Chapter III: Front Matter (3)

The _Salmon_ delights in large swift Rivers, which ebb and flow; and are there plentifully to be found: As likewise Rocky and Weedy Rivers. But in the latter end of the Year he is to be found high up in the Country, in swift and violent Cataracts, coming thither to spawn.

The _Trout_ loves small swift purling Brooks or Rivers, that run upon Stones or Gravel, and in the swiftest deepest part of them, getteth behind some Stone-Block and there feeds. He delights in a Point of a River where the Water comes Whirling like the Eddy, to catch what the Stream brings down, especially if he has the Shade of a Tree: He hugely delights to lurk under some hollow Bank or Stone; seldom among Weeds.

_Shad_, _Thwait_, _Plaice_, _Peel_, _Mullet_, _Suant_ and _Flownder_, covet chiefly to be in or near the Salt or Brackish Waters, which ebb and flow: The last, _viz._ the _Flownder_, have been taken in fresh Rivers, as coveting Sand and Gravel, deep gentle streams, near Banks, _&c._

Lastly the _Umber_ affects Marly Clay Ground, clear and swift Streams, far from the Sea; the greatest Plenty of these Fish is found in _Derbyshire_ and _Staffordshire_.

Thus much for the _Haunts_ of Fish; I come next to know _When_ is the most _seasonable time_ to catch them; which before I speak to, let him that would become a compleat Angler, take this Rule. That he observe narrowly what Pond or River soever he fisheth in, whether it be slimy, muddy, stoney or gravelly; whether of a swift or slow Motion; As likewise that he know the Nature of each Fish, and what Baits are most proper for every kind: Not to let his Knowledg be circumscribed to one or two particular Rivers, whither he is invited to Angle and take his Observations by the Vicinity of his House; but to let his Knowledge be _general_, and consequently his Sport will be so too. His Ignorance otherwise will oblige him to be a Spectator in another River, when his Excellency is confined to that only experienced one in or near his own Parish or House. But to proceed,

II. To understand the best _Time when_ to Angle in, We must first consider Affirmatively, when most _Seasonable_: Or, 2. Negatively, when _Unseasonable_.

1. _Seasonable_ Angling is, When the Weather is calme, serene and clear; tho the Cool cloudy Weather in Summer is to be preferred, provided the Wind blow not too boistrously, to hinder your easy Guiding your Tools; In the hottest Months the cooler the better.

2. When a Violent shower hath disturbed the Water and mudded it, then with a _Red Worm_, Angle in the Stream at the ground.

3. A little before Fish spawn, when they repair to Gravely Fords to rub and loosen their full Bellies; they bite freely.

4. From Sun-rising till eight of the Clock in the Morning, and from four in the Afternoon till night for _Carp_ and _Tench_. In _June_ and _July_, _Carps_ shew themselves on the very rim of the Water, then Fish with a _Lob-Worm_, as you would with a Natural Flye. But be sure to keep out of sight.

5. In _March_, _April_, and _September_, and all _VVinter_, when the Air is clear, serene and warm. And after a showre of Rain, which hath only beaten the _Gnats_, and _Flies_ into the _River_, without muddying. The two first mentioned Months with _May_, and part of _June_, are most proper for the _Fly_; _Nine_ in the Morning, and _Three_ a Clock in the Afternoon, is the best time; as likewise, when the _Gnats_ play much in a warm Evening.

6. In a _Cloudy_, and _VVindy_ day, after a _Moon-shine_ clear Night, for the brightness of the Night (through fear) making them abstain from feeding, and the Gloominess of the Day emboldening and rendering them (through Hunger) sharp, and eager upon food, they bite then freely.

7. _Lastly_, At the opening of _Mill-dams_ or _Sluces_, you will find _Trouts_, &c. come forth seeking food, brought down by the Water. We come next to demonstrate the time not proper, _i. e._

2. _Unseasonable_ Angling in short is, When the Earth is parched, and scorched with Vehement _Heat_, and _Drought_; benummed and frozen with _Cold_, _Frost_, and _Snow_; or refrigerated with Spring _Hoar-Frosts_; or blasted with the sharp, bitter, nipping, _North_, or _East_ Winds: Or when blustring _Boreas_ disorders your well guiding your Tackling; or the _Sheep-Shearers Washings_ glutted the _Fish_, and anticipated your _Bait_; when the withdrawing of your sport, foretells a Storm, and advises you to some shelter; or Lastly, when the night proves Dark, and Cloudy, you need not trouble your self the next day, 'tis to no purpose, _&c._

Thus much shall suffice for the two first Parts I proposed to treat of, _viz._ What we seek after in this Recreation, and Where, and When to find it; I come next to speak of the several _Implements_, and _Tackling_ we ought to be provided with, for the prosecuting the same; and then to our Sport.

III. For providing _Stocks_, the best time is the Winter _Solstice_, when the Sap is in the Roots of Trees, and their Leaves gone. It is improper after _January_, the Sap then ascending into the Trunk, and expanding it self over all the Branches. See that your Stocks be _Taper-grown_, and your Tops of the best _Ground-Hazle_, that can be had, smooth, slender, and straight, of an Ell-long, pliant, and bending; and yet of a strength, that a reasonable jerk cannot break it, but it will return to its first straightness; lest otherwise you endanger your Line. Keep them two full years, before you use them; having preserved them from Worm-eating, or Rotting, by thrice a year rubbing and chaffing them well with Butter (if sweet) or Linsed or Sallet-Oyl; and if Bored, Oyl poured into the Holes, and bathed four and twenty houres in it, and then thrown out again, will exceedingly preserve them.

But why should I further trouble my self with prescribing any Rules for the ordering the Angle-Rod, since every Cane-shop in _London_ will furnish us at an easy rate, with Rods of Cane, that shall suit with the sport we designe; the usual Objection of their _Colour_ and Stiffness being taken away, the first by covering it with Parchment or thin Leather, dyed as you please; and the other by the length and strength of the Top, being as before.

