Chapter VII: General Dispositions (4)

The Consul does not appear to have realised that native taxes in the Congo are levied in the shape of labour, and that this form of tax is justified as much by the moral effect which it produces, as by the impossibility of taxing the native in any other way, seeing that, as the Consul admits, the native has no money. It is to this consideration that is due the fact, to give another example, that out of 56,700 huts which are taxed in North-Eastern Rhodesia 19,653 pay that tax “in labour,” while 4938 pay it “in produce.”[133] Whether such labour is furnished direct to the State or to some private undertaking, and whether it is given in aid of this or that work as local necessities may dictate, one ground of justification is always to be found in what the Memorandum of the 11th February last recognises is the “necessity of the natives being induced to work.” The Consul shows much anxiety as to how this forced labour should be described; he is surprised that if it be a tax it is sometimes paid and recovered by commercial agents. Strictly speaking, of course, it cannot be denied that the idea of remunerating a person for paying his taxes is contrary to the ordinary notions of finance; but the difficulty disappears if it is considered that the object in view has been to get the natives to acquire the habit of labour, for which they have always shown a great aversion. And if this notion of work can more easily be inculcated on the natives under the form of commercial transactions between them and private persons, is it necessary to condemn such a mode of procedure, especially in those parts where the organisation of the Administration is not yet complete? But it is essential that in the relations of this nature which they have with the natives, commercial agents, no less than those of the State, should be kind and humane. In so far as it bears on this point the Consul’s Report will receive the most careful consideration, and if the result of investigation be to show that there are real abuses and that reforms are called for, the heads of the Administration will act as the circumstances may require.

But no one has ever imagined that the fiscal system in the Congo attained perfection at once, especially in regard to such matters as the assessment of taxes and the means for recovering them. The system of “chieftaincies,” which is recommended by the fact that it enables the authorities and the native to communicate through the latter’s natural chief, was based on an idea carried into practice elsewhere:

“The more important Chiefs who helped the Administration have been paid a certain percentage of the taxes collected in their districts, and I think that if this policy is adhered to each year, the results will continue to be satisfactory and will encourage the Chiefs to work in harmony with the Administration.”[134]

The Decree on the subject of these Chieftaincies[135] laid down the principle of a tax, and its levy in accordance with “a table of contributions to be made every year by each village in produce, forced labour, labourers, or soldiers.” The application of this Decree has been provided for by deeds of investiture, tables of statistics, and particulars of contributions, forms of which will be found in Annex IV. In spite of what is stated in the Report, this Decree has been carried out so far as has been found compatible with the social condition of the various tribes; numerous deeds of investiture have been drawn up, and efforts have been made to draw up an equitable assessment of the contributions. The Consul might have found this out at the Commissioners’ offices, especially in the Stanley Pool and Equator districts which he passed through; but he neglected as a rule all official sources of information. No doubt the application of the Decree was at first necessarily limited, and it is possible that the result has been that for a certain time only such villages as were within a short distance from stations have been required to pay taxes; but this state of things has little by little altered for the better in proportion as the more distant regions have become included in the areas of influence of the Government posts, the number of villages subject to taxation has gradually increased, and it has been found possible to levy taxes on a greater number of persons. The Government aim at making progress in this direction continuous, that is to say, that taxation should be more equitably distributed, and should as much as possible be personal; it was with this object that the Decree of the 18th November, 1903, provided for drawing up “lists of native contributions” in such a way that the obligations of every native should be strictly defined.

“Article 28 of this Decree lays down that within the limits of Article 2 of the present regulations (that is to say, within the limit of forty hours’ work per month per native) the District Commissioners shall draw up annual lists of the taxes to be paid, in kind or duration of labour, by each of the natives resident in the territories of their respective districts. And Article 55 punishes ‘whoever, being charged with the levy of taxes, shall have required of the natives, whether in kind or labour, contributions which shall exceed in value those prescribed in the tables of taxes.’”

It is matter of common notoriety that the collection of taxes is occasionally met by opposition, and even refusal to pay. The proofs of this, which are to be found in the Report of the Consul for the Congo, are borne out by what has happened, for instance, in Rhodesia:

“The Ba-Unga (Awemba district), inhabitants of the swamps in the Zambesi delta, gave some trouble on being summoned to pay taxes.”[136]

“Although in many cases whole villages retired into the swamps on being called upon for the hut-tax, the general result was satisfactory for the first year (Luapula district).”[137]

“Milala’s people have succeeded in evading taxes.”[138]

“A few natives bordering on the Portuguese territory, who, owing to the great distance they reside from the native Commissioners’ Stations, are not under the direct supervision of the Native Commissioners, have so far evaded paying hut-tax, and refused to submit themselves to the authority of the Government. The rebel Chief, Mapondera, has upon three occasions successfully eluded punitive expeditions sent against him. Captain Gilson, of the British South Africa Police, was successful in coming upon him and a large following of natives, and inflicting heavy losses upon them. His kraal and all his crops were destroyed. He is now reported to be in Portuguese territory. Siji M’Kota, another powerful Chief, living in the northern parts of the M’toko district, bordering on Portuguese territory, has also been successful in evading the payment of hut-tax, and generally pursuing the adoption of an attitude which is not acceptable to the Government. I am pleased to report that a patrol is at present on its way to these parts to deal with this Chief, and to endeavour to obtain his submission. It will be noted that the above remarks relate solely to those natives who reside along the borders of our territories, and whose defiant attitude is materially assisted by reason of this proximity to the Portuguese border, across which they are well able to proceed whenever they consider that any meeting or contact with the Native Commissioner will interfere in any way with their indolent and lazy life. They possess no movable property which might be attached with a view of the recovery of hut-tax unpaid for many years, and travel backwards and forwards with considerable freedom, always placing themselves totally beyond the reach of the Native Commissioner.”[139]

The above is an instance of those “punitive expeditions” to which the authorities are occasionally obliged to resort, as also of the native custom, which is not peculiar to the natives of the Congo, of moving into a neighbouring territory when they are seeking to evade the operation of the law. Whether in the process of collecting native taxes there have been cases in the Congo, amongst those mentioned by the Consul, in which the limits of a just and reasonable severity have been overstepped is a question of fact which investigation on the spot can alone ascertain, and instructions to this effect will be given to the authorities at Boma.

