Chapter XIV: Critical Essay on Materials and Authorities

The term bibliography does not accurately or fully describe the materials upon which this study of the Scandinavians in the Northwest is based. To the printed sources of all sorts,--official reports of European and American governments, autobiographies, travels, and the like--and to a wide range of secondary works, there must be added much matter relating to the subject gathered by means of personal interviews, correspondence, and observations extending over a series of years. The Scandinavian press is an inexhaustible mine of source material; its information, in nuggets, flakes, and fine particles, must be sought for diligently, extracted, refined, and shaped; but it is the purest source material, nevertheless, comprising brief autobiographies, letters, personal opinions, description of surroundings and movements, and contributions to current discussion in politics, religion, and education. The county and local histories which multiplied rapidly between 1880 and 1895, and which have not yet ceased to appear, are not far from the borderland of source material. Their sketches of men and women and settlements, tho for the most part of a crude, innocent, laudatory type based upon brief personal interviews by canvassers and elaborated according to the varying size of the subscriptions of individuals, are almost indispensable for certain statistical purposes.

The customary distinction between source material and secondary material is often hard to maintain, so recent is the Scandinavian immigration, and so numerous are the first-hand and second-hand accounts by contemporaries participating in or observing the phenomena under consideration. The Northern peoples settling in the United States have had no William Bradford for a historian, but the work of Norelius and Mattson is in a class similar to that of _Plimouth Plantation_.

The best bibliography of immigration in general is that published by the Library of Congress, A. P. C. Griffin (compiler), _A List of Books (with References to Periodicals) on Immigration_ (3rd issue, with additions, 1907), but this is not complete, especially as relating to Scandinavian immigration. It omits all state documents, but is strong in its list of Congressional and executive documents. For the Scandinavian movement, the bibliography in O. N. Nelson (editor), _History of the Scandinavians and Successful Scandinavians in the United States_ (2nd ed., I, 265-295), is the most useful, though it is unfortunately arranged on a strictly chronological basis in two parts. It is, however, far from complete, omitting practically all Federal and State publications, and all periodicals save for specific mention of certain articles. In the field of periodicals, is _Bibliografi; Svensk-Amerikansk Periodisk Literatur_ (being No. 8, _Kungl. Bibliothekets Handlingar_, Stockholm, 1886).

In a general way, the following bibliography includes only those books, pamphlets, periodicals, and newspapers which were directly used in the preparation of this volume. In the case of foreign publications, the place as well as the date of publication is usually given.

DOCUMENTARY SOURCES

1. _Official Publications of the United States._

Five series of reports published by the Federal Government are of very great importance in the study of immigration, both for their scope and their accuracy: the _Reports_ of the censuses from 1850 to 1910; the _Annual Statistical Abstracts_ (36 vols., 1879-1913); _Annual Reports of the Commissioner-general of Immigration_ (17 vols., 1891-1909); _Reports from the Consuls of the United States_ (notably vol. 22, No. 76, 1887), particularly those from the consuls in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark; and _Special Consular Reports_ (particularly vol. 30, 1904). _The Report of the Industrial Commission_ (especially vols. XV (1901) and XIX (1902)), contains a vast amount of recent, complete, and diversified material in the testimony taken by the Commission and in the well-digested reports prepared by experts like John R. Commons. The Bureau of Statistics of the Treasury Department, _Immigration into the United States, showing number, nationality, sex, age, destination_ (etc.) _from 1820-1903_ (in _Monthly Summary of Commerce and Finance_, June, 1903), gives general tables and a review in convenient form.

The following reports of committees of the House of Representatives and of the Senate include usually the "hearings" of the committees, if any have been held: _Report from the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization_, 51 Cong., 2 Sess., H. R. No. 3472 (Owen Report, 1891); 52 Cong., 1 Sess., H. R. No. 2090 (Stump Report, 1892); _Report of the Committee on Immigration_, 52 Cong., 2 Sess., S. R. No. 1333 (Chandler Report, 1893); 54 Cong., 1 Sess., S. R. No. 290 (Lodge Report, 1896); 57 Cong., 2 Sess., S. Doc. No. 62 (Penrose Report, 1902). Special reports of importance are: _Report of the Immigration Investigating Commission_ (1895); Edward Young, Chief of the Bureau of Statistics, _Special Report on Immigration_, (42 Cong., 1 Sess., H. Mis. Doc. No. 19 (1871)); and C. C. Andrews, _Report made to the Department of State on the Conditions of the Industrial Classes in Sweden and Norway_ (1874).

In a class by itself is the recent elaborate _Report of the Immigration Commission_, S. Docs., 61 Cong., 2-3 Sess. (Dillingham Report, 1910-1911), 43 vols., of which vols. 1 and 2 (Abstract), 4, 34, and 36 are specially important for this study. The _Report_ is by far the most scientific, thorough-going, and detailed study of the nature, extent, distribution and results of immigration to the United States, and to a few other countries like Canada, Australia, and Brazil, which has yet been produced.

Various volumes of the United States _Statutes at Large_ and the _Congressional Directories_ have also some material.

2. _Official Reports of Scandinavian countries._

DENMARK: annual volumes of _Statistisk Aarbog_.

NORWAY: annual volumes of _Norges Officielle Statistik_ (1870-1913), of _Norges Land og Folk_ (1885-1906), and of _Meddelelser fra det Statistiske Centralbureau_ (1883-1899); and _Oversigt over Kongeriget Norges civile, geistlige og judicielle Inddeling_ (1893).

SWEDEN: annual issues of _Bidrag till Sveriges officiella statistik_ (1857-1913), covering a wide range of topics. Gustav Sundbärg (editor), _Sweden, Its People and Its Industry_ (1904), is a valuable "historical and statistical handbook published by the order of the Government" of Sweden, in Swedish, English, and French.

