Chapter XXVII: Moral Remedies (3)

Democratic party, effect of control of, in South, 72, 173, 174.

Deposits, bank, comparative, statistics of, North and South, 402-403.

District of Columbia, comparative statistics of, 397-417.

Divorce, negro, 135.

Dixon, Thomas, Jr.
As writer on race question, 9;
on Southern temperament, 68;
on Reconstruction, 86;
on miscegenation, 155;
and suppression of negro development, 180, 345, 370;
on Booker Washington and Tuskegee, 319, 332;
on cost of negro education, 328;
on terrorizing Negroes, 360.

Domestic servants, negro, 124-127.

Domination, negro, as live question, 160.

"Dooley, Mr." on terrorizing Negroes, 358.

Dothan, Ala., abortive lynching in, 211.

Douglass, Margaret, negro school held by, 309.

Drink.
Negroes and, 109, 117;
Southern manufacture of liquor, 225;
Southern prohibition, 384.

Drug habit, negro, 109.

Du Bois, W. E. B.
Bibliographies of negro question, 8;
as writer and investigator of negro question, 16-17, 114;
literary style, 16, 325;
on race problem, 69;
on gospel of work, 120;
on suffrage and leadership, 131;
on race prejudice, 161;
"Litany of Atlanta," 207;
on race separation and progress, 318;
on right to education, 325, 333, 336.

Dunbar, P. L.
And negro question, 16;
on unaccountability, 187;
on industry, 372.

Dunleith plantation, 265.

Durham, N. C., tobacco manufacture in, 225.

E

Edmonds, R. H., on Southern potential wealth, 231.

Education, negro.
Illiteracy, 98, 293, 294, 320;
in North, 99;
negro teachers, 130, 314;
and crime, 188, 189, 192, 328, 334, 343, 387;
race separation, 168, 313;
of cotton hands, 267, 273;
problem, 308;
antebellum, 308;
during and after Civil War, 309;
beginning of public schools, 310;
present status of public schools, 310;
white opposition, 311, 323-337;
typical rural schools, 311-313;
refusal of authorities to provide schools, 313;
interaction of poor schools and attendance, 313, 320;
character of urban schools, 314;
secondary and higher, 314;
private schools, white opposition, 315-317, 319, 332;
colleges, 315, 317-318;
boycotting of white teachers, 316;
influence of private schools, 318;
Hampton and Tuskegee and industrial, 319;
question of federal aid, 321, 348;
private funds, 322;
as help in race problem, 320, 385-388;
needs, 320-321, 385-387;
questions of negro capability, 323-327;
question of harmful, 327;
cost to South, 328;
as unreasonable burden on Whites, 328-331;
opposition to academic, 331;
public industrial training, 332;
academic versus industrial, 332-334;
contradictory objections, 333, 337;
professional, 335;
opposition to secondary, 335;
necessity of academic, 336;
fundamental race objection, 336;
negro complaints, 336;
comparative statistics, secondary, North and South, 412-413.

Education, white, in South.
Of Mountaineers, 36, 37;
of Poor Whites, 44;
comparative statistics of seceding states, 237, 248, 294, 408-417;
of whole South, 241, 248, 295, 408-417;
on basis of white population, 295;
divergent views of need, 288;
tradition of culture, 289;
antebellum, 289-290;
postbellum, 290;
development of public schools, 291;
of secondary and higher systems, 292;
normal, 292;
comparative illiteracy, 292-294;
urban schools, 296;
rural schools, 296-299;
rural superintendence, 299;
secondary, 299;
of women, 299, 301;
colleges, 300-303;
professional, 303;
influence of travel, 304;
hopeful conditions, 304, 306;
museums and art galleries, 304;
libraries, 305;
literature, 305;
historical societies, 305;
taxes, 306;
promotive associations, 306;
Northern aid, 306;
federal aid, 307;
standard, 339.

Electric railroads in South, 227.

Eliot, C. W.
On South and Union, 5;
on education in South, 288.

Emancipation, Southern belief in impoverishing effect of, 86, 219.

Eyre, J. E., and negro insurrection, 98.

F

Family life, negro, 116, 324.

Farming. _See_ Agriculture, Cotton.

Fenwick's Island, inhabitants of, 107.

Fernandina as port, 229.

Fertilizing in cotton culture, 253.

Fifteenth Amendment.
Reason for, 175, 376;
present South and, 345.
_See also_ Suffrage.

Fisheries, Southern, 225.

Fisk University, founding of, 309.

Fitzgerald, Ga.
Northern community, 49;
Negroes excluded, 167, 358.

Flaxseed, Southern crop, 251.

Fleming, W. H., on remedy of race problem, 342, 345.

Florida.
And immigration, 52;
leasing of convicts, 201;
comparative statistics, 397-417.

Forests, Southern wealth, 22;
221-223;
lumbering and advancement of Mountaineers, 36;
lumbering and Poor Whites, 45;
efforts for forest reserve, 223;
naval stores, 223.

Fourteenth Amendment, enforcement of, and race problem, 347.

Freedmen's Bureau and negro education, 309.

Frontier life of Southern Mountaineers, 23, 33, 37.

G

Gadsden, on South and immigration, 53.

Gallagher peonage case, 280.

Galveston.
As port, 22, 233;
rivalry with New Orleans, 228;
lecture courses, 305.

Gambling, negro, 189.

Garner, J. W.
On agitation of race question, 341;
on legislative remedy of problem, 381;
on negro education and crime, 387.

