Chapter XI (5)

586 Cp. ‘Un Poëte Théologien,’ in the Revue des Deux Mondes.

587 Cf. Aen. v. 236:—

Vobis laetus ego hoc candentem in litore taurum
Constituam ante aras, voti reus, extaque salsos
Porriciam in fluctus, et vina liquentia fundam.

viii. 273:—

Quare agite, O iuvenes! tantarum in munere laudum
Cingite fronde comas et pocula porgite dextris.

588 Created out of his ships.

589 ‘Nay when thy fleet, after crossing the seas, shall have come to
anchor, and, after raising altars, thou shalt pay thy vows upon the
shore, then veil thy head with a purple robe, lest, while the
consecrated fires are burning in the worship of the Gods, the face
of some enemy may meet thee, and confound the omens.’ iii. 403–7.

590 ‘Highest of Gods, Apollo, guardian of holy Soracte, in whose worship
we are foremost, in whose honour the heaped-up pinewood blazes,
while we, thy worshippers, with pious trust, even through the midst
of the flame plant our steps deep in the embers.’ xi. 785–8. Cp. the
Beltane fires which are said to be still kept up among remote Celtic
populations, and which seem to be a survival of a primitive
Sun-worship.

591 ‘Idle superstition, which knows not the ancient Gods.’

592 Ann. iv. 33.

593 It is true, as Gibbon remarks in his Dissertation on the Sixth Book
of the Aeneid, that the expression ‘dare iura’ is only once applied
to Aeneas—but it is the regular expression used of a ruler of a
settled community, as for instance of Dido. It is applied at the end
of the Georgics to Augustus, ‘per populos dat iura.’

594 ‘While the house of Aeneas shall dwell by the steadfast rock of the
Capitol, and the fatherly sway of a Roman shall endure.’ Cp. the
application of ‘pater’ as an epithet of Aeneas, and Horace’s line in
reference to Augustus—

Hic ames dici pater atque princeps.

595 ‘A palace, august, vast, propped on one hundred columns, stood in
the highest place of the city, the royal abode of Laurentian Picus,
inspiring awe from the gloom of woods and old ancestral reverence.,
Here it was held auspicious for kings to receive the sceptre and
first to lift up the fasces: this temple was their senate-house,
this the hall of their sacred banquets; here after sacrifice of a
ram the fathers used to take their seats at the long unbroken
tables.’ vii. 170–6.

596 ‘After the Powers on high determined to overthrow the empire of Asia
and the nation of Priam that deserved no such fate, and proud Ilium
fell, and Troy built by Neptune is reduced utterly to ashes.’ iii.
1–3.

597 ‘An ancient city, that held empire through many years, is falling in
ruins.’ ii. 363.

598 ‘Such was the final doom of Priam; this the end allotted to him,
while he saw Troy on fire and its citadel in ruins,—Troy that
formerly held proud sway in Asia over so many peoples and lands.’
ii. 554–7.

599 ‘I have lived, and finished the course that fortune gave me; and now
my shade shall pass in majesty beneath the earth; I have founded a
famous city, I have seen my own walls arise.’ iv. 653–5.

600 The Peloponnesian war, which united the Dorian and oligarchical
States of Greece under the lead of Sparta against Athens and her
allies, admits, as is indicated by Thucydides in his Introduction,
of the best parallel to the Trojan war, as represented by Homer.

601 ‘In rough guise, armed with javelins and wearing the skin of a
Libyan bear.’

602 ‘And seated him on a couch of leaves and the skin of a Libyan bear.’

603 ‘Here others lay the broad foundations for theatres, and hew out
from the rocks huge columns, the high ornaments of a future stage.’
i. 427–9.

604 ‘Bronze was the threshold with its rising steps, bronze-bound the
posts, of bronze the doors with their grating hinges.’ i. 448–9.

605 ‘And marvels at the skill of the artists working together and the
toil with which their works are done, he sees the whole series of
the battles fought at Troy and the war whose fame was already noised
through all the world.’ i. 455–7.

