallic priest, wrote the history of
the world to 400. Good for Gaul. _Ib._, xi., 71-122.

3.--Orosius (5th cent.), a Spanish priest, wrote a world
history to 416. Used as a text-book in Middle Ages. Bohn.

4.--Cassiodorus (d. 562), a statesman and abbot, compiled a
Church history from Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret.
This is the famous "Tripartite History." It served as a
text-book throughout the Middle Ages. Not in Eng. See
Migne, _Patrologia_, lxix., and Hodgkin, _The Letters of
Cassiodorus_.

5.--Gregory of Tours (d. 594), a bishop, wrote a valuable
history of the Frankish Church. Not in Eng.

6.--Venerable Bede (d. 735), "Father of English Church
History," wrote a history of the English Church to 731.
Many Eng. eds.

7.--Paul Warnefried (d. 799), a Lombard monk wrote a History
of the Langobards. Tr. by Foulke, U. of Pa. _Transl. and
Rep._ Phil. 1907.

8.--Haymo (d. 853), bishop of Halberstädt, abridged Rufinus
and added notes of his own. Not in Eng.

9.--Anastasius (d. 886), abbot and papal librarian at Rome,
compiled a Church history from the Greek writers. Not in
Eng.

10.--Flodoard (d. 966), a bishop, wrote a history of the
Church of Rheims to 948. Not in Eng.

11.--Luitprand (d. 972), bishop of Cremona, wrote a chronicle
and a report of his embassy to Constantinople. See Pertz,
_Mon. Ger._, iii., 264; Henderson, _Hist. Docs. of the M.
A._, 441.

12.--Adam of Bremen (d. 1076), a canon, wrote the only reliable
history of the Scandinavian Church from 788 to 1076. Not
in Eng.

13.--Orderic Vital (d. 1142), abbot in Normandy, wrote a Church
history to 1142. Best work of the Middle Ages. In Eng.,
Bohn. Vols. 27, 28, 30, 36.

14.--Ptolemy of Lucca (d. 1312), a Dominican, and papal
librarian, wrote a Church history to 1312. Not in Eng.

15.--St. Antoninus (d. 1459), archbishop of Florence, wrote the
largest mediæval work from the creation to 1457. Not in
Eng.

16.--Laurentius Valla (d. 1457), an Italian critic and scholar,
wrote a history of the Church. Denounced the "Donation of
Constantine" as a forgery. Work full of doubt. Not in
Eng.

17.--Nicholas of Cusa (d. 1464), a cardinal, was a radical
critic in his early days but temperate in later life. His
works not in Eng.

18.--John of Tritenheim (d. 1516) was among the first
historians to write from the sources. Not in Eng.

19.--Albert Cranz (d. 1517), a canon of Hamburg, wrote "The
Metropolis," a critical history of the Church in northern
Germany from 780 to 1504. Not in Eng.

B.--Roman Catholic historians after the Reformation:

I.--Italian:

1.--Baronius (d. 1607), a cardinal, wrote _Annales
Ecclesiastici_ in 12 fol. vols. The work of 30 years.
Invaluable. Not in Eng. Written to refute the Protestant
_Magdeburg Centuries_. Continued from 1198 to 1566 by
Raynaldus, to 1571 by Laderchi, to 1584 by Theiner. Pagi
made valuable corrections. Best defence of the mediæval
papacy.

2.--Caspar Saccarelli wrote _Historia Ecclesiastica_ to 1185.
Pub. in Rome, 1771-96, in 25 quarto vols.

3.--Muratori (d. 1750) made a valuable collection of Italian
historians and original documents from 500 to 1500. Not
in Eng.

4.--Mansi (d. 1769) edited a valuable and very complete
edition of the councils. Not in Eng.

5.--Orsi (1761), a Dominican cardinal, wrote a Church history
for the first six centuries. Continued by others to the
Council of Trent. Not in Eng.

For other Italian historians see Alzog, i., 49.

II.--French:

1.--Natalis Alexander (d. 1724) wrote a clear, deep Church
history to 1600. Its Gallican spirit put it in the Index
till corrected.

2.--Abbé Fleury (d. 1723) wrote a Church history to 1414 in 20
vols. from the sources. Continued to 1595 by Fabre. First
3 vols. pub. in Eng. at Oxf., in 1842.

