Chapter I: Front Matter (1)

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The
SCHOOL
of
+RECREATION:+

Or, The
Gentlemans
TUTOR,

To those
Most Ingenious Exercises

of

Hunting. } { Fishing.
Racing. } { Shooting.
Hawking. } { Bowling.
Riding. } { Tennis.
Cock-Fighting. } { Ringing.
Fowling. } { Billiards.

By R. H.

_London_, Printed for _H. Rodes_,
next door to the _Bear-Tavern_
near _Bride-Lane_ in _Fleet-Street_, 1684.

TO THE READER.

_Man, the Abridgement of the Creation, or the _Compendium_ of all Gods Works, having divested himself by Sin of that Original Innocence and Angelical State of Life wherein his Creator had placed him, and thereby Subjected his collapsed Nature to the Malediction of God, _In the sweat of thy Face thou shalt eat thy Bread_, &c. It pleased however the Almighty to continue and confirm that Original grand _Charter_ he had at first granted him, of being _Lord of the Creatures_: Hereby intimating, That tho man is now _Born to Trouble, Labour _and Cares_, as the Sparks fly upward_; yet God has not deprived him of any Comfort or Felicity, which the Earth or Creatures of it can afford; but has invested him with a superior Authority and _Dominion over the Beast of the Feild, the Fowl of the Air, and the Fish of the Sea_. Thus it comes to pass, that every Creature payes a _Duty and a Subjection_, (as it were) to man, as to their _Master_; and notwithstanding the Ferocity and Salvageness of their Natures, become tame and submissive to the _Empire_ of Man. They court his Favour and mutely supplicate his Friendship and Confederacy, for the subduing the Enemies of their several _Species_: They readily obey his Precepts, and ravisht with his Service willingly execute his Commands. And thus by this prime Priviledg from God, Man is allowed the Liberty of subduing the Creature, and recreating his Mind by _Hunting, Fowling, Fishing_ and the like; and by observing the Natural _Instincts_ of every Species, the innate _Enmity and Cunning_ of every Creature, may glorify the Immense Wisdom of his Creator._

_And as the Liberty of Recreation in lawful Exercises is thus _Naturall_, so is it highly _Necessary_ and Useful too. Recreation keeps up the strength and Alacrity of the bodily Forces, without which the Soul cannot work: I mean those brisk and violent Exercises, which the Following sheets specifie. They cause the Body to _transpire_ plentiful sweats, and exhale those black and fuliginous Vapours which too much oppress some men, and remove the Obstructions which hinder the Circulation of Nature. _Brisk Exercises_ render a man Active, Vigorous, Strong, and Hardy, and attenuate and disperse that _Stagnation_ of humors, Benummedness and Dulness, which _Idleness_ contracts: Nay, (as one excellently observes) divers bodily Infirmities, Diseases and Undecencies are hereby regulated and amended: _Riding_ was used by the great _Drusus_ for the Strengthening his weak and small Thighs and Legs; and by his late _Majesty_, especially after Dinner; and is also good for the Head: _Shooting in a long Bow_ for the Breast and Arms; and helps Squinting: _Bowling_ for the Reins, Stone, Gravel, &c._

_Nor are the several other _Games_ commonly practised, less _Commendable_, were they used with a _modest_ and _prudent_ Care: I recomend them as useful as the other, were a _right use_ made of them. I would not have them made a _Trade_, instead of a _Divertisement_. But especially those that are managed by _Skill_, and not Fortune, may be Learned, for these acquaint a man with _Numbring_, and quicken the Fancy and Memory, and recreate the Mind._

_And as Recreation is thus natural and necessary, so is it _Commendable_ too, and recommended by the Practises of all Ages; as well sacred as prophane Histories plainly testifying the Truth of it. But I shall not trouble you any longer by detaining you at the Door, and enumerating the various _Examples_, which may Authorize a vertuous Use of Recreations, and apologize for this Work: The severest _Stoick_ being never so cruel to himself or Nature, as not to give his mind some _Relaxation_, and recreate it in some more pleasant Pathes, than the miry heavy wayes of his own sullen and wilful _Resolutions_. Nor do our _Modern Stoicks_, tho of the strictest Lives, deny themselves some _Mental_, if not bodily Recreations; altho perhaps _Infirmity_, _Age_, _Station_, _Degree_, may render their Divertisements the more _private_, yet not totally denyed. _Solomon_ had his _Ittan_ for Recreations, as _Josephus_ informes us, and the _Heathen_ Sages their _Olympiques_, wherein were exercised, _Wrestling_, _Running_ with _Horses_, _Leaping_, _Coursing_ with _Chariots_, _Contention of Poets_, _Rhetoricians_, _Disputations of Phylosophers_, &c._

_And because _Velle suum cuique_, every Mans Nature claimes a special Prerogative, in the electing a Recreation _Suitable_ to it self, one thing being very pleasing and delightful to one, and offensive and troublesome to another, I have therefore like the industrious _Bee_ gathered _Honey_ from various _Flowers_, and according to your _Palate_ taste and Eat; I have carefully _Delineated_ and drawn to the Life the divers _Figures_ of the several Recreations, and leave you to admire that _Peice_ you fancy best; intreating you to put them to the best _Use_, not to make them your Trade instead of _Recreation_; in which sence I would have you to accept this: And now you may walk in and view the Structure._

OF

Hunting.

_Hunting_, being a Recreation that challenges the sublime Epithets of _Royal_, _Artificial_, _Manly_, and _Warlike_, for its Stateliness, Cunning, and Indurance, claims above all other Sports the Precedency; and therefore I was induced to place it at the Head to usher in the rest; and of which take this concise Definition, _viz._ That since Nature has equally imparted unto every Beast a wonderful Knowledge of _Offence_ and _Security_, herein we may observe, _The curious Search and Conquest of one Creature over another, hurried on by an innate natural Antipathy, and performed or wrought by a Distinction of Smells._

And now to come to the Purpose, and the Design of this Tract, briefly to inform the young _Hunter_, as yet raw in the true Knowledge of this _Royal Sport_, with what is meerly _necessary_ and _useful_, without amusing him with _superfluous_ Observations for his Instruction: I shall therefore observe throughout this Treatise this Method: 1. The several _Chases_ or _Games_ which fall under the first Denomination, _Hunting_. 2. The genuine or infallible _Rules_ whereby we are to direct our selves, for the obtaining the true Pleasure in prosecuting the same, and the desired Effects of it.