606 ‘Burning lamps hang from the roof of fretted gold, and torches with
their blaze banish the night.’

607 ‘Youth of surpassing spirit, the higher thou risest in thy towering
courage, the more fit is it that I take earnest counsel and weigh
anxiously every chance.’ xii. 19–21.

608 ‘The care thou hast for my sake, I pray thee, Sire, for my sake to
lay aside, and allow me to hazard my life for the prize of honour. I
too,’ etc.

609 ‘Thou too, O Turnus, would’st now be standing a huge trunk with thy
arms upon thee, were but thy age equal to his and the strength
derived from years the same.’ xi. 173–4.

610 ‘But why, in my misfortune, am I detaining the Trojans from deeds of
arms—go, and mindful bear these commands to your king.’ i. 561, etc.

611 ‘Banish fear from your hearts, ye Trojans, lay aside your cares, our
hard lot and my new rule force me to take such anxious measures, and
to guard my realm on all its wide frontiers. Who cannot have heard
of them who follow Aeneas and of the city Troy, its men and manful
prowess, or the fires that raged in that mighty war? Not so dull are
the hearts of us the people of Phoenicia, nor is it so far away from
our Tyrian city that the Sun yokes his horses.’

612 ‘His woolly sheep follow him; this is his sole joy and solace of his
suffering.’ iii. 660–1.

613 ‘We see standing by him, all of no avail, the stern-eyed brothers
dwelling on Etna, bearing their heads high in air, a grim assembly.’
iii. 677–9.

614 ‘But not even thus though hard-bestead did he forget the raft, but
springing after it laid hold of it among the waves, and sat down in
the middle, thus escaping the issue of death.’

615 ‘We leave the harbours of Ortygia and scud over the open sea, and
skirt the coasts of Naxos, on whose ridges the companies of Bacchus
revel, and green Donysa, Olearos, and snow-white Paros, and the
Cyclades spread over the sea, and the narrow waters studded with
frequent isles. The mariner’s cheer arises with varying rivalry.’
iii. 124–8.

616 ‘On the fourth day for the first time the land at length appeared to
rise up, to open up the view of its distant mountains, and to send
its rolling smoke on high.’ iii. 205–6.

617 ‘And now the stars had disappeared, and in the first blush of dawn
we see far off the dim outline of the hills and the low land of
Italy.’ iii. 521–3.

618 ‘The longed-for breezes blow stronger, and the harbour now nearer
opens up, and the temple of Minerva comes into sight on the cliff.’
iii. 530–1.

619 ‘Soon we leave out of sight the airy heights of the Phaeacians, and
skirt the shores of Epirus and draw near the Chaonian harbour, and
approach the lofty city of Buthrotum.’ iii. 291–3.

620 ‘Camarina comes into sight far away, and the plains of the Gela, and
vast Gela called from the name of the river—after that high Acragas
shows its mighty walls afar—in old days the breeder of high-mettled
steeds.’ iii. 701–4.

621 ‘To these he adds Amaster son of Hippotas, and follows plying them
with his hurled spear Tereus and Harpalycus and Demophoon and
Chromis.’ Aen. xi. 673–5.

622 ‘To whom Zeus gave from youth even to old age the grievous task of
war, till we each should die.’ Il. xiv. 85–7. The fascination which
the poem has even for modern readers is due, in no slight degree, to
the spell which some aspects of war exercise over the imagination in
all times.

623 ‘They ply their spears with redoubled force, both the Trojans and
Mnestheus himself with the flash of lightning.’

624 ‘There is here, here a spirit that recks not of life.’

625 Cf. viii. 510:—

ni, mixtus matre Sabella,
Hinc partem patriae traheret.

626 ‘Us the fates summon hence to other scenes of woe, to the same grim
wars.’ xi. 96–7. Cf. the epithet ‘lacrimabile,’ which he applies to
war.

627 ‘Press not further in thy hate.’

628 ‘The short-lived and ill-starred loves of the Roman people.’

629 ‘If in any way thou canst break the cruel bonds of fate, thou too
shalt be a Marcellus.’