General Education Board, and Southern education, 300, 306, 307, 390;
and negro schools, 322.

Georgia.
Loss of natives, 47;
valuations, 238;
rural police, 384;
comparative statistics, 397-417.

Georgia, University of, standing of, 302.

Ginning of cotton, 259, 274.

Glenn, G. R., on negro capability, 326.

Goldsboro, Fla., negro community at, 142.

Gonzales, N. G., murder of, 185.

Grady, H. W.
On race problem, 69, 151;
on Lincoln, 85;
on faithfulness of slaves in war time, 139;
on race separation, 356.

Graham, Jeffrey, case of descendants of, 156.

Graves, J. T.
On negro advancement, 140, 345, 368, 376;
on negro segregation, 355;
on terrorizing Negroes, 359;
on legal terror, 364.

Greenville, Miss., as trade center, 26.

Griffin, A. P. C., bibliographies of, on negro question, 8.

H

Hammond, Judge, on white duties in race problem, 392.

Hampton, Wade, on coöperation with Negroes, 388.

Hampton Institute.
Opposition, 317;
influence, 319;
justification, 333;
basis of success, 334;
conferences, 389.

Hardy, J. C., on training of cotton laborers, 274.

Harris, J. C., as writer, 305.

Hay, comparative value of Southern crop of, 241, 251.

Hayti, Negroes in, 98.

Health.
Southern, 25;
negro death-rate, 107-110;
mulatto, 111.

Helms, Glenny, peonage case, 284.

Hermitage plantation, 254.

Hill, W. B., and negro development, 179.

Hill Billies, name for Poor Whites, 38.

Historical societies, Southern, 305.

History.
Southern attitude, 80-90;
separate, of antebellum South, 80;
Southern adherence to traditional views, 81;
Cavalier myth, 81;
belief in antebellum prosperity, 82;
and in advantages of slavery to Negroes, 83;
present attitude towards Civil War, 84-85, 88;
towards Reconstruction, 85-88;
towards post-Reconstruction times, 89, 218.

Hoffman, F. L.
"Race traits," 10;
on negro death-rate, 107-108;
on negro physical inferiority, 132.

Home life. _See_ Family life.

Horseback riding in South, 23.

Hotels.
Race separation in South, 170;
improvement of Southern, 227.

Houses.
Of Mountaineers, 34, 36;
of Poor Whites, 43;
negro farm, 115, 254-256.

Houston, progress, 29.

Howell, Clark.
Gubernational campaign, 173;
on progress of South, 247, 248.

I

Idaho, comparative statistics of, 397-417.

Illinois, comparative statistics of, 399-417.

Illiteracy.
Comparative Southern, 237, 292;
negro, 293, 320;
decreasing, 293-294.
_See also_ Education.

Immigration, foreign.
And South, 50-58;
foreign population of South, 50;
and antebellum South, 51;
Southern encouragement, 51;
South Carolina's experiment, 52, 56;
foreign groups in South, 53, 56-57;
obstacles, 54-56;
and negro question, 57;
and cotton laborers, 264, 267;
not remedy of race problem, 353;
and peonage, 353;
and crude labor, 374;
comparative statistics of foreign population, North and South, 398-399.

Indian question, 76.

Indian Territory, comparative statistics of, 399-417.

Indiana.
Colonization of Negroes in, 112;
comparative statistics, 397-417.

Indianapolis.
Negro question, 112;
negro schools, 313.

Indianola, Miss., incident of negro postmistress in, 171.

Industrial education of Negro.
Hampton and Tuskegee. 319;
public, 332;
versus academic, 332-334;
dangers, 334.

Industry. _See_ Agriculture, Business, Commerce, Forests, Labor,
Manufactures, Mining, Wealth.

Insane, comparative statistics of, North and South, 406-407.

Iowa, comparative, statistics of, 397-417.

Iron, Southern mining and manufacture of, 25, 224.

Italians in South, 53, 56-57, 272, 281.

J

Jackson, Miss., capitol at, 27.

Jacksonville as port, 22.

Jamaica, Negroes in, 98.

Jefferson, Thomas, and colonization of Negroes, 350.

Jim Crow cars, 168-171.

Johnson, E. A., on race antagonism, 160.

Jones, T. G., and peonage, 282, 286.

Jones, Tom, Negro, lynched, 213.

Jonesville, La., Dayton plantation near, 255.

Jury duty, Negroes and, 203.

Juvenile criminals in South, 202;
comparative statistics of delinquents, 406-407;
of reform schools, 416-417.

K

Kansas.
Negro migration, 112;
comparative statistics, 395-415.

Kelsey, Carl.
"Negro Farmer," 17;
on negro immorality, 134, 135.

Kentucky.
Liquor manufacture, 225;
problem of negro education, 307;
taxation for negro schools, 329;
comparative statistics, 397-417.

Kowaliga, Ala., negro community at, 141.

Ku-Klux Klan, evil of, 87.

