Chapter XI (4)

295 Cf. Col. iii. 15: ‘Ut Mago prodit, quem secutus Vergilius tutari
semina et muniri sic praecepit,’ etc.

296 Cf. Col. iv. 9: ‘Nam illam veterem opinionem non esse ferro
tangendos anniculos malleolos quod aciem reformidant, quod frustra
Vergilius et Saserna, Stolonesque, et Catones timuerunt,’ etc. Also
ix. 14: ‘Ceterum hoc eodem tempore progenerari posse apes iuvenco
perempto Democritus et Mago nec minus Vergilius prodiderunt.’ As a
trace of Virgil’s imitation of Varro, compare the passage where,
after speaking of the injury done by goats to the vine, Varro says,
‘Sic factum ut Libero Patri repertori vitis hirci immolarentur,’
with Georgic ii. 380, ‘Non aliam ob culpam,’ etc.

297 ‘From dust in winter, from mud in spring time, you will reap great
crops, Camillus.’

298 ‘He, my son, is a worthy man, and a good farmer, whose implements
shine brightly.’

299 i. 269.

300 ‘Ceres first taught mortals to turn up the earth with iron.’

301 ‘Pray, farmers, for wet summers and dry winters’—‘And may have
called forth the rain by vows’—‘Especially worship the Gods, and
offer the yearly sacrifices to mighty Ceres.’ Cf. Ἔργ. καὶ Ἡμ. 463:—

Εὔχεσθαι δὲ Διὶ χθονίῳ Δημήτερί θ’ ἁγνῇ.

302 The great confusion into which it had fallen before its reformation
by Julius Caesar may have made this return to the primitive
‘Shepherd’s Calendar’ familiar to Virgil’s youth.

303 ‘When the white bird, abhorred by the long snakes, has come.’ Cf.
Ἔργ. καὶ Ἡμ. 448:—

Φράζεσθαι δ’ εὖτ’ ἂν γεράνου φωνὴν ἐπακούσῃς.

304 The same suggestion of the ancient and unchanging nature of this art
is vividly conveyed in the Chorus of the Antigone:—

Θεῶν τε τὰν ὑπερτάταν Γᾶν
ἄφθιτον ἀκαμἀταν ἀποτρύεται,
ἰλλομένων ἀρότρων ἔτος εἰς ἔτος, ἱππείῳ γένει πολεύων.

305 ‘There, as they say, there is either the silence of midnight, and a
thicker darkness beneath the canopy of night, or else the dawn
returns to them from us and brings back the day; and when the
morning sun breathes on us with the first breath of his panting
steeds, there the glowing star of evening is lighting up her late
fires.’

306 ‘They are glad, now that the rains are over, to revisit their young
brood and their dear nests.’

307 Introduction to Notes, ii. p. 315.

308 Compare the contemptuous expressions used by Cicero, Tusc. Disp. ii.
3, of those who had written on the Epicurean philosophy in Latin. It
seems strange, if he had any hand in editing his poems, that he
makes no exception there in favour of Lucretius.

309 Compare Munro’s notes _passim_, and specially the note on Lucret.
iii. 449.

310 Compare Georg. iii. 291 with Lucret. i. 926.

311 Chap. iii. p. 109.

312 Merivale’s Roman Empire.

313 ‘What remains of tilled land, even that Nature by its own force
would overgrow with briars did not the force of man resist it,
inured, for the sake of living, to ply, with pain and labour, the
stout mattock, and to split up the new earth with the deep-sunk
ploughs: did not we, by turning up the fruitful clods with the
plough-share, and subduing the soil of the earth, call forth the
seeds to the birth, they could not of their own impulse come forth
into the clear air. And after all, sometimes the products of much
toil, when they are already in blade and in beauty over the earth,
either the Sun in heaven scorches with excessive heat, or sudden
rains and chill frosts ruin them, and the blasts of the winds in
wild hurricane make them their sport.’ Lucret. v. 206–217 (See
Munro’s note on the passage). Cf. Georg. ii. 411; i. 198; i. 208;
ii. 237; ii. 47; i. 197. Compare also Virgil’s use of _subigere_ and
_vertere_ as applied to the soil.

314 ‘And now the aged peasant, shaking his head, often sighs forth the
complaint, that the labour of his hands has come to naught.’ Lucret.
ii. 1164, etc.

315 v. 932. etc.

316 ii. 1160, etc.

317 ii. 1146; v. 95.

318 Compare Lucret. v. 1367–1369 with Georg. ii. 36. Compare also
Virgil’s use of _indulgere_ and _indulgentia_.

319 ‘After that they essayed now one, now another, mode of tilling the
dear plot of ground, and they saw that the earth made wild fruits
into fruits of the garden, by a kindly and caressing culture.’

320 De Senectute, xv.

321 v. 204, etc.

322 Georg. i. 237–8.

323 Ib. 128.

324 Cf. Georg. i. 351–353:—

Atque haec ut certis possemus discere signis,
Aestusque pluviasque et agentis frigora ventos,
Ipse Pater statuit, quid menstrua Luna moneret.

325 ‘Travailler et prier, voilà la conclusion des Georgiques.’ From an
article in the Revue des Deux Mondes (vol. 104), called Un Poëte
Théologien, by Gaston Boissier.

326 Compare, among many other similar instances, such expressions as
these:—

Labor actus in orbem
Agricolis redit.
Omnia quae multo ante memor provisa repones.
Quae vigilanda viris.
Continuo in silvis magna vi flexa domatur, etc.

327 ‘And is incessantly drilling the land, and exercising command over
the fields’—‘Then at length exercise a stern command, and restrain
the wild luxuriance of the branches’—‘They will, with no reluctant
obedience, adopt any ways you bid them.’

328 ‘Whether it is that the heat opens up various ways of access and
relaxes the secret pores, where the sap may enter into the young
plants.’

329 ‘That he owed allegiance to no master.’

330 ‘But your excellence and the hope of the delightful enjoyment of
your friendship.’ ‘O my pride, O thou, to whom I justly ascribe the
greatest share of my renown.’

331 ‘While mighty Caesar is hurling the thunder-bolts of war by the deep
Euphrates, and, a conqueror, issues his laws among willing subjects,
and is already on the way which leads to Heaven.’

332 ‘Gods or Goddesses whose task it is to watch over the fields.’

333 ‘Blessed too was he who knew the Gods of the country.’