NORWAY,--_Official Publication for the Paris Exhibition, 1900_ (Christiania, 1900) is a companion volume to that for Sweden just mentioned.

3. _Official Publications of Great Britain._

The _Report of the Board of Trade on Alien Immigration_ (into the United States) (London, 1893) is at once able, comprehensive, judicious.

4. _Official Publications of the Northwestern States._

The various annual or biennial legislative handbooks contain useful biographies and statistics, especially the volumes since 1880: _The Legislative Manual of the State of Minnesota_; _Wisconsin Blue Book_; _The Legislative Manual of North Dakota_; _South Dakota Political Handbook and Official and Legislative Manual_ (sometimes entitled _South Dakota Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Directory_). Of the great number and variety of official State documents and reports, those most directly useful for this study are the volumes of statistics of Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota; those relating to the State censuses, State institutions (a board of control as in Wisconsin and Iowa, or a board of charities and corrections, for certain institutions, in Minnesota and South Dakota), commissioners or boards of immigration, and boards of health. Reports of officers in charge of immigration matters are in State documents as follows: Wisconsin, 1853, 1854, 1869-1875, 1880-1882, 1884, 1886, 1897, 1900; Iowa, 1872; Minnesota, 1867-1872. The publications of certain institutions chiefly supported by the States, like the Wisconsin Historical Society, the State Historical Society of Iowa, especially vol. III (1905), and the Minnesota Historical Society, really fall into this class of sources.

GENERAL WORKS

The classical work on the broad subject of immigration, notable alike for the breadth and penetration of its views, is Richmond Mayo-Smith, _Emigration and Immigration: a Study in Social Science_ (1890). Two other works by the same authority, are: _Immigration and the Foreign-Born Population_ (in vol. III of the _Publications of the American Statistical Assn._, 1893), and _Statistics and Sociology_ (1895). The _Publications_ of the Immigration Restriction League take a wide range in 63 pamphlets (1894-1914). Next to these in importance come: Prescott F. Hall, _Immigration and its Effects upon the United States_ (1906), an excellent and compact study, somewhat marred by the bias of its author, who is secretary of the Restriction League; J. R. Commons, _Races and Immigrants in America_ (1907), a popular rather than profound statement, but the fresh work of a careful scholar; E. A. Steiner, _On the Trail of the Immigrant_ (1906); S. McLanahan, _Our People of Foreign Speech ... with particular reference to religious work among them_ (1904).

A group of more recent works by competent scholars combining qualities of penetration and popular presentation in satisfying proportions are: H. P. Fairchild, _Immigration: a World Movement and its American Significance_ (1913); J. W. Jenks and W. J. Lauck, _The Immigration Problem_ (3d ed. revised and enlarged, 1913), by two men intimately connected with the making of the Dillingham Report; E. A. Ross, _The Old World in the New: The significance of past and present immigration to the American people_ (1914), especially ch. IV; F. J. Warne, _The Immigrant Invasion_ (1913), ch. XII.

Of less direct bearing, but valuable: W. J. Bromwell, _History of Immigration to the United States_ (1856); F. L. Dingley, _European Immigration_ (1890); F. Kapp, _Immigration and the Commissioners of Immigration of the State of New York_ (1870); R. M. LaFollette (editor), _The Making of America_, vols. II and VIII (1906); F. A. Walker, _Discussions in Economics and Statistics_, vol. II (1899).

The great mass of periodical literature is listed in Griffin's bibliography, already cited. Including general and special articles and some speeches in the _Congressional Record_, nearly 700 titles are arranged chronologically. The list is incomplete, omitting several articles, dealing particularly with the Scandinavians.

SPECIAL HISTORIES

Three works deal with the history of the Scandinavian immigration in a large-spirited, comprehensive way, and by these characteristics stand out from the mass of less important works. O. N. Nelson (compiler and editor), _History of the Scandinavians and Successful Scandinavians in the United States_ (2 vols., 2nd revised ed., 1904), is made up of specially prepared articles, reprinted articles, statistical tables, a bibliography, and some two hundred and eighty biographies of men in Minnesota, Wisconsin and Iowa. It is very uneven, and on almost every page betrays at once the zeal, honesty, and the inadequate training of the authors and the compiler. It might almost be characterized as a cyclopedia of the Scandinavians in America. E. Norelius, _De Svenska Luterska Församlingarnas och Svenskarnes Historia i Amerika_ (1890), while nominally a church history is in reality an excellent history of Swedish settlement; George T. Flom, _A History of Norwegian Immigration to the United States from the Earliest Beginning down to the Year 1848_ (1909), made up in part of articles mentioned elsewhere, is a painstaking, exhaustive, accurate account of Norwegian immigration of that period into Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois.

