Chapter D: B. MACDONALD, "Development of Muslim Theology, Jurisprudence, etc."

(Scribners, New York, 1903).

J. L. BURCKHARDT, "Arabic Proverbs" (London, 1830).

And most important of all for general information is the new and authoritative

"Encyclopædia of Islam," edited by Houtsma, Arnold, and Schaade.

TURKISH LITERATURE

For the general conditions and history of Turkey, read:

SIR EDWIN PEARS, "Turkey and Its People" (London, 1911).