L

Labor.
Of Poor Whites, 45;
in cotton mills, 45, 275;
foreign and negro, 55, 57;
white, on cotton plantations, 57, 255, 262, 264, 267;
negro, in North, 100;
negro, in South, 120-131;
Negroes and gospel of work, 120;
Negroes and unskilled, 120;
white control of negro, 121;
willingness of blacks, 121-124;
negro managers, 123;
negro domestic servants, 124-127;
blacks as farm laborers, 127;
skilled negro, 127, 225, 370;
unions and negro, 128, 370;
whipping on plantations, 194;
manufacture of iron, 224;
influence of Southern, on comparative wealth, 232, 235, 246, 247, 277;
system on cotton plantation, 254, 257, 261;
cotton hands, 261-277;
character, on cotton plantation, 263;
child, in South, 264;
cotton renters, croppers, and wage hands, 265-266;
instability of negro, 266;
negro monopoly of cotton culture, 267, 277;
necessity of training of cotton hands, 267, 273, 274;
negro complaints, 267;
advance system and its effect, 268-273;
peonage in South, 278-287;
postbellum vagrant laws, 279;
Negroes as peasants, 374-376;
immigration and crude, 374;
comparative statistics of manufacturing wages, North and South,
404-405.
_See also_ Immigration.

Lake Charles, La., Northerners at, 48.

Lake City, S. C., attack on negro postmaster at, 171.

Lamar, L. Q. C., on coöperation with Negroes, 388.

Land, negro ownership of, and uplift, 144, 372-374.

Lanier, Sidney, as writer, 305.

Lawyers, negro, 130, 335.

Lead in South, 224.

Leadership in South.
Antebellum, 59;
postwar changes, 60-62;
social, 62;
business, 62;
political, 63;
homogeneity, 63;
tone, 64;
Negroes and negro leaders, 130, 379.

Leasing of convicts in South, 201, 286.

Lee, S. D., on negro labor, 121.

Legislation as remedy of race problem, 381-385.

Leland University, founding of, 309.

Leonard. John, negro settlement started by, 141.

Liberia, failure of, 96-97, 350.

Libraries in South, 305.

Lien loans on cotton plantations, 268.

Lilywhite Republicans, 173.

Lincoln, Abraham.
Minor's "Real Lincoln," 85;
Grady on, 85;
and colonization of Negroes, 350.

Liquor. _See_ Drink.

Literature.
Southern, 305;
negro, 325.

Little River, plantations on, 255.

Lockhart, Texas, peonage case, 280.

London, murders in, 184.

Louisiana.
Immigration, 52, 56, 57;
school system, 292;
illiteracy, 293;
negro illiteracy, 294;
rural schools, 299:
comparative statistics, 397-417.

Louisville, tobacco manufacture in, 225;
schools, 296.

Louisville _Courier-Journal_.
On South and immigration, 48.

Lower South, extent, 20.
_See also_ South.

Lumber. _See_ Forests.

Lynching.
Cutler's researches, 208;
origin and early practice, 208;
proportion. North and South, 209, 210;
not confined to cases of rape, 209, 362;
methods of lynchers, 210;
mistakes, 211;
conduct of officials, 211;
and of militia, 212;
justified, 212;
reasons for practice, race hostility, 213-215;
suggestion of legalization, 215;
as remedy for race problem, 361-364;
reduction, 364.

M

McDonogh, John, educational bequest by, 289.

McKinley, William, price of wheat and election of, 261.

_Macon Telegraph_ on Northern criticism, 243.

Madison, Ga., popular hysteria in, on negro question, 164.

Magic, negro belief in, 137.

Malaria in South, 25.

_Manufacturers' Record._
On immigration, 54;
on Southern wealth, 242, 243;
on wealth in cotton, 250;
opposition to Northern educational aid, 307;
on Atlanta riots. 390.

Manufactures of South, 24, 224-225;
cheap power, 26, 225;
cotton, 45, 274-276;
importation of aliens, 52;
comparative statistics, North and South, 237, 238, 276, 404-405.

Marriage. _See_ Miscegenation.

Maryland.
And South, 20;
problem of negro education, 307, 329;
comparative statistics, 397-417.

Massachusetts and school tax, 329.

Mean Whites, name for Poor Whites, 38.

Medicine.
Negro physicians, 129, 335;
schools in South, 303.

Memphis, progress, 242.

Methodist Church.
Negro, 117;
educational commission of Southern, 300.

Michigan, comparative statistics of, 397-417.

Military service, negro, 129.

Militia and lynchings, 212.

Miller, Kelly.
On Dixon, 10;
as writer, 15, 325;
on race antagonism, 160;
on negro advancement, 368, 371.

Mining in South. 24, 224.

Minnesota, comparative statistics of, 397-417.

Minor, C. L. C.
On Negroes under slavery, 83;
"Real Lincoln," 85.

Miscegenation, 151-154;
and principle of social inequality, 154, 156;
prohibition of marriage, 155;
white exclusion of mulattoes, 156;
remedy, 157;
and calamity of amalgamation, 157.

Mississippi.
Postbellum vagrant laws, 168;
negro voters, 176;
valuations, 238;
illiteracy, 294,
school statistics, 295;
lynchings, 363;
comparative statistics, 395-415.

Missouri.
And South, 20;
illiteracy, 292;
comparative statistics, 397-417.

Mitchell, S. C., and negro development, 179, 345.

Mitchell Co., N. C., Negroes excluded from, 166.

Mobile.
As port, 22, 229;
progress, 28.

Monroe, La., as trade center, 26.

Montana, comparative statistics of, 397-417.

Montgomery, founder of negro community, 141.

Montgomery, Ala., progress, 29.

Morals.
Mountaineer, 35;
poor white, 43;
negro, 108-109, 134-137;
mulatto, 112;
miscegenation, 151-157.
_See also_ Crime.

Morristown, Tenn., treatment of Negroes in, 167.

Mound Bayou, Miss., negro community at, 141.

Mt. Moriah, Ala., school at, 297.