334 Compare the first book of Cicero’s De Natura Deorum.

335 Servius has the following note on the passage:—‘Stoici dicunt non
esse nisi unum deum, et unam eandemque (esse) potestatem, quae pro
ratione officiorum nostrorum variis nominibus appellatur. Unde
eundem Solem, eundem Liberum, eundem Apollinem vocant. Item Lunam,
eandem Dianam, eandem Cererem, eandem Iunonem, eandem Proserpinam
dicunt; secundum quos, pro Sole et Luna, Liberum et Cererem
invocavit.’

336 ‘Nor is it without good result that golden-haired Ceres beholds him
from Heaven on high.’

337 Quoted by M. Benoist.

338 ‘But on whom she gazes with bright and favourable aspect, for them
the field bears the ear of corn abundantly.’

339 Cf. ‘Incolumi Iove et urbe Roma.’ Hor. iii. 5. 12. Cf. also iii. 3.
42; iii. 30. 8.

Cf. also ‘Sedem Iovis Optimi Maximi auspicato a maioribus pignus
imperii conditam,’ etc. Tac. Hist. iii. 72; and ‘Sed nihil aeque
quam incendium Capitolii, ut finem imperio adesse crederent,
impulerat,’ iv. 54.

The Capitol is the symbol of the eternal duration of the Empire to
Virgil also:—

Dum domus Aeneae Capitoli immobile saxum
Accolet, imperiumque pater Romanus habebit.
Aen. ix. 448–9.

340 Tac. Ann. iv. 38.

341 ‘Giver of fruits, and lord over the seasons.’

342 Cf. Tac. Ann. iii. 54. ‘At Hercule nemo refert quod Italia externae
opis indiget, quod vita populi Romani per incerta maris et
tempestatum cotidie volvitur.... Hanc, Patres Conscripti, curam
sustinet princeps, haec omissa funditus rem publicam trahet.’

343 ‘From this land thy white herds, Clitumnus, and the bull, most
stately victim, after bathing often in thy sacred stream, have led
the procession of the Roman triumphs to the temples of the Gods.’

344 ‘I too must try to find some way by which I may rise aloft, and be
borne triumphant through the mouths of men.’

345 ‘I shall have all Greece to quit Alpheus and the groves of
Molorchus, and to contend before me in the race and with the cestus
of raw hide.’

346 ‘Soon I shall gird myself up to celebrate the fiery battles of
Caesar.’

347 ‘And when the parched field is all hot and its blades of corn are
withering, look! from the brow of its sloping channel he tempts
forth the rushing stream: it as it falls awakens a hoarse murmur
among the smooth stones, and with its bubbling waters cools the
tilled land.’ i. 107–110.

348 ‘Mark too, when in the woods, the walnut, in great numbers, clothes
itself in blossom and weighs down the fragrant branches, if there is
abundance of fruit, the corn crops will likewise be in abundance,
and there will come a great threshing with a great heat.’ i.
187–190.

349 ‘There is no other land of plain from which you will see more wains
wending their way home with the lagging steers.’ ii. 205–206.

350 ‘They let them feed in lonely pastures, and by the bank of brimming
rivers, where moss abounds and the grass is greenest, and where
caves give shelter, and the shadow of some rock is cast far in
front.’ iii. 143–145.

_ 351 a._ ‘The young plant shoots up under the mighty shadow of its
mother.’
_b._ ‘Rending them from the loving body of their mother.’
_c._ ‘Will cast off their woodland spirit.’
_d._ ‘And marvels at its strange leaves and fruits not its own.’
_e._ ‘Lest the plants through the sudden change should fail to
recognise their mother.’
_f._ ‘And the plants will lift up their hearts.’
_g._ ‘By their strength they may become accustomed to mount aloft
and despise the winds.’
_h._ ‘And while they are still in the first stage of growth or their
leaves are new, you must spare their infancy.’
_i._ ‘Before that they shrink from the steel.’
_k._ ‘Especially while the leaf is still tender, and all unwitting
of its trials.’

352 As an instance of the last, cf. iii. 316, 317:—

Atque ipsae memores redeunt in tecta, suosque
Ducunt.

353 ‘These passions of their hearts and these desperate battles are all
stilled to rest, by the check of a little handful of dust.’ Compare
Horace’s line, Od. i. 28. 3:—

_Pulveris exigui_ prope litus parva Matinum
Munera.

354 ‘What joy to plant Ismarus with the vine, or to clothe the mighty
sides of Taburnus with the olive.’

355 ‘And now the last vintager sings with joy at completing all his
rows.’

356 iii. 321–338.

357 ‘So too looked even Saturn, when with nimble movement, at the
approach of his wife, he let the mane toss on his neck, and, as he
sped away, made high Pelion ring with his shrill neighing.’

358 ‘So with the snowy gift of wool, if one may believe the tale, did
Pan, the God of Arcadia, charm and beguile thee, O Luna, calling
thee into the deep groves; nor didst thou scorn his call.’

359 ‘These laws and everlasting covenants were at once established by
Nature for particular places, from the time when Deucalion first
cast stones into the empty world, whence men, a hard race, were
born.’

360 ‘The resources of art prove baneful: its masters retired baffled,
Chiron, son of Philyra, and Melampus, son of Amythaon.’

361 ‘The healing art muttered in speechless fear.’

362 ‘Thrice let the auspicious victim pass around the young crops.’

363 ‘And invoke thee, Bacchus, in their joyous chants, and in honour of
thee hang soft faces waving in the wind from the high pine tree.’

364 ‘Just as happens to the rower who scarcely keeps his boat against
the stream, if he slackens his stroke, and has it swept headlong
down the channel of the river.’

365 ‘The best days of life are those which fly first from unhappy
mortals: then disease steals on, and sad old age.’

366 ‘When they behold the Sun, that we see the stars of night, and that
they share alternately with us the divisions of the sky, and pass
their nights parallel to our days.’

367 The passage in the Georgics may be compared with those passages
which Mr. Munro quotes in his note to Lucret. i. 1.

368 W. Savage Landor.

369 ‘And their brazen vessels constantly split asunder, and the rough
icicle froze on their unkempt beards.’

370 ‘When the snow lies deep, when the rivers force the masses of ice
slowly down.’

371 ‘Where dark Galaesus waters the yellowing cornfields.’

372 ‘In his heart he enjoyed wealth equal to the wealth of kings; and as
he returned late at night he loaded his board with a feast
unbought.’

373 Cf. Ecl. viii. 6; Aen. i. 244.

374 Cf. supra, p. 239.

375 ‘Those who ministered to them, came into close contact and bore the
labour, which a feeling of honour compelled them to undergo, and the
appealing voice of the weary sufferers, mingling with the voice of
their complaining. It was in this way accordingly that the best men
died.’

376 ‘Neither the shade of the high groves, nor the soft meadows can
rouse any feeling, nor the river which rolling over stones in a
stream purer than amber hurries to the plain.’