Other books dealing with special groups or States or localities are: Axel A. Ahlroth, _Svenskarne i Minnesota--Historiska Anteckningar_ (Westervik, 1891); Rasmus B. Anderson, _The First Chapter of Norwegian Immigration, 1821-1840_, a prolix, padded, but valuable volume; and _Tale ved Femtiaarsfesten, for den Norske Udvandring til Amerika_ (1875); John H. Bille, _A History of the Danes in America_ (_Trans. Wis. Acad. of Sciences, Arts, and Letters_, XI, 1896), a short pamphlet; Tancred Boissy, _Svenska Nationaliteten i Förenta Staterna_ (Göteborg, 1882), a reprint of correspondence in _Sydsvenska Dagbl. Snällposten_; J. W. C. Dietrichson, _Reise blandt de Norske Emigranter i "de forenede Nordamerikanske Fristater"_ (Stavanger 1846, and reprinted Madison, 1896), a historical and contemporary description of the early settlements, and _Nogle Ord fra Prædikestolen i Amerika og Norge_ (1851); Robert Grönberger, _Svenskarne i St. Croix-Dalen, Minnesota_ (1879), an early and reliable piece of work; George Kæding, _Rockfords Svenskar--Historiska Anteckningar_ (1885); Knud Langeland, _Nordmændene i Amerika--Nogle Optegnelser om de Norskes Udvandring til Amerika_ (1889),--one of the very best of the books on the Norwegians; C. F. Peterson (see also Eric Johnson), _Sverige i Amerika--Kulturhistoriska och Biografiska Teckningar_ (1898); Johan Schroeder, _Skandinaverne i de Forenede Stater og Canada, med Indberetninger og Oplysninger fra 200 Skandinaviske Settlementer_ (1867),--full of the most valuable information about life and conditions in the Northwest; Ole Rynning, _Sandfærdig Beretning om Amerika til Oplysning og Nytte for Bonde og Menigmand_ (Christiania, 1838),--a remarkably clear, compact, and influential pamphlet; Carl Sundbeck, _Svenskarna i Amerika, Deras Land, Antal, och Kolonien_ (Stockholm, 1900); Alfred Söderström, _Minneapolis Minnen_ (1899), an excellent, extensive, newspaper-like description of the life and activities of the Scandinavians in that half-Norse city; Alfred Strömberg, _Minnen af Minneapolis_ (1902); _Underretning om Amerika, fornemmeligen de Stater hvori udvandrede Normænd have nedsat sig, ... udgivne af X_ (Skien, 1843); M. Ulvestad, _Normændene i Amerika, deres Historie og Record_ (1907); P. S. Vig, _Danske i Amerika_ (1900); Johs. B. Wist, _Den norske Indvandring til 1850, og Skandinaverne i Amerikas Politik_ (1884?),--a small but suggestive pamphlet.

On the Bishop Hill colony, the best authorities are: Michael A. Mikkelsen, _The Bishop Hill Colony, a religious communistic Settlement in Henry County, Illinois_ (_Johns Hopkins University Studies_, X, No. 1, 1892)--the most convenient work in English, based almost entirely on Norelius, and on Johnson and Peterson, _Svenskarne i Illinois_, Johnson being a son of the founder, Eric Janson; Emil Herlenius, _Erik-Jansismens Historia ett Bidrag till Kännedomen om det Svenska Sektväsendet_ (Jönköping, 1900); _History of Henry County, Illinois_ (1877); _Erick Jansismen i Nord Amerika_ (Gefle, 1845); Hiram Bigelow, _The Bishop Hill Colony_ (No. 7 of the _Publications of the Illinois State Historical Library_, 1902); W. A. Hinds, _American Communities_ (1902).

SELECT ARTICLES IN PERIODICALS

Articles in periodicals: R. B. Anderson, "Norwegian Immigration," "The Coming of the Danes," "Icelandic Immigration," _Chicago Record Herald_ (June 19, 26, July 24, Aug. 21, 1901); K. C. Babcock, "The Scandinavians in the Northwest," _Forum_, XIV (1892), "The Scandinavian Contingent," _Atlantic_, LXVII (1896), "The Scandinavian Element in American Population", _American Historical Review_, XVI (1911); H. H. Boyesen, "Norse Americans," _The American_, I (1880), "The Scandinavians in the United States," _North American Review_, CLV (1892); G. T. Flam, "The Scandinavian Factor in the American Population," _Iowa Journal of History and Politics_, III (1905), and (in Norwegian translation) in _Vor Tid_, I (1905); A. H. Hyde, "The Foreign Element in American Civilization," _Popular Science Mo._, LII (1898); Luth Jæger, "The Scandinavian Element in the United States," _The North_, June, 1889,--with many other similar discussions in the same weekly paper, all of them excellent; Kristofer Janson, "Norsemen in the United States," _Cosmopolitan_, IX (1890); Axel Jarlson, "A Swedish Emigrant's Story," _Independent_, LV (1903); F. H. B. MacDowell, "The Newer Scandinavian--a Sketch of the Growth and Progress of the Scandinavian Races in America," _Scandinavia_, III (1884); J. A. Ottesen, "Bidrag til vore Settlementers og Menigheders Historie," _Amerika_ (Apr. to Nov., 1894),--an elaborate series of articles, full of genealogical and community details; E. A. Ross, "Scandinavians in America," _Century,_ LXXXVIII (1914); Geo. T. Rygh, "The Scandinavian Americans," _The Literary Northwest_, II (1893); Albert Shaw, "The Scandinavians in the United States," _Chautauquan_, VIII (1887).

_State and Local Histories_

The number of historical books and pamphlets relating to the States, counties, cities, and settlements in the Northwest is very great, and for the larger part, unsatisfactory but indispensable. They have usually been written by ambitious but untrained persons, either as commercial ventures, advertising agencies, or as the pastime of retirement or old age; they are nevertheless full of suggestive data; now and then one is found which can be trusted throughout.

A. MINNESOTA

First in importance for the Scandinavian settlements in Minnesota are four county histories: _History of Fillmore County, including Explorers and Pioneers of Minnesota_ (1882); _History of Goodhue County_ (1882); _History of Houston County, etc._ (1882); Martin E. Tew and Victor E. Lawson and J. E. Nelson, _Illustrated History and Description and Biographical Review of Kandiyohi County, Minnesota_ (1905),--easily the best local history relating to Scandinavian settlement, as well as one of the latest and most comprehensive. Closely connected with this last work in scope and value is Alfred Söderström, _Minneapolis Minnen: Kulturhistorisk Axplockning från Qvarnstaden vid Mississippi_ (1899). Other works dealing with the State or sections: Isaac Atwater (editor), _History of the City of Minneapolis, Minnesota_ (1893); Fredk. W. Harrington, _Geography, History, and Civil Government of Minnesota_ (1883); Soren Listoe, _Staten Minnesota i Nord Amerika_ (1869); _History of the Minnesota Valley_ (1882); _History of the Upper Mississippi Valley_ (1882).