Mountaineers, Southern, as frontiersmen, 23, 33, 37;
conditions, 30-38;
uniqueness, 30;
region, 31;
descent, 31-33;
self-sustenance, 32;
lowest type, "boomer," 33-35;
higher type, 35;
advancement, 35-38;
crime, 37;
and negro question, 38;
as laborers in cotton mills, 275;
Northern aid for education, 306.

Mulattoes.
And negro "race traits," 102;
proportion, 110-111;
physique, 111;
character, 112;
social position, 112, 156, 339;
and private negro schools, 316;
literature, 325.

Murders.
Proportion in South, 84;
varieties, 185;
of Negroes by Whites, 195-196;
conduct of trials, 198;
lynchings for, 209, 362.

Murphy, E. G.
"Present South," 13;
on democratic development, 65;
on race problem, 69, 79, 345;
on South and Northern criticism, 73;
on survival of Negroes, 109;
on race association, 150;
and negro development, 179;
on Poor Whites, 293;
on Negro academic training, 331.

Museums, Southern, 304.

N

Nashua, N. H., manufacturing output of, 276.

National banks, comparative statistics of, North and South, 402-403.
_See also_ Banking.

Naval stores, Southern, 223.

Nebraska.
Illiteracy, 292;
comparative statistics, 397-417.

"Negro a Beast," 11.

Negroes.
Writers, 14-17, 325;
periodicals, 18;
of Sea Islands, 22, 107, 110, 137, 142;
effect of urban life, 27, 114;
and Mountaineers, 38;
and foreign immigration, 55, 57;
temperament of Northern and Southern, 74;
present attitude of North on question, 75;
Northern responsibility and interest in question, 75-79;
persistence of question, 77;
necessity of solution, 78;
Southern belief in benefits of slavery, 83, 341;
character, 91-105;
population, 91, 106, 397-399;
names for, 91;
white generalizations on, 92;
character and capability in Africa, 94-96;
failure of Liberia, 96-97, 350;
conditions in West Indies, 97-99;
in North, 99-101;
question of inferiority, 101-105, 339;
"race traits," 101, 110;
lack of opportunity, 103;
and white standards, 103;
arrested development, 104, 326;
irresponsibility, 104;
life, 106-119;
diffusion, 106;
ruralness, 107;
survival and death-rate, 107-110;
divergent types, 110;
proportion and character of mulattoes, 110-112;
Northward drift, 112, 354;
white ignorance of negro life, 114, 124, 340, 391;
investigations of life, 114;
rural houses, 115;
family life, 116, 324;
amusements, 116;
religious life, 117, 380;
secret societies, 118;
as managers, 123;
and military service, 129;
as business and professional men, 129-130, 335;
attitude towards leaders, 130, 379;
conferences, 131, 389;
question of advancement, 132-148;
physical structure and inferiority, 132-134;
morality, 134-137;
not retrograding, 137, 143;
morals under slavery, 138;
faithfulness during Civil War, 139;
evidences of advancement, 139-142;
communities, 141;
proportion of uplift, 143, 146, 339, 368-369;
accumulation of property, 143-148;
savings, 143, 376;
real estate, 144-145, 372-374;
and tax-paying, 147;
race association, 149-165;
problem of association, 149-151;
miscegenation, 151-157;
remedy for it, 157;
position of mulattoes, 156, 339;
evil of amalgamation, 157, 349;
growth of race antagonism, 158-161, 216, 340, 389;
white fear of negro domination, 160, 172;
Negroes on race antagonism, 160;
basis of antagonism, 161;
question of social equality, 162-165, 340;
race separation, 166-180, 356-358;
exclusion from settlements, 166;
increasing segregation, 167;
quarters in cities, 167;
church separation, 167;
postbellum vagrant laws, 168, 279;
discrimination in travel, 168-171;
and public positions, 171-174, 377;
disfranchisement, 174-178, 347-348, 376-377;
white suppression of development, 178-180, 370-371;
illustrations of white antagonism, 181-183;
rough language by Whites, 194;
and present vagrant laws, 200;
and jury duty, 203;
testimony, 203;
race riots, 205-207;
thriftlessness, 271;
and newspapers, 324;
summary of race problem, 338-341;
race separation and principle of equality, 339, 344;
perpetual inferiority and subjection, 339, 340, 343, 344;
agitation against, 341;
postulates as to possible remedies of race problem, 343-346;
wrong remedies, 347-366;
no help from Congress, 347-348;
nor from Northern propaganda, 348;
nor from colonization 350-352;
nor from substitution of white laborers, 352-354;
nor from segregation, 354-358;
terrorizing as remedy 358-366;
material and political remedies, 367-377;
advantage to Whites in negro uplift, 371, 373;
as peasant class, 374-376;
moral remedies, 378-394;
influence of race separation on uplift, 378-381, 388-391;
suggestion of socialistic control over, 379;
need of equitable vagrant laws, 383;
special courts, 383;
and prohibition, 384;
necessity of discussion of race problem, 389;
essentials of remedy, 392-394;
comparative statistics of insane and paupers, North and South, 406-407.
_See also_ Cotton, Crime, Education, Labor, Lynching, Peonage, Whites.

Nevada, comparative statistics of, 399-417.

New Hampshire, comparative statistics of, 399-417.

New Mexico, comparative statistics of, 399-417.

New Orleans.
As port, 22, 233;
population and trade, 28;
foreign population, 51;
negro population, 107;
negro morality, 108;
rivalry with Galveston, 228;
belt line, 228;
progress, 242;
McDonogh bequest, 289;
discontinuance of negro high school, 315.