The next thing we come to prepare is the _Line_, which though easy, yet admits of some Rule; wherefore to make it neat, handsome and strong, twist the Hair you make it of _even_, having seen if the Hair be of an equal bigness; then steep your Line in Water, to see if the Hairs shrink, if so, you must twist them over again. The _Colour_ of the Hair is best of _Sorrel_, _White_ and _Grey_; Sorrel for muddy boggy Rivers, and the two last for clear Waters. Nor is the _Pale watry green_ contemptible, dyed thus: Take a pint of strong _Ale_, half a pound of _Soot_, a little of the Juice of _Walnut-Leaves_ and _Allum_; Boyle these together in a Pipkin half an hour, take it off, and when 'tis cold, put in your Hair. In making your Line of Hair mix not Silk; but either all Hair, or all Silk; as likewise distinguish the Line for the Ground Angle, and that for the Fly-Rod, the last must be stronger than the first; in that for the Artificial Fly, making the uppermost Link twenty Hairs long, less in the next, and so less till you come to the Fly. Lastly at each end of your Line make a Loop (called a _Bow_) the one _Larger_, to fasten to, and take it from the top of your Rod, and the other _Lesser_ to hang your Hook-line on.

Your _Hook_ comes next, and requires your Care, That it be Long in the shank, something Round in compass, the point straight and even, and bending in the shank. Set on your Hook with strong small Silk, laying your Hair on the inside of the Hook.

Your _Flote_ challenges divers wayes of making. Some using _Muscovy_ Duck-quills for still Waters. Others the best sound Cork without flaws or holes, bored through with a hot Iron, and a Quill of a fit proportion put into it; then pared into a pyramidal Form, or in the fashion of a small Peare, to what bigness you please, and ground smooth with a Grindstone or Pumice; this is best for strong Streams.

In fine, _To plum the Ground_, get a _Carbine_ Bullet bored through, and in a strong twist hanged on your _Hook_ or Rod. To sharpen your _Hook_, carry a little _Whetstone_. To carry your several Utensils without incommoding your Tackle, have several _Partitions_ of Parchment. And in short the Ingenious Angler will not be unprovided of his _Bob_ and _Palmer_; his _Boxes_ of all sizes for his _Hooks_, _Corks_, _Silk_, _Thread_, _Flies_, _Lead_, &c. His _Linnen_ and _Woollen Bait-Bags_; His splinted _Osier light Pannier_; And lastly his _Landing Hook_, with a Screw at the end to screw it into the socket of a Pole, & stricken into the Fish, to draw it to Land: To which socket, a Hook to cut up the Weeds, and another to pull out Wood, may be fastned.

But all those Implements I have described, serve to no purpose, if we do not observe to have the _Agents_ and Effecters of our Pastime in store, I mean proper _Baits_ and Inticements to take your Fish. Which branch themselves into three Kinds.

First, The _Life-baits_, which are all kind of _Worms_, _Redworm_, _Maggot_, _Dors_, _Froggs_, _Bobb_, _Brown-Flies_, _Grashoppers_, _Hornets_, _Wasps_, _Bees_, _Snails_, small _Roaches_, _Bleak_, _Gudgeon_, or _Loaches_.

Secondly, _Artificial living Baits_, of _Flyes_ of all sorts and shapes, made about your Hooks with Silk and Feathers, at all times seasonable, especially in blustering Weather.

Lastly, _Dead Baits_, Pasts of all maings, Wasps dryed or undryed, clotted _Sheeps-blood_, _Cheese_, _Bramble-berries_, _Corn_, _Seeds_, _Cherries_, &c. The two first good in _May_, _June_ and _July_, the two next in _April_; and the last in the _Fall_ of the Leaf.

_Of Flies._

Of _Natural_ Flies there are innumerable, and therefore it cannot be expected I can particularize all; but some of their Names I shall nominate, _viz._ The _Dun-Fly_, _Red-Fly_, _May-Fly_, _Tawny-Fly_, _Moor-Fly_, _Shell-Fly_, _Flag-Fly_, _Vine-Fly_, _Cloudy_ or _Blackish-Fly_, _Canker-Flies_, _Bear-Flies_, _Caterpillars_, and thousands more, differing according to the Soiles, Rivers or Plants.

_Artificial Flies_, are made by the ingenious Angler, according to Art, in shape, colour and proportion like the Natural Fly, of _Fur_, _Wool_, _Silk_, _Feathers_, &c. To delineate which I must confess my self not so accurate and skilful a Painter, nor can any Pen-drawing illustrate their Various Colours so, as to direct their Artificial Counterfeit; Nature will help him in this by Observation, curiously Flourishing their several Orient and bright Colours, after which they take their names, as before said: And therefore to furnish your self with both Natural and Artificial _Flyes_, repair in the morning to the River, and with a Rod beat the Bushes that hang over the Water, and take your Choice; This is a Rule whereby you may know by their Number what _Fly_ the Fish affect most, and accordingly to use it; taking with you these following Directions.

1. Observe to Angle with the Artificial _Fly_ in Rivers disturbed somewhat by Rain, or in a Cloudy day, the Wind blowing gently: If the Wind be not so high, but you may well guide your Tackle, in plain Deeps is to be found the best Fish, and best Sport: If small Wind breeze, in swift streams is best Angling: Be sure to keep your _Fly_ in perpetual slow motion; and observe that the Weather suit the Colour of your _Fly_, as the light Colour'd in a Clear day, the Darkish in a dark, _&c._ As likewise according to the Waters Complexions, have your Fly suitable.

2. Let your Line be twice as long as your Rod: Keep as far as you can from the Waterside, the Sun on your back; In casting your Fly, let that fall first; your Line not touching the Water.

3. Have a nimble Eye, and active quick Hand to strike presently upon the rising of the Fish, lest finding his mistake he spew out the Hook.

4. In slow Rivers cast your Fly cross them, let it sink a little, draw it back gently, without breaking or circling the Water; let the Fly float with the Current, and you will not fail of excellent Sport.

5. Observe to let the Wings of your _Salmon-Flys_ to be one behind another, whether two or four, and they and the Tail long, and of the finest gaudiest Colours you can choose.

_Lastly_, In clear Rivers a small _Fly_ with slender Wings is best, and in muddied Rivers a Fly of a more than Ordinary large Body.

Thus much for Flies, I come next to that I called _Dead-Baits_, and shall begin with the several Wayes of making Pastes.

_Of Pastes._

1. Beat in a Mortar the Leg of a young _Coney_ (Vulgarly called the _Almond_) or of a Whelp or Catling, and a quantity of Virgins Wax and _Sheeps_ suet, till they are incorporated, and temper them with clarified _Honey_ into Paste.

2. _Sheeps_ Blood, _Cheese_, fine _Manchet_ and clarified _Honey_ tempered as before.

3. _Sheeps_-Kidney-Suet, _Cheese_, fine Flower, with clarified _Honey_ tempered.

4. _Cherries_, _Sheeps_ Blood, _Saffron_ and fine _Manchet_ made into a Paste.