377 ‘Nor can the tender willows and the grass fresh with dew, and the
rivers gliding level with their banks, delight her heart, and banish
her sorrow.’

378 ‘The ploughman goes sadly on his way, separating the sorrowing steer
from his dead brother.’ The truth of this picture is confirmed by a
modern writer, who, in her idyllic stories from the rural life of
France, seems from time to time, better than any modern poet, to
reproduce the Virgilian feeling of Nature. ‘Dans le haut du champ un
vieillard, dont le dos large et la figure sévère rappelaient celui
d’Holbein, mais dont les vêtements n’annonçaient pas la misère,
poussait gravement son _areau_ de forme antique, traîné par deux
bœufs tranquilles, à la robe d’un jaune pâle, véritables patriarches
de la prairie, hauts de taille, un peu maigres, les cornes longues
et rabattues, de ces vieux travailleurs qu’une longue habitude a
rendus _frères_, comme on les appelle dans nos campagnes, et qui,
privés l’un de l’autre, se refusent au travail avec un nouveau
compagnon et se laissent mourir de chagrin. Les gens qui ne
connaissent pas la campagne taxent de fable l’amitié du bœuf pour
son camarade d’attelage. Qu’ils viennent voir au fond de l’étable un
pauvre animal maigre, exténué, battant de sa queue inquiète ses
flancs décharnés, soufflant avec effroi et dédain sur la nourriture
qu’on lui présente, les yeux toujours tournés vers la porte, en
grattant du pied la place vide à ses côtés, flairant les jougs et
les chaînes que son compagnon a portés, et l’appelant sans cesse
avec de déplorables mugissements. Le bouvier dira: “C’est une paire
de bœufs perdue: son frère est mort, et celui-là ne travaillera
plus. II faudrait pouvoir l’engraisser pour l’abattre; mais il ne
veut pas manger, et bientôt il sera mort de faim.”’ La Mare au
Diable. G. Sand.

The famous picture in Lucret. ii. 355–366,

At mater viridis ... notumque requirit,

shows a similar observation of the strength of bovine affection.

379 ‘What avail all their toil or their services to man? what that they
have upturned the heavy earth with the plough-share? and yet they
have received no harm from Massic vintages or luxurious banquets;
their food is leaves and simple grass, their drink is the water of
fresh springs, and rivers kept bright by their speed; and no care
breaks their wholesome sleep.’

380 ‘The guardian power of the groves, for whom three hundred snow-white
steers browse in the rich thickets of Cea.’

381 ‘On the one side Euphrates, on the other Germany sets war afoot:
neighbouring cities, breaking their compacts, are in arms against
each other; Mars, in unhallowed rage, is abroad over all the world;
even as when the chariots have burst forth from the barriers, they
bound into the course, and the charioteer, vainly pulling the reins,
is borne along by his steeds, and the chariot no longer obeys his
guidance.’

382 ‘And the cattle spoke, horror unutterable’—‘And the images of ivory
within the temples weep in sorrow, and the images of bronze sweat.’

383 ‘A voice too was heard by many through the silent groves, speaking a
mighty sound, and ghosts, wondrous pale, were seen in the dusk.’

384 ‘And dogs of ill omen and dire birds gave signs’—‘and mountain-built
cities echoed through the night with the howl of wolves.’

385 ‘Doubtless too the time will come when in those lands the
husbandman, as he upheaves the earth with his crooked plough, will
find javelins eaten away by rough rust, or with his heavy mattock
will strike on empty helmets, and marvel at the huge bones in their
tombs, now dug open.’

386 ‘There is no due honour now to the plough, the fields are desolate,
and those who tilled them are gone, and the crooked pruning-hooks
are forged into the stiff sword.’

387 ‘This land has reared a valiant race of men, the Marsi and Sabellian
youth, the Ligurian trained to hardship, and the Volscian spearmen.’

388 ‘This too bore the Decii and the great Camilli, the Scipios, men of
iron in war, and thee, great Caesar, who now, ere this victorious in
the furthest coasts of Asia, art turning away the unwarlike Indian
from the hills of Rome.’

389 ‘It is in thy honour that I enter on the task of treating an art of
ancient renown.’

390 ‘Besides many famous cities, with their massive workmanship, many
towns piled by the hand of man on steep crags, and rivers gliding
beneath walls that have been from of old.’

391 ‘Though no lofty mansion with proud portals pours forth from all its
chambers its wave of those who pay their court in the morning.’—
‘Though there are no golden statues of youths through their
chambers, holding blazing torches in their right hands.’

392 ‘They revel in the bloodshed of their brethren.’

393 ‘By the bloodshed of their fellow-citizens they amass an estate, and
covetously double their riches, heaping murder upon murder: they
take a cruel joy in the sad death of a brother; and hate and fear
the board of their kinsmen.’ Lucret. iii. 70–73.

394 ‘Meantime his dear children hang with kisses round his lips; a pure
household keeps well all the laws of chastity.’

395 ‘Soon no longer shall thy home receive thee with glad greeting, nor
thy most excellent wife, nor thy dear children run to meet thee to
snatch the first kiss.’

The most classical of our own poets seems to combine both
representations with the thought and representation of an earlier
passage of the Georgics

(Et quidam seros hiberni ad luminis ignes, etc.)

in the familiar stanza—

For them no more the blazing hearth shall burn,
Or busy housewife ply her evening care;
No children run to meet their sire’s return,
And climb his knees the envied kiss to share.

396 ‘Hence he supports his country and his humble home, hence his herds
of cattle, and his well-deserving steers.’

397 Cp. ‘Le mot triste et doux de Virgile: “O heureux l’homme des
champs, s’il connaissait son bonheur” est un regret, mais, comme
tous les regrets, c’est aussi une prédiction. Un jour viendra où le
laboureur pourra être aussi un artiste, si non pour exprimer (ce qui
importera assez peu alors) du moins pour sentir le beau.’ G. Sand.

398 Virgil rightly connects this greatness with the site of Rome in the
line,

Septemque una sibi muro circumdedit arces.

It was from the necessities imposed by that site that Rome at an
early period became the largest urban community in Italy, and was
forced, in consequence of the contiguous settlements of other races,
to begin that incorporating and assimilating policy which ultimately
enabled her to establish universal empire. Cp. ‘Rome herself, like
other cities of Italy, Gaul, and elsewhere, grew out of the
primitive hill-fortresses; the distinction between Rome and other
cities, the distinction which made Rome all that she became, was
that Rome did not grow out of a single fortress of the kind, but out
of several.’ Historical and Architectural Sketches, by E. A.
Freeman, D.C.L., etc.—Walls of Rome, p. 160.