New York City, murders in, 184.

Newport News as port, 229, 233.

Newspapers. _See_ Press.

Niagara Movement, 389.

Nixburg, Ala., negro community near, 141.

No 'Count, name for Poor Whites, 38.

Norfolk, Va. As port, 22, 229, 233;
Mrs. Douglass' negro school, 309.

Normal schools in South.
Development, 292;
comparative statistics, 296, 416-417.
_See also_ Teachers.

North.
Extent, 1;
Northerners in South, 48-50;
position of Southerners in, 49;
Southern suspicion, 71, 73, 89;
Southern belief in hostility, 74;
present attitude on race problem, 75;
responsibility and interest in problem, 75-79;
condition of Negroes in, 99-101;
negro drift, 112, 354;
crime, 183;
idea of crime in South, 184;
criminal spirit in, and in South, 197-199;
lynching in, 209, 210;
comparative wealth (_see_ Wealth);
aid for Southern white education, 306;
for negro education, 315-317, 322;
and solution of Southern race problem, 345, 347-349, 391;
comparative statistics, 397-417.

North Carolina.
And immigration, 52;
and Mecklenburg Declaration, 81;
early negro suffrage, 175;
comparative statistics, 397-117.

North Carolina, University of.
Founding, 290;
standing, 302.

North Dakota.
School statistics, 295;
comparative statistics, 397-417.

Norwood, T. M., generalization by, on Negroes, 93.

O

Oak Grove, Ala., negro school at, 312.

Oats, comparative value of crops of, 241.

Odum, H. W., negro researches by, 114.

Ogden, R. C., and Southern Education Board, 306, 390.

Oklahoma.
And South, 20;
comparative statistics of, 397-417.

Onancock, Va., banishment of Negroes from, 206.

Opelika, Ala., public buildings in, 27.

Open-air life in South, 23, 25.

Oregon, comparative statistics of, 397-417.

_Outlook_, articles in, on Southern question, 18.

P

Pace, J. W., peonage case, 282.

Page, T. N.
"Negro," 12;
on educational value of slavery, 83;
on failure of Negro, 101;
on negro immorality, 134;
on race antagonism, 150;
on negro capability, 326, 368;
on evils of negro education, 327;
on white dominance, 343;
on negro court, 383;
on mutual discussion of race problem, 391;
on need of negro uplift, 392.

Panama Canal and Southern commerce, 22.

Pardon of criminals in South, 203.

Paupers, comparative statistics of, North and South, 406-107.

Peabody fund, 322.

Peasant class, Negroes as, 374-376.

Penn School in Sea Islands, 316.

Pensacola as port, 22, 229.

Pensions, Southern income, 234.

Peonage.
And immigration, 56, 353;
in South, 278-287;
rise, 278;
federal law against, 278;
principle, 279;
development in cotton culture, 279;
of Whites, 280-281;
restraint of movements of Negroes, 281-282;
of Negroes under cover of laws, 282-283, 365;
illustrations, 283-285;
federal prosecutions, 285;
Southern approval, 286;
federal investigation, 286;
and leasing of convicts, 286;
and negro shiftlessness, 287.

Percy, Leroy.
On remedy of race problem, 343, 345;
on negro education, 387.

Pests, Southern, 25.

Petroleum in South, 225.

Philadelphia, negro mortality in, 107.

Phosphates in South, 225.

Physical conditions of South, 20-29;
swamps, 221.

Physicians, negro, 129, 335.

Physique, negro, and inferiority, 132-134.

Plantation.
Application of term, 253-255;
present types, 255-256.
_See also_ Agriculture, Cotton.

"Plow" division of farms, 264.

Poe, E. A., as Southern writer, 305.

Police.
Treatment of Negroes, 196;
need of rural, 211, 382, 384.

Politics.
Southern leadership, 63;
cause and effect of Solid South, 72, 173, 174;
colonization of Negroes in Indiana, 112;
Negroes and public positions, 171-174, 377;
Negroes and Republican party in South, 173;
negro suffrage, 174-178, 347-348, 376-377.

Poor Whites.
Traditional home, 21;
conditions, 38-47;
names for, 38;
diffusion, 38;
antebellum isolation, 38-41;
and Civil War, 40;
as farmers, 41, 45, 46;
advancement, 41-47;
morals, 43;
education, 44, 293;
as wage earners, 44-45;
in cotton mills, 45, 275;
northward and westward drift, 46;
term a misnomer, 47;
turbulence, 64;
and Southern problem, 344;
need of uplift, 375.

Population.
Southern urban, 28;
of South, 30;
Southern, of Northern birth, 48;
foreign, in South, 50;
negro, 91, 106;
negro death-rate, 107-110;
Southern agricultural, 221;
comparative statistics, North and South, 397-399.

Ports of the South, 22, 28, 228-229, 233.

Portsmouth, Va., as port, 229, 233.

Post-office.
Negro employees, 171, 172;
need of Postal Savings Banks in South, 376.

Potatoes, comparative value of crop of, 241.

Press, Southern.
Character, 70;
negro journalists, 130, 324;
Negroes and newspapers, 324.

Price.
Of farm lands, 220;
of cotton, 252.

Prisons in South, 201;
reform, 202;
comparative statistics of prisoners, 406-407.

Professions.
Negroes in, 129, 335;
schools in South, 292, 303.

Prohibition as remedy of race problem, 384.