5. Beat into a Paste; the fattest Old _Cheese_, the strongest _Rennet_ can be got, fine _Wheat-flower_ and _Annis-seed_ Water: If for a _Chub_ you make the Paste, put a little rafty _Bacon_.

Lastly, _Mutton_-Kidney Suet, and _Turmerick_ reduced to a fine Powder, the fattest old _Cheese_ and strongest _Rennet_, wrought to a Paste, adding _Turmerick_, till the Paste be of a curious Yellow; and is excellent and approved for _Chevin_.

All which Pastes when you use them, that you may have the desired Effects of your Pains infallibly follow, anoint your Bait with this Confection: Take the Oyl of _Aspray_, _Coculus India_, and _Assa Foetida_ beaten, and mix with it as much Life-_Honey_; then dissolve them in the Oyle of _Polypody_, and keep it in a close Glass for your use. And that your Paste may not wash off your Hook, beat Cotten-Wool or Flax into it.

_Of keeping Baits._

For the keeping and preserving all quick Baits, you must keep them separately as they are several, not altogether; and feed them with that they most delight in; as for instance, in short:

The _Red-Worm_, must be kept in a bag of Red Cloth, with a handful of chopt _Fennel_, mixt with half so much fresh, black and fertile Mould, will scoure and preserve them: All other Worms, with the Leaves of Trees they are bred on, renewing them often in a day. Only the _Cad-bait_, _Bob_ and _Canker_, &c. must be kept in the same things you find them.

The great _White Maggots_, keep them in Sheeps-Tallow, or little bits of a beasts Liver; and to scoure them, hang them warm in a bag of Blanketing with Sand.

The _Frogs and Grasshoppers_, in wet Moss and long Grass, frequently moistned; and when used, the Legs of the first, and the Wings of the other must be cut close off.

The _Flies_ use them as you take them. Only the _Wasps_, _Hornets_ and _Humble-Bee_, must be dryed in an Oven, their heads dipt in Sheeps blood, and dryed again, may be kept in a Box for use.

Thus much shall suffice for the Anglers Tools and Baits, I shall now lead him to his Sport, having first Clad himself with all inward and outward Ornaments.

_Inward_, In having his Mind cloathed with these Qualifications, _viz._

1. _Learning_, throughly to understand his Art, and skilfully argue and dispute its Excellency, _&c._

2. _Faith_, to enjoy the Benefit of his Expectation.

3. _Love_, to his Pleasure, not thinking it irksom and tedious, to his Neighbour, in not offending him.

4. _Patience_, In not excruciating himself for Accidents of Losses, _&c._

5. _Humility_, in wetting himself, lying down, kneeling, _&c._ as Occasion requires.

6. _Liberality_, in dispencing to others the Fruits of his Labour.

_Outward_, In cloathing his body with plain and comely Apparel, of sad dark Colours, as sad grayes, tawny, purple, hair or Musk Colour. Warm and well lined, to prevent the Evils which the Coldness of the Air, or Moistness of the Water may produce.

And now thus equipt let us walk to the Rivers side, there give me leave to direct you in the _Measures_ you must take and observe, for the obtaining the End of what all our forementioned Preparations aime at; I mean the Catching those sundry kinds of Fish I enumerated at the begining of this Discourse; and observing that first method, I shall Alphabetically describe, what Baits are most Proper for taking them, and How to use them.

To begin then with the _Barbel_. The best time for Angling for this Fish is at the latter end of _May_, _June_, _July_, and beginning of _August_, in his Haunts aforementioned; and the best Bait (omiting others) is the well-scoured _Lob-Worm_ (being of a curious cleanly Palate as well as shape) or Cheese steept an hour or two in clarified Honey. He is a subtile Fish, extraordinary strong, and dogged to be dealt with, and therefore be sure to have your Rod and Line strong and long, or you may endanger to break it.

The _Breame_ is next in order; The most seasonable time to Angle for him is from St. _James_ tide till _Bartholomew_ tide. He spawneth in _June_ or begining of _July_; is easily taken, as falling on his side after one or two gentle turnes, and so drawn easily to Land. The best Bait for him is that (most delightful to him) _Red-Worme_ (found in Commons & _Chalky_ Grounds after Rain) at the root of a great _Dock_, wrapt up in a round Clue. He loves also Paste, Flag-Wormes, Wasps, Green-Flies, Butter-Flies, and a Grass-hopper, without Leggs.

Bait your Ground the night before with gross-ground Malt, boiled and strained, and then in the morning with the Red-Worm, bait your Hook, and plumbing your Ground within half an Inch, Fish.

The _Bleak_, an eager Fish, is caught with all sorts of Worms bred on Trees or Herbs, also with _Flies_, _Cad-bait_, _Bobs_, _Paste_, _Sheeps-Blood_, _White Snails_, _Wasps_, _Gnats_, &c. In a warm clear day the small Flye at the rim of the Water is best; In a Cloudy day, _Gentles_ or _Cadis_ two foot under the Water.

The _Bull-head_ or _Millers-thumb_, being Childrens Recreation, I shall speak little of, only being serviceable for Baits, I shall only say he is easily taken with a small Worm, being lazie and simple, and will swallow any thing; and the _Minnow_, _Loach_, and _Bansticle_ being of the same diet, I place here too.

The _Chevin_, loveth all sorts of _Worms_, _Flies_, _Cheese_, _Grain_, and _Black Worms_, their Bellies being slit, that the White may be seen: And very much delighteth in the _Pith_ of an _Oxes back_, the tough outward skin being carefully taken off, without breaking the inward tender skin. In the Morning early angle for _Chevin_, with a _Snail_; in the heat of the day, with some other Bait; in the afternoon with the _Fly_; the great _Moth_, with a great Head, yellow Body, and whiteish Wings, usually found in _Gardens_, about the Evening: The larger the _Chevin_, the sooner taken; loving his Bait large, and variety on a Hook.

The _Char_ is a _Lancashire Fish_, found in a _Mere_, called _Winander-Mere_ in that _County_, the largest in _England_; and being to be found no where else, I shall not lead my _London_ Angler thither to teach him to take it.