630 ‘And the sword-point pierced through the shield, slight defence in
his menacing onset, and the tunic which his mother had interlaced
with threads of gold.’ x. 817–8.

631 ‘But then, when he beheld the look and face of the dying youth, he,
the son of Anchises, that face so wondrous pale, he uttered a deep
groan in his pity, and held out his hand, and the thought of all his
love for his father came over his mind.’ x. 821–4.

632 ‘Ye too fell in the Rutulian fields, Larides and Thymber, twin sons
of Daucis, most like to one another, indistinguishable to your own
family, and a most pleasing cause of confusion to your parents.’ x.
390–2.

633 ‘Immediately the whiz of the arrow and the sound of the air were
heard by Arruns at the same moment as the iron fixed in his body.
Expiring and uttering his last groan, forgotten by his comrades, he
is left on the unheeded dust of the plain; while Opis flies aloft to
high Olympus.’ xi. 863–7.

634 ‘Between it Tiberinus with his fair stream, in rapid eddies and
yellow with much sand bursts forth into the sea.’

635 ‘There was a custom in Hesperian Latium which from that time onward
the Alban cities observed, and now Rome, mistress of the world,
observes.... With his own hand, arrayed in the robe of state of
Quirinus, his toga girt with the Gabian girding, the Consul unbars
the creaking gates: with his own voice he calls for battle; the rest
of the warlike youth echo him, and the brazen horns combine with
their hoarse accompaniment.’ vii. 601–15.

636 ‘Rhaebus, we have lived long, if aught is long to mortals,’ etc.
Aen. x. 861, etc.

637 Trist. ii. 533–4.

638 ‘Whate’er it be, every fortune must be conquered by endurance.’

639 ‘Then he cheers his comrades and soothes the fears of sad Iulus,
telling them of their destinies.’

640 ‘And now higher rises the fierce rage of the Trojan leader.’

641 ‘A great deed has been done, my warriors,—let all fear be banished.’
This contrast was suggested by Mr. Nettleship’s interpretation of
the character of Turnus (‘Suggestions,’ etc., pp. 15 _et seq._). As
will appear later, I am inclined to think that he insists too
exclusively on the ‘violentia,’ which is undoubtedly a strong
element in the character of the Italian hero. The antagonism of
Turnus to Aeneas, as of the Italians to the Trojans, he justly
regards as an instance of the strife of passion with law. If the
Greek drama suggested the ethical aspect of this strife, a
comparison with Horace, Ode iii. 4, of which Ode the leading idea is
the superiority of the ‘vis temperata’ over the ‘vis consili
expers,’ as illustrated in the wars of the Olympian Gods with the
Titans, and in the triumph of Augustus over the elements of disorder
opposing him, suggests that the political inspiration of the idea
came from ‘the stately mansion on the Esquiline’—

‘Molem propinquam nubibus arduis.’

642 ‘Nor shall it irk me to remember Elissa, while I can remember my own
self, while breath animates my frame.’

643 ‘But my longing for thee, the thought of all thy cares, noble
Odysseus, and of all thy gentleness bereft me of sweet life.’

644 La Cité Antique.

645 ‘And now that I am a man, and know it from the lips of others, and
feel my spirit wax strong within me.’

646 ‘And his spirit was wroth that the stranger tarried long at the
door.’

647 ‘Where the white lilies blush with the mingling of many roses.’

648 ‘For my rest is assured, my haven is close at hand—it is of happy
funeral rites that I am bereft.’

649 ‘Now be each mindful of wife and home: recall now the mighty deeds,
your fathers’ renown.’

650 ‘I give back Pallas even as was due to him; whatever respect there
is to a tomb, whatever comfort in burial, I freely bestow.’ Cp. the
contrast:—

ἦ ῥα καὶ Ἕκτορα δῖον ἀεικέα μήδετο ἔργα.

651 ‘The Aetolian and Arpi will not aid us, but Messapus will and
fortunate Tolumnius.’