399 Cf. ‘Itaque in hoc Latio et Saturnia terra, ubi Dii cultus agrorum
progeniem suam docuerunt.’ Columella.

400 ‘Such was the life that the old Sabines lived long ago, such the
life of Remus and his brother; thus in truth brave Etruria grew
strong and Rome became the glory of the world, and though a single
city enclosed seven hills within her wall. Nay, even before the
Sovereign-lord, born on Dicte, wielded the sceptre, and an unholy
generation feasted on slaughtered steers, this was the life of
Saturn on earth in the golden age. Not yet had men heard the blare
of the war-trumpet, not yet had they heard the clang of the sword on
the hard anvil.’

401 ‘Come then, ye tillers of the soil, learn the special modes of
husbandry, each according to its kind.’

402 E.g. Col. iv. 9: ‘Nam illam veterem opinionem damnavit usus non esse
ferro tangendos anniculos malleolos, quod aciem reformidant, quod
frustra Vergilius, et Saserna, Stolonesque et Catones timuerunt.’
Virgil is there quoted along with the recognised authorities on
agriculture. This is often done in matters on which Columella agrees
with him, e.g. i. chap. 4: ‘Si verissimo vati velut oraculo
crediderimus dicenti.’

403 Cp. Gisborne’s ‘Essays on Ancient Agriculture,’ and ‘Forest Trees
and Woodland Scenery,’ by W. Menzies, Deputy Surveyor of Windsor
Forest and Parks. The following extracts from the last-named work—a
work which combines thorough practical knowledge with true poetical
feeling—support the statement in the text: ‘All the methods, both
natural and artificial, of propagating trees are described in
graphic language. Virgil also fully describes the self-sowing of
trees, artificial sowing, propagating by transplanting of suckers,
propagating by pegging down the branches till they strike root at
the point of contact with the earth, and propagating by simply
cutting off a small branch from the top and placing it in the moist
warm earth. All these are correct. Indeed, the art is little
advanced since the time of Virgil,’ p. 46. Mr. Menzies suggests an
ingenious explanation of Virgil’s mistake as to what trees could be
grafted on one another. In speaking of the Aeneid he bears further
testimony to the accuracy of Virgil’s observation: ‘The poet was
equally great and observant of the details of woodcraft, and must
have watched keenly the details of the foresters around him,’ p. 50.
This remark reminds us of the fact that one of his father’s means of
livelihood was ‘silvis coemendis.’ At p. 53 Mr. Menzies draws
special attention to the description of the mistletoe in Book vi,
and of the aged elm under which the Shades are described as resting.

404 Cp. Holdsworth’s Remarks and Dissertations on the Georgics.

405 Compare the distinction drawn out by De Quincey, and originally
suggested by Wordsworth, between the literature of knowledge and the
literature of power.

406 ‘A Venetian born of peasant parents, reared in a rough woodland
country.’ Macrobius, v. 2.

407 ‘To listen to their elders, to point out to younger men the ways by
which their substance might be increased, the passions that lead to
ruin be weakened.’ Ep. ii. 1. 106–107.

408 Georg. i. 56–59.

409 E.g. iii. 408:—

Aut impacatos a tergo horrebis Hiberos.

410 Ἔργ. κ. Ἡμ. 310.

411 ‘This retreat—charming to me, nay, if you believe me, even beautiful
in itself.’

412 ‘Sweet interchange
Of hill and valley, rivers, woods, and plains.’
Paradise Lost, Book ix. II. 115–116.

413 ‘Such as we often look down on in some mountain dale.’

414 ‘In early spring when chill waters are streaming down from the hoary
sides of the hills, and the clod breaks up and crumbles beneath the
west wind.’

415 ‘Whirling whole forests in its mad eddies, Eridanus, monarch of
rivers, swept them before it, and bore over all the plains herds of
cattle with their stalls.’

416 The lines,

‘And now we passed
From Como, when the light was gray,
And in my head for half the day,
The rich Virgilian rustic measure
Of Lari Maxume, all the way,
Like ballad-burthen music, kept,’ etc.,

are so familiarly known that they hardly need to be quoted in
support of this statement. But among other testimonies to the power
of Virgilian associations, one may be quoted from another great
poet, whose mind was less attuned to Latin than to Greek and English
poetry. Goethe, in his ‘Letters from Italy,’ mentions, on coming to
the Lago di Garda, that he was reminded of the line,

Fluctibus et fremitu adsurgens, Benace, marino.

He adds this remark: ‘This is the first Latin verse, the subject of
which ever stood visibly before me, and now, in the present moment,
when the wind is blowing stronger and stronger, and the lake casts
loftier billows against the little harbour, it is just as true as it
was hundreds of years ago. Much, indeed, has changed, but the wind
still roars about the lake, _the aspect of which gains even greater
glory from a line of Virgil_.’

417 ‘All gods and goddesses whose task it is to watch over the fields.’

418 Cp. Mommsen, book i. chap. 2: ‘As the Greek when he sacrificed
raised his eyes to Heaven, so the Roman veiled his head; for the
prayer of the former was vision, that of the latter reflection.’ Cf.
also Lucret. v. 1198:—

Nec pietas ullast velatum saepe videri
Vertier ad lapidem atque omnis accedere ad aras;

and Virg. Aen. iii. 405–409:—

Purpureo velare comas adopertus amictu.
* * * * *
Hunc socii morem sacrorum, hunc ipse teneto;
Hac casti maneant in religione nepotes.

419 ‘Meanwhile cheering her long task with song his wife runs over her
web with shrill-sounding shuttle.’

420 Compare the double meaning of ‘moenia’ and ‘munia,’ as illustrated
by Mommsen.

421 Cp. Mommsen, book i. chap. 2.

422 ‘The characters and tasks and hosts and battles.’

423 ‘They themselves supply the sovereign and tiny citizens of the
community.’

424 ‘So great is their passion for flowers, so great is their pride in
producing honey.’

425 ‘But the stock remains eternal, and through long years the fortune
of the house stands steadfast, and the grandsires of grandsires are
counted up.’

426 Compare with this the character of the Italian race given in the
speech of Remulus, Aen. ix. 603, etc.:—

Venatu invigilant pueri, etc.

427 ‘There are forests and the lairs of wild beasts, a youth inured to
hardship and accustomed to scanty fare, worship of the gods and
reverence yielded to parents.’