Property. _See_ Land, Taxation, Wealth.

Protestant Episcopal Church and race separation, 167.

Pulaski Co., Ga., increasing negro population of, 167.

Pullman Car Co. and Jim Crow cars, 169.

R

Race. _See_ Negroes, Remedies, Whites.

Railroads of South.
Race separation, 168-171;
development, 226-227;
New Orleans belt road, 228;
control, 229;
comparative mileage of seceding states, 237;
of whole South, 248.

Rape, negro, of white women, 191-193;
early examples, 208;
lynching not confined to, 209, 362;
not on increase, 209;
and justification of lynching, 213, 214.

Real estate, negro, 144-145.

Reclamation of Southern swamps, 221.

Reconstruction.
Present Southern attitude, 85-88;
Ku-Klux, 87;
and race antagonism, 159;
negro suffrage, 175, 376;
educational measures, 292, 310.

Red Necks, name for Poor Whites, 38.

Reed, J. C.
On Dixon, 9;
on Negroes under slavery, 83;
on Ku-Klux, 87;
on negro segregation, 355.

Religion.
Of Mountaineers, 35;
of Negroes in Africa, 94;
negro, in South, 117, 129;
question of negro paganism, 137;
race separation, 167;
training of Southern ministers, 303;
Church and race problem, 380.

Remedies of race problem.
Summary of problem, 338-340;
essential conditions, 340;
types of altitude of Southern Whites, 340-343;
postulates, 343-345;
division of Whites, 345-346, 391;
wrong, 347-366;
no Congressional interference, 347-348;
no Northern private propaganda, 348;
no amalgamation, 349;
no colonization, 350-352;
no substitutes for negro laborers, 352-354;
no segregation, 354-356;
possibility of race separation, 356-358;
terrorizing, 358-366;
legalized terror, 364;
material, 367-376;
possibility and permission of general negro uplift, 367-372;
land-buying by Negroes, 372-374;
Negroes as peasants, 374-376;
aids for thrift, 376;
political, 376-377;
moral, 378-394;
influence of race separation, 378-381;
character of negro leaders, 379;
benevolent state socialism, 379;
influence of Church, 380;
legislative and judicial, 381-385;
negro education, 385-388;
need of race coöperation and discussion, 388-391;
last analysis of problem, 392-394;
white duties, 392;
patience, 392-394.

Renters on cotton plantations, 256, 266.

Restaurants, race separation in, in South, 170.

Rhett, Barnwell, Northern education of, 290.

Rice as Southern crop, 251.

Richmond.
Race separation, 167;
tobacco manufacture, 225;
progress, 242.

_Richmond Times Despatch_ on immigration, 54.

"Riders" on cotton plantations, 258, 263.

Riots, race, 205-208, 390.

Roads, Southern, 227.

Roosevelt, Theodore.
Booker Washington incident, 162;
and appointment of Negroes, 171, 174;
rewards faithful state official, 211;
on lynchings, 363.

Rural life.
Open-air life, 23, 25;
preponderance in South, 27-29;
negro propensity, 107;
police, 221, 382, 384;
schools, 296-299, 311-313;
relative lack of progress, 242.
_See also_ Agriculture.

Russell, C. W., on peonage, 286.

S

St. Louis, schools in, 296.

Salisbury, N. C., lynching in, 210.

Sand Hillers, name for Poor Whites, 38.

Santo Domingo, Negroes in, 99.

Savannah as port, 22, 28, 229.

Savings banks, need of, in South, 376.

Saxons, Taine on, 102.

Sea Islands, 22;
Negroes of, 107, 110, 137, 142;
trucking, 220;
cotton, seed trust, 252;
ginning and bagging of cotton, 259;
war-time negro schools, 309;
present education, 316.

Secession, present Southern attitude toward, 84.

Secondary education.
Development of Southern, 292, 299;
comparative statistics, North and South, 296, 412-413;
negro, 314;
hostility to negro, 319, 335.

Secret societies, negro, 118.

Shannon, A. H.
"Racial Integrity," 12;
on mulattoes, 111.

Shipp, J. F., and lynching, 212.

Shreveport.
Public buildings, 27;
Italians at, 57.

Shufeldt, R. W., "Negro a Menace," 8.

Sinclair, W. A. "Aftermath of Slavery," 15;
as writer, 325.

Slater fund, 322.

Slavery.
Effect on South, 2;
and Southern attitude towards history, 80;
traditional belief in prosperity under, 82, 218;
and in benefit to Negro, 83, 341;
domestic servants, 126;
negro morals under, 138;
personal race association under, 158;
chattel, and leasing of convicts, 201;
in Philippines, 279;
and education of Negroes, 308.
_See also_ Peonage.

Smith, Hoke.
Gubernatorial campaign, 173;
on negro education, 329;
on white control over Negroes, 341.

Smith, W. B.
"Color Line," 13;
on South and outside public opinion, 77;
on negro inferiority, 133;
apology for lynching, 363.

Social life in South.
Open-air, 23;
of Northerners, 49;
leadership, 59-62;
character, 62;
crudeness of behavior, 64;
democratic uplift, 65;
of Negroes in North, 100;
miscegenation and social inequality of Negroes, 154, 156;
exclusion of mulattoes, 156;
question of negro equality, 162-165, 340;
race equality and negro officials, 171;
negro homes, 324.

Socialism and race problem, 379.

Solid South, cause and effect of, 72.