We are also unable to accept, on the information at present before us, the conclusions of the Report in regard to the conduct of the forest guards in the employ of the A. B. I. R. and La Lulonga Companies. These subordinate officers are represented by the Consul as being exclusively employed in “compelling by force the collection of india-rubber or the supplies which each factory needed.”[140] It is true that another explanation has been given—though not, indeed, by a native—according to which the business of these same forest guards is to see that the india-rubber is harvested after a reasonable fashion, and especially to prevent the natives from cutting the plants.[141] It is, indeed, well known that the law has made rigorous provision for preserving the rubber zones, has regulated the manner in which they are to be worked, and has made planting and replanting obligatory, with a view to avoiding the complete exhaustion of the rubber plant, which has occurred, for instance, in North-Eastern and Western Rhodesia.[142] A heavy responsibility in this direction lies on the companies and private persons engaged in developing the country, and it is obvious that they are bound to exercise the most careful superintendence over the way in which the harvest is collected. The object for which these forest guards are employed, therefore, may well be quite different from that alleged by the Consul; in any case, the complaints which have been made on this head will form a subject for inquiry in the Congo, as also the other remark of the Report that the manner in which these forest guards are armed is excessive, and liable to abuse. It is here to be observed that in calculating the number of these forest guards the Consul is obliged to rely on hypothesis,[143] and that he himself admits “I have no means of ascertaining the number of this class of armed men employed by the A. B. I. R. Company.”[144] He mentions that the gun of one of these men was marked on the butt “Depôt 2210.” But it is evident that such a mark can only have the significance which the Consul would like to see in it in so far as it can be proved that it refers to the numbering of the arms used in the Concession, and such is not the case, since this particular mark “Depôt” is not used either by the officials of the State or those of the Company, and it would seem that it is an old manufactory or store mark. In regard to the manner of arming the capitas, the Consul can hardly be ignorant that the higher authorities have always given great attention to the matter, which is, indeed, one surrounded with difficulties, seeing that while on the one hand it is necessary to consider the question of the personal protection of the capita, on the other the possibility of the arms in question being used for improper purposes must not be lost sight of. It is not only in the Circular of the 20th October, 1900, which the Consul has reprinted, that this question is dealt with; there is a whole collection of Circulars on the subject, among which may be mentioned those of the 12th March, 1897, 31st May and 28th November, 1900, and 30th April, 1901. Copies of them are annexed as proof of the fixed determination of the Government to see that the law relating to this question is strictly enforced (Annex V.). Yet, in spite of all these precautions, the Consul has ascertained that several capitas were not provided with permits (perhaps they might have been found at the head office), and that two of them were furnished with arms of precision.[145] But these few infractions of the rule are obviously not enough to prove the existence of a sort of vast armed organisation destined to strike terror into the natives. On the contrary, the Circular of the 7th September, 1903, printed in Annex VII. of the Consul’s Report, is a proof of the care taken by the Government that the regular black troops should always be under the control of European officers.[146]

Such are the preliminary remarks suggested by Mr. Casement’s Report, and we reserve to ourselves the right of dealing with it more in detail as soon as the Government shall be in possession of the results of the inquiry which the local authorities are about to make. It will be observed that the Government, in its desire not to seem to wish to avoid the discussion, has not raised a question in regard to the manner, surely unusual, in which His Britannic Majesty’s Consul has acted in a foreign country. It is obviously altogether outside the duties of a Consul to take upon himself, as Mr. Casement has done, to institute inquiries, to summon natives, to submit them to interrogatories as if duly authorised thereto, and to deliver what may be styled judgments in regard to the guilt of the accused. The reservations called for by this mode of procedure must be all the more formal, as the Consul was thus intervening in matters which only concerned subjects of the Congo State, and which were within the exclusive jurisdiction of the territorial authorities. Mr. Casement, indeed, made it his business himself to point out how little authorised he was to interfere when on the 4th September, 1903, he wrote to the Governor-General: “I have no right of representation to your Excellency save where the persons or interests of British subjects dwelling in this country are affected.” It is thus obvious that he was aware that he was exceeding his duties by investigating facts which concerned only the internal administration, and so, contrary to all laws of Consular jurisdiction, encroaching on the province of the territorial authorities.

“The grievances of the natives have been made known in this country by ——, who brought over a petition addressed to the King, praying for relief from the excessive taxation and oppressive legislation of which they complain.”

These lines are extracted from the Report for 1903 of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, and the natives referred to are the natives of the Fiji Isles. The Report goes on:

“The case has been brought before the House of Commons. The grievances include forced labour on the roads, and restrictions which practically amount to slavery; natives have been flogged without trial by magistrate’s orders, and are constantly subject to imprisonment for frivolous causes. Petitions lodged with the local Colonial Secretary have been disregarded. Mr. Chamberlain, in reply to the questions asked in Parliament, threw doubt upon the information received, but stated that the recently appointed Governor is conducting an inquiry into the whole situation in the Fiji Islands, in the course of which the matter will be fully investigated.”

Such are also our conclusions in regard to Mr. Casement’s Report.

CHR. DE CUVELIER.

BRUSSELS, March 12, 1904.

FOOTNOTES:

[87] Copies have been sent to the Library of each House of Parliament.

[88] See _Africa_, No. 7, 1904, presented to both Houses of Parliament, June, 1904.

[89] Report, p. 21.

[90] _Idem_, p. 26.

[91] M. Boudot, missionary of the Congo Balolo Mission. _Regions Beyond_, December, 1901, p. 337.

[92] W. H. Bentley, _Pioneering on the Congo_, ii., p. 229.

[93] _Idem_, p. 243.

[94] _Pioneering on the Congo_, by the Rev. W. Holman Bentley, ii. pp. 235-236.

[95] Report, p. 29.

[96] K. K. in _Africa_, No. 1 (1904).

[97] See Annex No. III.

[98] _Report_, p. 58.

[99] _Report_, p. 58.

[100] _Idem_, p. 56.

[101] See Annex No. II. (enclosure No. 6 in III.).

[102] _Regions Beyond_, 1900, p. 198.

[103] _Idem._, January-February, 1903, p. 53.

[104] See Annex No. II. “Present: Rev. W. D. Armstrong and Rev. D. J. Danielson of the Congo Balolo Mission of Bonginda, Vinda Bidilou (Consul’s head man) and Bateko as interpreters, and His Britannic Majesty’s Consul.” This passage is omitted in Annex No. 6 of the Consul’s Report (p. 78).

[105] _Report_, p. 34.

[106] _Idem_, pp. 76 and 77.

[107] Cf. _Idem_, pp. 54 and 55 and p. 58.

[108] _Idem_, pp. 54, 55.

[109] _Idem_, p. 56.

[110] _Idem_, p. 56.

[111] _Idem_, p. 62.

[112] _Idem_, p. 57.

[113] _Review of Reviews_, February 14, 1903.

[114] The _Tribuna_ of Rome.

[115] _Report_, Annex No. IV., p. 77.

[116] _Idem_, p. 30.

[117] _Report_, Annex No. IV., p. 30.

[118] “Ten Years at Bonginda.” D. McKittrick, _Regions Beyond_, 1900, p. 21.

