Chapter VI: GYMNOGENS { Cotyledons, two or (9)

The integument is leathery and the general color brown, of varying shades, sometimes light and sometimes dark. The most striking peculiarity, on a cursory view, is the abundance of globular cells, which have been taken by the unlearned for fruit, but which are in reality merely receptacles of air, by means of which the plant not only floats upon the surface of the ocean, but also is enabled to support vast numbers of marine animals, which find shelter among its tangled fronds. Columbus, the first discoverer of the Sargasso Sea, described the meadows as yellow like dry hay-seed, bearing leaves of common rue, with numerous berries, which turn black in drying like juniper berries. These berries have received the name of rasins de tropique.

There is one point in the history of the Sargassum which has excited the attention of all observers, and more particularly of botanists. It is the fact that the Sargassum is always found floating upon the deep sea, and is yet destitute of any apparent means of propagation. Agardh remarked that no fruit nor root could be detected; and expressed his belief that it grew in the depths of the ocean and was torn up by the waves. This belief was very general at one time, and it was supposed that the perfect plant was unknown; but that the Gulf Stream collected together the torn-off masses of its vesicular summits. Rumphius suggested that the Sargassum fed upon the fat exhalations and oily effluvia of dead fish, and other organic substances entangled in it. Even modern publications state that there is reason to think that it is first attached to the bottom of the comparatively shallow parts of the sea; but the Gulf-weed is never found so attached. It always floats; and is healthy and abundant in that condition, never exhibiting any organs of fructification, though constantly putting out new fronds.

It does not appear that any other species of Sargassum is originally destitute of roots, even those most closely allied to Sargassum bacciferum, though some of them are not infrequently found both in the fixed, and in considerable masses in the floating state, retaining vitality, and probably propagating themselves in the same manner. Professor Hervey conjectured that the Gulf-weed might be a pelagic variety of Sargassum vulgare, in the same way as the variety subcostatus of Fucus vesiculosus has never been found attached, growing in salt marshes. In the Mediterranean vast quantities of Fucus vesiculosus occur under a peculiar form, consisting entirely of specimens derived from sea-born weed, carried in by the current which sets in to that sea from the Atlantic.

GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS

A

ABBREVIATE (_abbreviare_, to shorten), used to indicate that one
part is shorter than another.

ABERRANT, deviating from the natural form.

ABORTION, suppression of an organ, depending on non-development.

ABRADED, rubbed off.

ABRUPT, ending in an abrupt manner, as the truncated leaf of the
tulip-tree; _abruptly pinnate_, ending in two pinnæ--in other
words, paripinnate; _abruptly acuminate_, a leaf with a broad
extremity, from which a point arises.

ACAULESCENT, without an evident stem.

ACCESSORY, an addition to a usual number.

ACCRESCENT, when parts continue to grow and increase after
flowering, as the calyx of _Physalis_ and the styles of _Anemone
pulsatilla_.

ACCRETION, growing of one part to another.

ACCUMBENT, applied to the embryo of _Cruciferæ_ when the
cotyledons have their edges applied to the folded radicle.

ACEROSE, needle-like, narrow and slender, with a sharp point.

ACHÆNE, or ACHÆNIUM, a monospermous seed-vessel which does not
open, but the pericarp of which is separable from the seed.

ACHLAMYDEOUS, having no floral envelope.

ACHROMATIC, applied to lenses which prevent chromatic aberration,
_i. e._, show objects without any prismatic colors.

ACICULAR, like a needle in form.

ACICULUS, a strong bristle.

ACINACIFORM, shaped like a sabre or cimeter.

ACOTYLEDONOUS, having no cotyledons.

ACROCARPI, mosses having their fructification terminating the
axis.

ACROGENOUS, having a stem increasing by its summit.

ACULEATE, furnished with prickles.

ACULEUS, a prickle, a process of the bark, not of the wood, as in
the rose.

ACUMINATE, drawn out into a long point.

ACUTE, terminating in a sharp point.

ADHERENT, adhesion of parts that are normally separate, as when
the calyx is united to the ovary.

ADNATE, when an organ is united to another throughout its whole
length; as the stipules to the petiole in roses, and the filament
and anther in _Ranunculus_.

ADPRESSED, or APPRESSED, closely applied to a surface.

ADULT, full grown.

ADVENTITIOUS, organs produced in abnormal positions, as roots
arising from aerial stems.