428 This abstinence is indirectly inculcated and illustrated in such
passages as iii. 209, 524, iv. 197, etc.

429 It is among the blessings of the countryman’s lot enumerated in the
passage ‘O fortunatos,’ etc., that he is removed from the painful
sight of the contrasts between poverty and riches which the life of
a great city presents—

neque ille
Aut doluit miserans inopem aut invidit habenti.

430 Il. xxi. 257–262.

431 ‘Out of the tranquil deep current of ocean.’ Professor Lushington’s
Inaugural Lecture delivered to the Students of the Greek Classes in
the University of Glasgow, November, 1838.

432 ‘Which rolling over rocks in stream purer than amber makes for the
plain.’

433 ‘Forthwith as the winds are rising, either the channels of the sea
begin to boil and swell, and a dry crashing sound to be heard on the
lofty mountains, or the shores to echo far with a confused noise,
and the uproar of the woods to wax louder.’ G. i. 356–9.

434 E.g. those of Lucretia, Virginia, Coriolanus, Brutus, T. Manlius,
etc.

435 Cf. Annals, iii. 5, ‘Veterum instituta ... meditata ad virtutis
memoriam carmina,’—quoted by Teuffel.

436 Cf. Horace’s Ode, ‘Scriberis Vario,’ etc., which shows at least that
Agrippa desired to have a poem written in honour of his exploits.

437 Diomedes, quoted by Teuffel.

438 Rumoresque serit varios ac talia fatur. Aen. xii. 228.
Furius in decimo:
Rumoresque serunt varios et multa requirunt.
Nomine quemque vocans reficitque in proelia pulsos. Aen. xi.
731.
Furius in undecimo:
Nomine quemque ciet; dictorum tempus adesse
Commemorat.
Deinde infra:
Confirmat dictis simul atque exuscitat acres
Ad bellandum animos reficitque ad proelia mentes.

439 Pro Arch. 11.

440 Ep. ad Att. i. 16: ‘Epigrammatis tuis, quae in Amaltheo posuisti,
contenti erimus, praesertim quum et Chilius nos reliquerit, et
Archias nihil de me scripserit; ac vereor, ne, Lucullis quoniam
Graecum poema condidit, nunc ad Caecilianam fabulam spectet.’

441 Also one on his exile.

442 Epist. ad Q. Fratrem, lib. ii. 16.

443 ‘Though anxious to do so, worthy father, I have not strength enough;
for it is not every one who can describe the lines bristling with
pikes, nor the Gauls dying in the fight with broken spear point, or
the wounded Parthian falling from his horse.’

444 ‘Nor should I choose rather to write prosaic discourses than to
treat of historic deeds, and to describe the scenes of other lands
and rivers and castles perched on mountains, and barbarous realms,
and the wars brought to an end over the whole world under thy
auspices.’

445 ‘Or whether gorged with rich tripe (_al._ with huge paunch
distended) Furius will spit his white snows over the Alps in
winter-time.’ The ‘Furius’ mentioned here is supposed to be M.
Furius Bibaculus, the reputed author of a poem on the Gallic War, as
well as of the Epigrams, ‘referta contumeliis Caesarum,’ of which
Tacitus speaks (An. iv. 34).

446 ‘While blustering Alpinus strangles Memnon, and disfigures and
bemires the source of the Rhine by his description.’

447 Sat. i. 10. 46.

448 ‘Such love songs Varro too composed after finishing his Jason,
Varro, the great passion of his own Leucadia.’

449 Schwabe, Quaestiones Catullianae, p. 279.

450 ‘For my strain seems not yet to be worthy of Varius or Cinna, but to
be as the cackling of geese amidst the melody of swans.’

451 Mentioned by W. S. Teuffel. Perhaps the best known poem in our own
literature of this type is ‘The Campaign’ of Addison.

452 ‘Who takes on himself to write the story of Augustus’ deeds, who
perpetuates to distant ages the memory of wars waged and the peace
concluded?’

453 ‘If our song be of the woods, let the woods be worthy of a consul.’

‘I must essay a way by which I too may be able to rise above the
ground, and to speed triumphant through the mouths of men.’

454 ‘So vast a toil it was to build up the Roman people.’

455 ‘And now the mighty Aeneas shall rule over the Trojans, and his
children’s children who may be born hereafter.’

456 ‘Aeneas with those belonging to him starting for Hesperia.’

457 Schwegler, Römische Geschichte, vol. i. p. 298.

458 The account here given of the development of the legend is taken
from Schwegler, Römische Geschichte.

459 The growth of this legend is discussed with learning and ability by
Professor Nettleship in his ‘Vergil,’ pp. 46–61.

460 Suetonius says of the Emperor Claudius, ‘Iliensibus, quasi Romanae
gentis auctoribus, tributa in perpetuum remisit, recitata vetere
epistula Graeca Senatus populique Romani Seleuco regi amicitiam et
societatem ita demum pollicentis, si consanguineos suos Ilienses ab
omni onere immunes praestitisset.’ For these and other official
recognitions of the connexion between Rome and Ilium, see Schwegler,
Römische Geschichte, vol. i. p. 305 et seq.

461 Mommsen (book iii. ch. 14) quotes these two lines from an Epigram
composed in the name of Flamininus:—

Αἰνεἀδας Τίτος ὕμμιν ὐπέρτατον ὤπασε δῶρον
Ἑλλήνων τεύξας παισὶν ἐλευθερίαν.

462 Livy, xxv. 12.

463 Aen. v. 117–123.

464 ‘When old Priam fell beneath the Pelasgian host.’

465 ‘From Jove is the origin of our race: in Jove, as their fore-father,
the Dardan youth exults; our king himself the Trojan Aeneas is of
the high lineage of Jove.’ Aen. vii. 219–221.

466 ‘Lo the star of Caesar sprung from Dione hath advanced’—‘wreathing
his brows with the myrtle sacred to his mother.’ Cf. Sic fatus velat
materna tempora myrto. Aen. v. 72.

467 ‘There shall be born of an illustrious line a Trojan Caesar,
destined to make ocean the boundary of his empire, the stars the
boundary of his fame, Julius, a name handed down from mighty Iulus.’
Aen. i. 286–288.

468 ‘Oxus forgetting the bright speed he had
In his high mountain cradle in Pamere.’
Sohrab and Rustum.

469 Cf. Hor. Od. iii. 17. 2–4:—

Quando et priores hinc Lamias ferunt
Denominatos, et nepotum
Per memores genus omne fastos, etc.

470 ‘The place was called Ardea long ago by our fathers: and now Ardea,
a name of might, haunts the spot.’

471 ‘And after suffering much in war too, before he could found a city,
and find a home for his gods in Latium—from whom is the Latin race,
and the lords of Alba, and the walls of lofty Rome.’