Know then; There are five _Beasts of Venery_ or _Forest_, viz. The _Hart_, _Hinde_, _Hare_, _Boar_, _Wolf_.

As likewise five Wild Beasts, or _Beasts of Chace_, viz. The _Buck_, _Doe_, _Fox_, _Martern_, _Roe_.

The _Beasts of Warren_, are three, _viz._ _Hares_, _Coneys_, _Roes_.

_Note_, The _Hart_ and _Hinde_ before spoken of, though they are of _one_ kind, yet, because their _Seasons_ are several, are esteemed _distinct_ Beasts; and in the _Hart_ is included the _Stag_, and all _red Deer_ of Antlier.

And because I reckon it the most necessary part of the _Hunter_ to understand the _Names_, _Degrees_, _Ages_, and _Seasons_ of the aforesaid different Beasts of _Forest_ or _Venery_, _Chace_, and _Warren_; I shall therefore, in the next place, present him with these following

_Beasts of Forrest_, &c.

The _Hart_, the first Year is called a _Hinde-Calf_, 2 A _Knobber_, 3 A _Brock_, 4 A _Staggard_, 5 A _Stagg_, 6 A _Hart_.

The _Hinde_, the first Year a _Calf_, 2 A _Hearse_, 3 A _Hinde_.

The _Hare_, the first Year a _Leveret_, 2 A _Hare_, 3 A _Great Hare_.

The _Wild-Boar_ and _Woolf_, being no _English_ Chace, I omit.

_Beasts of Chace._

The _Buck_, the first Year is called a _Fawn_, 2 A _Pricket_, 3 A _Sorrel_, 4 A _Sore_, 5 A _Buck of the first Head_, 6 A _Great Buck_.

The _Doe_, the first Year a _Fawn_, 2 A _Teg_, 3 A _Doe_.

The _Fox_, the first Year a _Cub_, 2 A _Fox_.

The _Martern_, the first Year a _Cub_, 2 A _Martern_.

The _Roe_, the first Year a _Kid_, 2 A _Gyrl_, 3 a _Hemuse_, 4 A _Roe-Buck of the first Head_, 5 A _Fair Roe-Buck_.

As for the _Beasts of Warren_, the _Hare_ being spoken of before, little or nothing is to be said. The _Coney_ is first a _Rabbet_, and then an _Old Coney_.

Thus much for their Names, Degrees, and Ages: Now let us next observe their _proper Seasons_ for Hunting.

The _Hart_ or _Buck_, beginneth _fifteen_ Days after _Mid-Summer-Day_, and lasteth till _Holy-Rood-Day_.

The _Fox_, from _Christmass_, and lasteth till the _Annunciation of the blessed Virgin Mary_.

The _Hinde_, or _Doe_, from _Holy-Rood-Day_, till _Candlemas_.

The _Roe-Buck_, from _Easter_, till _Michaelmas_.

The _Roe_, from _Michaelmas_, till _Candlemas_.

The _Hare_, from _Michaelmas_, to the end of _February_.

Thus much I thought fit to speak briefly of the proper _Names_, _Degrees_, _Ages_, & _Seasons_ of the several Chaces which we Hunt: But having almost forgot some, I shall insert here, as intending to speak somewhat of them, and they are the _Badger_, _Otter_, and _Wild-Goat_; the last being a _Welch_-Game: Many more there are which I might here enumerate, but being _Forreign_ Chaces, I omit, as directing my Discourse to the _English-Man_.

As for the _Terms of Art_ appropriated to Hunting, as the Huntsmans _Dialect_, they are so many and various, that should I go about to note them here, it would swell my Treatise to too big a Volume; and therefore I refer you to the _Dictionaries_ which speak of them. And now I bring you to the second thing I proposed, _viz._ The _Rules And Measures_ we are to learn and observe in the aforementioned Sports or Chaces; and in this we must begin with the _Pursuers or Conquerors_ of these Chaces, namely;

_Of Hounds._

There are several kinds of _Hounds_, endued with Qualities suitable to the Country where they are bred; and therefore consult his _Country_, and you will soon understand his _Nature_ & _Use_: As for instance, The _Western_ Counties of _England_, and Wood-land, Mountainous Countries, as also _Cheshire_, and _Lancashire_, breed the _slow-Hound_; a large great Dog, tall and heavy. _Worcestershire_, _Bedfordshire_, and many other well mixt Soyls, where the Champaign and Covert are equally large, produce the _Middle-sized Dog_; of a more nimble Composure than the fore-mentioned, and fitter for Chace. _Yorkshire_, _Cumberland_, _Northumberland_, and the _North_ parts, breed the Light, Nimble, _swift slender Dog_. And our open Champaigns train up excellent _Grey-Hounds_, hugely admired for his Swiftness, Strength, and Sagacity. And lastly, the _little Beagle_ bred in all Countries, is of exceeding Cunning, and curious Scent in Hunting. All these Dogs are highly set by in all remote Parts, whose Princes and Lords tenderly cherish them as _Excellencies_, and ambitiously sue for as _Rarities_.

For the _Choice_ of Hounds we are to rely much on their _Colours_, and accordingly make our Election. The Best and most Beautiful of all for a general Kennel, is, The _White Hound_, with black Ears, and a black spot at the setting on of the Tail, and is ever found to be both of good Scent, and good Condition, and will Hunt any Chace, but especially the _Hare_, _Stag_, _Buck_, _Roe_, or _Otter_, not sticking at Woods or Waters. The next is, the _Black_, the black-tann'd, or all Liver-hew'd, or the milk White Hound, which is the true _Talbot_, is best for the _String_, or _Line_, as delighting in Blood; the _Largest_ is the comliest and best. The _Grizled_, usually shag-hair'd, are the best Verminers, and so fittest for the _Fox_, _Badger_, or other hot Scents; a couple of which let not your Kennel be without, as being exceeding good cunning _Finders_.

For the _Shape_ of your _Hound_, you must consult the Climate of his Breed, and the natural Composition of his Body; but by these following Characters you may know a good _Hound_. If you like a large, _heavy_, true _Talbot-like_ Hound, See

His _Head_ be round and thick. _Nose_ short and uprising. _Nostrils_ wide and large. _Eares_ large and down-hanging. _Upper-Lip-Flews_ lower than his Nether Chaps. _Back_ strong and rising. _Fillets_ thick and great. _Thighs_ and _Huckle-bones_ round. _Hams_ streight. _Tail_ long and rush-grown. The _Hair of his Belly_ hard and stiff. _Legs_ big and lean. _Foot_ like a _Fox_'s, well clawd and round. _Sole_ dry and hard. All these shew an _able Hound_.