[119] “Congo Contrasts.” M. Boudot, _Regions Beyond_, 1900, p. 197.

[120] _Report_, p. 34.

[121] _Regions Beyond_, 1900, p. 150; 1902, p. 209.

[122] _Idem, passim._

[123] _Idem_, 1900, p. 150.

[124] _Idem_, 1901, p. 27.

[125] _Idem_, 1900, p. 199.

[126] _Idem_, 1900, pp. 243, 297, 306.

[127] _Idem_, 1901, p. 40; 1902, p. 315.

[128] _Idem_, 1901, p. 40.

[129] _Idem_, 1900, p. 196.

[130] _Idem_, 1901, p. 43.

[131] _Idem_, 1901, p. 60.

[132] _Report_, p. 28.

[133] _Reports on the Administration of Rhodesia_, 1900-1902, p. 408.

[134] _Reports on the Administration of Rhodesia_, 1900-1902, p. 408.

[135] Decree of the 6th October, 1891 (_Bulletin Officiel_, 1891, p. 259).

[136] _Reports on the Administration of Rhodesia_, 1900-1902, p. 409.

[137] _Idem_, p. 410.

[138] _Idem_, p. 410.

[139] _Idem_, 1900-1902, pp. 145, 146.

[140] _Report_, p. 44.

[141] Annex III., p. 26.

[142] _Reports on the Administration of Rhodesia_, 1900-1902, pp. 397, etc.

[143] _Report_, p. 57.

[144] _Idem_, p. 42.

[145] _Report_, p. 43.

[146] The Circular of the 7th September, 1903, has reference to the “prohibition” to despatch armed soldiers in charge of black non-commissioned officers, and not, as would appear from the incorrect copy produced by the Consul, to the “instruction.”—(Annex VII. of the _Report_, p. 80.)

_Memorandum_

Lord Lansdowne’s dispatch of the 19th April, 1904, a copy of which was handed to the Congo Government on the 27th April by his Excellency Sir Constantine Phipps, calls for certain remarks.

With regard to the opinion to which this dispatch takes exception, “that the interests of humanity have been used in this country as a pretext to conceal designs for the abolition of the Congo State,” it will be well to remember that a Member of the House of Commons declared that he would prefer “to see the Valley of the Congo pass into the hands of a foreign Power,” and that some pamphlets described the “disruption of the Congo Free State,” the “partition of the Congo Free State among the Powers,” as absolute and immediate necessities, and even went so far as to suggest the bases of such a partition; while the organs of the English press contemplated one of two alternatives, either that “advocated by the more thorough-going critics of the present Administration, namely, the disruption of the Congo Free State,” or “the partition of the Congo territory among the great Powers whose possessions in Africa border those of the Congo Free State,” or declared that “what Europe ought to do, under the leadership of Great Britain, is summarily to sweep the Congo Free State out of existence.” The Congo State Note of the 17th September has called attention to these suggestions, of which we merely point out the tenor in this instance, and which all aimed at despoiling the Sovereign-King, and at dispossessing him of the State which was his own creation—suggestions which are entirely incompatible with respect for rights and treaties, and with the motives of a purely humanitarian and philanthropic nature by which the enemies of the State allege themselves to be exclusively animated in the passionate campaign which they are conducting against it.

In reply to the objections raised by His Majesty’s Government against the communication of the entire text of Mr. Casement’s Report, the Government of the Congo State points out that it has asked for the complete Report precisely with a view to transmitting it to the competent judicial and administrative authorities, without which this communication would be purportless. The anxiety to obtain an impartial inquiry and the rights of the defence render it an imperative necessity that the men accused should be informed, in a precise and fully detailed manner, of the acts laid to their charge; the fear that the persons accused might be able, by means of the knowledge they would have of the details, to influence or suppress evidence, does not appear to be justified by the mere fact that the natives, who, in the Epondo case, had given mendacious information to the Consul, subsequently avoided presenting themselves before the Magistrate presiding over the inquiry; the flight of these witnesses is explained more naturally by the fact that they were conscious of the grave fault they had committed in wittingly deceiving the English Consul. If the Congo Government be permitted to give an assurance, which it does willingly, that any case of suborning witnesses, or any attempt to do so, would form the subject of a prosecution, it is evidently not within its power to prejudice or quash such legal measures as persons who might find themselves wrongfully accused might consider it necessary to take, either in the interests of their honour or their dignity.

The Government of the Congo State regrets that His Majesty’s Government does not deem it necessary to communicate to it the other previous Consular Reports to which Lord Lansdowne’s dispatch of the 8th August, 1903, alluded. As was stated in the notes of the 12th March last, these reports possessed the interest of having been written at a date anterior to the inception of the present discussion.

A copy of this Memorandum will be addressed to the Powers to whom copies of Lord Lansdowne’s dispatch of the 19th April last was transmitted.

ADMINISTRATION, CONGO FREE STATE, BRUSSELS,
May 14, 1904.

FEATURES OF THE LAND SYSTEM IN THE AFRICAN COLONIES OF GERMANY,
GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, AND PORTUGAL

The following notes are taken from the _Bulletin Officiel_ of June, 1903, reporting to the Sovereign the accounts of the Congo Free State for the nineteenth year of its existence. The apt comparisons and pointed remarks upon the land system of the State are the work of M. le Chevalier de Cuvelier, Secretary of State for the Congo Free State, an official of great executive ability, to whose tremendous energy is due much of the later prosperity and progress which the Congo State enjoys to the chagrin of its detractors. Chevalier de Cuvelier has been engaged twenty years in the work of creating and developing the State. His official utterances have the quality of long experience behind them.

* * * * *

“During the twenty years that the rule of the State possession of vacant lands has been inscribed in the laws of the Congo State, not one of the Powers Signatory of the Berlin Act has pointed it out as being contrary to that International Act, either at the time of the publication in the _Official Bulletin_ of the regulation of 1885, or on the occasion of any of the public applications made by the State on successive occasions either in exploiting _en régie_ certain lands of the Domain with the object of assuring to the Treasury indispensable resources, or in granting concessions to certain societies for the purpose of carrying out works of general utility and contributing towards the public expenses.

“It can be said on the contrary that the Powers which, together with the Congo State, are in possession of territory in the zone of commercial liberty—France, Germany, Great Britain, Portugal—have followed the same principles, and considered, like it, that the Berlin Act no more excluded the right of property on the part of the State than it excluded that of private individuals.

“In German East Africa the regulation of 1st September, 1891, says:

“‘ARTICLE 1.—The Government alone has the right to take possession of vacant lands in the limits of the German sphere of influence in East Africa fixed by the Anglo-German Convention of 1st July, 1890, excepting for the length of the coast strip which was formerly part of the Zanzibar sultanate, and in the provinces of Usambara, Nguru, Usegua, Ukami, and the island of Mafia.’