W. A. Gates, _Alien and Non-resident Dependents in Minnesota_ (in _Proceedings_ of National Conference of Charities and Correction, (1899)); F. H. B. MacDowell, "Minneapolis and her Scandinavian Population", _Scandinavia_, III (1884); Louis Pio, "The Sioux War, in 1862--a Leaf from the History of Scandinavian Settlers in Minnesota", _Scandinavia_, I (1883).

B. WISCONSIN

Of the State as a whole: J. W. Hunt, _Wisconsin Gazetteer, containing the Names, Locations, and Advantages of the Counties, Cities, Towns, Villages, Postoffices, and Settlements_ (1853); Wm. R. Smith, _The History of Wisconsin, in three Parts: Historical, Documentary, and Descriptive_ (1852); Alexander M. Thompson, _A Political History of Wisconsin_ (1902); Charles R. Tuttle, _An Illustrated History of the State of Wisconsin_ (1875); R. G. Thwaites, _Preliminary Notes on the Distribution of Foreign Groups in Wisconsin_ (in _Annual Reports of State Historical Society of Wisconsin_, 1890); G. W. Peck (editor), _Cyclopedia of Wisconsin_, 2 vols. (1906).

For the localities: Spencer Carr, _A Brief Sketch of La Crosse, Wisconsin_ (1854); Daniel S. Durrie, _A History of Madison, the Capital of Wisconsin ... with an Appendix of Notes on Dane County_ (1874); E. W. Keyes, _History of Dane County_, 3 vols. (1906); _The History of Racine and Kenosha Counties_ (1879); _The History of Rock County_ (1879); _The History of Waukesha County_ (1880); H. L. Skavlem, "Scandinavians in the Early Days of Rock County, Wisconsin", _Normands-Forbundet_ (1909).

C. ILLINOIS

Charles A. Church, _History of Rockford and Winnebago County, Illinois, From its first Settlement in 1834 to the Civil War_ (1900); _History of Henry County, Illinois_ (1877); _The Past and Present of La Salle County_ (1877); John M. Palmer, _The Bench and Bar of Illinois. Historical and Reminiscent_ (1899).

Eric Johnson (Janson) and C. F. Peterson, _Scans-karne i Illinois Historiska Anteckningar_ (1880), is an early work of limited scope but judiciously written.

E. W. Olson (Editor with A. Schön and M. J. Engberg), _History of the Swedes of Illinois_, 2 vols. (1908), has some valuable chapters in the first volume, especially ch. IV on the Bishop Hill Colony, and the chapters dealing with Swedish churches; volume two is devoted to the usual illustrated biographies.

D. IOWA

Charles R. Tuttle, _An Illustrated History of the State of Iowa_ (1876); W. E. Alexander, _History of Winneshiek and Allamakee Counties, Iowa_ (1882); Charles H. Sparks, _History of Winneshiek County, with Biographical Sketches of its Eminent Men_ (1877); J. J. Louis, _Shelby County_; Charles H. Fletcher, _The Centennial History of Jefferson County_ (1876); _A Biographical Record of Boone County_ (1902); A. Jacobson, _The Pioneer Norwegians_ (1905).

G. T. Flom, "The Coming of the Norwegians to Iowa," _Iowa Jour. of Hist. and Politics_, III (1905); "The Early Swedish Immigration to Iowa," _Ibid._, III (1905), "The Danish Contingent in the Population of early Iowa," _Ibid._, IV (1906), and "The Growth of the Scandinavian Factor in the Population of Iowa," _Ibid._, IV (1906); B. L. Wick, "The Earliest Scandinavian Settlement in Iowa," _Iowa Historical Record_, XVI (1900); F. A. Danborn, "Swede Point, or Madrid, Iowa", _Year-Book of the Swedish Historical Society of America_, 1911-1913.

E. OTHER STATES

_North Dakota_: H. V. Arnold, _History of Grand Forks County ... including an Historical Outline of the Red River Valley_ (1900); T. Haggerty, _The Territory of Dakota_ (1889); _Compendium of the History and Biography of North Dakota_ (1900).

_Nebraska_: _History of the State of Nebraska_ (1882).

_Kansas_: John A. Martin, _Addresses_ ("The Swedes in Kansas") (1888).

_Utah_: H. H. Bancroft, _Utah, 1540-1886_ (in _History of the Pacific Coast States of North America_, vol. XXI, 1889).

_New York_: Arad Thomas, _Pioneer History of Orleans County, New York_ (1871); G. J. Mason, "The Foreign Element in New York City," _Harper's Weekly_ (Sept., 1888); S. Folkestad, "Norske i Brooklyn-New York", _Symra_ (1908).

TRAVELS AND GUIDE BOOKS

Good accounts of conditions in the European kingdoms, as those conditions were related to emigration at different periods, are: Samuel Laing, _A Tour of Sweden in 1838: comprising Observations on the Moral, Political and Economic State of the Swedish Nation_ (London 1839), and _Journal of a Residence in Norway during the Years 1834, 1835 and 1836_ (2nd ed., 1837); Charles Loring Brace, _The Norsk Folk; or a Visit to the Homes of Norway and Sweden_ (1857); Mrs. Woods Baker, _Pictures of Swedish Life, or Svea and her Children_ (1894); J. F. Hanson, _Light and Shade from the Land of the Midnight Sun_ (1903).