472 ‘Nay, but it is Poseidon, the girdler of the earth, that hath been
wroth continually with quenchless anger for the Cyclops’ sake whom
he blinded of his eye.’ Butcher and Lang.

473 ‘Who in understanding is beyond mortals and beyond all men hath done
sacrifice to the deathless gods who keep the wide heaven.’ Butcher
and Lang.

474 Lucret. iii. 836.

475 ‘There was a city of old, dwelt in by settlers from Tyre,
Carthage,—that this should hold the empire of the world, if by any
means the fates should allow, is even then the fond desire and
purpose of the goddess. Yet she had heard that a new race was
issuing from Trojan blood, destined hereafter to overthrow the
Tyrian towers,—and from them should spring a people, wielding wide
sway, and of proud prowess in war, who should come to lay waste
Libya—so did the Parcae roll on the circling events.’

476 ‘There shall come a fitting time for fight, seek not to hasten it
on, when fierce Carthage shall hurl against the Roman towers a
mighty ruin, through the open gateways of the Alps.’

477 ‘There remains deeply rankling in her heart the memory of the
decision of Paris, and of the wrong of her slighted beauty, of the
hated family, and the honours of the ravished Ganymede.’

478 ‘Through varied accidents, through so many perils, we hold our
course to Latium, where the Fates reveal to us a peaceful
settlement.’

479 ‘Who should hold sea and land in universal sway.’

480 ‘Iulius a name handed down from mighty Iulus.’

481 ‘Looking down on the sail-winged sea, and low-lying lands, and the
coasts and wide nations.’

482 ‘Smiling on her with that look with which he clears the sky and the
storms, the father of men and gods,’—

483 ‘Within unhallowed Rage, seated on a heap of cruel arms, and bound
with a hundred knots of brass behind his back, will chafe wildly
with blood-stained lips.’ Cf. the note on the passage in Servius:
‘In foro Augusti introeuntibus ad sinistram fuit bellum pictum et
furor sedens super arma aenis vinctus, eo habitu quo poeta dixit.’

484 ‘There is a place named by the Greeks Hesperia, a land of old
renown, mighty in arms and the richness of its soil—the Oenotrians
dwelt in it. Now the story is that their descendants have called the
nation Italia from the name of their leader.’

485 Sat. v. 2. 4.

486 ‘And you will come to the land Hesperia, where Lydian Tiber flows
between rich fields of men with tranquil stream.’

487 The line

Quod per amoenam urbem leni fluit agmine flumen

occurs among the fragments of Ennius, and has been imitated also by
Lucretius (v. 271).

488 Serv. Comment. on line 486.

489 ‘An ancient city, that held empire through long years, is falling in
ruins.’

490 ‘Let their descendants piously observe this ceremony.’

491 ‘Whether they are preparing to bring all the woes of war on the
Getae, or the Hyrcanians, or the Arabs, or to hold their way to the
Indians, and to go on and on towards the dawn, and to claim back the
standards from the Parthians.’

492 ‘And the good apart, and Cato giving to them laws.’

493 Audire est operae pretium procedere recte
Qui rem Romanam Latiumque augescere vultis.

494 ‘Yes, let her spread her name of fear,
To farthest shores; where central waves
Part Africa from Europe, where
Nile’s swelling current half the year
The plains with plenty laves.
* * *
Let earth’s remotest regions still
Her conquering arms to glory call
Where scorching suns the long day fill,
Where mists and snows and tempests chill,
Hold reckless bacchanal.’ Martin.

495 ‘To them I assign no goal to their achievements, no end,—I have
given empire illimitable.’ i. 278–9.

496 ‘The Romans, lords of the world, and the people clad in the gown.’
i. 282.

497 ‘Here the house of Aeneas shall rule in all coasts, and their sons’
sons, and they who shall be born from them.’ iii. 97–8.

498 ‘We, who under thy protection have traversed the heaving sea in thy
fleet, we shall raise to the stars thy descendants in days to come,
and shall give empire to thy city.’ iii. 157–9.

499 ‘But that he should be one to rule over Italy the mother of empire,
echoing with the roar of war, who should transmit a race from the
high line of Troy, and bring the whole world beneath his laws.’ iv.
229–31.

500 ‘Thine be the task, O Roman, to sway the nations with thy imperial
rule—these shall be thy arts—to impose on men the law of peace, to
spare those who yield, and to quell the proud.’ vi. 852–4.

501 ‘Strangers shall come as thy sons-in-law, destined by mingling their
blood with ours to raise our name to the stars—whose descendants
shall see all things, where the Sun beholds either Ocean in his
course, overthrown beneath their feet and governed.’ vii. 98–101.

502 ‘While the house of Aeneas shall dwell by the Capitol’s immoveable
rock, and a Roman lord hold empire.’ ix. 448–9.

503 ‘Rightly shall all the wars destined to come hereafter subside in
peace beneath the line of Assaracus.’ ix. 642–3.

504 ‘The race that mixed with Ausonian blood shall arise from them, thou
shalt see transcend men, nay even gods in piety; nor shall any
people equally pay homage to thee.’ xii. 838–40.

505 vii. 219, etc.

506 Hor. Od. iii. 5. 9.

507 The Latin name seems rather associated with the thought of the other
great distinguishing characteristic of the Romans, their capacity
for law. Cf. Hor. Od. iv. 14. 7, ‘Quem legis expertes Latinae,’ etc.
Virgil may intend to indicate this peaceful attribute of the Latins,
in contradistinction to the warlike energy of the other Italian
races, in the line (Aen. vii. 204),—

Sponte sua veterisque dei se more tenentem.

508 ‘The men in whom even then the Italian land rejoiced as her sons,
and their fiery spirit in war.’ vii. 643–4.

509 iii. 539:—Bellum, O terra hospita, portas.

510 ‘A hardy stock, we bear our new-born sons to the rivers, and harden
them with the chill cold; as boys they ply the chase and give the
woods no rest: it is their pastime to rein the steed and aim their
arrows from the bow. But our warrior youth, patient in toil and
inured to scanty fare, either subdues the soil with the harrow or
makes towns shake by their assault. Each period of life wears away
in arms, and with the butt end of the spear we goad the steer; nor
does the lethargy of age impair our spirit or change our vigour: our
hoary hairs we press with the helmet, and it is our joy ever to
gather fresh booty and to live by foray.’ ix. 603–613.

511 ‘The men who dwell in high Praeneste and the tilled land where Gabii
worships Juno, and the Hernican rocks, sparkling with streams, they
whom rich Anagnia and thou, father Amasenus, feedest.’ vii. 682–5.