ÆRUGINOUS, having the color of verdigris.

ÆSTIVATION, the arrangements of the parts of the flower in the
flower-bud.

AGGLOMERATED, collected in a heap or head.

AGGREGATE, gathered together.

ALA, a wing, applied to the lateral petals of papilionaceous
flowers, and to membranous appendages of the fruit, as in the
elm, or of the seed, as in pines.

ALBUMEN, the nutritious matter stored up with the embryo within
the seed, called also Perisperm and Endosperm.

ALBURNUM, the outer young wood of a dicotyledonous stem.

ALEXIPHARMIC, that which counteracts poisons.

ALGOLOGY, the study of sea-weeds.

ALTERNATE, arranged at different heights on the same axis, and
toward different sides.

ALVEOLÆ, regular cavities on a surface, as in the receptacle of
the sunflower, and in that of _Nelumbium_.

ALVEOLATE, like a honeycomb.

AMENTUM, a catkin, or deciduous unisexual spike; plants having
catkins are _Amentiferous_.

AMNIOS, the fluid or semi-fluid matter in the embryo-sac.

AMORPHOUS, without definite form.

AMPHISARCA, an indehiscent, multilocular fruit, with a hard
exterior, and pulpy round the seeds, as seen in the Baobab.

AMPHITROPAL, an ovule, curved on itself, with the hilum in the
middle.

AMPLEXICAUL, embracing the stem over a large part of its
circumference.

AMPULLA, a hollow leaf, as in _Utricularia_.

AMYLACEOUS, starch-like.

ANASTOMOSING, inosculation of vessels.

ANASTOMOSIS, union of vessels; union of the final ramifications
of the veins of a leaf.

ANATROPAL, an inverted ovule, the hilum and micropyle being near
each other, and the chalaza at the opposite end.

ANCEPS, two-edged.

ANDRŒCIUM, the male organs of the flower.

ANDROGYNOUS, male and female flowers on the same peduncle, as in
some species of _Carex_.

ANDROPHORE, a stalk supporting the stamens, often formed by a
union of the filaments.

ANFRACTUOSE, wavy or sinuous, as the anthers of _Cucurbitaceæ_.

ANGIOSPERMOUS, having seeds contained in a seed-vessel.

ANISOSTEMONOUS, stamens not equal in number to the floral
envelopes, nor a multiple of them.

ANNOTINUS, a year old.

ANNULUS, applied to the elastic rim surrounding the sporangia of
some ferns, also to a cellular rim on the stalk of the mushroom,
being the remains of the veil.

ANTERIOR, same as inferior when applied to the parts of the
flower in their relation to the axis.

ANTHELMINTIC, a vermifuge.

ANTHER, the part of the stamen containing pollen.

ANTHERIDIUM, the male organ in cryptogamic plants, frequently
containing moving filaments.

ANTHERIFEROUS, bearing anthers.

ANTHEROZOIDS, moving filaments in an antheridium.

ANTHESIS, the opening of the flower.

ANTHOCARPOUS, applied to fruits, formed by the ovaries of several
flowers.

ANTHODIUM, the capitulum or head of flowers or the Composite
plants.

ANTHOPHORE, a stalk supporting the inner floral envelopes, and
separating them from the calyx.

ANTHOS, a flower; in composition, _Antho_; in Latin, _Flos_.

ANTHOTAXIS, the arrangement of the flowers on the axis.

APETALOUS, without petals; in other words, monochlamydeous.

APHYLLOUS, without leaves.

APICULATE, having an apiculus.

APICULUS, or APICULUM, a terminal soft point, springing abruptly.

APOCARPOUS, ovary and fruit composed of numerous distinct carpels.

APOPHYSIS, a swelling at the base of the theca in some mosses.

APOTHECIUM, the rounded, shield-like fructification of lichens.

APTEROUS, without wings or membraneous margins.

ARACHNOID, applied to fine hairs so entangled as to resemble a
cobweb.

ARBOREOUS, tree-like.

ARCHEGONIUM, the female organ in cryptogamic plants.

ARCUATE, curved in an arched manner.

AREOLÆ, little spaces on a surface.

AREOLATE, divided into distinct angular spaces, or areolæ.

ARILLATE, having an arillus.

ARILLUS and ARILLODE, an extra covering on the seed; the former
proceeding from the placenta, the latter from the exostome, as in
mace.