The _Chub_, called by some a _Cheven_, by others a _Villain_, is a _Fish_ of no rare Meat; however, is good for a young Angler, and is thus to be taken: Bait your hook with a _Grass-hopper_, find the Hole where he lies, accompanied in a hot day, with twenty or more, floating almost on the very superficies of the Water; choose which you think best, and fairest, and drop your Hook some two foot before him, and he will bite at it greedily, and cannot break hold with his _Leather Mouth_; let him play and tire, lest you break your Line. If you cannot get a _Grass-hopper_, then any _Worm_, or _Fly_ you will. In cold Weather, fish for him near the Bottom, and the _Humble-Bee_ is the best Bait. Some appropriate Baits according to the Month, but I shall Omit that; The _Chub_ (being best and in his Prime in the Winter, and then excellent meat Baked) a Paste made of _Cheese_, and _Turpentine_, is the only Bait to take him.

The _Carp_ is subtle, and full of Policy, will never bite in Cold Weather, but in Hot you cannot be too Early, or too Late. In _March_, he seldome refuseth the _Red-Worme_, in _June_ the _Cadice_, and the three next _Months_ the _Grass-hopper_: Pastes that are sweet, of which I have spoken before, are very delightfull to _Carps_: And especially; if you Bait your ground two or three dayes before you angle, with _Pellets_ of course Paste, _Chickens-guts_, _Garbage_, &c. _Gentles_ anointed, and a Piece of _Scarlet_ dipt in _Honey_, put them on the Hook, is an approved way.

The _Dace_, _Dare_, _Rudd_, and _Roach_, being much of a kind, and feeding, I shall put together, and are easily taken with small _Worms_, _Bobs_, _Cadbaits_, _Flies_, _sheeps-Blood_, all sorts of _Worms_, bred on _Trees_ or _Herbs_, _Paste_, _Wasps_, _Gnats_, _Lipberries_, &c. The Heads of the _Wasps_, being dipt in Blood, is good for _Dace_, and _Dare_; as is likewise the _Ant-flie_.

The _Eel_, takes great _Red-worms_, _Beef_, _Wasps_, _Guts_ of _Fowl_, or _Fish_, _Menow_, small _Roaches_ are good Bait for Night Hooks; the Hooks being in the Mouth of the _Fish_. Now because this is very delightfull to most, I shall prescribe three wayes of taking them, as are most full of Pleasure. The first way is called, _Sniggling_, or _Broggling_ for _Eels_, thus: Take a strong Line and Hook, baited with a _Lob_, or _Garden-Worm_, and observing where _Eels_ lurk in the day time, with a stick forked at the Top, gently put your Bait into the Hole, and if there be any _Eels_ there, you will not fail of a Bite, of as large _Eels_ as can be had, but pull not too hard lest you spoyl all. The second is called _Bobbing_, which is thus done: Take some large well scowred _Lobs_, and with a Needle, run some strong twisted _Silk_ through them, from end to end, so many as are enough to wrap about a Board near a dozen times; tye them fast with the two ends of the _Silk_ to hang in so many Hanks; then fasten all to a strong Cord, and a handfull above the _Worms_ fasten a _Plumb_ of three quarters of a pound, and your Cord to a strong _Pole_, and in muddy Waters, you may _Fish_, and find the _Eels_ tug lustily, and when you think they have swallowed them, draw up your Line, and a-shore with them. _Lastly_, the _Eel-Spear_ made with four Teeth, jagged on both sides, stricken into the Mud, on the bottom of a River, and if you chance to strike where they lye, you infallibly take.

There is likewise an assured way of taking _Eels_, approved to excel any other, thus done: Take some Bottles of _Hay_, mixt with green _Osiers_, or _Willows_, Bait them with _Sheeps Guts_, or other _Beasts Garbage_, sink them down in the middle, to the bottom of your _Pond_, or by the _Bank-sides_, having fastned a Cord to the Bottles, that you may twitch them up at your pleasure, and all the best _Eels_ will resort to them, and you may take abundance.

The _Flounder_, _Shad_, _Thwait_, _Suant_, and _Mullet_, are taken with _Red-Worms_ of all sorts, _Wasps_, and _Gentles_.

The _Grayling_ is next; In _Angling_ for which, you must head your Hook upon the shank, with a very slender and narrow plate of _Lead_, that the Bait (a large _Grass-hopper_) may the more easily come over it; and at the point put a _Cadbait_, and keep the Bait in continual motion; not forgetting to pull off the _Grass-hoppers_ Wings.

The _Gudgeon_, takes the smallest _Red-Worm_, _Wasps_, _Gentles_, and _Cadbaits_. When you _Fish_ for him, stir up the _Sand_ or _Gravel_ with a _Pole_, which will make them gather thither, and bite more eagerly.

The _Guiniad_, I shall remit speaking to, only mentioning it in course, being no where found, but in a place called, _Pemble-Mere_, in which place they abound, as the River _Dee_ does with _Salmon_.

The _Pope_, or _Ruff_, is excellent for a young _Angler_, bites greedily, and quantities may be taken, by Baiting the Ground with _Earth_, and your Hook with small Red _Worms_.

The _Pike_, loveth all sorts of Baits (unless the _Fly_) _Gudgeon_, _Dace_, _Roaches_ and _Loaches_; and young _Frogs_ in _Summer_ time, of which the yellowest is best.

The _Pearch_, taketh all sorts of _Earth-worms_, especially the _Lob-worm_, and _Brandling_, well scowred, _Bobs_, _Oak-worms_, _Dors_, _Gentles_, _Cole-wort-worms_, _Wasps_, _Cadbaits_, and _Menow_, or a little _Frog_, the Hook being fastned through the skin of his Leg, towards the upper part of it. Be sure you give the _Pearch_ time enough to pouch his Bait, before you strike.

The _Salmon_, is taken best with _Lob-worms_, scented with the Oyl of _Ivy-berries_, or the Oyl of _Polypody_ of the _Oak_ mixt with _Turpentine_: Or the well-scowred _Garden-worm_, is an excellent Bait: The _Salmon_ bites best in _May_, _June_, and _July_, at three a _Clock_ in the Afternoon, if the Water be clear, a little Wind stirring, especially near the _Sea_.

The _Tench_, is a great lover of large Red _Worms_, first dipt in _Tar_. As also all sorts of Paste, made up with strong scented _Oyls_, or _Tar_, or a Paste made up of Brown _Bread_, and _Honey_. He will bite too at a _Cad-worm_, _Lob-worm_, _Flag-worm_, green _Gentle_, _Cadbait_, _Marsh-worm_, or soft boil'd _Bread-grain_.

The _Torcoth_, being before mentioned, I only let you know, that he is only found, in the Pool _Linperis_ in _Carnarvan-shire_; and leave you to the _Welch-mens_ description, both of him and his _Bait_.