512 ‘They who dwell among the crags of grim Tetrica, and the mount
Severus, and Casperia and Foruli and the river of Himella; they who
drink of the Tiber and Fabaris, whom cold Nursia sent, and the hosts
of Horta and the Latin tribes; and those whom Allia, name of ill
omen, divides with its stream flowing between them.’ vii. 713–7.

513 ‘They who plough thy glades, Tiberinus, and the hallowed shore of
Numicius, and work the Rutulian hills with the ploughshare, and the
ridge of Circeii, the fields of which Jove of Anxur is guardian, and
Feronia glorying in her green grove—where the black marsh of Satura
lies, and where with cold stream through the bottom of the vales
Ufens gropes his way and hides himself in the sea.’ vii. 797–802.

514 This view of Virgil’s pride in the qualities of the Italians is not
incompatible with the fact to which Mr. Nettleship has drawn
attention (Suggestions Introductory to a Study of the Aeneid, pp. 13
et seq.), that Virgil represents their earlier condition as one of
turbulent barbarism. Virgil seems to have regarded ‘the savage
virtue of his race,’ although requiring to be tamed by contact with
a higher civilisation, as the ‘incrementum’ out of which the martial
virtue and discipline of the later Italians was formed:—

Sit Romana potens Itala virtute propago.

515 ‘Tears to human sufferings are due, and hearts are touched by the
common lot.’

516 ‘There will come a time as the years glide on, when the house of
Assaracus will reduce to bondage Phthia and famous Mycenae, and lord
it over vanquished Argos.’ Aen. i. 283–5.

517 ‘He shall overthrow Argos and the Mycenae of Agamemnon, and the king
himself of the line of Aeacus, descendant of the puissant Achilles.’
vi. 839–40.

518 ‘Again he has set before us in Ulysses a profitable example of the
power of courage and wisdom.’ Ep. i. 2. 17, etc.

519 Annals, ii. 88.

520 It is remarked by Helbig, in his ‘Campanische Wandmalerei,’ that
among the many paintings found at Pompeii dealing with mythological
and similar subjects, only one is founded on the incidents of the
Aeneid.

521 Cp. Mr. Nettleship’s Suggestions, etc., p. 10, and the passages from
Cicero there quoted.

522 ‘Thou rulest the world by bearing thyself humbly towards the Gods.’

523 ‘The destinies of thy descendants remain unchanged, nor does my
purpose make me waver.’

524 ‘King Jove is impartial to all: the Fates will find their own way.’
x. 112–3.

525 ‘All-powerful fortune and fate from which there is no escape.’

526 ‘As the doom of the empire was pressing on to its accomplishment.’
i. 33.

527 ‘Nations were subdued, kings were taken prisoners, and Vespasian
made known to the fates.’ Agric. 13.

528 ‘The leadership of Mucianus, the name of Vespasian, and the fact
that nothing was too difficult for the fates to accomplish.’ Hist.
ii. 82.

529 ‘The irony of human affairs.’ Ann. iii. 18; cf. the lines of
Lucretius. v. 1233–5:—

Usque adeo res humanas vis abdita quaedam
Opterit et pulchros fascis saevasque secures
Proculcare ac ludibrio sibi habere videtur.

530 ‘The instability of fortune, which confounds the highest with the
lowest.’ Hist. iv. 47; Hor. Od. i. 34. 12.

531 ‘A night bright with stars, as if for the purpose of proving the
crime, was granted by the gods.’ Ann. xiv. 5.

532 Ann. iv. 28.

533 Ib. i. 30.

534 Ib. xii. 43.

535 Ib. iv. 1.

536 ‘All which events happened with such entire indifference on the part
of the gods, that Nero continued his career of empire and crime for
many years afterwards.’ Ann. xiv. 12.

537 Cf. Tac. Ann. xi. 24: ‘Quid aliud exitio Lacedaemoniis et
Atheniensibus fuit, quamquam armis pollerent, nisi quod victos pro
alienigenis arcebant?’ etc.

538 ‘Her sacred emblems and her gods Troy commits to thy care—take these
as the companions of thy fates.’

539 ‘With his comrades and his son, the Penates and the great gods.’

540 Aen. viii. 679.

541 ‘The rites of religion and the new Gods shall come from me—let the
power of arms be with my father-in-law Latinus—let him keep his
established rule.’ Aen. xii. 192–3.

542 ‘We mark it gliding above the topmost roof of the house, hide itself
in a bright stream in the forest of Ida, marking out the way.’ Aen.
ii. 695–7.

543 ‘Cease to hope that the determinations of the Gods can be turned
aside by prayer.’

544 i. 543.

545 ‘May the gods, if any Powers regard the merciful, if righteousness
and a pure conscience avail aught anywhere, bring to thee a worthy
recompense.’ i. 603–5.

546 ‘Almighty Jove, if thou hast not yet utterly hated the Trojans to
the last man, if thy mercy as of old still regards human troubles.’
v. 687–9.

547 ‘May the gods, if there is any pity in heaven to take heed of such
things, thank thee as thou deservest and make due recompense to thee
who hast made me to behold my son slain before my face, and hast
stained a father’s countenance with the pollution of death.’ ii.
536–9.

548 ‘Here they by whom their brethren were hated, while life was with
them, or a father struck, or a client dealt with treacherously, or
who brooded alone over some discovered treasure and assigned no
share to their kindred—and they are the greatest multitude—and they
who were put to death as adulterers, and they who followed to war an
unholy standard, and they who feared not to be false to the fealty
they owed their lords, imprisoned await punishment.... Here is one
who sold his country for gold, and made it subject to a powerful
master; another made and unmade laws for a bribe; another violated a
daughter’s bed in forbidden wedlock—all men who dared some monstrous
deed of sin, and enjoyed its fruits.’ vi. 608–14, 621–4.

549 ‘Here a company, who received wounds fighting for their country, and
they who were pure priests, while life was with them, and they who
were holy bards and who spoke in strains worthy of Phoebus, or they
who improved life by their discoveries, and who by their good deeds
made others keep them in memory.’ vi. 660–4.

550 Cf. At Tiberius, nihil intermissa rerum cura, negotia pro solatiis
accipiens. Tac. Ann. iv. 13.

551 iii. 132–7:—

Ergo avidus muros optatae molior urbis
Pergameamque voco, et laetam cognomine gentem
Hortor amare focos, arcemque attollere tectis,—
* * * * *
Iura domosque dabam.

552 ‘The funeral was most remarkable for the display of ancestral
images, as the founder of the Julian house, Aeneas and all the Alban
kings, and Romulus founder of the city, and after them the Sabine
lords, Attus Clausus, and the other images of the Claudii, in a long
line passed before the eyes of the spectators.’ Ann. iv. 9.