ARISTA, an awn, a long pointed process.

ARMATURE, the hairs, prickles, etc., covering an organ.

ARTICULATED, jointed, separated easily and cleanly at some point.

ASCENDING, applied to a procumbent stem which rises gradually
from its base: to ovules attached a little above the base of
the ovary; and to hairs directed toward the upper part of their
support.

ASCI, tubes containing the sporidia of the cryptogamia.

ASCIDIUM, a pitcher-like leaf, as in _Nepenthes_.

ASPERITY, roughness, as on the leaves of _Boraginaceæ_.

ATROPAL, the same as orthotropous.

ATTENUATE, thin and slender.

AURICULATE, having appendages; applied to leaves having lobes
(ear-shaped) or leaflets at their base.

AWN and AWNED. See _Arista_.

AXIL, the upper angle, where the leaf joins the stem.

AXILE, or AXIAL, belonging to the axis.

AXIL-FLOWERING, flowering in the axilla.

AXILLARY, arising from the axil of a leaf.

AXIS is applied collectively to the stem and root--the ascending
and descending axis, respectively.

B

BACCA, berry, a unilocular fruit, having a soft outer covering
and seeds immersed in pulp.

BACCATE, resembling a berry.

BALAUSTA, the fruit of the pomegranate.

BARBATE, bearded, having tufts of hair.

BARK (_cortex_), the outer cellular and fibrous covering of the
stem; separate from the wood in dicotyledons.

BARREN, not fruitful; applied to male flowers, and to the
non-fructifying fronds of ferns.

BASAL, or BASILAR, attached to the base of an organ.

BASIDIUM, a cell bearing on its exterior one or more spores in
some fungi, which are hence called _Basidiosporous_.

BAST, or BASS, the inner fibrous bark of dicotyledonous trees.

BEAKED, like the sharp-pointed beak of a bird in form.

BEDEGUAR, a hairy excrescence on the branches and leaves of
roses, caused by an attack of a cynips.

BIDENTATE, having two tooth-like processes.

BIFARIOUS, in two rows, one on each side of an axis.

BIFID, two-cleft, cut down to near the middle into two parts.

BIFORINE, a raphidian cell with an opening at each end.

BILABIATE, having two lips.

BILOBED, divided into two lobes.

BILOCULAR, having two cells.

BINATE, applied to a leaf composed of two leaflets at the
extremity of a petiole.

BIPARTITE, cut down to near the base into two parts.

BIPINNATE, a compound leaf, divided twice in a pinnate manner.

BIPINNATIFID, a simple leaf, with lateral divisions extending to
near the middle, and which are also similarly divided.

BIPINNATIPARTITE, differing from bipinnatifid in the divisions
extending to near the midrib.

BIPLICATE, doubly folded in a transverse manner.

BISERRATE, when the serratures are themselves serrate.

BITERNATE, a compound leaf divided into three, and each division
again divided into three.

BLADE, the lamina or broad part of a leaf, as distinguished from
the petiole or stalk.

BLANCHING. See _Etiolation_.

BLETTING, a peculiar change in an austere fruit, by which, after
being pulled, it becomes soft and edible, as in the medlar.

BLISTERED, applied to raised spots in leaves.

BOLE, the trunk of a tree.

BOTHRENCHYMA, dotted or pitted vessels.

BRACT, a leaf more or less changed in form, from which a flower
or flowers proceed; flowers having bracts are called _bracteated_.

BRACTEOLE, a small bract at the base of a separate flower in a
multifloral inflorescence.

BRANCHLETS, little branches.

BRYOLOGY, the study of mosses; same as muscology.

BULB, an underground stem covered with scales.

BULBIL, or BULBLET, separate buds in the axil of leaves, as in
some lilies.

BYSSOID, very slender, like a cobweb.

C

CADUCOUS, falling off very early, as the calyx of a poppy.

CÆSIOUS, gray.

CÆSPITOSE, growing in tufts.

CALCAR, a spur, projecting hollow or solid process from the base
of an organ, as in the flower of Larkspur or Snap-dragon; such
flowers are called _calcarate_, or spurred.

CALCEOLATE, slipper-like, applied to the hollow petals of some
orchids; also to the corolla of _Calceolaria_.

CALLOSITY, or CALLOUS, a leathery or hardened thickening on a
limited portion of an organ.