“By the prior arrangement of 20th November, 1890, between the Imperial Government and the _Deutsch Ostafrikanische Gesellschaft_, the vacant lands of these latter regions were already found to be assigned to that Company. The produce of the exploitation of the forests throughout these territories, in the terms of Article 4 of the contract of 5th February, 1894, was to be shared in equal halves between the [German] Government and the Company.

“The [German] regulation of the 26th November, 1895, readmits the principle:

“‘ARTICLE 1.—Under reserve of the rights of property, or of other real rights that individuals or judicial persons, native chiefs or villages, may advance, as well as rights of occupation by third parties resulting from contracts effected with the Imperial Government, all vacant land in German East Africa belongs to the Crown.’

“The circular of the Imperial Governor von Liebert, dated 29th April, 1900, explains that:

“‘By the transference to the Empire of the sovereignty, all pretensions to landed property derived from the sovereign rights, real or apparent, of chiefs, sultans, etc., have passed to the Empire. All land which has not been proved to be the private property of an individual, or of a community, is to be considered as the property of the Crown.’

“Under the powers of the regulations of 1895, concessions have been granted in the terms taken, for example, from the acts of the concession for the Urangi Society (1896) and the Gold Syndicate of Usinja (1899):

“‘The Society receives the right to acquire under the prescriptions of the land regulation of 26th November, 1895, a superficies of 100 square kilometres, either by contract with the natives, or by taking provisional possession of vacant lands.’

“In the Cameroons, the south-east portion of which forms part of the zone of liberty of commerce, there exists a regulation of the German Emperor of 15th June, 1896, the first article of which is identical with the first article of the regulation of 26th November, 1895, for German East Africa.

“The Society of the South Cameroons has obtained there, 16th January, 1899, a charter of concession which grants it the property of the domain lands situated between the 12th degree of West longitude, the 4th degree of North latitude, and the political frontiers of the Cameroons to the South and to the East.

“In the French Congo, Article 19 of the order of the Government Commissioner General of 26th September, 1891, decrees:

“‘Waste lands and abandoned lands, to the ownership of which no one can legitimately lay claim, will be considered as belonging to the State and will form part of the colonial domain. They can under that head be alienated or conceded in the terms of the 5th and following articles. Lands considered waste are those which are neither legally occupied nor utilised in reality by any one.’

“Decrees passed in 1899 granted a totality of some forty concessions _embracing almost the whole of the French territory_.

“In British East Africa, the powers given by the Royal Charter, 3d September, 1888, to the Imperial British East Africa Company, whilst Article 16 forbids it to grant any commercial monopoly, confer upon it the right to ‘concede all lands for a period or in perpetuity, by right of pledging them or otherwise.’

“After the British Protectorate was substituted for the Company, the question of vacant lands was regulated in the following manner, in accordance with the terms of the report of Mr. (now Sir) H. H. Johnston, Her Britannic Majesty’s Special Commissioner, dated 27th April, 1900:

“‘The land question may now be considered as partially solved over the greater part of the Uganda Protectorate. Over all the more thickly-inhabited countries the waste or unoccupied lands belong to Her Majesty the Queen, having been transferred to the Crown, in most cases by agreement with the chiefs, after payment of indemnities; in some other cases, as in Unyoro, as the result of conquest.... By Proclamation it has been forbidden to any foreigner to acquire land from the natives in any part of the Uganda Protectorate without the prior assent of the Uganda Administration.... A large area of the Kingdom of Uganda is guaranteed to the possession of its native occupants. The rest of the land, including the forests, has now been transferred by agreement to the Crown on behalf of, and in trust for, the administration of the Uganda Protectorate.’

“Finally the land _régime_ in the Portuguese Colonies, especially in Angola, is regulated by the decree of 9th May, 1901, the first article of which stipulates:

“‘The State domain in the countries beyond the sea are all lands which at the date of the publication of this law do not constitute a private property, acquired according to the terms of Portuguese legislation.’

“The Congolese law protects the natives in the enjoyment of the lands that they occupy, and in fact not only are they not disturbed in that enjoyment, but it even extends their cultivation and their plantations in proportion with their necessities. Manifold are the measures taken by the Congo State in order to safeguard the natives against all spoliation:

“‘No one has the right to dispossess the natives of the lands which they occupy.’ (Order of 1st July, 1885, Article 2.)

“‘The lands occupied by native populations under the authority of their chiefs shall continue to be governed by local customs and uses.’ (Decree of 14th September, 1886, Article 2.)

“‘All acts or conventions which would tend to expel the natives from the lands that they occupy, or to deprive them, directly or indirectly, of their liberty, or of their means of existence are forbidden.’ (Decree of 14th September, 1886, Article 2.)

“‘When native villages are surrounded by alienated or leased lands, the natives shall be able, as soon as the official measurement has been effected, to extend their cultivation without the consent of the proprietor, or the lessee, over the vacant lands which surround their villages.’ (Decree of 9th April, 1893, Article 6.)

“‘The members of the Commission of Lands will specially examine whether the lands asked for should not be reserved either for requirements of public utility, or in view of permitting the development of native cultivation.’ (Decree of 2nd February, 1898, Article 2.)

“‘The other Powers have not understood otherwise than the Congo State the obligations which are imposed upon them in this require in favour of the natives. So the decrees of concessions in the French Congo contain in the 10th Article the clause that:

“‘The Society having the concession cannot exercise the rights of enjoyment and exploitation which are accorded to it except outside villages occupied by natives, and the lands reserved to them for purposes of cultivation, pasturage, or as forest. The surroundings of these lands shall be fixed by the decisions of the Governor of the Colony, which shall equally determine the lands over which the natives shall preserve the rights of hunting and fishing.’

“In German East Africa, the regulation of the 27th November, 1895, Article 2, stipulates:

“‘ARTICLE 2.—If on fixed lands, chiefs, villages, or other native communities assert rights based upon a pretended sovereignty, or if these rights belong to them, it will be necessary to take them into account so far as possible, and to endeavour before anything to arrive at a friendly arrangement in virtue of which the territory necessary for the existence of the community shall be reserved, and the remainder placed at the disposal of the Government.

“‘If this arrangement is not brought about, the Governor decides.’

“Commenting upon this arrangement, the circular of 29th April, 1900, of the Imperial Governor von Liebert [Germany] gives the following instructions:

“‘In principle there should only be left to the natives the lands of which they have absolute need for their system of exchange, and for the existence of their village communities. Nevertheless, in order not to give rise to political complications, care will be taken provisionally, in the practical execution of this rule, not to show too much rigour, and especially is it recommended not to extend the taking possession of property without an owner except in regions which are under a strong administration.’