Of the numerous travelers through the American Northwest, noting the Scandinavian settlements or the conditions affecting them, the most significant is Frederika Bremer, _The Homes of the New World--Impressions of America_ (In translation from the Swedish, 3 vols., London, 1853), the work of an educated, alert, sympathetic Swedish lady already noted as a writer. Others of special worth are C. C. Andrews, _Minnesota and Dakota: in Letters Descriptive of a Tour through the Northwest in the Autumn of 1856_ (1857); Johan Bolin, _Beskrifning öfver Nord Amerikas Förenta Stater_ (Wexjö, 1853); A. Budde, _Af et Brev om Amerika_ (Stavanger, 1850); Basil Hall, _Travels in North America in the Years 1827-1828_ (1829, Edinburgh, 3 vols.); Thorvald Klavenes, _Det Norske Amerika_ (Kristiania, 1904); Harriet Martineau, _Society in Autumn of 1856_ (1857); Johan Bolin, _Beskrifning öfver Amerika_ (Göteborg, 1872); P. Waldenström, _Genom Norra Amerikas Förenta Stater: Reiseskildringar_ (Stockholm, 1890); Victor Wickström, _Som Tidningsman Jorden Rundt_ (Östersund, 1901).

Of guidebooks and handbooks for emigrants and immigrants there is a great number, in English, Swedish, and Norwegian; some issued from philanthropic motives, some by interested States, railroad companies, land companies, and counties, and some by the United States. Only those that directly affected the Scandinavians, or that are typical of a period, are mentioned, and the list is not meant to be exhaustive of titles or editions. Some of the publications by States, might well have been put under the heading of State documents.

One of the typical, widely circulated English handbooks is William Cobbett, _The Emigrant's Guide, in ten Letters addressed to the Taxpayers of England, containing Information of every Kind, necessary to Persons who are about to emigrate_ (London, 1829). A similar Norwegian pamphlet is L. J. Fribert, _Haandbog for Emigranter til Amerikas Vest_ (Christiania, 1847), or J. R. Reierson, _Veiviser for norske Emigranter til de forenede nordamerikanske Stater och Texas_ (Christiania, 1844, reprinted in America, 1899). The United States issued a guide: Edward Young, _Special Report on Immigration; accompanying Information for Immigrants_ (1871), reprinted in 1872, with editions in French and German. Other works are: Frederick B. Goddard, _Where to Emigrate and Why_ (1864); and Edward Young, _Information for Immigrants, relative to Prices and Rentals of Land, etc._ (1871).

For Wisconsin, the most significant and helpful are: _Beskrivelse over Staten Wisconsin: Dens Klimat, Jordbund, Agerdyrkning, samt Natur- og Kunstprodukter. Udgivet efter Legislaturens Ordre af Statens Immigrations Department_ (1870); K. K. Kennan (joint agent in Europe for the Wisconsin State Board of Immigration and the Wisconsin Central Railroad, without expense to the former), _Staten Wisconsin, dens Hjælpekilder og Fordele for Udvandreren_ (1884)--in several editions, and also in Swedish; C. F. J. Moeller, _Staten Wisconsin, beskreven med særligt Hensyn til denne Stats fortrinlige Stilling som et fremtidigt Hjem, for Emigranter fra Danmark, Norge, og Sverige_ (1865); _Wisconsin,--What it offers to the Immigrant. An official Report published by the State Board of Immigration of Wisconsin_ (1879)--many editions, and in various languages.

For Minnesota: Girart Hewitt, _Minnesota: Its Advantages to Settlers_, etc. (1868),--seven editions, one being published by the State; Hans Mattson, _Minnesota och dess Fordelar for Indvandreren_ (1867); _Minnesota as a Home for Emigrants_ (1886),--in Norwegian and Swedish also.

For other States: _Resources of Dakota,--an Official Publication compiled by the Commissioner of Immigration_ (1887), later editions dealing with the two States formed from the Territory of Dakota; Fred. Gerhard, _Illinois as it is: its History, Geography, Statistics_, etc. (1857); _Iowa: the Home for Immigrants_ (1879), also in Swedish, Norwegian, German, and Dutch.

BIOGRAPHIES AND AUTOBIOGRAPHIES

Several of the books mentioned under special histories, like those of Norelius, Langeland, Dietrichson, and Schroeder, have much autobiographical material in them; while others, such as the volumes of O. N. Nelson and C. F. Peterson and the county histories, contain hundreds of brief biographies. The more important and illuminating autobiographies are: Hans Mattson, _Minnen_ (Lund, 1890) and the same in translation, _Reminiscences, the Story of an Emigrant_ (1891), an interestingly naïve account of the varied activities of a prominent politician and business man; Gustaf Unonius, _Minnen från en sjutton-årig Vistelse i Nordvestra Amerika_ (2 vols., Upsala, 1862), a graphic account of the first years of Swedish settlement, by one of its highly educated leaders, and _Bihang till Minnen_ (Stockholm, 1891). With less direct bearing, is W. H. C. Folsom, _Fifty Years in the Northwest_ (1888); H. P. Hall, _H. P. Hall's Observations, being more or less a History of Political Contests in Minnesota from 1843 to 1904_ (1904); John Reynolds, _My Own Times, embracing also the History of My Life_ (Chicago, 1855); Stephen Grellet, _Memoirs_ (edited by Benj. Seebohm, 2 vols., 1860); and S. B. Newman, _Pastor S. Newmans Sjelfbiografi_ (1890).