The _Trout_, is fattest, and in his prime in _May_, and is caught with all sorts of _Worms_, especially _Brandlings_, commonly found in an Old _Dung-hill_, _Cow-dung_, _Hors-dung_, or _Tanners-bark_: Also with _Flies_, Natural and Artificial, with young _Frogs_, _Menow_, _Marsh_, _Dock_ or _Flag-worms_; all sorts of _Cad-bait_, _Dors_, _Bobs_, _Palmers_, _Gentles_, _Wasps_, _Hornets_, &c. and with the _Catterpiller_, used according to the Rule before prescribed for the _Grayling_.

_Lastly_, The _Umber_, endeth our _Alphabet_, and _Discourse_ of _Fishing_ too, and gives me occasion to add no more, but that he is taken as the _Trout_, just now mentioned; And therefore now to your Sport: To assist your well effecting which, I have but this to add; Cast into your Haunts where you use to _Fish_, once in four or five dayes, soft boyled _Corn_ (or oftner for _Carp_, and _Tench_) Also _Garbage_, _Beasts Livers_, chopt _Worms_, _Grains_ steept in _Blood_, to attract them to the place; and to keep them together, throw in half a handfull of _Grains_ of ground _Malt_: But in a stream, cast it above your Hook, that floating towards you may draw the Fish thither.

Before I conclude, I was afraid this discourse would have been imperfect, had not something been spoken of _Fish-ponds_, their Ordering, and Improving, that the private Gentleman may not be destitute of some appropriated place to himself, wherein he may Recreate himself in this excellent Pastime; great _Rivers_ belonging either to the King, or to Lords of Mannours, whose Authorities and Jurisdictions must be kept inviolate, and excludes our Intrusion there.

_Of Fish-ponds._

When you have a desire to dig a _Fish-pond_, coveting the several Advantages that do thence accrue to you, you must first of all consult, what _Grounds_ are most fit and proper to be cast into a Pond, _viz_, Those which are _Marrishy_; or _Boggy_; or full of _Springs_, unfit for _Grazing_, or to be put to any profitable use besides. Of these the last, full of _springs_, will yield the best Water; that which is _Marshy_ will feed Fish; and that which is _Boggy_ is best for a Defence against Thieves.

Thus being furnished with a piece of Wast Ground, I now mentioned, let us now to work; And first draw by small Trenches all the Springs or moist Veines into one place, and so drain the rest of the Ground; then mark out the Head of your Pond, and make it the highest part of the ground in the Eye, tho it be the lowest in the true Level: Cut the Trench of your _Floodgate_ so, that when the VVater is let out, it may have a swift Fall: On each side of which Trench drive in great Stakes of _Oak_, _Ash_ or (which is best) _Elme_, six foot long, and six Inches square; place these in Rowes four foot distance one from another, as broad and wide from the _Floodgate_ as you intend the Head of your Pond shall go: Now give us the Spade _Tom_, and fetch us the Pick-ax _Jack_, and to digging of our Pond; Dig it as big and large a Compass as the Ground will permit, throw your Earth amongst the said stakes, and ram it between them, hard and firm, till you have covered the stakes: Drive in as many new ones more besides the heads of the first stakes, and ram more Earth above them too: Do thus with stakes above stakes till the head-sides be of a convenient Height: Taking care, that the inside of your Banks be smooth, even, hard and strong, that you may not fear the wearing of the Earth off the stakes by any Current of the Water.

Having thus digged about _eight foot deep_, that so it may carry about _six foot_ VVater, pave all the _bottom_ and the Banks of the Pond with large Sods of _Flot-Grass_, laying them very close together, pin them down fast with small stakes and windings: This Grass is a great Feeder of Fish, and grows naturally under VVater. Stake down to the bottom of one side of the Pond divers Bavens and Brush-VVood-Faggots, into which the Fish may cast their spawn, and preserve it: In another place lay Sods upon Sods, the grass sides together to nourish and breed _Eels_.

The Pond being thus made, let in the Water, and now observe to store it thus: Put your _Carp_, _Breame_ and _Tench_ by themselves: _Pike_, _Pearch_, _Eel_ and _Tench_ (the Fishes Physician) by themselves; & for Food of the greater Fishes, as well as Meat for your greater Dishes, put good store of _Roach_, _Dace_, _Loach_ and _Menow_; and Lastly to every one _Melter_ put three _Spawners_, and in three Years the Increase will be great; and in five Years with difficulty destroyed.

At the end of three Years _Sue your Pond_; which you must ever continue so to do, for that the _Roach_, &c. will increase in such abundance, that eating up the sweetest food, will make your other Fish, as _Carps_, &c. be lean and hunger-starved: And therefore every Year view your Pond, and observe if any such Fry appears; and use your Discretion.

And because the _Carp_ is a Fish of a general Acceptation, and is of a _bon goust_ almost in every mans palate; and being by the aforesaid little Devourers and Multiplyers, very often Deceived in your expectation of a fat _Carp_, large and sweet; I shall insert here an excellent VVay of making _Carps_ grow to an extraordinary Bigness in a Pond.

_To make _Carps_ grow large, &c._

About the Month of _April_, when you perceive your Pond grow low in VVater, rake all the sides where the VVater is fallen away with an Iron Rake, and sow _Hay-seeds_ there, and rake it well; and at the Latter end of Summer you shall have good store of Grass: The _Winter_ being come the VVater will encrease and over-top all the Grass, and there being VVater enough to carry them, the _Carps_ will resort to the seeds, and feed briskly and grow as fat as _Hoggs_: Thus do every _Summer_, till you sue your pond, and no River _Carp_ can surpass them.

Thus much of _Fishing_ and _Fish-Ponds_.

Of Shooting.