“The Portuguese decree of 9th May, 1901, says:

“‘ARTICLE 2.—The right of natives to lands habitually cultivated by them, which are comprised in the sphere of the concessions, is recognised; a certain extent of land shall be reserved for the habitation and the agricultural work of those residing there.’”

CONCESSIONAIRES, PRIVATE FIRMS, AND COMMERCIAL TRADING COMPANIES IN THE CONGO FREE STATE

There are at present over four hundred commercial establishments carrying on trade in the Belgian Congo, among which are the following:

* * * * *

Société Anonyme Belge pour le Commerce du Haut-Congo, 31 establishments; Abir, 28; Nieuwe Afrikaansche Handels Vennootschap, 28; Société Anversoise du Commerce au Congo, 22; Comité Spécial du Katanga, 21; Hatton & Cookson [Liverpool], 16; Comptoir Commercial Congolais, 13; Valle & Azevedo, 12; Magasins Généraux, 12; Compagnie du Congo Portugais, 10; Compagnie du Lomami, 9; Freitas & Barreira, 9; Produits Végétaux du Haut-Kasai, 8; Plantations de la Lukula, 7; Crédit Commercial Congolais, 7; L’Enterprise Africaine, 7; Société Isangi, 7; La Helgika, 6; Shanu, 6; L’Equatoriale Congolaise, 5; La Congolia, 4; La Loanje, 4; Produits du Mayumbe, 4; La Lulonga, 4; Comptoirs Congolais Velde, 4; Les Produits du Congo, 4; Samuel, 4; Shanusi Agbabiaka, 4; Les Plantations Lacourt, 3; Société Forestière et Commerciale du Haut-Congo, 3; Plantations du Lubefu, 3; Ferreira Viegas, 3; La Djuma, 3; Syndicat Commercial et Agricole du Mayumbe, 3; Mouture et Panification, 2; Ikelemba, 2; Société d’Agriculture et de Plantations au Congo, 2; Compagnie Agricole du Mayumbe, 2; Ferreira Frères, 2; Traffic Congolais, 2; Société Africa, 2; Société l’est du Kwango, 2; Dana Bernabe, 2; Carrico Frères, 2; Ribiero, 2; Ferreira & Figueiredo, 2; Vicoso & Martins, 2; A. N. Figueiredo, 2; Plantations Coloniales la Luki, 1; Compagnie Sucrière Européene et Coloniale, 1; La Mayumbienne, 1; L’Urselia, 1; La Kassaïenne, 1; Citas, 1; Compagnie Française du Haut-Congo, 1; Compagnie Bruxelloise pour le Commerce du Haut-Congo, 1; La Centrale Africaine, 1; Harms & Marcus, 1; D’Heygere, 1; Lemos et Irmôo, 1; Compagnie Franco-Belge, 1; Rocha Santos et Cie., 1; Agme, 1; Docteur Villa, 1; Messageries Fluviales, 1; Folgosa, 1; Joao da Fonseca, 1; Rebello Luiz, 1; Felgueiras, 1; Branca da Giovanni, 1; Gomez, 1; Nogueira, 1; Shanu, 1; Sabaï Smith, 1; Thomas, 1; Disu Aremu, 1; Smithe, 1; Adiolo Balawao, 1; John Andrew, 1; Mana, 1; Somano Fayamo, 1; Radji Ibadan, 1; Davidson Williams, 1; Macole, 1; Georges Southey, 1; Lania, 1; Abondu Ramano, 1; Mamadu Adejene, 1; Moses Williams, 1; John Sani, 1; J. W. Davis, 1; John David, 1; John Uriah, 1; Toki, 1; Adekule, 1; Mabadu Vango, 1; N’chiama Lello, 1; Choko Malo, 1; Mafonda N’Baka, 1; Simpson, 1; Sacra Mancoga, 1; Latete Bako, 1; Peto N’Foa, 1; Malenda Longo, 1; Chioma Moundoungou, 1; Sacra Shimbanda, 1; Hall Chamberlain, 1.

PRINCIPAL CONGO OFFICIALS IN BRUSSELS, CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION

_Ministers of State_: Baron VAN EETVELDE, Chevalier DESCAMPS.
_Treasurer-General_: M. H. POCHEZ.
_Secretaries-General_: M. le Chevalier A. DE CUVELIER, Department of
Foreign Affairs and Justice; M. H. DROOGMANS,
Department of Finances; Commandant C. H.
LIEBRECHTS, Department of the Interior.
_Directors_: M. A. BAERTS, Chef de Cabinet; M. N. ARNOLD,
Auditor; M. ED. KERVYN, Director of the
Department
of Foreign Affairs; M. DE KEUZER,
Director of the Department of Finances; Le
Major LOMBARD, and Commandant F. LEBRUN,
Directors of the Department of the Interior.
_Chief of Division_: M. G. OLYFF, Chief of Division of the
Department of Foreign Affairs.

OFFICIALS OF THE LOCAL ADMINISTRATION OF THE CONGO FREE STATE

_Governor-General_: Général Baron WAHIS.
_Vice-Governors-General_: FUCHS, WANGERMÉE, COSTERMANS.
_Secretary-General_: VAN DAMME.
_Directors_: Of Justice: A. GOHR.
Of Finance: DELHAYE.
Of Agriculture: BROHÉE.
Of Public Works: ITTEN.
_Court of Appeal_: President, Interior Administration: Baron
G. NISCO.
Judges: HORSTMANS, A. GOHR.
_Court of First Instance_: Judge: T. BEECKMAN.
_Prosecuting Attorney_: F. WALEFFE.
_Magistrates_ (_Territorial Judges and Substitutes_): See Chapter XXII.
_Public Force_: Commander-in-Chief: Major WARNANT.
_Chief of the District_ of Boma, COSTERMANS.
Banana, Dr. CASSÉ.
Matadi, DERACHE.
The Cataracts, DELHAYE.
Stanley Pool, MAHIEU.
Lake Leopold II., STORMS.
The Equateur, STEVENS.
The Bangalas, GÉRARD.
The Ubanghi, BERTRAND.
The Uelle, WACQUEZ.
_Chief of the Zone_: Rubi Uelle, POURBAIX.
Uere Bomu, HOLM.
Bomokandi, SAROLÉA.
Gurba Dungu, SAMAES.
Enclave of Lado, SERESCHE.

_Chief of the District_ of the Aruwimi, PIMPURNIAUX.
Lualaba, CHENOT.
Kwango, DUVIVIER.
Oriental Prov., DE MEULEMEESTER.
_Chief of the Zone_ of Haut-Ituri, ENGH.
Ponthierville, CORDELLA.
Manyema, VERDICK.
Stanley Falls, FEDERSPIEL.
Ruzizi-Kivu, TOMBEUR.

THE BELGIAN MINISTER TO THE UNITED STATES

Baron LUDOVIC MONCHEUR, Belgian Legation, Washington, D.C.