3.--Bossuet (d. 1704), the bishop of Meaux, wrote a
"_Discourse on Universal History_." In Eng. Continued by
Cramer, a German Protestant.

4.--Tillemont (d. 1698), a nobleman and priest, wrote fine
biographies to 516 from the sources. An excellent piece
of work in 16 vols.

5.--Du Pin (d. 1719) furnished a biographical and
bibliographical Church history to the 17th century.

6.--Ceillier (d. 1763) wrote a similar work but more complete
and valuable.

7.--Darras (d. 1872). _A General History of the Catholic
Church._ Transl. by Spaulding. 4 vols. Not reliable.

III.--German:

1.--Count Leopold von Stolberg (d. 1819), an ex-Protestant,
wrote a Church history to 430 in 15 vols. Kerz continued
it in 30 more vols. to 1192 and Brischar in 9 more vols.
to 1245.

2.--Theodore Katerkamp (d. 1834), a professor at Munster, and
a friend of Stolberg, wrote a history to 1153.

3.--Locherer (d. 1837), a professor at Giessen, produced a
very liberal work up to 1073.

4.--Döllinger (d. 1890), a professor in Munich, was the most
learned historian of the Catholic Church in the 19th
cent. Was excommunicated for refusing to accept the
Vatican decrees (1871). Most of his many works have been
translated into Eng.

5.--Hefele (d. 1893), a professor at Tübingen and a bishop,
wrote _History of the Councils_ to 1447. An excellent
piece of work. Completed by Hergenröther. In Eng.

6.--Gfrörer (d. 1861) began his learned Church history as a
rationalist (1841) and continued it from 1056 on as a
Catholic.

7.--Hergenröther (d. 1890), cardinal and keeper of the papal
archives at Rome, wrote a general history of the Church
which is very partisan.

IV.--English and American:

1.--Newman (d. 1890), an English cardinal, wrote _The Arians
of the Fourth Century_ (1883), _Church of the Fathers_,
and many other historical works.

2.--Allies, _The Formation of Christendom_. Lond., 1882-91. 7
vols.

3.--Spalding (1872), an American prelate, wrote _The History
of the Protestant Reformation_, 2 vols., 1860, and edited
Darras's _General History of the Catholic Church_. (1868)

4.--Gibbons (b. 1834), cardinal in the U. S., wrote _Faith of
Our Fathers_ and other historical works.

C.--Protestant Church Historians:

I.--German:

1.--Matthias Flacius Illyricus (d. 1575), with ten educated
Protestant scholars, produced the _Centuriæ
Magdeburgenses_, covering 13 centuries in 13 vols., to
justify the Reformation. Controversial.

2.--Hottinger (d. 1664) wrote a partisan history to 16th cent.
in 9 vols. Not original.

3.--Spanheim (d. 1649) worked out a history from the sources
to 16th cent. Aimed at Baronius. Eng. transl.

4.--Arnold (d. 1714) wrote an _Impartial History of the Church
and of Heretics_ to 1688. "Learned, but fanatical."

5.--Mosheim (d. 1755) wrote _Institutes of Ecclesiastical
History_. Marks an epoch in the writing of Church
history. Several Eng. transls.

6.--Schröckh (d. 1808) wrote large work in 45 vols. on epoch
plan, to end of 18th cent. Rich in historical material.

7.--Henke (d. 1809) wrote a general history in a very
rationalistic style.

8.--Neander (d. 1850), professor in Berlin, the "Father of
Modern Church History," wrote _A General History of the
Christian Religion and Church_ to 1430. Based on the
sources. Several Eng. transls. Torrey's the best.

9.--Gieseler (d. 1854), professor in Göttingen, wrote a
history from the sources to 1648. Various Eng. transls.
Excellent.

10.--Baur (d. 1860), professor in Tübingen, produced a
_History of the Christian Church_ in 5 vols. In Eng.

11.--Hagenbach (d. 1874), professor in Basle, wrote a general
history of the Church in 7 vols. In Eng.

II.--French:

1.--Chastel (d. 1886), professor at Geneva, wrote a complete
history of the Church in 5 vols.

2.--D'Aubigné (d. 1872), professor at Geneva, wrote a general
history of the Reformation in 13 vols. In Eng.

3.--Renan, E. (d. 1892), was educated for the Catholic
priesthood, but he early gave up that calling and devoted
himself to history and literature. He produced many works
of great value on early Church history.