Four biographies stand out above the others: T. N. Hasselquist, _Lefnadsteckning af E. Norelius_; L. A. Stenholt, _En Studie af Knute Nelson_ (1896); Chr. O. Brohough, and I. Eisteinsen, _Kortfattet Beretning om Elling Eielsens Liv og Virksomhed_ (1883); and L. M. Björn, _Pastor P. A. Rasmussen_ (1905). Other biographies of less significance for this study are: C. J. Rosenberg, _Jenny Lind in America_ (1851); Sara C. Bull, _Ole Bull_ (1883); W. C. Church, _Life of John Ericsson_ (2 vols., 1890).

Other collected biographies, including Scandinavians, are: J. C. Jensson, _American Lutheran Biographies_ (1890); _Men of Minnesota_ (1902); F. G. Flower, _Biographical Souvenir Book_ (1899), relating to North Dakota alone; _Prominent Democrats of Illinois_ (1899); H. A. Tenney, and D. Atwood, _Fathers of Wisconsin_ (1880); C. J. A. Erickson, "Memories of a Swedish Immigrant," _Annals of Iowa,_ April, 1907.

RELIGION, EDUCATION, AND THE PRESS

No attempt is made here at a bibliography of the abundant polemical religious literature, nor of the sermons and proceedings of church conventions, nor of denominational year books, further than to show the material contributing to this volume. In similar manner, a limit is put upon the list of catalogs and publications of colleges and seminaries, and upon the periodicals and newspapers of which the number is very large.

A very recent and excellent volume dealing with Norwegian progress and culture in America is _Norsk-Amerikanernes Festskrift, 1914_ (Chief Editor, Johs. B. Wist) which was prepared as an American contribution to the celebration of the centennial of Norwegian independence. Important chapters are devoted to the press (noted below), the churches, schools, literature, and men in public or political life, each being the work of a careful scholar.

The most valuable volumes dealing with the religious histories of Scandinavian settlement are E. Norelius, _De Svenska Luterska Församlingarnas och Svenskarnes Historia i Amerika_ (1890) and, of almost equal worth, for Norwegian church history, Th. Bothne, _Kort Udsigt over det Lutherske Kirkearbeide blandt Nordmændene i Amerika_ (1898), being a separate made up of a section of "Norske Kirkeforhold i Amerika," pp. 815-903, of H. G. Heggtveit, _Illustreret Kirkehistorie_. Good brief sketches of various denominations are embodied in O. N. Nelson, _History of the Scandinavians_, already noted. The most important of the other works are: R. Anderson, _Den Evangelisk Lutherske Kirkes Historie i Amerika_ (1889); and _Emigrantmissjonen, Kirkelig Vejledning for Udvandrere_ (1884); H. K. Carroll, _The Religious Forces of the United States, enumerated, classified, and described on the Basis of the Government Census of 1890.... Revised to 1896_ (1896); Theodor H. Dahl, _Den Forenede Kirke: Fred og Strid eller Lidt Forenings Historie_ (1894); O. Ellison, _Svenska Baptisternas i Wisconsin Missions Historia_ (1902); Simon W. Harkey, _The Mission of the Lutheran Church in America_ (1853); O. J. Hatlestad, _Historiske Meddelelser om den norske Augustana Synode_ (1887); H. G. Heggtveit, _Illustreret Kirkehistorie_ (1898); Chauncy Hobart, _History of Methodism in Minnesota_ (1887); Henry E. Jacobs, _A History of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the United States_ (1893); J. N. Lenker, _Lutherans in all Lands_ (1896); N. M. Liljengren and C. G. Wallenius, _Svenska Methodismen i Amerika_ (1885); _Minde fra Jubelfesterne paa Koshkonong_ (1894); M. W. Montgomery, _The Work among the Scandinavians_ (1888) and "A Wind from the Holy Spirit," _Sweden and Norway_ (1884); A. H. Newman, _History of the Baptist Churches in the United States_ (1894), and _A Century of Baptist Achievement_ (1901); E. Norelius, _Evangeliska Luterska Augustana Synoden i Nord Amerika och dess Mission_ (1870); _Affidavits of Sven Oftedal, et al_ (in Dist. Court of Minnesota, 4th Jud. Dist.) (1897); H. Olson, _Minnesotal öfver framlidne pastorn O. G. Hedström_ (1886); George Richardson, _The Rise and Progress of the Society of Friends in Norway_ (London, 1849); Matthew Simpson (editor), _Cyclopedia of Methodism_ (5th ed., 1882); E. J. Wolf, _The Lutherans in America_ (1890); N. C. Brun, "Kort Omrids af den amerikansk-lutherske Kirkes Historie", _Vor Tid_, I (1905).

On the educational side are Kiddle and Schem, _Dictionary of Education_ (1890); Chr. Koerner, _The Bennett Law and the German Parochial Schools of Wisconsin_ (1890); J. W. Stearns (editor), _The Columbian History of Education in Wisconsin_ (1893); _The Bennett Law Analyzed_ (1890); A. Estrem, "A Norwegian-American College (Luther College)," _Midland Monthly_, I (1894); E. S. White, "Elk Horn College," _Midland Monthly_, II (1894); J. P. Uhler, "Scandinavian Studies in the United States," _Science_, IX (1887); G. Andreen, "Det svenska Språket i Amerika", _Studentföreningen Verdandis Småskrifter_, No. 87 (Stockholm, 1900); G. T. Flom, _A History of Scandinavian Studies in American Universities_ (Bulletin of the State University of Iowa, No. 153, 1907), and "Det norsk sprogs bruk og utvikling i Amerika", _Normands-Forbundet_, IV (1912); G. Bothne, "Nordiske studier ved amerikanske universiteter", _Norsk-Amerikanernes Festkrift, 1914_; A. A. Stomberg, "Swedish in American Universities", _Year-Book of the Swedish Historical Society of America_, 1909-1910; C. G. Wallenius, "Den högre Skolverksamheten bland Svenskarne i Amerika", _Year-Book of the Swedish Historical Society of America_, 1911-1913.