If you would choose a swift _light Hound_, the _Yorkshire_ one in the generality will please you; for that (as these have) he ought to have a _slenderer_ Head, _longer_ Nose, _shallower_ Ears and Flews, _broad_ Back, _gaunt_ Belly, _small Tayl_, _long_ Joints, _round_ Foot; and in fine of a _Gray-Hound-like_ Make.

Thus much to direct the Choice of _Hounds_; now something ought to be spoken of the _Composition of Kennels_, wherein I must appeal to the Affection of the Gentleman, the Lover of this Sport, and let him tell me the _Reasons_ that induced him to take pleasure in _Hounds_, Whether it be he fancies _Cunning in Hunting_? Or _Sweetness_, _Loudness_, or _Deepness of Cry_? Or for the _Training his Horses_? Or for the _Exercise of his Body_ only?

If for _Cunning_ Hunting; breed your Dogs from the slowest and largest of the forementioned _Northern_ Hounds, and the swiftest and slenderest of the _West Country_, of both Kinds, approved to be not given to lie off, or look for Advantages, but staunch, fair, even-running, and of perfect fine Scent. These will make a Horse gallop fast, and not run; being middle-siz'd; not too swift as to out-run, or too slow as to lose the Scent; are the best for the true Art and Use of Hunting.

If for _Sweetness of Cry_; compound your Kennel of some large Dogs, of deep solemn Mouths, and swift in spending, as the _Base_ in the Consort; Then twice so many roaring, loud ringing Mouths, as the _Counter-Tenor_: And lastly, some hollow plain sweet Mouths, as the _Mean_: So shall your Cry be perfect. Observe that this Composition be of the swiftest and largest deep Mouth'd Dog, the slowest and middle-siz'd, and the shortest Legged slender Dog. For these run even together; and warble forth their musical Notes most sweetly.

If for _Loudness of Mouth_, choose the Loud clanging (redoubling as it were) Mouth, and to this put the roaring, spending, and Whining Mouth, which will be loud, smart, and pleasant: Such are for the most part your _Shropshire_, and _Worcestershire_ Dogs.

If (Lastly) for _Deepness of Cry_, the largest Dogs having the greatest Mouths, and deepest Flews, are the best; such are your _West-Country_, _Cheshire_, and _Lancashire_ Dogs.

But if you have your Kennel for _Training Horses_ only; then compound your Kennel of the lightest, nimblest, and swiftest Dogs, such as your _Northern_ Hounds are. For the strong and violent Exercises of their Horses, through the natural Velocity of their Hounds, in the _North_ parts, have render'd them famous for Truth and Swiftness above all other parts of _England_; though they have not attained this through a better Breeding of their Horses than others, but by daily acquainting them with the Violence of such Exercises, which made it both familiar and natural to them. And _He that doth not train up his Horse so, puts a Cheat upon himself_.

Lastly, If for the _Maintenance of your Health_, by preventing Infirmities and Grossness of Humours, you compose your Kennel; consult first your own _Ability_ for this Exercise; and if you think you are able to _foot_ it away, then the _Biggest and slowest Dogs_ you can get are best; which you may bring so to your Command, as to make them Hunt with no more speed than you please to lead them. And herein you are surrounded with a double Delight; to hear their _Musick_, and observe their ambitious and eager _Striving to out-go one another_, in the Pursuit of their Game, and yet restrained by a submissive Compliance to their Masters Pleasure, beyond which they dare not presume to pass. But if you would _pad it_ away through an Unability of footing it, Then choose the _slowest or middle-sized Hounds_, of good Mouths and Noses, for loud Cry, and ready Scent.

Thus far for the Composing a Kennel: I come now to the _Kennel it self_, of which I need say little, as indeed unnecessary, leaving that to the Discretion of the _Huntsman_; Only I would have him observe, that it be built some pretty way distant from the Dwelling-House, in a warm dry place, free from Vermine, and near some Pond or River of fresh Water; and so placed, that the Morning Sun may shine upon it. Be sure to keep it clean, and let them not want fresh Straw every day. Feed them early in the Morning at Sun-rising, and at Sun-set in the Evening. As for their _Meat_, I leave to the ingenious Huntsman to get; Only this I must tell him, Three Bushels of Oates or Barley-Meal, with the half so much Bran or Mill-dust, besides the Horse-Flesh, Scraps, Bones, Crusts, &c. which the painful Huntsman can procure, is a fit weekly Proportion to keep _nine_ or _ten_ Couple of Hounds. When they come from Hunting, after you have fed them well, let them to their Kennel, and wash their Feet with Beer and Butter, or some such thing, and pick and search their Cleys, for Thorns, Stubs, or the like: If it is in _Winter_, let a fire be made, and let them beak and stretch themselves for an hour or so at the fire, and suffer them to lick, pick, and trim themselves; hereby to prevent the _Diseases_ incident to them, upon sudden Cooling, as the _Mange_, _Itch_, _Feavors_, &c. of which I come now to speak.

But before I treat of the keeping your Hounds in Health by curing their diseases, I must speak a Word or two of the way to _Breed good Whelps_, viz. Having a Hound and a Bratch of that general Goodness in Size, Voice, Speed, Scent, and Proportion you like, put them together to ingender in _January_, _February_, or _March_, as the properest Months for Hounds, Bitches, and Bratches to be Limed in; because of not _losing time_ to enter them. When you put them together, observe, as near as you can, if the _Moon_ be in _Aquarius_ or _Gemini_; because the Whelps will then never run Mad, and the Litter, will be double as many Dog, as Bitch, Whelps. When your Bitch is near her _Whelping_, separate her from the other Hounds, and make her a Kennel particularly by her self; and see her Kennell'd every Night, that she might be acquainted and delighted with it, and so not seek out unwholsom Places; for if you remove the Whelps after they are Whelp'd, the Bitch will carry them up and down till she come to their first Place of Littering; and that's very dangerous. Suffer not your Whelps to Suck above two Months, and then _Weane_ them.