553 ‘And do we still hesitate to find by our deeds a wider field for our
valour, or does fear hinder us from establishing ourselves on
Ausonian soil?’ vi. 807–8.

554 ‘Then the ages of cruel strife will become gentle, and war be laid
aside: hoary faith, and Vesta, Quirinus with his brother Remus,
shall give laws.’ i. 291–3.

555 ‘Augustus Caesar, of descent from a god: who shall establish again
the golden age of Latium over fields where Saturn once reigned.’ vi.
793–5.

556 ‘Him hereafter, laden with the spoils of the East, thou shalt
welcome in heaven and feel no fear longer; he too will be invoked
with prayers.’ i. 289–90.

557 ‘By the manners of the olden time and its men the Roman State stands
firm.’

558 Il. xx. 105.

559 For an instance of the number of slaves in a single household in the
reign of Nero compare the speech of C. Cassius in Tac. Ann. xiv. 43:
‘Quem numerus servorum tuebitur, cum Pedanium Secundum quadringenti
non protexerint?’ The simplicity of the old Roman life which Virgil
idealises in the Georgics, as compared with the luxurious indulgence
of the later Republic and the Empire, was in a great measure due to
the comparative rarity of slavery in the earlier ages of Roman
history.

560 Cf. ‘Virgil’s Aeneis war der früheste Versuch in dieser künstlichen
oder phantastischen Fassung des Epos, das erste romantische
Heldengedicht, und machte den Uebergang zu den gleich zwitterhaften
Epen der modernen Zeit.’ Bernhardy, Grundriss der Römischen
Litteratur.

561 It is probably too early to institute a comparison between the epic
of Virgil and any recent work of imagination, but not too early to
indicate adherence to those critics who find a parallel not in art
and genius only, but in the simplicity and sincerity of nature
revealed in their works, between the author of the Aeneid and the
author of the ‘Idylls of the King.’

562 This intention was well brought out in an article in Fraser’s
Magazine, which has since been republished by Mr. Froude in his
‘Short Studies on Great Subjects.’

563 ‘Her robe flowed down to her feet, and she was revealed by her
movement as indeed a goddess.’ ‘But I who move in state as the queen
of the gods.’

564 ‘To each man his own day is appointed: brief and irrecoverable is
the time of life to all; but to spread one’s name widely by
achievements, this is the work of valour.’ Aen. x. 467–9.

565 ‘Looking forth from the deep he raised his calm head from the
surface of the wave.’ Cf. Weidner’s Commentary on the First Two
Books of the Aeneid.

566 ‘Apollo of Actium, marking this, was bending his bow from above.’

567 ‘Speed well, O boy, in thy young valour; such is the way to the
stars, thou child of the gods and sire of gods to be: rightly shall
all the wars that are destined to be, cease under the sway of the
line of Assaracus: nor is Troy wide enough to hold thee.’ Aen. ix.
641–4.

568 ix. 717.

569 ‘Forthwith she thus addressed the sister of Turnus, she a goddess,
her a goddess of the meres and sounding rivers; such the hallowed
office that Jove, high king of Heaven, bestowed on her as the price
of her love.’ Aen. xii. 138–41. This passage, with its monotonous
and rhyming endings—sororem—sonoris—honorem,—is probably one of
those which Virgil would have altered had he lived to give the
‘limae labor’ to his work.

570 vii. 81, etc.

571 ‘Then the queen of the Gods gliding from Heaven, with her own hand
pushed the lingering gates, and, as the hinge moved, she, with the
might of Saturn’s daughter, bursts open the iron-fastened doors of
War.’ vii. 620–2.

572 ‘In her true semblance as a Goddess, in form and size as she is wont
to appear to the dwellers in Heaven.’

573 ‘The awful forms become visible and the mighty majesty of the Gods
hostile to Troy.’

574 Cp. De Coulanges, La Cité Antique.

575 ‘Even then the dread solemnity of the spot awed the frightened
peasants: even then they trembled before the wood and rock. This
grove, he says, this hill with leafy summit, some God—what God we
know not—inhabits: the Arcadians believe that they have beheld even
Jove himself, when oft-times he shook the blackening aegis in his
right hand, and summoned the storm clouds.’ viii. 349–54.

576 ‘That it may not be able to be received within the gates or drawn
within the walls, nor to guard the people beneath its ancient
sanctity.’ ii. 187–8.

577 ‘Quitting shrines and altars, all the Gods by whom this empire stood
fast, have departed.’ ii. 351–2.

578 ‘With his own hand he bears the sacred emblems and the defeated Gods
and drags his little grandson.’ ii. 320–1.

579 ‘We bear bowls foaming with warm milk, and saucers of sacred blood,
and lay his spirit to rest in the tomb, and call him for the last
time with a loud voice.’ Aen. iii. 66–8. The passage is referred to
by M. de Coulanges in one of the early chapters of ‘La Cité
Antique.’

580 ‘O light of the Dardan land, most trusted hope of the Trojans, why
hast thou tarried so long? from what shores, Hector, dost thou, the
object of much longing, come? how, after many deaths of thy kinsmen,
after manifold shocks to the city and to those who dwell within it,
do we, in our utter weariness, behold thee? what cruel cause hath
marred thy calm aspect, or why do I behold these wounds?’ ii. 281–6.

581 ‘He makes no reply, nor detains me by answer to my idle questions,
but with a deep groan from the bottom of his breast, “Ah fly,” he
says, “Goddess-born, and wrest thyself away from these flames: the
enemy holds the walls; Troy falls in ruins from its lofty summit;
enough has been granted to my country and to Priam; could Pergama
have been defended by any single hand even by this it should have
been defended. Troy commits to thee her sacred emblems and household
Gods: take them as companions of thy destinies, seek a fortress for
them, which thou shalt raise of mighty size after thy wide
wanderings over the deep are over.”’

582 ‘At a time when Andromache, in a grove in front of the city by the
stream of Simoeis—not the true Simoeis—happened to be bringing the
yearly offering of food, a melancholy gift to the dead, and to be
calling his Manes to the tomb of Hector—the empty mound of green
turf which she had hallowed with the two altars, which gave food for
her tears.’ iii. 301–5.

583 ‘Besides there was within the palace a marble chapel in memory of
her former lord, which she cherished with marvellous reverence,
wreathing it with snow-white fillets and festal leaves.’ iv. 457–9.

584 ‘The Manes send unreal dreams to the world above.’

585 ‘Where her former husband Sychaeus sympathises with all her sorrows
and loves her with a love equal to her own.’