Baron Moncheur graduated at the University of Louvain (Belgium) in philosophy, letters, and law, with the highest honours. He entered the diplomatic service of Belgium at the age of twenty-five, and was successively Attaché to the Belgian Legation at The Hague in 1883; Second Secretary, Belgian Legation at Vienna, 1885; First Secretary, Belgian Legation at Berlin, 1887; Counsellor of the Belgian Legation at Rome, 1892; Chargé d’Affaires at Luxembourg, 1897; Minister Resident of Belgium to Mexico, 1898; Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Belgium to the United States, 1901. He is a member of the Geographical Society of Antwerp, and author of _La Terre chaude Mexicaine_ and _From Tampico to the Pacific_.

The Baroness Moncheur is a daughter of the Hon. Powell Clayton, United States Minister to Mexico.

INDEX

A

A. B. I. R., 608

Aborigines’ Protection Society, 369, 374;
damaging estimate of its work and methods, _note_, 376 _et seq._,
451 _et seq._, 456, 478

Africa, formerly called the “Dark Continent,” 2;
its value unrecognised, _ibid._;
diamonds in, _ibid._;
its climate once thought to be fatal to Europeans, _ibid._;
portioned by Europe in eighteenth century to facilitate slave
trade, 129

Africa, Central, slavery in, 5;
creation of International Association for its exploration and
civilisation, 12;
its healthfulness insisted upon by Livingstone and Stanley, 17;
large sections claimed by England, France, Portugal, and Germany,
_ibid._;
review of, 64 _et seq._;
nomadic habits of its people, 223;
their superstition, _ibid._;
its consequences, 224;
the iron horse in, 252;
its real curse, 289

African Exploration Fund, 29;
London Geographical Society contributes £250, _ibid._;
Belgian Committee collects 500,000 francs, _ibid._

African explorers, Gladstone’s opinion of, 4

Albert Edward, Lake, 56, 208

Albert Nyanza, Lake, 52, 56

Albertville, 58

Alcohol, in Congo Free State, 138;
its prohibition, 273;
in Lagos, _note_, 289, 311

Alvensleben, Count Von, 136;
speech at second Brussels Conference, 143

American Baptist Missionary Union, 299, 300;
fifteen grants of land to, 387

American Congo Mission, two grants of land to, 387

American Indians, Wheaton on their political status, 71

American Secretary of State (Mr. Fish) on political status of
savages, 72

Amity, Commerce, and Navigation, treaty of, 553 _et seq._;
its ratification by United States, 559

Anglo-Portuguese Convention, 21;
it is quashed, _ibid._

Anti-slavery meeting at Cologne, 131

Anti-Slavery Society, of Belgium, founded by Cardinal Lavigerie, 91

Arab slave-traders, 5

Armstrong, Rev. W. D. _See_ Epondo.

Arnot, Mr. Frederick Stanley, on native punishments, 426

Arntz, Prof. Égide, 105;
argument by, 516

Aruwimi, 52, 179

Ascenso, Signor, Italian physician, remarks on Congo Free State,
428 _et seq._

Askaris, a Congolese tribe employed by Stanley as carriers, 39

Atrocities, Congo, 578, 595 _et seq._

Austria-Hungary, 68

Avakubi, 219, 220, 221

Azandés, 158

B

Bacon on progress of States, 18

Bacteriological Institute, 268

Bahr-Djur, 213

Bahr-el-Ghazal, France objects to Great Britain leasing it to Congo
Free State, 208, 210;
British scheme to break lease, 210, 211, 213;
vast mineral wealth discovered there, 214

Baker, Sir Samuel, employed by Khedive of Egypt, 4;
discovers Lake Albert, _ibid._

Bakumu, cannibal tribe, 46;
Stanley’s encounters with, _ibid._

Balolo, the “men of iron,” 46

Bangala, 74

Bankes, Mr. J. Eldon, K. C., 341

Banning, M. Emile, 136

Bantu race, 309

Banzyville, 53

Baoilis, 153

Baptist Missionary Society of London, 299, 300

Baraka, 59

Barbour, Rev. Thomas S., presents memorial to Congress, 387
_et seq._, 396

Baron A. Descamps. _See_ Descamps, Baron A.

Baron de Courcel. _See_ Courcel.

Baron Dhanis. _See_ Dhanis.

Baron Gericke d’Herwijen. _See_ D’Herwijen.

Baron Lambermont. _See_ Lambermont, Baron.

Baron Nisco. _See_ Nisco, Baron.

Baron Van Eetvelde. _See_ Eetvelde, Baron Van.

Batetelas, 52;
their grievance, 216, 218, 220, 221, 222;
their revolt crushed, 222

Baudouinville, 58, 59

Beernaert, M., Belgian Minister of Finance, speech by, 97

Belgian and French boundary, 46

Belgian Anti-Slavery Society, raises volunteer corps to protect
individual liberty, 200;
despatches three missionary expeditions to Congo, _ibid._

Belgian Society of the Upper Congo, 178

_Belgique, La_, twin-screw steamer employed by Stanley, 39

Bena Kalunga, 194

Benedetti, M. Antoine, 373;
appointed chief commissary of Congo State, 376;
pretends he is opposed to Congo Government, 377

Bergamoyo, 33

Berlin Conference, 23, 26, 94, 308, 309;
the General Act of, its full text, 530 _et seq._

Bernard, Montague, on _de jure_ and _de facto_ governments, 69

Besche, De, 218

Bia, Lieutenant, 47

Bigwood, Mr., 353

Bird, Strode & Bird, Messrs., solicitors, 341

Bishop Taylor Self-Supporting Mission, 300;
seven grants of land to, 387

Bismarck, Prince, convenes International Conference at Berlin to
regulate “African Question,” 23;
speech, _ibid._;
speech, 26;
speech at close of Berlin Conference, 94

_Black and White_ comments upon Lord Lansdowne’s dispatch of
August 8, 1903, 459

Blood-brotherhood, 160

Blue Mountains, 52, 53

Bluntschli, M., on the rights of new States, 527

Bokala, 50

Boma, a native fort, 187, 188, _note_;
description of, by Dr. Hinde, 191

Bosco, M. Gennaro, public prosecutor. _See_ Epondo.