CALYCIFLORÆ, a sub-class of polypetalous Exogens, having the
stamens attached to the calyx.

CALYCINE, belonging to the calyx.

CALYPTRATE, in form, resembling an extinguisher.

CALYX, the outer envelope of a flower.

CAMBIUM, the young active cells between the bark and the young
wood.

CAMPANULATE, shaped like a bell, as the flower of harebell.

CAMPYLOTROPAL, a curved ovule, with the hilum, micropyle, and
chalaza near each other.

CANALICULATE, channeled, having a longitudinal groove or furrow.

CANCELLATE, latticed, composed of veins alone.

CANESCENT, hoary.

CAPILLARY, filiform, thread-like, or hair-like.

CAPITATE, pin-like, having a rounded summit, as some hairs.

CAPITULUM, head of flowers in _Compositæ_.

CAPREOLATE, having tendrils.

CAPSULE, a dry seed-vessel, opening by valves, teeth, pores, or a
lid.

CARINA, keel, the two partially united lower petals of
papilionaceous flowers.

CARINATE, keel-shaped.

CARPEL, the leaf which contains the ovules. Several carpels may
enter into the composition of one pistil.

CARPOLOGY, the study of fruits.

CARPOPHORE, a stalk bearing the pistil, and raising it above the
whorl of the stamens, as in _Lychnis_ and _Capparis_.

CARUNCLE, a fleshy or thickened appendage of the raphe of the
seed.

CARYOPSIS, the monospermal seed-vessel of a grass, the pericarp
being adherent with the seed.

CATKIN, same as Amentum.

CAUDATE, having a tail or feathery appendage.

CAUDEX, the stem of palms and of tree ferns.

CAUDICLE, the process supporting a pollen mass in orchids.

CAULESCENT, having an evident stem.

CAULICLE, the rudimentary axis of the embryo.

CAULINE, produced on the stem.

CAUSTICITY, having a burning quality.

CELLULAR, composed of cells.

CELLULOSE, the chemical substance of which the cell wall is
composed.

CENTIMETRE, a French measure, equal to 0.3937079 British inch.

CENTRIFUGAL, applied to that kind of inflorescence in which the
central flower opens first.

CENTRIPETAL, applied to that kind of inflorescence in which the
flowers at the circumference or base open first.

CERAMIDIUM, an ovate conceptacle, having a terminal opening, and
with a tuft of spores arising from the base; seen in Algæ.

CEREAL, a general term applied to wheat, oats, barley, and rye.

CHALAZA, the place where the nourishing vessels enter the nucleus
of the ovule.

CHLOROPHYLL, the green coloring matter of leaves.

CHORISIS, separation of a lamina from one part of an organ, so
as to form a scale or a doubling of the organ; it may be either
transverse or collateral.

CHROMULE, the coloring matter of the cells of flowers; also of
the lower _Algæ_.

CILIA (_cilium_), short, stiff hairs fringing the margin of a
leaf; also the delicate vibratile hairs of zoospores.

CILIATO-DENTATE, toothed and fringed with hairs.

CIRCINATE, rolled up like a crosier, as the young fronds of ferns.

CIRCUMSCISSILE, cut round in a circular manner, such as
seed-vessels opening by a lid.

CIRCUMSCRIPTION, the periphery or margin of a leaf.

CIRRHUS, a modified leaf in the form of a tendril.

CLATHRATE, latticed, like a grating.

CLAVATE, club-shaped, becoming gradually thicker toward the top.

CLAW, the narrow base of some petals, corresponding with the
petiole or leaves.

CLEFT, divided to about the middle.

CLOVES, applied to young bulbs, as in the onion.

CLYPEATE, having the shape of a buckler.

COCCIDIUM, a rounded conceptacle in _Algæ_ without pores, and
containing a tuft of spores.

COCHLEAR, a kind of æstivation, in which a helmet-shaped part
covers all the others in the bud.

COCHLEARIFORM, shaped like a spoon.

COCHLEATE, shaped like a snail shell.

COLEORHIZA, a sheath, surrounding the radicles of a
monocotyledonous embryo.

COLLATERAL, placed side by side, as in the case of some ovules.

COLLUM, neck, the part where the plumule and radicle of the
embryo unite.

COLUMELLA, central column in the sporangia of mosses.

COLUMN, a part of a flower of an orchid supporting the anthers
and stigma, and formed by the union of the styles and filaments.