South.
As part of Union, 1-3;
individuality, 2, 30;
author's preparation for judging, 3-6;
materials on, 7-19;
physical conditions, 20-29;
extent, 20;
physical divisions, 20-22;
Black Belt, 21;
forests, 22;
climate, 24;
mining, 24;
pests, 25;
health, 25;
architecture, 26, 304;
rural preponderance, 27-29;
comparative statistics, 397-417.
_See also_ Agriculture, Cities, Civil War, Commerce, Cotton, Crime,
Education, History, Immigration, Labor, Leadership, Manufactures,
Negroes, Peonage, Politics, Population, Reconstruction, Remedies,
Slavery, Social life, Wealth, Whites.

_South Atlantic Monthly_ and discussion of race problem, 390.

South Carolina.
Loss of natives, 47;
immigration experiment, 52, 56;
postbellum vagrant laws, 168;
murders in, 184;
valuations, 238;
cotton manufactures, 275, 276;
peonage in, 284;
illiteracy, 293;
school statistics, 295;
rural police, 384;
comparative statistics, 397-417.

South Dakota, comparative statistics of, 397-417.

Southern Education Association and negro education, 327.

Southern Education Board, 300, 306, 390.

"Southern South," meaning of term, 6.

Spartanburg, water-power in, 26.

Spencer, Samuel, and immigration, 52.

Springfield, Ill., race riot in, 207.

Springfield, Ohio, race riot in, 207.

_Statistical Abstract_, data from, 235, 243.

Steamboat, race separation on Southern, 169.

Stock, Southern, 251.

Stone, A. H.
Studies of negro question, 17;
on foreign and negro cotton hands, 58;
on negro accumulation of property, 146;
on lien loans, 268.

Stone and Webster, and electric power and transportation, 227.

Straight University, founding of, 309.

Street railways.
Race separation on Southern, 170;
inter-urban trolleys, 227.

Suffrage.
Northern distrust of negro, 100;
effect of disfranchisement on negro leadership, 131;
negro, 174-175;
negro disfranchisement, 175-177, 345;
reason for disfranchisement, 178;
enforcement of Fourteenth Amendment, 347;
federal control of elections, 348.

Sugar, Southern crop of, 251.

Sugar beets, Southern crop of, 251.

Sulphur in South, 225.

Sulu Archipelago, slavery in, 279.

Sunny Side.
Italian labor at, 57;
plantation, 256;
alleged peonage case, 281.

Superstitions, negro, 138.

Swamps, Southern, 25;
reclamation of, 221.

Syracuse, Ohio, Negroes excluded from, 166.

T

Taine, H. A., on Saxons, 102.

Talassee, school at, 297.

Talladega, school at, 389.

Tar Heels, name for Poor Whites, 38.

Taxation.
Negroes and, 147, 330;
assessment valuations as comparison of Southern wealth, 235;
comparative valuations of seceding states, 236;
of whole South, 239-241, 244, 248, 400-401;
on basis of white population, 246;
ante- and post-bellum valuation in South, 237;
school, in South, 295, 306;
burden of, for negro schools, 328-331.

Teachers, Southern.
Of rural white schools, 298;
of negro schools, 310, 314, 320;
boycott of Northern, of negro schools, 316;
need of white, for colored schools, 385-387;
comparative statistics, North and South, 408-417.

Temperament of Southern Whites, 66-79;
difficulty in determining, 66;
emotionalism, 66, 164;
influence of race problem, 67-69, 74;
diversity on problem, 69-70;
impatience of dissent, 70, 72, 390;
suspicion of Northerners, 71, 73, 74, 89;
attitude towards criticism, 71-73, 243;
exaggeration, 73;
of Negroes, 74;
Whites, and outside interest in race problem, 75-79;
attitude towards history, 80-90, 218;
veneration for ancestors, 81.

Tennessee.
School statistics, 295;
comparative statistics, 397-417.

Tensas River, plantations on, 255.

Testimony, negro, 203.

Texas.
Urban population, 29;
immigration from other states, 47;
foreign settlement, 53;
value of farms, 238;
school statistics, 248, 295, 306;
comparative statistics, 397-417.

Texas, University of, standing of, 302.

Theft, Negroes and, 186.

Thomas, William Hannibal.
"American Negro," 15;
on negro morals, 134.

Thomas, William Holcombe.
On race association, 150;
on homicides, 197.

Thorsby, Ala., Northern community at, 49.

Tillman, B. R.
As political leader, 63;
anti-negro generalizations, 93;
on newly imported slaves, 110;
attitude on negro disfranchisement, 177;
on lynching, 213;
and race problem, 345, 359.

Tillman, J. H., killing of Gonzales by, 185.

Tobacco.
Southern manufacture, 224;
comparative value of crop, 241.

Toombs, Robert, on South under slavery, 82.

Trade. _See_ Commerce.

Transportation.
Race separation in South, 168-171;
Southern conditions, 226-230.

Trucking in South, 24, 220, 251.

Trudics peonage case, 280.

Tulane University, standing of, 300, 307.

Turner, H. M., on negro segregation, 355.

Turner peonage case, 284, 365.

Turpentine, Southern industry, 223.

Tuskegee Institute.
Conferences, 131, 389;
influence, 319;
number of students, 332;
opposition, 332;
basis of success, 334.

U

Union, South and, 1, 5.

Urban life. _See_ Cities.

Utah, comparative statistics of, 397-417.

V

Vagrant laws, Southern.
Postbellum, 168, 279;
present, 200;
need of equitable, 383.

Valdese, N. C., Italians at, 57.