Bosoko, 179

Boston Peace Conference, 389

Boula Matari, native name for Stanley, 235

Boulger, Mr. Demetrius C., 165, _note_, 188

Bourée, M., 136

Bourne, Mr. Fox, Secretary Aborigines’ Protection Society, 372, 373,
386

Bowara, 54

Brabant, Duke of (_see_ Leopold II.), 4, 65

Brassem, Lieut., 47

Brazza, De, 262

Britain, Great, recognises Portugal’s claims to Congo River, 20;
declines to aid Stanley, 65;
appeals to King Leopold to call conference at Brussels to concert
measures for suppression of slavery on East Coast of Africa, 132;
land system of its African colonies, 612 _et seq._

British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, 610

British Baptist Society Corporation, fifteen grants of land to, 387

British colonies, crown lands in, 329;
system of government attacked, 589

British expedition to Congo, 43

Brussels, International Conference of Geographers (1876) at, 7, 134;
Brussels Second Conference (1889-90), declaration of General
Act of, 552 _et seq._;
ratification by United States, 559 _et seq._

Bruyn, De, 181, 183

Bryon, M., 34

Bull, John, paints the map red, 19;
some of his traits, 366 _et seq._;
his missionaries at work for his merchants, 388

Burdo, M., 36

Burrows, Captain Guy, is charged by Belgian officers with libel,
340 _et seq._;
claims to have silenced Captain Salusbury, 348;
is announced to contribute series of articles on Congo Free State
to
_Wide World Magazine_, 351;
agrees with R. A. Everett & Co. as to publication of book about
Congo, _ibid._;
his agreement with Mr. John George Leigh, 353

Burton, Sir Richard, discovers Lake Tanganyika, 4, 58

Busira-Momboya River, 335

C

Cambier, Lieut., 32;
assumes command of Belgian expedition, 33;
reaches Mirambo’s territory, _ibid._;
becomes “blood-brother” of Mirambo, _ibid._;
founds station on Lake Tanganyika, 34;
learns of death of Wautier, _ibid._;
hands over command to Captain Ramaeckers, 36, 253, 256

Cameron, Commander Lovett, on native punishments, 425

Campbell, Mr. John, M.P., derides anti-Congo agitation, 370

Canada, British, concessions in, 328

Canisius, M., 349

Cannibalism, 161;
State circular on repression of, 566 _et seq._

Caoutchouc. _See_ Rubber.

Cape-to-Cairo Railway, 208

Cardinal Lavigerie, 90

Carlyle, Thomas, his philosophy, 63

Carriers, their insubordination, 34

Casement, Mr. Roger, his Britannic Majesty’s consul, 175, 234;
Congo Government’s reply to his report refused publication by
London editors, 369;
suppression of parts of his report favourable to Congo Free State,
371, 465, 475 _et seq._, 477;
notes by Congo Administration on his report, 591 _et seq._

Cassart, Lieut., 185

Cataracts of Mokoangi, 54

Cataracts Railway, 252;
cost of travelling upon, 255

Cataracts of Zongo, 54

_Catholic Herald_, 371 _et seq._

Cattle, 269

Central Africa. _See_ Africa, Central.

Chaltin, Commandant, 190;
strikes severe blow at Dervishes, 201, 219;
his action for libel against Captain Guy Burrows, 340 _et seq._

Charing Cross Hospital, London, 267

Chieftaincies, native, 239

Chige, battle at, 182, 183

Chimay, Prince de, 135

Christian and Missionary Alliance, 300

Christy, Dr., English physician, remarks on Congo Free State,
430 _et seq._

_Chronique_, 461

Cicatrisation, 156

Cinnamon, 268

Clarke, Sir Edward, K.C., 341;
his speech in case against Captain Guy Burrows and Messrs. R. A.
Everett & Co., 342 _et seq._, 363, 364

Cloves, 269

Coal, discovery of, 291

Cocoa, 268;
State reward for native cultivation of, 269

Coffee, 53, 268;
State reward for native cultivation of, 269

Cologne, anti-slavery meeting at, 131

Colonel Strauch. _See_ Strauch.

_Comité d’ Études du Haut-Congo_ formed at Brussels, 29;
its name changed to International Association of the Congo, 39;
Stanley enters its service, _ibid._

Commerce, Chamber of, of Manchester (England), correspondence with
British Secretary for Foreign Affairs _re_ Upper Congo, 529 _et
seq._

Commerce, Chamber of, of State of New York, resolution of, 528 _et
seq._

Concessionary companies, 116;
their contracts with the State and their operations, 322 _et seq._

Congo Bololo Mission, 299;
seven grants of land to, 387

Congo, Conventional Basin of the, its limits, 206

Congo Free State, its evolution, 2;
conceived by King of the Belgians and Stanley, 22;
its flag, 26;
extent, 44;
boundary with North-eastern Rhodesia, 47;
its natural wealth, 51;
early legislation in, 66;
a properly organised government previous to General Act of Berlin
Congress, 67;
recognised as such by Powers previous to that Act, _ibid._;
declaration concerning, by General Sanford, 79;
recognised as a friendly government by American Secretary of State
Frelinghuysen 80;
makes treaties with United States in 1884 and 1885, 92;
freedom of trade established in, by General Act of Berlin
Conference, _ibid._;
treaties with various powers, 93;
attacked by Sir Charles Dilke in British Parliament, 96;
develops land, 115;
_concessionaire_ companies in, 116;
alcohol in, 138;
import duties, 140;
cost of founding the State, 145;
bequeathed by Sovereign to Belgium, 149;
population, 151;
origin of races, 152 _et seq._;
Public Force, 164;
prohibits trade in firearms, gunpowder, and other explosives, 200;
regulates contracts of service, _ibid._;
creates volunteer corps to protect individual liberty, _ibid._;
delimitation of its territory, 206;
its enemies, 223;
displacement of population, 225;
internal administration, 228;
nationality of its servants, 230;
Department of Justice, 231,
intrigues against, 235;
its means of communication with Europe, 249;
scientific stations in, 264;
climate, 265;
influx of Europeans and Americans, _ibid._;
trade and revenue, 277;
receives from King Leopold annual subsidy of 1,000,000 francs, 278;
exports and imports, 280-286;
Herr Eberhard Von Schkopp on trade of, 287;
declining trade with England, 290;
discoveries of gold, coal, and copper in, 291;
revenue, 292;
expenditure, 294 _et seq._;
monetary system, _ibid._;
missions in, 299;
schools, 301;
origin of land system, 313;
unappropriated lands declared property of, 314;
dealings with foreign squatters upon lands in Congo Basin, 316;
adopts Torrens Act system of transferring land titles, 317;
appoints Land Commission, 318;
authorises natives to work mines on own account, 319;
recognises certain local customs as valid, 320;
its various land tenures, 322;
traders’ alleged grievances against, 330 _et seq._;
domain of the crown, its extent, 335 _et seq._;
its forests finest in the world, 336;
its mining laws, _ibid. et seq._;
campaign against, begun in America, 387;
its value generally recognised, 447;
replies to Lord Lansdowne’s dispatch of August 8, 1903, 458;
reception of reply by British press, 460;
instructions respecting officials and natives, 569;
text of reply to British dispatch of August 8, 1903, 577 _et seq._;
official correspondence with Great Britain, 590;
notes on Mr. Casement’s report, 591 _et seq._;
concessionaires, private firms, and trading companies therein,
616 _et seq._;
principal officials in Brussels, 617;
principal local officials, _ibid._