652 ‘For you and my father-in-law Latinus, I, Turnus, second to none of
the men of old in valour, have devoted this my life: “me only Aeneas
challenges”—ay, let him challenge me; nor let Drances rather, if
this is the anger of Heaven, pay the penalty by his death, or if it
is a call to valour and glory, let the valour and glory be his.’
Aen. xi. 440, etc.

653 Napier’s Peninsular War, Death of Sir John Moore.

654 ‘Is death then so sad a doom? Be ye merciful to me, spirits of the
dead, since the favour of the Powers above is turned from me; a
spirit, pure and untainted by that shame, I shall pass to you, never
dishonouring my mighty ancestors.’ Aen. xii. 644–8.

655 ‘It is the Gods that terrify me, and the enmity of Jove.’

656 ‘He who first won my love has taken it with him: let him keep it and
treasure it in his tomb.’

657 ‘Often his own heroic spirit, often the glory of his race, recur to
her mind: his looks remain deep-printed in her heart, and his words,
nor does her passion allow her to rest.’

658 ‘That forsooth is the task of the Powers above; this trouble vexes
their tranquil state.’

659 ‘I trust indeed, if the pitiful Gods avail aught, that among the
rocks in mid sea thou shalt drink deep of the cup of retribution,
and often call on Dido by name; I, from far away, will follow thee
with baleful fires, and when chill death has separated my spirit
from my frame, my shade will haunt thee everywhere; heartless, thou
shalt suffer for thy crime: I shall hear of it, and this tale will
reach me among the spirits below.’

660 ‘Arise thou, some avenger, out of my bones, who with brand and sword
mayest chase the settlers from Troy, now, hereafter, whensoever
there shall be strength to bring thee forth.’

661 ‘I have built a famous city: I have seen my own walls arise:
avenging my husband, I exacted retribution from an unkind brother;
fortunate, alas! too fortunate, had not the Trojan keels ever
touched our shore.’

662 ‘I shall die unavenged,’ she says, ‘still let me die—it is thus,
thus, I fain would pass to the shades: may the cruel Trojan drink in
with his eyes the sight of this fire from the deep, and carry along
with him the omen of my death.’

663 ‘Still fly, plunge deeper in the bowering wood,
Averse, as Dido did with gesture stern
From her false friend’s approach in Hades, turn,
Wave us away, and keep thy solitude.’
The Scholar Gipsy, by Matthew Arnold.

664 ‘At length she started away and fled unforgiving into the shades of
the forest, where her former husband, Sychaeus, feels with all her
sorrows and loves her with a love equal to her own.’

665 Landor’s Pentameron.

666 ‘It was when their first sleep begins to weary mortals.’

667 ‘The broad waters of Sigaeum reflect the fire.’

668 ‘There is dread on every side, while the very silence awes the
mind.’

669 ‘But some way off in a lonely bay the Trojan women apart were
weeping for their lost Anchises, and as they wept were gazing on the
deep—“Ah, to think that so many dangerous waters, so vast an expanse
of sea remained still for them, the weary ones!” was the cry of
all.’

670 ‘In her dreams Aeneas himself fiercely drives her before him in her
frenzy; and she seems ever to be left all alone, ever to be going
uncompanioned on a long road, and to be searching for her Tyrians on
a desert land.’

671 ‘Powers whose empire is over the spirits of the dead, and ye silent
shades.’

672 ‘Behind his war-horse Aethon, with all his trappings laid aside,
goes weeping, wetting his face with great drops. Others bear his
spear and shield—the rest of his armour Turnus keeps—then follow in
mournful array the Trojans, and all the Tyrrhenian host, and the
Arcadians with arms reversed.’

673 iv. 143, etc. Referred to in the ‘Parallel Passages’ in Dr.
Kennedy’s notes.

674 Referred to by M. Benoist.

675 ‘Or with the grandeur of father Appenninus himself, when he makes
his waving ilexes heard aloud, and is glad as he towers with snowy
summit to the sky.’

676 ‘Either on the banks of the Po, or by the fair Adige.’