When your Whelps are brought up, _enter_ them not into Hunting till they are at least a Year and half old: That is, if whelpt in _March_, enter them _September_ come Twelve-Month; if in _April_, in _October_ come Twelve-months after, _&c._

When you would _enter_ them, bring them abroad, with the most Staunch and best Hunting Hounds; (all babling and flying Curs being left at home:) and a _Hare being the best entering Chase_, get your _Hare_ ready before, and putting her from her Form, view which way she takes, and then lay on your Hounds, giving them all the Advantages may be; if she is caught, do not suffer them to break her, but immediately taking her, strip off her Skin, and cutting her to peices, give every part to your young Whelps; and that will beget in them a Delight in Hunting, and animate them with Courage. And now let us return to speak of

_Diseases incident to Dogs, and their Cures._

Because I should think it a very odd Humor for a Person to select these Creatures (Hounds) as instruments for the procurement of his Health Satisfaction, and Delight, and should be so inhumane as to suffer them to perish in their _Diseases_, because they cannot communicate their _Ailings_, and beseech _Redress_; therefore I have briefly summed up the immediate _Cures_ for their several Diseases, and by preventing his Excuse of _Ignorance_, desire his Application, as need require.

_For Sick Dogs._ Take Sheeps-heads, Wooll and all, hack, hew, and bruise them into pieces, make Pottage of it, with Oatmeal, and _Penny-Royal_, and give it warm.

_Lice and Fleas._ Boyl four or five handfuls of _Rue_ or _Herb of Grace_, in a gallon of running Water, till a pottle be consumed, strain it, and put two Ounces of _Staves-acre_ poudered, and bathe them with it warm.

_Itch._ Take Oyl of _Flower-de-Lys_, powder of _Brimstone_, & dry'd _Elicampane_ Roots, of each a like quantity, and _Bay-Salt_ powdered; mix these Powders with the Oyl, and warm it, anoint, scratch, and make it bleed, will do well.

_Tetter._ Take Black _Ink_, Juice of _Mint_ & _Vinegar_, of each a like, mix them altogether with the Powder of _Brimstone_ to a Salve, and Anoint it.

_Worms._ Give your Hound _Brimstone_ and new Milk, will kill them.

_Gauling._ May _Butter_, yellow _Wax_, and unslackt _Lime_, made to a Salve, and Anoint therewith, is a present Remedy.

_Mange._ Take two handfuls of _Wild-Cresses_, of _Elecampane_, of the Leaves and Roots of _Roerb_ and _Sorrel_, the like quantity, and two pound of the Roots of _Frodels_, Boyl them all well in Lye and Vinegar, strain it, and put therein two pound of _Grey soap_, and after 'tis melted, rub your Hound with it four or five dayes together; and 'tis an excellent Remedy.

_For any Ear Disease._ Mix _Verjuice_ and _Chervile_ Water together, and drop into his Eares a spoonful or two, morning and Evening.

_Sore Eyes._ Chew a Leaf or two of _Ground Ivy_, and spit the Juice into his Eyes.

_Surbaiting._ Wash his Feet with _Beer_ and _Butter_, and bind young red _Nettles_ beaten to a Salve to his Soles.

_Biting by Snake, Adder,_ &c. Beat the herb _Calaminth_ with _Turpentine_, and yellow _Wax_ to a Salve, and apply it. To expel the inward Poyson, give the said Herb in Milk.

_Biting by a Mad Dog._ Wash the place with _Sea-Water_, or strong _Brine_, will Cure him. The quantity of a Hazel-Nut of _Mithridate_, dissolved in sweet Wine, will prevent inward Infection.

_Madness._ Lastly, If your Hound be Mad, which you will soon find by his separating himself from the rest, throwing his Head into the Wind, foaming and slavering at Mouth, snatching at every thing he meets, red fiery Eyes, stinking filthy Breath; then to Knock him in the Head, is a present Remedy, and you'l prevent infinite Dangers.

And now I proceed to give some brief Instructions for Hunting the several _Chases_ used in _England_, for which we have chosen our Hounds; I mean the _Time when?_ and the _Manner how?_

Having your Kennel of Hounds in good order and plight, and being desirous to enjoy those Pleasures, for which we have observed the aforesaid Rules; Lead them forth, and to your Game (Gentlemen:) Only take this _Caution_ along with you; Do not forget to have in your Pack a couple of _Hounds_, called _Hunters in the Highwayes_, that will Scent upon hard Ground, where we cannot perceive Pricks or Impressions; and for your Huntsman's and your own Ease, let a couple of _Old stench Hounds_ accompany you, by whose sure Scent, the too great Swiftness of the young and unexperienced Ones may be restrained and regulated; and if you please, take the following Observations with you, and away.

Of _Hart_ or _Stag-Hunting_.

Waving the Praises of this Creature, and the large _Encomiums_ due to his several Excellencies, we'll come to the Doctrinal Part, and understand the _Age_ of this our Game, which is known by several Marks, amongst which this is the most authentick: That if you take his view in the ground, and perceive he has a large Foot, a thick Heel, a deep Print, open Cleft and long space, then be assured he is Old; as the Contrary concludes him Young.

But _Where_ and _When_ shall we find him? Examine the following Annual or monethly Season-Description, and you shall find him; begining at the end of Rutting-time, that is, In

_November_, in Heaths among Furs, Shrubs and Whines.

_December_, in Forrests among thick and strong Woods.

_January_, in Corners of the Forrests, Corn-fields, _Wheat_, _Rye_, &c.

_February_ and _March_, Amongst young and thick Bushes.

_April_ and _May_, in Coppices and Springs.

_June_ and _July_, in Out-Woods and Purlieus nearest the Corn Fields.

_September_ and _October_, After the first showers of Rain, they leave their Thickets, and go to Rut, during which time there is no certain place to find them in.