The Use of the Bow is of so great Antiquity, and of so important a Consequence for a _defensive_ and _offensive Armes_, that I could not but a little consider, how needful the true knowledge of its Use was esteemed of Old, and how _little it is accounted_ now. It is uncertain, as well as (almost) unknown, who was the First Inventor of the Bow; but if we examine the _Probability_ there may be of its being derived from the Tyranical Government of _Nimrod_, that so _Mighty Hunter before the Lord_, we may _Conjecture_ him to be the first Inventor of the Bow: For as he is called the _First Founder_ of a _Monarchick Government_, by reducing and subduing a disordered People under the Government of himself; so was he likewise esteemed a _Mighty Hunter_ in another respect, for that he _Subdued likewise the Beasts of the Field_; as is observed of him and his Character, by sundry Commentators on him and his Family. So that in the whole we may suppose him to be the Inventor, or first Finder out of the Bow, as a Weapon of an infallible Execution and mortal Efficacy on that account. Nor can I find any mention made of the _Bow_ thro the whole Hystory of _Genesis_ from _Nimrod_ to _Esau_, they both being characterized with those Epithets of _Mighty and Cunning Hunters_, _Men of the Field_; who very well understood the Use of the Bow, as well for their _Profit_ as _Pleasure_; the last of which is particularly hinted in the commands of _Isaac_ to _Esau_, that with his _Quiver_ and his _Bow_, he should Hunt and take that only _Seasonable_ Dish, which might procure and entaile a _Blessing_ on him and his Posterity. Nay, that Holy Patriarch _Jacob_ himself, in his last Will and Testament to his Illustrious Family, bequeaths a _singular Portion_ to his beloved _Joseph_, which the _strength of his Bow_ had intitled him to. _Gen._ 48. 22.

Nor are we to doubt in what Estimation it was held to the Reign of _David_ King of _Israel_, who thought it the most _Necessary Qualification_ of his Subjects, to be very well versed in the Use of the _Bow_. The _Bow_ which was the Famous _Signal_ between his beloved _Jonathan_ and himself, and made the private _Testimonial_ of the undeserv'd Fury of his Maliciously & Enviously incensed _Father Saul_: By reason of whose eminent Skill, in the expert use of it, he chants forth his _Mournful Elegy_, The _Bow of _Jonathan_ returned not empty, from the Blood of the slain_, &c. Nay further so useful (no doubt) he thought the Knowledge of the Bow was, and of so necessary a Consequence for a Defensive as well as Offensive Armes, that it is observable he issued out a particular Edict or Proclamation, commanding the _general Learning its use throughout_ Judah. And the Use of it continued and still does in the East, as the only Weapon they are skilled in.

Dr. _Heylin_ in his Cosmographical Description of the World, tells us, That the _Czeremissi_, a People living in great Forrests, without Houses, feeding on Honey & the Flesh of Wild Beasts & Clothed with their Skins, under the Empire of the _Czar_ of _Russia_, are such excellent Archers, and so light of Foot, that they carry their Bows continually in their hands, and practise their Children so timely in it, that (after such an age) till they can hit a _White_ that is set before them, they give them nothing to eat.

Further; it is recorded of the _Parthians_ (and indeed all the _Persians_ too) that their greatest Fame consisted in their skilful handling their _Bows_ and _Arrows_, & were deservedly reckon'd the best Archers in the World, having the Art of _Shooting backwards_, and making their _Retreat_ and _Flight_ more pernicious and terrible, than their _Charge_ and _Onset_. So that when _Marcus Crassus_ in his expedition against them, was told by an _Astrologer_, that having found an ill Aspect in _Scorpio_, he presaged his Enterprize would prove unsuccesseful, _Tush Man_ (quoth he) _I fear not Scorpio, but Sagittarius_.

And to descend to our own Countrymen the English, the frequent Victories they obtained over the _French_ formerly, rendred them as famous and able Bow-men (next the _Parthians_) as were in the World.

But since the Ingenious _Franciscan_ Fryer (_Bertholdus Swart_) appeared in _Germany_, his _Sulphureous_ Brain has quite (or almost) _blown_ up the Reputation of the Bow, and all other Ancient Devices and Engines of War, by his _Accidental Invention_ of that Fatal Instrument the _Gun_, which he first communicated to the _Venetians_, _Anno 1330_. Who gave by these (then so called) _Bombards_, a notable discomfiture to the _Genoys_; and was next made use of by the Inhabitants of the _Baltick Sea_; And at the Siege of _Callice_ _Anno 1347._ used by the _English_; who taught it the _Mounsieur Frenchman_, and he gratified him with the death of the Famous Leader, _Thomas Mountacute_ Earl of _Salisbury_, shot at the Siege of _Orleance_, _Anno. 1425_. After which _Spain_ learnt it, and the _Jews_ and _Moors_ from thence taught the _Turk_; and from the first Invention of _large_ and _unweildy_, they were made fit for _Walls_ and _Hands_; and in fine _is a less expensive way of shedding blood than that of Archery is_.

Thus you see how Ancient the Use of the _Bow_ is, and how lately its Disuse began (I mean in relation to the Common-Wealth, as a defensive, or offensive Weapon) and how great the Ancient Fame of our _English_ was in the knowledge of it: However the Glory of it is somewhat still preserved (though in a Pastime) by the Honourable City of _London_, whose _Lord Mayor_ annually appears to see a _Prize_ performed by _Shooting_ with a Pound _Arrow_: And therefore all I have to say more, is, That it is deservedly placed amongst my Recreations, having _Metamorphosed_ its Use, and become a Healthful Conserver, instead of Destroyer of mens Bodies. And is vulgarly distinguished into two sorts, the _Long-bow_, and the _Cross_ or _Crow-Bow_.

I shall begin first with the _Long-bow_, whose Use is (now) thus to be understood. That it conduces much to the Health of our Body, disperses our stagnated Blood, extends our contracted Limbs, and renders the Members of our Bodies plyant, and flexible; and for the better obtaining these Effects, the following Rules are to be Observed.

Before the _Archer_ goes to his Sport (to follow the Method of this Treatise) he must first provide himself with necessary _Accoutrements_, _viz_, The _Bow_ which claimes his first Care, must be the best (_as best is best Cheap_) of _Spanish_ or _English Yew_, (the _VVithen_, or _Elme_ being the worst:) Next his _Shaft_, which must be of _Birch_, _Sugar-Chest_, or _Brazeel_, with _Gray_, or _White Feathers_.

Thus equipt, to the Field, and here we are to understand three sorts of _Marks_, _viz_, The _But_, which is a _Mark_ that is level, and requires a strong _Arrow_ with a broad Feather: The _Prick_, a _Mark_ of some compass, of a certain distance, requires an _Arrow_ that is strong, and nimble, with a middle Feather: The _Rover_, is an uncertain _Mark_, and Proportionable to the distance, suit your _Arrows_. But before you Shoot, hold a little, and hearken to your Charge.

_First_, The _Archer_ must have a good _Eye_, to see and discern his _Mark_; attended with a _Knowing Judgment_, to Understand the distance of Ground, and in what compass his _Arrow_ must Fly, and to take the true Advantage of a Side-Wind; and a Dexterity to give his _Shaft_ a sharp strong and sudden Loose, and without hanging on the string, to draw his _Arrow_ close to the Head, and in an instant deliver it.