III.--English:

1.--Gibbon (d. 1794) devoted twenty years to his history of
the _Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire_. To 1453.
Still very valuable. Best ed. by Bury. Lond., 1896.

2.--Milner (d. 1797) wrote a _History of the Church of Christ_
in popular form.

3.--Dean Waddington (d. 1869) penned six "high and dry" vols.
on the Church.

4.--Robertson (d. 1882), professor in King's College, London,
wrote a _History of the Christian Church_ to 1517. Fairly
well done from the sources.

5.--Milman (d. 1868), among other works, wrote the _History
of Latin Christianity_ to 1455 in 8 vols. Excellent.

6.--Dean Stanley (d. 1881) has given us histories of the
Eastern Church and Jewish Church in a pure, plain style.

7.--Creighton (d. 1901), has written the best _History of the
Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome_. 6
vols. Invaluable.

IV.--American:

1.--Smith (d. 1877), professor in Union Theological Seminary,
worked out the history of Christianity in 16
chronological tables, (1860).

2.--Shedd (d. 1894), professor in Union Theological Seminary,
wrote a _History of Christian Doctrine_ in 2 vols. 1863.

3.--Schaff (d. 1893), professor in Union Theological Seminary,
a disciple of Neander, wrote, in addition to other works
of value, a _History of the Christian Church_. To the
Reformation. 7 vols. Excellent. Vol. 5, by D. S. Schaff.

4.--Sheldon (b. 1845) has written an excellent history of
doctrine and also of the Church. 5 vols. 1896.

5.--Allen (d. 1908) wrote _Christian History in Three Great
Decades_ in 3 vols. 1883.

6.--Fisher (b. 1827), professor in Yale, has produced several
valuable books on Church history.

7.--White (d. 1885) wrote _Eighteen Christian Centuries_.

8.--Lea (b. 1825) has written invaluable monographs on the
_Inquisition_, _Indulgences_, _Celibacy_, etc., which
have given him a world-wide reputation.

9.--Other Americans who are doing good work in Church history
are: Jackson, Hurst, Baird, Thompson, Mombert, Gillett,
Storrs, Taylor, Clark, Emerton, Bigelow, West, Fulton,
Jacobs, Newman, Zenos, Dexter, McGiffert, Dryer,
Faulkner, etc.

DICTIONARIES AND ENCYCLOPEDIAS

A.--English:

I.--Protestant:

1.--Abbott and Conant, _Dictionary of Religious Knowledge_.
N. Y., 1875.

2.--Benham, _Dictionary of Religion_. Lond. and N. Y., 1887.

3.--Blunt, _A Dictionary of Doctrinal and Historical
Theology_. Lond. and Phil., 2d ed., 1891.

4.--Blunt, _A Dictionary of Sects, Heresies, Ecclesiastical
Parties, and Schools of Religious Thought_. Lond. and
Phil., 2d ed., 1886.

5.--Buck, _A Theological Dictionary_. Lond., 1847.

6.--Cheyne and Black, _Encyclopædia Biblica_. 4 vols. N. Y.,
1905.

7.--Eadie, _The Ecclesiastical Cyclopædia_. Lond., 1847.

8.--_Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge._ Phil., 1870.

9.--Farrar, _An Ecclesiastical Dictionary_. Lond., 1853.

10.--Gardner, _The Christian Cyclopedia_. Lond., 1854.

11.--Hastings, _A Dictionary of the Bible_. N. Y. and
Edinburgh.

12.--Herzog, _A Protestant, Theological, and Ecclesiastical
Encyclopædia_. 2 vols. Phil., 1858-60.

13.--Hook, _A Church Dictionary_. N. Y., 1875.

14.--Hook, _Ecclesiastical Biography_. 4 vols. Lond., 1845.

15.--Jackson, _Concise Dictionary of Religious Knowledge and
Gazetteer_. N. Y., 1893.

16.--McClintock and Strong, _Cyclopædia of Biblical,
Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature_. 10 vols. N.
Y., 1867-81. 2 sup. vols. 1884-86.

17.--Marsden, _A Dictionary of Christian Churches and Sects_. 2
vols. Lond., 1891.

18.--Sanford, _A Concise Encyclopædia of Religious Knowledge_.
N. Y., 1891.

19.--Schaff-Herzog, _Encyclopædia of Religious Knowledge_. 3
vols. N. Y., 1891.