University and college catalogs and registers need not be enumerated for each year; two typical years would be 1895 and 1905; Augustana College and Seminary, Rock Island, Ill.; Luther College, Decorah, Iowa; Bethany College, Lindsborg, Kansas; Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter, Minnesota; St. Olaf College, Northfield, Minnesota; Elk Horn College, Elk Horn, Iowa; Augsburg Seminary, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Red Wing Seminary, Red Wing, Minnesota; Northwestern University; University of Chicago; Chicago Theological Seminary; University of Wisconsin; University of Minnesota; University of North Dakota; University of Nebraska; State University of Iowa.

Exhaustive and scholarly discussions of the history and character of the Scandinavian newspapers and periodicals published in the United States are: Juul Dieserud, "Den norske presse i Amerika. En historisk oversigt", _Normands-Forbundet_, V (April 1912); Carl Hansen, "Et Stykke Norsk-Amerikanske Pressens-historie", _Kvartalskrift_, III (Jan. 1907), "Den norsk-amerikanske presse før borgerkrigen", _Symra: en Aarbog for Norske paa begge Sider af Havet_, IV (1908); and "Den norsk-amerikanske presse: Pressen til borgerkrigens slutning", _Norsk-Amerikanernes Festskrift, 1914_; Johs. B. Wist, "Den norsk-amerikanske press: Pressen efter borgerkrigen", _Norsk-Amerikanernes Festskrift, 1914_--remarkably full and complete in its details; E. W. Olson (editor), "Press and Literature", _History of the Swedes in Illinois_ (1908), ch. 13. Less important is Eric Johnson, "The Swedish American Press", _The Viking_, I (July and Aug. 1906).

For statistics and ratings of newspapers, G. P. Rowell & Co., _American Newspaper Directories_ (1869 to 1906); N. W. Ayer, _American Newspaper Annual_ (1881-1914) (Philadelphia).

ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL QUESTIONS

Florence E. Baker, _A Brief History of the Elective Franchises in Wisconsin_ (1894); Fremont O. Bennett, _Politics and Politicians of Chicago, Cook County, and Illinois_ (1886); Eugene Brown and F. Fred Rowe (compilers), _Industrial and Picturesque Rockford, Illinois_ (1891); Carlo De'Negri, _Appunti di Statistica Comparata dell' Emigrazione dell' Europa e della Immigrazione in America e in Australia_ (in _Bulletin de l'Institute International de Statistique_, 1888); John G. Gregory, _Foreign Immigration to Wisconsin_ (1902); C. H. Gronvald, _The Effects of the Immigration on the Norwegian Immigrants_ (in _Sixth Annual Report to the State Board of Health of Minnesota_, 1878); Hans Mattson (editor), _Two Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary of the First Swedish Settlement in America, September 14, 1888_ (1889); Robert P. Porter (and others), _The West: from the Census of 1880_ (1882); Julian Ralph, _Our Great West: a Study of the Present Conditions and Future Possibilities of the New Commonwealths and Capitals of the United States_ (1893); Gustav Sundbärg, _Bidrag till Utvandringsfrågen från Befolkningsstatistisk Synpunkt_ (in _Upsala Universitets Årsskrift_, 1884 o. 1885); Carl Sundbeck, _Svensk-Amerikanerna, deras Materialla och Andliga Sträfvanden_ (1904)--a good up-to-date summary of conditions in America; William W. Thomas, _Sweden and the Swedes_ (1893); James D. Whelpley, _The Problem of the Immigrant_ (1905); Edward Young, _Labor in Europe and America, a Special Report on the Rate of Wages, etc._ (1875),--a particularly valuable book, dealing with conditions in Europe on the eve of the great movement to America.

Two groups of Federal reports are very useful: _Emigration from Europe_, (_Reports from the Consuls of the United States_, No. 76, 1887), dealing with European conditions; and _Emigration to the United States_ (_Special Consular Reports_, vol. XXX, 1904). Another exhaustive and scholarly investigation is embodied in _Reports of the Industrial Commission on Immigration, including testimony, with Review and Digest, and Special Reports_, being vol. XV of the Commission's _Reports_ (1901).

The Civil War as related to immigration from Northern Europe is treated in: Ole A. Buslett, _Det Femtende Regiment Wisconsin Frivillige_ (1895); P. G. Dietrichson, _En Kortfattet Skildring af det femtende Wisconsins Regiments Historie og Virksomhed under Borgerkrigen_ (1884); J. A. Enander, _Borgerkrigen i de Forenede Stater i Nord Amerika_ (1881); John A. Johnson, _Det Skandinaviske Regiments Historie_ (1869).

Important articles in periodicals: F. W. Hewes, "Where our Immigrants Settle" (with excellent statistical maps), _World's Work_, VI (1903); G. G. Huebner, "The Americanization of the Immigrant," _Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science_, XXVII (1906); Richmond Mayo-Smith, "Control of Immigration", _Political Science Quarterly_, III, 46, 197, 404 (1888); G. H. Schwab, "A Practical Remedy for the Evils of Immigration," _Forum_, XVI (1893); Nicolay A. Grevstad, "Courts of Conciliation," and "Courts of Conciliation in America," _Atlantic_, LXVIII (1891), LXXII (1893).