When you have found him in any of these places, be careful to go up the Wind; and the best time to find him is _before Sun-rising_, when he goes to feed; then watch him to his Leir, and having lodged him, go and prepare; if he is not forced, he will not budge till Evening. Approaching his Lodging, cast off your _Finders_, who having Hunted him a Ring or two, cast in the rest; and being in full Cry and maine Chace, Comfort and Cheer them with Horne and Voice. Be sure to take notice of him by some _Mark_, and if your Dogs make _Default_, rate them off and bring them to the Default back, and make them cast about till they have undertaken the first Deer; Then cheer them to the utmost, and so continue till they have either set up or slain him. It is the Nature of a _Stag_, to seek for one of his kind, when he is Imbost or weary, and beating him up, ly down in his place; therefore have a watchful eye unto _Change_. As likewise by taking _Soil_ (_i. e._ Water) he will swim a River just in the middle down the Stream, covering himself all over, but his Nose, keeping the middle, least by touching any Boughes he leave a Scent for the Hounds; And by his Crossings and Doublings he will endeavour to baffle his Pursuers: In these Cases have regard to your _Old Hounds_, as I said before. When he is _Imbost_ or weary, may be known thus: By his Creeping into holes, and often lying down, or by his running stiff, high and lumpering, slavering and foaming at Mouth, shining and blackness of his Hair, and much Sweat; And thus much for _Stag_ or _Hart Hunting_. As for the _Buck_ I shall not speak any thing, for he that can Hunt a _Stag_ well, cannot fail Hunting a _Buck_ well. As likewise for the _Roe-Hunting_, I refer you to what is spoken of the _Hart_ or _Stag_.

_Of Hare Hunting._

As for the _Time_, the most proper to begin this Game, note; That about the middle of _September_ is best and to end towards the latter end of _February_, when surcease, and destroy not the young early Brood of _Leverets_; and this season is most agreeable likewise to the nature of _Hounds_; moist and cool. Now for the _Place_ where to find her, you must examine and observe the Seasons of the Year; for in Summer or Spring time, you shall find them in Corn-fields and open places, not sitting in Bushes, for fear of Snakes, Adders, _&c._ In _Winter_ they love Tuffs of Thorns and Brambles, near Houses: In these places you must regard the _Oldness_ or _Newness_ of her _Forme_ or Seat, to prevent Labour in Vain: If it be plain and smooth within, and the Pad before it flat and worn, and the Prickles so new and perceptible, that the Earth seems black, and fresh broken, then assure your self the Forme is new, and from thence you may Hunt and recover the _Hare_; if the contrary (which narrowly observe) it is Old, and if your _Hounds_ call upon it, rate them off; the Scent is Old. When the _Hare_ is started and on Foot, step in where you saw her pass, and hollow in your _Hounds_ till they have undertaken it, then go on with full Cry. Above all be sure to observe her first Doubling, which must be your direction for all that day; for all her other after Doublings will be like that. When she is thus reduced to the _slights_ and _shifts_ she makes by Doublings and Windings, give your Dogs _Time_ and _Place_ enough to cast about your Rings, for unwinding the same; and observe her _leaps_ and _skips_ before she squat, and beat curiously all likely places of Harbour: She is soon your Prey now.

_Of Coney-Catching._

Their _Seasons_ are alwayes, and the way of taking them thus: Set Pursenets on their Holes, and put in a _Ferret_ close muzzled, and she will bolt them out (being a natural Enemy to them) into the Nets: Or blow on the suddain the Drone of a Bag-Pipe into the Burrows, and they will boult out: Or for want of either of these two, take powder of _Orpine_ and _Brimstone_ and boult them out with the Smother: But pray use this last seldom, unless you would destroy your Warren. But for this sport _Hays_ are to be preferred above all.

_Of Fox Hunting._

_January_, _February_, and _March_, are the best Seasons for Hunting the _Fox_ above ground, the scent being then strong, and the coldest Weather for the _Hounds_, and best finding his Earthing. Cast off your sure Finders first, and as the _Drag_ mends, more; but not too many at once, because of the Variety of Chaces in Woods and Coverts. The night before the day of Hunting, when the _Fox_ goes to prey at midnight, find his Earths, and stop them with Black Thorns and Earth. To find him draw your _Hounds_ about Groves, Thickets, and Bushes near Villages; Pigs and Poultrey inviting him to such Places to Lurk in. They make their Earths in hard Clay, stony ground, and amongst Roots of Trees; and have but one Hole straight and long. He is usually taken, with _Hounds_, _Grey-Hounds_, _Terriers_, _Nets_ and _Gins_.

_Of Badger-Hunting._

This Creature has several Names, as _Gray_, _Brock_, _Boreson_, or _Bauson_; and is hunted thus. First go seek the Earths and Burrows where he lieth, and in a clear Moon-shine Night, stop all the Holes but one or two, and in these fasten Sacks with drawing strings; and being thus set, cast off your _Hounds_ and beat all the Groves, Hedges, and Tuffs within a mile or two about, and being alarum'd by the Doggs they will repair to their Burrows and Kennells, and running into the Bags are taken. Other Methods there are which are used, but the Common usage makes me omit.

_Of the Martern or wild-Cat._

These two Chaces are usually hunted in _England_, and are as great Infesters of Warrens, as the two last mentioned Vermine, but are not purposely to be sought after; unless the Huntsman see their place of Prey, and can go to it; and if the _Hound_ chance to cross them, sport may be had. But no Rule can be prescribed how to find or hunt them.

_Of the Otter._

This Creature useth to lye near Rivers in his Lodging, which he cunningly & artificially builds with Boughs, Twiggs and Sticks. A great Devourer of Fish, and eatable in some Countries, where they have _good stomacks_. It is a very sagacious and exquisitely smelling Creature, and much Cunning and Craft is required to hunt him. But to take him, observe this in short: Being provided with _Otter-Spears_ to watch his Vents, and good _Otter-Hounds_, beat both sides of the Rivers banks, and you'll soon find if there is any. If you find him, and perceive where he swims under Water, get to stand before him when he _Vents_, (_i. e._ takes breath) and endeavour to strike him with the spear: If you miss him, follow him with your Hound, and if they are good for _Otter_, they will certainly beat every Tree-root, _Bulrush-Bed_, or _Osier-Bed_, so that he cannot escape you.

_Of the Wild Goat._

This being a _Welsh-Chace_, I thought it not amiss to say something of it, as not altogether Forreign. The _Wild-Goat_ is as bigg and as fleshy as a _Hart_, but not so long-legg'd. The best time for hunting them is, at _All-hollontide_; and having observed the Advantages of the Coasts, Rocks, and places where the _Goats_ lie, set Nets and Toiles towards the Rivers and Bottoms; for 'tis not to be imagined, the Doggs can follow them down every place of the Mountaines. Stand some on the tops of the Rocks, and as Occasion offers throw down Stones; and place your Relays at the small Brooks or Waters, where the _Goat_ comes down; but let them not tarry till the _Hounds_ come in, that were cast off.