_The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopædia of Religious Knowledge._
Revised by S. M. Jackson. N. Y. and Lond., 1908 _ff._ In
12 vols.

20.--Shipley, _A Glossary of Ecclesiastical Forms_. Lond.,
1871.

21.--Smith and Cheetham, _A Dictionary of Christian
Antiquities_. 2 vols. Bost., 1875-80.

22.--Smith and Wace, _A Dictionary of Christian Biography,
Literature, Sects, and Doctrines_. 4 vols. Bost.,
1877-87.

23.--Stanton, _An Ecclesiastical Dictionary_. N. Y., 1861.

24.--Wolcott, _Sacred Archeology_. Lond., 1868.

II.--Catholic:

1.--Addis and Arnold, _A Catholic Dictionary_. N. Y., 1884.

2.--Gillow, _Dictionary of English Catholic Biography and
Bibliography_. (1534-1884.) 6 vols. Lond., 1887-94.

3.--Gibbings, _Index Expurgatoris_. Lond., 1837.

4.--Butler, _Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs and Other Saints_.
12 vols. Lond., 1866.

5.--Berington, _The Faith of Catholics_. 3 vols. Lond., 1846.

6.--_The Catholic Encyclopedia._ N. Y., 1907 ff. (To be
completed in 15 vols.)

7.--Thein, _Ecclesiastical Dictionary_, 1905.

III.--Jewish and Mohammedan:

1.--_The Jewish Encyclopedia._ 12 vols. N. Y., 1902-5.

2.--_Encyclopedia Islam._ 3 vols. 1908.

B.--Foreign:

I.--Protestant:

1.--Hauck, _Herzog's Real-Encyklopädie für protestantische
Theologie und Kirche_. 1896 ff.

2.--Lichtenberger, _Encyclopédie des Sciences Religieuses_.
Paris, 1872-82. 13 vols.

II.--Catholic:

1.--Aschbach, _Allgemeines Kirchen-Lexicon_. Frankf.,
1846-50. 4 vols.

2.--Wetzer und Welte, _Kirchen Lexicon_. Freib., 1847-56. 12
vols.

3.--Hergenröther und Kauler. _Kirchenlexikon oder Encyklopädie
der Katholischen Theologie und ihrer
Hilfswissenschaften._ Freib., 1880-1895. 10 vols.

C.--Consult standard secular encyclopædias like Britannica, Johnson, International, etc.

ATLASES AND CHRONOLOGIES

I.--English:

1.--Koeppen, A. L., _The World in the Middle Ages_. N. Y.,
1854.

2.--Sprüner, _Historico-Geographical Hand Atlas_. Lond., 1861.

3.--Wiltsch, J. E. F., _Handbook of the Geography and
Statistics of the Church_. 2 vols. Lond., 1859-69.

4.--McClure, C. E., _Ecclesiastical Atlas_. Lond., 1888.

5.--Freeman, E. A., _Historical Geography of Europe_. Lond.,
1881. 2 vols. New ed. 1904.

6.--Labberton, R. H., _New Historical Atlas and General
History_. N. Y., 1890.

7.--Riddle, J. E., _Ecclesiastical Chronology_. Lond., 1840.

8.--Tarner, G. E., _Concise Tabular View of the Outlines of
Christian History_. Lond., 1890.

9.--Smith, H. B., _History of the Church in Chronological
Tables_. N. Y., 1875.

10.--Woodward and Gates, _Encyclopædia of Chronology_. N. Y.,
1872.

11.--Dow, E. W., _Atlas of European History_. N. Y., 1907.

II.--Foreign:

1.--Putzger, F. W., _Historischer Schul-Atlas_. Leipz., 1903.
Anglicised now. Excellent.

2.--Droysen, H., _Allgemeine historische Handatlas_. Leipz.,
1886.

3.--Weidenbach, _Calendarium Hist. Chron. Medii et Novi Ævi_.
Reg., 1855.

4.--Grotefend, G. A., _Handbuch des Hist. Chr. des
Mittel-Alters_. Hanov., 1872.

TEXT-BOOKS ON CHURCH HISTORY

I.--Protestant:

1.--Allen, _Outlines of Christian History_. Bost., 1885. 3
vols.

2.--Blackburn, _History of the Christian Church_. Cin., 1879.
(Presb.).