677 ‘As Ganges swelling high in silence with its seven calm streams, or
the Nile when with its fertilising flood it ebbs from the plains,
and has already subsided within its channel.’ ix. 30–2.

678 ‘As many as the leaves that fall in the woods at the first cold
touch of autumn, or as many as the birds which are gathered to the
land from the deep, when the chill of the year banishes them beyond
the sea, and wafts them into sunny lands.’ vi. 309–312.

679 ‘Like the moon when one sees it early in the month, or fancies he
has seen it rise through mists.’

‘So to see, as when one sees or fancies he has seen the dim moon in
the early dawn.’

680 ‘As when a purple flower cut down by the plough pines and dies, or
as poppies droop their head wearily, when weighed down by the rain.’

681 ‘Like a delicate violet, or a drooping hyacinth, when plucked by a
maiden, from which the bloom and the beauty have not yet
departed—but the earth does not now nourish it and supply its
forces.’

682 ‘Ac ne quid impetum moraretur quaedam imperfecta transmisit, alia
levissimis versibus veluti fulsit, quos per iocum pro tibicinibus
interponi aiebat ad sustinendum opus, donec solidae columnae
advenirent.’ Donatus, quoted by Ribbeck in the Life prefixed to his
smaller edition of Virgil.

683 ‘But I the stately Queen of the Gods.’

684 ‘And first Achates struck a spark from a flint, and caught the light
in some leaves, and cast dry sticks about them to feed them, and
blew the spark within the fuel into a flame.’

685 ‘Worthy to be happier in a father’s command and to have another
father than Mezentius.’

686 ‘Yield not thou to thy hardships, but advance more boldly against
them.’

‘Learn from me, my child, to bear thee like a man and to strive
strenuously, from others learn to be fortunate.’

‘Have the courage, stranger, to despise riches, and mould thyself
too to be a fit companion of the God.’

687 ‘Ah! fly that cruel land, fly that covetous coast.’ Mentioned by Mr.
Symonds in his History of the Renaissance in Italy.

688 Grammar of Assent, by J. H. Newman, D.D.

689 To attempt to translate these ‘pathetic half-lines’ etc., apart from
their context, would only be to spoil them, without conveying any
sense of the feeling latent in them.

690 Aut videt, aut vidisse putat.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE

The author’s footnotes have been moved to the end of the volume.

In Chapter V on page 180, the printer has missed the section heading “II.” It has been restored; the two following section headings were changed from “II.” to “III.” (page 185) and “III.” to “IV.” (page 190), matching the Table of Contents. In the Table of Contents, several page references were corrected: “61” changed to “60”, “294” changed to “295”, “354” changed to “355”, “364” changed to “365” (twice).

The last footnote on page 232 and the first footnote on page 232 have been combined, since the only reason for the separate notes was a page break in the original edition.

The following typographical errors were corrected:

page 2, period added after “Catullum”
page 52, “of” added between “testimony” and “Ovid”
page 65, “inuenissem” changed to “invenissem”
page 91, “nfluence” changed to “influence”
page 132, “neighborhood” changed to “neighbourhood”
page 145, quote added after “âmes.”
page 244, period added after “V”
page 322, “Hyrcansive” changed to “Hyrcanisve”
page 363, “Gründriss” changed to “Grundriss”

Unusual spellings (“develope”, “ascendency”), spelling variations (“Garda” and “Guarda”; “Aeneis” and “Aeneid”, “steadfast” and “stedfastly”, “acknowledgment” and “acknowledgement”, “judgement” and “judgment”, “unmistakable” and “unmistakeable”, “medieval” and “mediaeval”) and variations in hyphenation (“background” and “back-ground”, “birthday” and “birth-day”, “commonplace” and “common-place”, “cornfields” and “corn-fields”, “lawgiver” and “law-giver”, “lifelike” and “life-like”, “lifetime” and “life-time”, “masterpiece” and “master-piece”, “ploughshare” and “plough-share”, “reorganisation” and “re-organisation”) are retained.

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