_Thus much for Hunting._

Of Racing.

As all _Beasts_ are Subservient to _Man_, and he a Liberty and Power to Use them, and make them his Instruments, for the Procurement of his _Profit_, or _Pleasure_; so is there not a Creature more Serviceable to man in either of these, as the _Horse_. A _Beast_ Valiant, Strong, Nimble and Hardy, the Vivacity of whose Spirits, neither Heat can scorch, or dry up, nor Cold benumb or freez; he is Valiant, Watchfull, and Laborious, naturally Cleanly, and of exquisite Scent; Gentle and Loving to man, docile, and of a retentive Memory, and Apt or Fit for the performing any Service wherein man employes him. And for the Use of which I am now speaking (_Racing_) he ought to be endued with these Qualifications. That he have the _Finest Cleanest Shape_ possible, and above all, _Nimble_, _Quick_, and _Fiery_, _apt to Fly with the least Motion_; nor is a long Bodied contemptible, it assuring _Speed_, tho it signifies _Weakness_ too. The _Arabian_, _Barbary_, or his Bastard, are esteemed the best for this Use, these excelling _Jennets_, though they are good too.

Having furnished your self with a _Horse_ thus qualified, you are to observe his right and due _Ordering_, before your designed _Racing_. _Bartholomew-tide_ is the most proper time to _take him from Grass_; the day before being Dry, Fair, and Pleasant: That Night let him stand conveniently, to empty his Body; the next day _Stable_ him, and feed him with _Wheat-straw_ that day, and no longer; lest you exceeding that time, it straighten his _Guts_, heat his _Liver_, and hurt his _Blood_; for want of _Straw_, Riding him Morning and Evening to _Water_, Airing, or other moderate Exercises will serve. Then feed him with good old sweet _Hay_, and according to the Season, and Temperature of his Body clothe him; for a _Smooth Coat_ shews _Cloth_ enough, and a _Rough Coat_ want of it. Observe likewise where you _Water_ your _Race-Horse_, that it be a Running _Water_, or Clear _Spring_, far distant (a Mile or more) from the _Stable_, adjoyning to some _Levell_; where after he has once well drunk, Gallop him, and so _Water_ and _Scope_ him, till that he refuse to drink more, for that time; then Walk him gently Home, (being an Hour on your way, or more) clothe, and stop him round with soft _Whisps_, and let him stand an Hour upon his _Bridle_, and after feed him with sweet sound _Oats_, throughly dryed either with _Age_, _Kilne_, or _Sun_; if he be low of Flesh, or bad Stomacht, add a third part of Clean Old _Beans_, to two parts of _Oats_, or wash his _Oats_ in Strong _Beer_ or _Ale_.

For _Dressing_ take these _Rules_. _Dress_ your _Horse_ twice a day, before you _Water_ him, both Morning, and Evening, thus: _Curry_ him after he is uncloath'd, from his _Ear-tips_ to his _Tayle_, and his whole Body intirely (save his Legs under the Knees, and Cambrels) with an _Iron Comb_; then Dust him, and Rub him with a _Brush_ of _Bristles_ over again. Dust him again, and wetting your hand in clean Water, rub off all the loose Hairs, and so rub him dry as at first; then with a fine _Hair Cloth_ rub him all over; and Lastly, with a fine _Linnen Cloth_; and then pick his _Eyes_, _Nostrils_, _Sheath_, _Cods_, _Tuel_, and _Feet_, clean.

The best _Food_ for your _Racer_, is good, sweet, well dryed, sunned, and beaten _Oats_: Or else _Bread_ made of one part _Beans_, and two parts _Wheat_ (_i. e._) two _Bushells_ of _Wheat_, to one of _Beans_, ground together: Boult through a fine _Range_ half a _Bushell_ of fine _Meal_, and bake that in two or three _Loaves_ by it self, and with _Water_, and good store of _Barme_, knead up, and bake the rest in great _Loaves_, having sifted it through a _Meal-sieve_: [But to your _Finer_, you would do well to put the _Whites_ of Twenty or Thirty _Eggs_, and with the _Barme_ a little _Ale_, 'tis no matter how little _Water_:] With the _Courser_ feed him on his Resting dayes, on his Labouring dayes with the _Finer_.

The best _Time for feeding_ your _Runner_ on his _Resting-dayes_ is; After his _Watering_ in the Morning, at _One_ a Clock at Noon, after his _VVatering_ in the Evening, and at _Nine_ or _Ten_ a Clock at Nights: On his _Dayes of Labour_, Two Hours after he is throughly Cold, outwardly and inwardly, as before.

As for the Proportion of Meat, I shall not confine your Love to a Quantity, only give him a little at once, as long as his Appetite is Good: When he begins to fumble and play with his Meat, hold your Hand, shut up your Sack.

As for his _Exercise_ it ought to be Thrice a Week, as his bodily Condition requires; if he be foul, moderate Exercise will break his Grease; if clean, then as you judge best, taking heed of breaking his Mettle, or discouraging him, or laming his Limbs. Before you air him to add to his Wind, it is requisite to give him a raw Egg broken in his mouth: If your Horse be very _Fat_, air him before Sun-rising and after Sun-set; if _Lean_, deprive him not of the least strength and Comfort of the _Sun_ you can devise. To make him _Sweat_ sometimes by coursing him in his Cloathes is necessary, if moderate; but without his Cloaths, let it be sharp and swift. See that he be _empty before you Course him_; and it is wholesome to wash his Tongue and Nostrills with _Vinegar_, or _piss_ in his Mouth, before you back him. And after his Exercise, cool him before you come home, house, litter and rub him well and dry; then cloath him, and give him after every Course a Scouring thus prepared.

_For scouring a Race Horse._

Take 20 _Raisins of the Sun_ stoned, 10. _Figgs_ slit in the midst, boyle them till they be thick in a Pottle of Fair Water, mix it with Powder of _Annis-Seeds_, _Lycoras_, and _Sugar-candy_, till it come to a stiff Paste, make them into round Balls, roul them in Butter, and give him three or four of them the next morning after his Course, and ride him an hour after, and then set him up Warm. Or this may be preferred, being both a Purge and a Restorative, a Cleanser and a Comforter, thus prepared.