3.--Butler, _An Ecclesiastical History_. Phil., 1868-72. 2
vols.

4.--Fisher, _History of the Christian Church_. N. Y., 1887.

5.--Foulkes, _A Manual of Ecclesiastical History_. Oxf., 1851.

6.--Gieseler, _A Text-Book of Church History_. N. Y., 1868-79.
5 vols.

7.--Green. _Handbook of Church History_. N. Y., 1904.

8.--Guericke, _A Manual of Church History_ (to 1073). And.,
1872. 2 vols.

9.--Hardwick, _A History of the Christian Church_. Lond.,
1861-65. 2 vols.

10.--Hase, _A History of the Christian Church_. N. Y., 1870.

11.--Hurst, _A History of the Christian Church_. N. Y., 1897. 2
vols.

12.--Jennings, _A Manual of Church History_. N. Y., 1887-8. 2
vols.

13.--Knight, _A Concise History of the Church_. Lond., 1888.

14.--Kurtz, _Church History_. N. Y., 1888. 3 vols.

15.--Moeller, _History of the Christian Church_. Lond., 1902. 3
vols.

16.--Moncrief, _A Short History of the Christian Church_.
Chicago and N. Y., 1902.

17.--Mosheim, _Institutes of Ecclesiastical History_. Last ed.,
Bost., 1902. 3 vols.

18.--Newman, _A Manual of Church History_. Phil., 1902-3. 2
vols.

19.--Schaff, _History of the Christian Church_. N. Y., 1884-92.
7 vols.

Vol. v., by D. S. Schaff, N. Y., 1908.

20.--Smith, _The Student's Manual of Ecclesiastical History_.
N. Y., 1879.

21.--Schubert, _Outlines of Church History_. Lond., 1907.

22.--Sohm, _Outlines of Church History_. Lond., 1895.

23.--Waddington, _A History of the Church_. Lond., 1835. 3
vols.

24.--Zenos, _Compendium of Church History_. Phil., 1900.

II.--Catholic:

1.--Alzog, _A Manual of Universal Church History_. Lond.,
1888-90. 3 vols.

2.--Birkheuser, _History of the Catholic Church from its First
Establishment to our own Times_. 7th ed., 1905.

3.--Brueck, _History of the Catholic Church_. N. Y., 1886.

4.--Döllinger, _Manual of Church History_. Lond., 1840-42. 4
vols.

5.--Gilmartin, _Manual of Church History_. Lond., 1890-2. 2
vols.

It is a matter of deep regret that such excellent books by Catholic writers like Hergenröther, Kraus, Möhler, Funk, etc., have not yet been translated into English.

SOURCES

1.--Adams, C. K., _A Manual of Historical Literature_. N. Y.,
1888.

2.--Cave, A., _Introduction to Theology_. Edinb., 1886.

3.--Crooks, G. R., and Hurst, J. F., _Literature of Theology_.
N. Y., 1896. Pt. iii.

4.--Darling, J., _Cyclopædia Bibliographica_. 3 vols. Lond.,
1854-9.

5.--Donaldson, J., _A Critical History of Christian Literature_.
3 vols. Lond., 1864-6.

6.--Dowling, J. G., _An Introduction to the Critical Study of
Ecclesiastical History_. London, 1832.

7.--Fisher, J. A., _A Select Bibliography of Ecclesiastical
History_. Bost., 1885.

8.--Fortescue, G. K., _Subject Index of the Modern Works Added
to the Library of the British Museum in the Years
1881-1900_. 3 vols. 1902-1904.

9.--Hurst, J. F., _Literature of Theology_. N. Y., 1896. Pt.
iii., p. 186.

10.--Kruger, G., _History of Early Christian Literature in the
First Three Centuries_. N. Y., 1897.

11.--Malcom, H., _Theological Index_. Phil., 1870.

12.--Poole, W. F., _Index to Periodical Literature_ (1802 to
date).

13.--Schaff, P., _Theological Propædeutics_. N. Y., 1893.

14.--Sonnenschein, W. S., _The Best Books_. Lond., 1896.

15.--Tibbals, C. F., _Thesaurus of the Best Theological,
Historical, and Biographical Literature_. N. Y., 1891.

FOOTNOTES:

[15:1] Extracts in Eusebius, _Ecclesiastical History_ and in _Ante-Nic. Ch. Fathers_ (Chr. Lit. ed.), viii., 762.