_Secondly_, He must observe a _Decorum_ in his standing Posture, that his Body be fair, comely, and upright; his left Foot a convenient stride before his right, with both his Hams stiff, his left Arm holding his _Bow_ in the midst, stretch'd out streight; and with his three Fore-Fingers and Thumb of his right-hand, draw the string to his right Ear, the Notch of his _Arrow_ resting between his fore and long Fingers of his Right-Hand, and the _Steel_ of his _Arrow_ below the _Feathers_ upon the middle _Knuckle_ of his fore-finger, on his Left-Hand, drawing it up close, as abovesaid.

The _Cross-Bow_ (as I said in the Introduction to this _Treatise_) is of equal Benefit and Pleasure with the _Long-Bow_, when through an imbecillity in the _Arm_ or _Back_, that will not be a suitable Recreation: This _Bow_ must be made of the same Wood with the other, for _Gafel_ carried upon a string, and the other end being placed in a Rest, furnish your self with strong and heavy _Arrows_, suitable to your _Bows_ strength, and all the foregoing _Marks_, may afford you an equal Delight with the Former; but especially for Persons that have the unhappiness of looking asquint, it is an excellent Disposer of the sight, to a direct Line, and helps that _Watermans_ quality of _Looking one way, and Rowing another_. Thus much shall suffice for _Shooting_.

Of Bowling,

This is a Recreation of an Ancient Institution, the _Lydians_ being thought to have been the first Inventors of _Sphaeromachia_, which signifies _Bowling_, as well as _Tennis-Playing_; besides these they instituted several other Games, as the _Dice_, _Tables_, _Cards_, &c. Necessity, and Hunger enforcing them to that Ingenuity, as _Persius_ well observes, _Artis Magister, Ingenijque largitor Venter_: For that Country being Oppressed with a great Dearth and Famine, in the time of _Atis_, one of the Progenitors of _Omphale_, they Devised these Games, that every second day playing at them, they might beguile their Hungry Bellies, and drive away the Tediousness of the Famine. And indeed, according to its Original institution, of infinite use for the diverting Melancholly, for Exercise of the Body, by runing and stirring in this Game, for helping likewise sundry Bodily Infirmities, as the _Stone_, _Gravel_, _Reins_, &c. For which aforesaid ends several Pious, Learned and Sober Persons have sometimes made up the Company of a _Bowling-Green_ (tho I must confess rarely to be seen in those common _Bowling-Allies_ and _Bares_, which too usually are pestered with _Damming-Rooks_, _Cunning Betters_, _Crafty Matchers_, and base _Booty-Players_:) Herein we may see the World moralized, or emblematically described, where most are short, over, wide or wrong-Byassed, and few justle in to the Mistress _Fortune_: On one side we find _Heraclitus_ and his Followers fret, vex, rail, swear and cavil at every thing; on the other side _Democritus_, and his Company rejoice and laugh, as if they were created for that purpose. On one side you may see the _Mimick_ screwing and twisting his Body into several Postures, which he perswades himself adds either to the Swiftness or Slowness of his Bowl; On the other side the senseless _Orator_, with his perswasive Intreaties of _Rub, O Rub a little_; Or, _Flee, Flee_, and the like, to hasten or retard the Speed of his Bowl; when if the stupid Bowl lend a deaf Ear to his Perswasions, then he _belyes_ his Disobedience, by crying _Short, Short, O Short_, when tis gone ten yards over; and when tis bowled short of the _Jack_ six yards, he cryes, _Gone a Mile, a Mile, a Mile_, &c. But not to detain you any longer in characterizing this excellent sport: (_Excellent_ I mean if rightly used) I shall before I lead you into the _Green_ or _Bare_, instruct you in some Rules, how to choose your _Bowls_.

The first and greatest Cunning to be observed in _Bowling_, is the right _chusing your Bowl_, which must be suitable to the Grounds you design to run on, thus: For _close Alleys_, your best Choice is the _Flat Bowl_: 2. For _open Grounds_ of Advantage, the _Round-Byassed-Bowl_; 3. For _Green Swarths_, that are plain and level, the Bowl that is _Round as a Ball_.

The next thing requires your Care is, _The chusing out your Ground_, and preventing the Windings, Hangings, and many turning _Advantages_ of the same, whether it be in open wide places, as _Bares_ and _Bowling-Greens_, or in close _Bowling-Alleys_.

Lastly, Have your _Judgment_ about you to observe and distinguish the _Risings_, _Fallings_ and _Advantages_ of the Places where you Bowl: Have your _Wits_ about you to avoid being rookt of your Money: And have your Understanding about you, to know your best Time and Opportunity for this Recreation; and finally a studious Care of your Words and Passions, and then _Bowl_ away, and you may deserve, _Well have you Bowled indeed_.

But methinks I cannot conclude here, without admiring how aptly a Bowling-Green is by the Divine _Quarles_ characterized, in the following Verses, thus.

_Brave pastime, _Readers_, to consume that Day,
Which without Pastime flies too swift away!
See how they Labour, as if Day and Night
Were both too short to serve their loose Delight?
See how their curved _Bodies_ wreath, and skrue
Such Antick shapes as _Proteus_ never knew:
One rapps an Oath, another deals a Curse,
He never better bowl'd, this never worse;
One rubs his itchless Elbow, shruggs and laughs,
The t'other bends his beetle-brows, and chafes;
Sometimes they whoop, sometimes the _Stygian_ Cryes,
Send their black _Santo's_ to the blushing Skies:
Thus mingling Humours in a mad Confusion
They make bad Premisses and worse Conclusion._

Thus much for _Bowling_.

Of Tennis.

This Recreation is of the same Date for its _Antiquity_ of Invention with _Bowling_, and for the _Violence_ of its Exercise to be preferred before it. This sport indeed is of so universal an Acceptance, that Majesty it self is pleased to design it its Recommendation, by tracking its laborious steps; and _Princes_ and _Lords_ admire it too for the most proper Recreation, to suit with _Innocence_, and _true Nobility_. Here the body is briskly exercised more than ordinary, and inured in _Agility_ and _Nimbleness_; this renders the Limbs flexible and mettlesom, and adapts them for the most Vigorous Enterprize: It makes the languid and slothful, _brisk_ and _sprightful_; and rejects _Effeminacy_ and _Delicacy_, as contemptible and unworthy so Royal and Noble a Recreation: And so General indeed is the Estimation this Exercise of _Tennis_ amongst most meets with, that it is reckoned one of the most absolute Qualifications of a well-bred Gentleman, throughly to understand this famous Game.