Take three Ounces of _Annis-Seeds_, six Drams of _Cummin-Seeds_, one Dram and half of _Carthamus_, one Ounce and two Drams of _Fennugreek-Seed_, one Ounce and half of _Brimstone_; Beat all these to a fine Powder, and searse them; then take a Pint and two Ounces of _Sallet Oyl_, a pint and half of _Honey_, and a Pottle of _White-wine_; then with a sufficient Quantity of fine white Meal, knead and work all well into a stiff Paste; keep it in a clean Cloath, for use. When occasion requires, dissolve a Ball of it in a Pail of Water, and after Exercise give it him to drink in the Dark, that he may not see the Colour, and refuse it: If he does refuse, let Fasting force him to be of another mind.

To conclude, those Instructions, which are enumerated by Mr. _Markham_, I will give you in short before you run, and then away as fast as you can.

_Course not your Horse hard four or five dayes before your Match, lest you make his Limbs sore, and abate his Speed._

_Muzzle him not (except a foul Feeder) above two or three Nights before the Race, and the Night before his bloody Courses._

_Give him sharp, as well as gentle, Courses on the Race he is to run._

_Shoe him a day before you run him._

_Let him be empty on the Match Day._

_Saddle him in the Stable, and fix to him the Girths and Pannel with Shoo-makers Wax._

_Lead him with all Gentleness to his Course, and let him smell other Horses Dung to provoke him to stale_, &c.

And Lastly, Being come to the starting place rub him well, uncloath him, then take his Back, and the Word given, with all Gentleness and Quietness possible, start and away; _And God speed you well_.

Of Hawking,

I shall not insist on any large _Encomiums_ of this Recreation, only that it is a most _Princely and serious Pleasure_; nor shall I amuse you with subtle and nice _Distinctions_, and things no way material; But will inform you with what is meerly necessary for the right _Understanding and Use_ of this Noble Art. I shall begin then with _Hawks_, their _Names_ and _Flights_.

_Of Hawks there are two sorts._

The Long-Winged Hawks.

_Faulcon_ and _Tiercle-gentle_.
_Gerfaulcon_ and _Jerkin_.
_Saker_ and _Sakaret_.
_Lanner_ and _Lanneret_.
_Barbary Faulcon._
_Merlin_ and _Jack_.
_Hobby_ and _Jack_.

The Short-Winged Hawks.

_Eagle_ and _Iron_.
_Goshawk_ and _Tiercel_.
_Sparrow-Hawk_ and _Musket_.

There are others too of inferiour sort as,

_Ring-Tail._
_Raven_ and _Buzzard_.
_Forked Kite._
_Hen-driver_, &c.

And as the _Age_ of these _Hawks_ is, so we name them, as

The First Year a _Soarage_.
The Second Year an _Intermewer_.
The Third Year a _White Hawk_.
The Fourth Year a _Hawk of the First Coat_.

Thus much for their _Names_, now we come to speak of the _Flights_ of these _Hawks_; which are these

The _Faulcon-Gentle_, for _Partridge_ or _Mallard_.
_Gerfaulcon_, will fly at the _Herne_.
_Saker_, at the _Crane_ or _Bittern_.
_Lanner_, at the _Partridge_, _Pheasant_ or _Choofe_.
_Barbary-Faulcon_, at the _Partridge_ only.
_Merlin_ and _Hobby_, at the _Lark_, or any small Bird.
_Goshawk_ and _Tiercel_, at the _Partridge_, or _Hare_.
_Sparrow-Hawk_, at the _Partridge_ or _Black-Bird_. And the
_Musket_, at the _Bush_.

Thus much for their several proper _Flights_, we are now come to their _Manning_, the Method of which being generally one and the same (though it has been the Labour of some to spend much Time, and many Words in treating of the various wayes of _Manning Hawks_, and yet comes all to one effect) I shall in short (according to the Design of this _Epitome_) lay down this Rule: That you watch, and keep them from Sleep, continually carrying them upon your _Fist_, familiarly stroak them with a Wing of some Dead _Fowle_, or the like, and play with them; Accustome to gaze, and look in their Face with a Loving, Smiling, Gentle Countenance; and that will make her acquainted, and familiar with Man.

Having made them familiar, the next thing is to _Bring them to the Lure_, (which the _Faulconer_ makes of _Feathers_, and _Leather_ much like a _Fowle_, which he casts into the Air, and calls the _Hawk_ to) which is after this manner. Set your _Hawk_ on the _Perch_, unhood her, and shew her some _Meat_ within your _Fist_, call her by _Chirping_, _Whistling_ or the like, till she comes, then Feed her with it; if she comes not, let her Fast, and be sharp set: _Short-winged Hawks_, are properly said to be _Called_, not _Lured_. Make her bold, and acquainted with _Men_, _Dogs_, and _Horses_, and let her be eager and sharp-set, before you shew her the _Lure_; knowing her _Luring_ Hours; and let both sides of the _Lure_ be garnished with warm, and bloody _Meat_; let her likewise know your _Voice_ well; so that being well acquainted with _Voice_, and _Lure_, the Hearing of the one, or Sight of the other, makes her Obedient; which you must reward by _Feeding_, or punish by _Fasting_. But before _Luring_ (or any _Flight_) it is requisite to _Bathe_ your _Hawk_ in some quiet and still shallow _Brook_, or for want of that in a Large _Bason_, shallow _Tub_, or the like, lest being at Liberty, you lose your _Hawk_, (whose Nature requires such Bathing) and make her rangle. Now to make her know her _Lure_, is thus: Give your _Hawk_ to another, and having loosned in readiness her Hood-strings, and fastened a _Pullet_ to the _Lure_, go a little distance, cast it half the length of the string about your Head, still _Luring_ with your Voice, unhood your _Hawk_, and throw it a little way from her: If she stoop and seize, let her plume the _Pullet_, and feed on it upon the _Lure_: Then take her and Meat on your Fist, Hood her, and give her the Tiring of the Wing, or Foot of the said _Pullet_.