Valdosta, Ga., negro teachers in, 314.

Vardaman, J. K.
As political leader, 63;
abuse of Negro, 72, 93;
on negro inferiority, 101;
on leasing convicts, 202;
pardons, 202;
opposition to negro education, 327, 371;
and race problem, 345;
on illegal control of Negroes, 365.

Venereal disease, Negroes and, 108.

Vermont.
School statistics, 295;
comparative statistics, 397-417.

Vice. _See_ Morals.

Virginia.
And Hampton Institute, 317;
comparative statistics, 397-417.

Virginia Coöperative Education Association, 306.

Virginia, University of.
Founding, 290;
standing of, 203.

W

Wage hands on cotton plantations, 265.

Wages. _See_ Labor, Teachers.

_Wanderer_, Negroes imported in, 110.

Washington, B. T.
Works on negro problem, 15;
negro hostility to, 130;
on acquiring land, 144, 372;
incident of lunch with Roosevelt, 162;
Dixon on, 180, 319, 332;
on South as home of Negro, 262, 355;
on treatment of cotton hands, 267;
influence of Tuskegee, 319;
as writer, 325;
as leader, 333, 334.

Washington, George, and fertilizing, 253.

Washington, State of, comparative statistics of, 399-417.

Watauga Co., N. C., Negroes excluded from, 166.

Water-power in South, 26, 225.

Waterways, Southern, 226.

Watson, T. E., on cry of negro domination, 160.

Watterson, Henry, on Southern wealth, 231.

Wealth, Southern.
Private, 62;
enlarged views, 89, 231, 247;
negro accumulation, 143-148;
actual, 218-230;
under slavery, 218;
postbellum poverty, 219;
recent great increase, 219;
agricultural, 220-221;
forests, 221-224;
mineral, 224;
in manufactures, 224-225:
capital and banking, 225;
commercial, 226-229, 233;
comparative, North and South, 231-249;
Southern claims considered, 232, 247, 249, 276, 338;
influence of labor conditions, 232, 235, 246, 247, 277;
pensions, 234;
proper basis for comparison, 234;
comparative tables, 234, 400-417;
materials for comparison, 235;
comparative, of seceding states, 236-239, 248;
of whole South, 239-245, 248;
on basis of white population, 246-247;
uneven advance of Southern, 242;
actual and comparative rate of Southern accumulation, 243-245.

West Indies, capacity of Negroes in, 97-99.

West Virginia.
And South, 20;
comparative statistics, 399-417.

Wheat.
As an export, 233;
Southern crop, 251;
price and election of McKinley, 261.

Whipping on plantations, 194.

White Trash, name for Poor Whites, 38.

Whitecapping, 195.

Whites, Southern.
Effect of city life, 27;
position of Northerners in South, 48-50;
small farmers, 60;
division on, and discussion of race problem, 67-72, 345-346, 391;
generalizations on Negroes, 92;
Southern exaltation, 102;
ignorance of negro life, 114, 124, 340, 391;
race association, 149-165;
problem of association, 149-151;
miscegenation, 151-157;
remedy for it, 157;
exclusion of mulattoes, 156;
evil of amalgamation, 157, 344, 349;
growth of race antagonism, 158-161, 216, 340, 389;
fear of negro domination, 160, 172;
Negroes on race antagonism, 160;
basis of prejudice, 161;
race separation, 160-180;
fear of negro social equality, 162-165, 340;
suppression of negro development by, 178-180;
illustration of race antagonism, 181-183;
responsibility for inefficient criminal justice, 203;
comparative wealth of South on basis of white inhabitants, 235, 246;
laborers on cotton plantations, 255, 262, 264, 267;
peonage of, 280-281;
advancement, 339;
domination, 339, 343;
perpetual superiority, 340;
violent agitation of race problem, 341;
despair over problem, 342;
to control settlement of problem, 344;
terrorizing of Negroes, 358-366;
advantages to, of negro uplift, 371, 373;
necessity of coöperation with Negroes, 388-391;
duties in problem, 392;
comparative statistics of population, 397-399.
_See also_ Crime, Education, History, Immigration, Leadership,
Mountaineers, Negroes, Poor Whites, Remedies, Social life,
Temperament.

Whittaker, assault by, 186.

Williams, G. W., "Negro Race in America," 14.

Williams, J. S.
On immigration, 51, 352;
senatorial campaign, 72;
on increasing race antagonism, 159, 361;
on basis of race prejudice, 161;
on remedy of race problem, 343, 394;
on negro emigration, 352;
on good conduct of negroes, 368;
on recognizing negro worth, 380;
on prevention of negro crimes, 382.

Wilmington, Del., lynching in, 210.

Wilmington, N. C.
As port, 22, 229;
banishment of Negroes, 206.

Winston, G. T.
On South, 5;
on negro criminality, 188;
on negro uplift, 371.

Wirz, Henry, statue to, 89.

Wisconsin.
School statistics, 295;
comparative statistics, 397-417.

Women.
Labor on cotton plantations, 265;
school education in South, 299;
college education, 301, 302.

Wool, Southern crop of, 251.

_World Almanac_, statistics from, 235, 248.

_World's Work_, articles in, on Southern question, 18.

"Worth, Nicholas."
"Autobiography," 18;
on Southerners and criticism, 72;
on Southern exaggeration, 73;
on historical ignorance, 83;
on race antagonism, 159;
on training cotton hands, 267.

Wyoming, comparative statistics of, 399-417.

Z

Zinc in South, 224.