Various numbers of _Normands-Forbundet_, published in Christiania, have contained noteworthy articles, besides those mentioned elsewhere in this bibliography, dealing with American conditions: S. Sondresen, "Den norsk-amerikanske farmer" (1908); J. Dieserud, "Nordmændenes deltagelse i de Forenede Staters politiske liv" (1908); M. Alger, "Re-immigrationen" (1913); Av. Kand. Gottenborg, "Hjemvandte norsk-amerikanere, deres livsforhold i Amerika og i Norge efter hjemkomste" (1913); O. K. Winberg, "Degenererer Nordmænd i Amerika" (1910).

Three small novels contain particularly graphic accounts of the life and social conditions among the Norwegian settlers: P. O. Strömme, _Hvorledes Halvor blev Prest_ (1893), one of the very best pictures of pioneer immigrant family life; H. A. Foss (translated by J. J. Skordalsvold), _Tobias, a Story of the Northwest_, an exaggerated account of intemperance; and Sigurd H. Severson, _Dei möttes ve Utica. En paa personlig Iagttagelse grundet Skildring af Livet i ældre Norsk-Amerikanske Settlementer_ (1882).

NEWSPAPERS

The number of newspapers and other periodicals for the Scandinavians in the United States yearly given in G. P. Rowell Co., _American Newspaper Directory_, has varied in recent years from 125 to 140, while the total of short-lived and long-lived publications of the same sort would pass 200. The following list includes those periodicals, chiefly newspapers, which were useful in some special degree in preparing this volume:

_America_, Chicago, an English monthly for Swedes and Norwegians.

_American-Scandinavian Review_, New York, 1913--Engl. bi-mo.

_Amerika_, Chicago & Madison, Wis., 1884 (united with _Norden_, 1897
q. v.), Norw. Wkly.

_Billed-Magazin, Skandinavisk_, Madison, Wis., 1868-1870. Norw. mo.

_Budstikken_, Minneapolis, 1872--. Norw. wkly.

_Chicago Daily Tribune_, Chicago, 1847--. dly.

_Chicago Record-Herald_, Chicago, 1854--. dly.

_Dannevirke_, Cedar Falls, Iowa, 1880--. Dan. wkly.

_Danske Pioneer_, Omaha, Neb., 1873--. Dan. wkly.

_Decorah Posten_, Decorah, Iowa, 1874--. Norw. wkly.

_Fædrelandet og Emigranten_, La Crosse, Wis., and Minneapolis,
1864-1888. (_Emigranten_, Inmansville, Wis., 1852; Janesville, 1856;
Madison, 1857; La Crosse, 1864, and united with _Fædrelandet_.Q Norw.
wkly.)

_Folkebladet_, Minneapolis, 1878--. Norw. wkly.

_Gamla och Nya Hemlandet_, Chicago, 1855. Sw. wkly.

_Korsbaneret_, Rock Island, Ill., 1880. Sw. church annual.

_Kvartalskrift_, Minneapolis, 1903--. Nor. qtly.

_Madison Democrat_, Madison, Wis., 1852--. Eng. dly.

_Milwaukee Daily Sentinel_, Milwaukee, Wis., 1837--. Eng. dly.

_Minneapolis Evening Journal_, Minneapolis, 1878--. Eng. dly.

_Minneapolis Times_, Minneapolis, 1889-1905. Eng. dly.

_Minneapolis Tribune_, Minneapolis, 1867--. Eng. dly.

_Minneapolis Tidende_, Minneapolis, 1887--. Norw. dly. and wkly.

_Minnesota Stats Tidning_, Minneapolis and St. Paul, 1877--. Sw. wkly.

_Norden_, Chicago, 1874-1897 (united with _Amerika_). Norw. wkly.

_Nordvesten_, St. Paul, 1883--. Norw.-Dan. wkly.

_Nordmanden_, Grand Forks, N. D., 1887--. Norw. wkly.

_Nordmands-Forbundet_, Christiania, Norway, 1908--. Nor.

_Normannen_, Stoughton, Wis., 1867. Norw. wkly.

_The North_, Minneapolis, 1889-1894. Eng. wkly. for Scandinavians.

_Red River Posten_ (merged with _Dakota_), Fargo, N. D., 1879--. Norw.
wkly.

_Rockford Register_, Rockford, Ill., 1867--. Eng. dly.

_Rodhuggeren_, Crookston, Minn., 1880-1884. Norw. wkly.

_Scandinavia_, Chicago, 1883-1886. Eng. mo. for Scandinavians.

_Skandinaven_, Chicago, 1866--. Norw. dly., wkly., and tri-wkly., the
strongest and most influential Scandinavian paper in the United
States.

_St. Paul Pioneer-Press_, St. Paul, 1849--. Eng. dly.

_St. Paul Dispatch_, St. Paul, 1868--. Eng. dly.

_Superior Tidende_ (originally _Posten_), Superior, Wis., 1888--.
Norw.-Dan. wkly.

_Svensk-Amerikaneren_, Chicago, Ill., 1866--. Sw. wkly.

_Svenska Amerikanska Posten_, Minneapolis, 1886--. Sw. wkly., a large
and influential paper.

_Svenska Folkets Tidning_, Minneapolis, 1883--. Sw. wkly.

_Svenska Tribunen_, Chicago, 1868--. Sw. wkly.

_Ugebladet_, Chicago, later Minneapolis, 1888--. Norw. wkly.

_Valdris-Helsing_ (_Valdris-Samband_), Iowa City, Ia., later
Stillwater and Minneapolis, Minn., 1893--. Norw. mo. (since 1912)
devoted to interests of immigrants from Valders.

_The Viking_, Fremont, Neb., 1906--? Eng. mo. for Scandinavians.

_Vikingen_, _Minneapolis_, 1906--. Norw.-Dan. mo.

_Vor Tid_, Minneapolis, 1905-1908. Norw. mo.

_Wisconsin State Journal_, Madison, 1897--. Eng. dly.