Having _Manned_ and _Lured_ your _Hawk_, before you bring her to her _Flight_, one thing is to be observed and done, called in the _Faulconers Dialect_, _Enseaming_, which is to cleanse her from _Fat_, _Grease_, & _Glut_, known by her round _Thighs_, and full _Meutings_; and thus you may do it: In the Morning when you feed her, give her a bit or two of _Hot-meat_, and at Night very little or nothing. Then feed her Morning and Evening with a _Rook_, wash'd twice till the Pinions be tender; then give a Casting of Feathers as her Nature will bear; and once in two or three dayes give her a _Hens-neck_ well joynted and washt: Then a quick train _Pigeon_ every Morning; and after by these and her own Exercise, she has broken and dissolved the _Grease_, give her three or Four _Pellets_ of the Root of _Sellandine_, as bigg as a _Garden Pease_, steept in the Sirrup of _Roses_; and you have done this part of your Duty.

To _Enter_ your _Hawks_, for _Partridge_ or _Fowle_, observe this. Lay an Old Feild-_Partridge_ in a Hole, covered with something, and fasten to it a small _Creance_ (_i. e._ a Fine small long Line of strong and even-wound Packthread fastned to the _Hawks_ Leash when first Lured,) and uncoupling your ranging _Spaniels_, pluck off the Covering of the Traine _Partridge_ and let it go, and the _Hawk_ after it; and as soon as she has slain it, reward her well with it. And thus to make her fly at _Fowle_, feed her well with the _Traine_ of the Fowle you would have; doing afterwards as above.

The _Faults_ of _Hawks_ differ according to their Nature and Make: _Long-winged Hawks_ faults are thus helped. If she used _to take stand_, flying at the River, or in Champain Feilds, shun flying near Trees or Covert; or otherwise, let several Persons have _Trains_, and as she offers to stand, let him that's next her cast out his Traine, and she killing it reward her. And indeed you ought never to be without some live Bird or Fowle in your Bag, as _Pigeon_, _Duck_, _Mallard_, &c. If she be _Froward_ and _Coy_; when she Kills, reward her not as usually, but slide some other meat under her, and let her take her pleasure on it; giving her some Feathers to make her scoure and cast. If she be _Wild_, _look not inward_, but mind _Check_, (_i. e._ other Game, as _Crows_, &c. that fly cross her) then lure her back, and stooping to it, reward her presently.

The faults of _Short-Winged Hawks_ thus are helped. Sometimes the _Goshawk_ and _Sparrow-Hawks_, will neither kill, nor _Fly_ the Game to _Mark_, but will turn _Taile_ to it: Then encourage your Dogs to Hunt, cast a Traine _Partridge_ before your _Hawk_, make her seize it, and feed well upon it.

If a _Hawk take a Tree_, and will not fly at all, feed her then upon quick Birds, and make her foot them, and in the plain Champaign Feilds unhood her, and riding up and down a while let one cast out a Feild-_Partridge_ before her, let her fly at it, and footing it feed on it. If they be _too fond of Man_, that after a stroke or two will not fly, be seldom familiar with her, and reward her not as she comes so improperly: Otherwise reward her well.

As for _Mewing of Hawks_, the best time for _Long-winged Hawks_ is about the middle of _April_, and _March_ for the _Short-Winged Hawks_. There are two kinds of Mewings. 1. _At the stock or stone_; so called from its being low upon the ground, free from Noise, Vermin or ill Air. 2. _At large_; so called from being in a high Room, with open Windows towards the _North_ or _North-East_. The former is accounted the best Mewing. I shall not insist on the erecting or ordering of this Mew, leaving that to the Discretion of the Faulconer; only before he mews his _Hawk_, see if they have _Lice_, to pepper and scowre them too. The best _time to draw _the Field_-Hawk from the Mew_, is in _June_, and she will be ready to fly in _August_; the Hawks for the River in _August_, will be ready in _September_. And because _Hawks_ are subject to divers Infirmities and Diseases, I shall prescribe some Remedies, and so Conclude.

_Cures for Hawks Diseases._

The good Faulconer ought diligently to observe the Complexions of his _Hawks Castings_ and _Mewtings_, to judge of their Maladies, and is prescribed by some as an excellent way; and is indeed so; but an assured sign of knowing whether they are sick or distempered is this. Take your _Hawk_, turning up her Train, if you see her Tuel or Fundiment swelleth, or looketh red; Or, if her Eyes or Eares be of a fiery Complexion, it is an infallible sign of her being not well and in good health; and then Scouring is necessary first; which is done by the most Soveraign _Aloes Cicatrine_, about the quantity of a Bean, wrapt up in her Meat; and this avoids Grease, and kills Wormes too.

_For the Cataract_: Take one Scruple of washt _Aloes_ finely beaten, and two Scruples of _Sugar-candy_, mix these together, and with a Quil blow it three or four times a day into your _Hawks_ Eye.

_Pantus_ or _Asthma_: Pour the Oyl of sweet _Almonds_ into a Chickens Gutt, well washt, and give it the _Hawk_: Or, scower her with _Sellandine_-Pellets, and Oyle of _Roses_, and then wash her meat in the Decoction of _Coltsfoot_.

_Filanders_ or _Wormes_: To prevent them, seeing your Hawk low and poor, give her once a month a Clove of _Garlick_. To cure or kill them; take half a dozen Cloves of _Garlick_, boyle them very tender in _Milk_, then take them and dry the Milk out of them; put them into a spoonful of the best _Oyle of Olives_, and having steept them all Night, give them both to your Hawk, when she has cast, in the morning; feed her not til two hours after, and then with warm Meat, and keep her warm all that day.

_Lice_: Mail your Hawk in some Woollen Cloath, put between her Head and Hood a little Wool, and take a Pipe of _Tobacco_, put the little end in at the Tream, blow the smoak, and the Lice that escape Killing, will creep into the Cloth: _Probatum_.

_Formica_: Take a little of the Gall of a _Bull_, and beating it with _Aloes_, anoint the Beak of the Hawk, Morning and Evening.

_Frounce_: Take the Powder of _Allume_, reduced to a Salve with strong Wine Vinegar, and wash her mouth with it; then take the Juice of _Lollium_ and _Raddish_, mixt with Salt, and anoint the Sore.

_Apoplex_: Gather the Herb _Asterion_ (the Moon being in the Waine and in the Sign _Virgo_) wash your Hawks meat with the Juice thereof when you feed her, is Soveraign.

_Wounds_: Take the Juice of _English Tobacco_, or _Mouse-eare_, after you have sticht it up, with a little Lint, bathe the place is highly approved.

Many other Diseases there are, which others have largely treatad of, and to whom I refer you in case of some Diseases, which may occur; and here take leave to conclude this my discourse of Hawking:

Of Riding,