Congo, Lower, 201;
charted by buoys, 250, 252

Congo, Middle, 46, 201

Congo Question, 3

Congo Reform Association (of Liverpool), its specious arguments, 315;
letter to, from editor of _Catholic Herald_, _note_, 371, 374, 452;
establishes its American headquarters at Boston, 467

Congo Reform Association, Secretary of, 372;
enters into correspondence with Mr. Benedetti, and requests
interview
with him, 378, 379;
introduces Mr. Benedetti to Mr. John Holt, 380;
his agreement with Mr. Benedetti, 381 _et seq._;
receives letter from Mr. Benedetti, 383, 384, 386;
presents memorial to President Roosevelt, asking for American
intervention in affairs of Congo Free State, 388;
abuses King Leopold at Boston Peace Congress, 395;
is estimated by Major James Harrison, 409 _et seq._;
publishes book attacking government of French Congo, 447 _et seq._;
ceases hostility to French Congo, _ibid._;
the Congo coroner, 468;
specimen of his vituperative fanfaronade, 470 _et seq._

Congo River, its source, 45;
discovered by Livingstone, _ibid._;
its harbours and shipping, 250;
Sir Travers Twiss on free navigation of, 502;
navigation of, as provided for in General Act of Berlin Conference,
536 _et seq._

Congo, Upper, 44, 187;
slavery finally extinguished on, 201, 252

Copal, 272

Copper, discovery of, 291

Coquilhat, Captain, 165

_Corriere Toscano_, 463

Count Van der Straeten Ponthoz. _See_ Ponthoz.

Courcel, Baron de, speech at International Conference, Berlin, 27

Cranborne, Viscount. _See_ Salisbury, Marquess of.

Crespel, Captain, commands first Belgian expedition, 32;
arrives at Zanzibar, _ibid._;
his death, _ibid._

Crispe, Mr., K. C., 341, 357

Cromer, Lord, reports upon migratory habit of Soudan population,
226, 454

Crystal Mountains, 47

_Curse of Central Africa, The_, title of book by Captain Guy
Burrows, 353

Curzon, Viscount, Viceroy and Governor-General of India, his
opinion of the Congo Free State Government, 422

Cuvelier, Chevalier de., Secretary of State of Congo Free State, 293

D

_Daily Chronicle_, letter to, from Sir Harry Johnston, 401 _et seq._

_Daily News_, 369, 371, 372, 373, 374

_Daily Telegraph_ (London), Stanley’s letters to, 38

D’Arenberg, Prince F., 453

Davis, Mr. Alexander, his opinion of the Congo Free State Government,
extracted from his book, _The Native Problem in South Africa_,
418 _et seq._

Defence of Congo Free State, 577 _et seq._

Dekere, 54

De Keyser, Captain Henri Joseph Leon, his action for libel against
Captain Guy Burrows, 340 _et seq._;
is awarded £500 damages and costs, 363

Delcommune, Lieut., 47, 55, 184, 185

Delecourt, Lieut., 220

Derscheid, Lieut., 47

Descamps, Baron A., his work entitled _New Africa_, 74;
exposition of international law, 81;
on _Government Civilisation in New Countries_, 110, 257, 293;
exposition of early Congolese policy, 309;
analysis of theory of State ownership of vacant lands, 315

Dhanis, Lieut. (afterwards Baron), 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185,
186, 187, _note_ 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194;
his final report on Arab campaign, 195, 219, 220, 221, 222

D’Herwijnen, Baron Gericke, 141

Diego Cam, discoverer of the Congo, 42

Dilke, Sir Charles, attacks Congo Free State in British Parliament,
96, 370, 447, 455

Dirfi, 220

Doorme, Lieut., 187

Doumergue, M. Gaston (French Colonial Minister), decree consolidating
legislation for French West Africa, 338 _et seq._

Droeven, 218

Dubreucq, Commandant, his action for libel against Captain Guy
Burrows,
340 _et seq._

Duchesne, Lieut., 182

Dufile, railroad to Redjaf, 256

Dufourny, A., President of the Federation for the Defence of Belgian
Interests Abroad, 395

Dupont, Professor, assistant at Court of Inquiry, 476

Dutalis, Lieut., 35

Dutrieux, Dr., 33

E

Edward, King of England, visits Paris, 448

Eetvelde, Baron Van, 136;
report on conscription, 168;
report on civilisation of native races, 202;
reviews complete work of Congo Free State, 203

Egypt, Khedive of, employs Sir Samuel Baker, 4;
is coerced by Europe to suppress slave-trading on the Upper Nile,
6;
employs Sir Samuel Baker and General Gordon to govern the Soudan,
_ibid._

Ekongo, King of, 42;
his conversion to Christianity, _ibid._;
old kingdom of, 43

Elephants, Indian, experiment with, 35;
abundant in Kivu forest, 57, 272

Emin Pasha, 53, 60, 188

Employees, dismissed, misrepresentations by, 580

_En Avant_, steamer employed by Stanley, 39

England, claims large sections of Africa, 17;
decreasing trade with Congo Free State, 290;
its cause, _ibid._

Epondo case, 595 _et seq._

Equateurville, 46, 50

Etienne, M. Eugène, dissertation on the French Congo and Congo Free
State, 324 _et seq._

_Étoile Belge_, 346, 355

_Evening Transcript_, 463 _et seq._

Everett, Messrs. R. A. & Co., London publishers, legal action against
for libel, 340 _et seq._;
letter from, to Secretary of State of Congo Free State, 351 _et
seq._

Expedition, British, to Congo, 43

Exports from Congo Free State, 1903 (statistics of), 280;
value of, _ibid._;
comparison with previous years, 281

F

Fashoda, 212, 213

Favereau, Baron de, 478

Federation for the Defence of Belgian Interests Abroad, 389;
address to President Roosevelt, 390, 479

Fetish doctor, 223, 224, 225

Fiji Islands, 610

_Force Publique_, 216

Foreign Christian Missionary Society, 300

Forfeit, Mr. William, remarks on Congo Free State, 427 _et seq._

Flanders, Count of, becomes President of National Committee of
International Association for the Exploration and Civilisation of
Central Africa, 13

France, war with Germany, 4;
claims large sections of Africa, 17;
sets up her flag at Brazzaville, 19;
denounces Anglo-Portuguese Convention, 21;
recognises International Association as a friendly Government, 22;
land system of its African colonies, 612 _et seq._

Franciscans, 301

Francqui, Lieut., 47, 59, 184

Fraud, A gross, 157