But why should we wonder at the general Love Gentlemen have for this Recreation, since it must be acknowledged, it challengeth as deserving a place in the Catalogue of violent Exercises, as any that goes before it in this Treatise; indeed it may be well rankt among those great Excellencies of Exercise which rendered the _Lacedemonians_, Famous to all Posterity for instructing their young Gentlemen and Noblemen in: Nay for ought I know it is a _derivative Vertue_ which descended to the true _English_ Gentleman, from that so excellent Method of Education used amongst the Warlike Nation the _Gothes_: Who (as _Olaus Magnus_ informes us) amongst the greatest Severities, as _Beatings_ and _Wounds_, _Change of Heat into sudden Cold_, _lying_ (not on _Downe_ but) upon _Boards_, _coursely clad_, and _Feeding_ on _Ordinary_, but strong _Food_, used themselves to the most tedious, wearisome and Violent Exercises, as _Riding_, _Darting_, _Shooting_, &c. _Wearing heavy Armes_, _Swimming on Horse-Back and in Armour_; And had they been acquainted with this Exercise of _Tennis_, would not have omitted that neither: But I shall not enlarge any further on its _Encomium_, its being the Pastime of the most knowing and greatest men, shall stop any longer _Eulogies_ my Pen can make on its Worth and Excellence. All I have to say is, I am heartily sorry, there are no _Rules_ which fall within the Sphere of _Demonstration_, to be laid down for my Readers use, for the right prosecuting this Noble Game: Practice and Experience alone must be his Information and Direction, and not any Writing may be communicated to him: Only let me say this.

_Tennis_ and _Baloon_ are Sports which are play'd almost with the same Instruments; and therefore may be under one and the same Head: The first is a pastime, used in close or open Courts, by striking a little _Round Ball_ to and fro, either with the _Palmes_ of the hands (and then is called _Pila palmaria_ in Latin) or else a _Racket_, made for the purpose, round with Net or Cat-gut, with a Handle: The other a strong and moving Sport in the Open Fields with a great Ball of a double Leather filled with Wind, and so driven to and fro with the strength of a Mans Arm, armed in a Brace of Wood: And thus much shall suffice to speak of the _Baloon_ and _Tennis_; only let me desire you, let not this or any other Pastime disturb your Minds; divert you from the diligent and careful Prosecution of your own lawful Business; or invite you to throw away your Time and Money too lavishly and idley; nor engage you in any Passion; that so you may not offend God, dislike your _Neighbour_, nor incomode your _Self_ and _Family_ in your Well-being and Felicity; and then you may recreate your self without Fear, and in this Recreation observe the ensuing Morality of

The Tennis-Court.

_When as the Hand _at Tennis_ Playes,
And Men to Gaming fall,
_Love_ is the _Court_, _Hope_ is the _House_,
And _Favour_ serves the _Ball_._

_This _Ball_ it self is _due Desert_,
The _Line_ that measure showes
Is _Reason_, whereon _Judgment_ looks
Where Players win and lose._

_The _Tutties_ are _Deceitful Shifts_,
The _Stoppers_, _Jealousy_,
Which hath Sir _Argus_ hundred Eyes,
Wherewith to watch and pry._

_The _Fault_ whereon _Fifteen is lost_,
Is _Want of Wit and Sense_,
And he that brings the _Racket_ in
Is _Double Diligence_._

_But now the _Racket_ is _Free-Will_,
Which makes the _Ball_ rebound,
And noble _Beauty_ is the _Choice_,
And of each Game the _Ground_._

_Then _Racket_ strikes the _Ball_ away,
And there is _Over-sight_,
A _Bandy_ ho! the People cry,
And so the _Ball_ takes flight._

_Now at the length _Good-liking_ proves
_Content_ to be their _Gain_:
Thus in the _Tennis-Court_, _Love is
A Pleasure mixt with Pain_._

Of Ringing.

Since this Recreation of _Ringing_ is become so highly esteemed, for its excellent _Harmony of Musick_ it affords the _Ear_, for its _Mathematical Invention_ delighting the _Mind_, and for the _Violence of its Exercise_ bringing Health to the _Body_, causing it to transpire plentifully, and by Sweats dissipate and expel those Fuliginous thick _Vapours_, which _Idleness_, _Effeminacy_ and _Delicacy_ subject men to; I say for these and sundry other Reasons, I was induced to bring this of _Ringing_ into the Company of _Exercises_ in this Treatise, that I might as well recreate you with some health-conducing Pleasure at _home_, as I have carryed you _abroad_, and there endeavoured to please you in what Pastime your Inclinations may most peculiarly select.

Whosoever would then become an accurate Master of this excellent Art and Pleasure, and is very desirous to be esteemed an Elaborate and Ingenious _Ringer_, and be enrolled amongst that Honoured _Society_ of +Colledge Youths+; I must beg Leave to instruct him before he enters the _Bell-free_, in these ensuing short Rules, which he must strictly observe. _viz._

1. That as all _Musick_ consists in these six plain _Notes_, _La Sol Fa Mi Re Ut_; so in _Ringing_, a Peal of Bells is Tuned according to these Principles of Musick: For as each _Bell takes its Denomination from the Note it Sounds_, by its being flatter or deeper, as, _First_, or Treble, _Second_, _Third_, _Fourth_, &c. as they are in number to _Ten_ or _Twelve_ Bells, the Last being called the _Tennor_; So must they successively strike one after another both _Fore-stroke_ and _Back-stroke_, in a due Musical Time or Equidistance, to render their Harmony the more pleasant, and to make the Young Practitioner the better informed to observe the _Life of Musick_, and indeed of true Ringing, _Time_; and therefore is called, _Round-Ringing_.

2. As in Musick, so in Ringing there are _three Concords_, so called from their Melodious Harmony and Agreement, which Principally are these; _Thirds_, _viz._ 1 3, 2 4. _&c._ _Fifths_ 1 5, 2 6 _&c._ _Eights_ 1 8, 2 9, 3 10 &c. and these are the more pleasant according to the Number of Bells they are struck on, and as they are struck, whether seperately or mutually. From hence _Changes_ are made, which is only a Changing place of one _Note_ with another, so variously, as Musick may be heard a thousand wayes of Harmony; which being so obvious to common Observation, I shall not go about to demonstrate; for that if two may be varied two wayes, surely by the _Rule of Multiplication_, a Man may easily learn how many times 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 12 Bells Notes may be varied, which will run almost _ad infinitum_.