COMA, a tuft of hair on a seed.

COMMISSURE, union of the faces of the two achænes in the fruit of
_Umbelliferæ_.

COMOSE, furnished with hairs, as the seeds of the willow.

COMPOUND, composed of several parts, as a leaf formed by several
leaflets.

COMPRESSED, flattened laterally or lengthwise.

CONCENTRIC, curves with common centre.

CONCEPTACLE, a hollow sac containing a tuft or cluster of spores.

CONCRETE, hardened into a mass.

CONDUCTING TISSUE, applied to the loose cellular tissue in the
interior of the style.

CONDUPLICATE, followed upon itself, applied to leaves and
cotyledons.

CONE, a dry multiple fruit, formed by bracts covering naked seeds.

CONFERRUMINATE, indistinguishably united together.

CONFERVOID, formed of a single row of cells, or having
articulations like a _Conferva_.

CONFLUENT, when parts unite together in the progress of growth.

CONJUGATION, union of two cells, so as to develop a spore.

CONNATE, when parts are united, even in the early state of
development; applied to two leaves united by their bases.

CONNECTIVE, the part which connects the anther-lobes.

CONNIVENT, when two organs, as petals, arch over so as to meet
above.

CONSTRICTED, contracted in some particular place.

CONTORTED, when the parts in a bud are imbricated and regularly
twisted in one direction.

CONVOLUTE, when a leaf in the bud is rolled upon itself.

CORDATE, of leaves heart-shaped at the base.

CORDIFORM, having the shape of a heart.

CORIACEOUS, having a leathery consistence.

CORM, thickened underground stem, as in _Arum_ and _Colchicum_.

CORNUTE, horned.

COROLLA, the inner envelope of the flower.

COROLLIFLORÆ, gamopetalous exogens.

CORONA, a coralline appendage, as the crown of the daffodil.

CORPUSCLE, a small body or particle.

CORRUGATED, wrinkled or shriveled.

CORTEX, the bark.

CORTICAL, belonging to the bark.

CORYMB, a raceme, in which the lower stalks are the longest, and
all the flowers come very nearly to a level above.

COSTATE, provided with ribs; primary.

COTYLEDON, the temporary leaf of the embryo.

CREMOCARP, the fruit of _Umbelliferæ_, composed of two separable
achænes or mericarps.

CRENATE, having superficial, rounded, marginal notches.

CRENATURES, divisions of the margin of a crenate leaf.

CREST, an appendage to fruits or seeds.

CRIBRIFORM, riddled with holes.

CRISP, having an undulated margin.

CRUCIFORM, arranged like the parts of a cross, as the flowers of
_Cruciferæ_.

CRUSTACEOUS, hard, thin, and brittle.

CRYPTOGAMOUS, with the organs of reproduction obscure.

CUCULLATE, formed like a hood or cowl.

CULM, stem or stalk of grasses.

CUNEIFORM, or CUNEATE, shaped like a wedge.

CUPULA, the cup of the acorn, formed by aggregate bracts.

CUSPIDATE, prolonged into an attenuated point.

CUTICLE, the thin membrane that covers the epidermis.

CYCLOSIS, movement of the latex in laticiferous vessels, and of
the fluid cell contents within the cell.

CYMBIFORM, shaped like a boat.

CYME, a kind of definite inflorescence, in which the flowers are
in racemes, corymbs, or umbels, the successive central flowers
expanding first.

CYPSELA, monospermal fruit of _Compositæ_.

CYTOBLAST, the nucleus of a cell.

CYTOGENESIS, cell development.

D

DECIDUOUS, falling off after performing its functions for a
limited time, as the calyx of _Ranunculus_.

DECIDUOUS TREES, those which lose their leaves annually.

DECIMETRE, the tenth part of a metre, or ten centimetres.

DECLINATE, directed downward from its base.

DECOMPOUND, a leaf cut into numerous compound divisions.

DECORTICATED, deprived of bark.

DECUMBENT, lying flat along the ground, and rising from it at the
apex.

DECURRENT, leaves which are attached along the side of a stem
below their point of insertion; such stems are often called
winged.

DECUSSATE, opposite leaves crossing each other in pairs at right
angles.

DEDUPLICATION, same as Chorisis.

DEFINITE, applied to inflorescence when it ends in a single
flower, and the expansion of the flower is centrifugal; also
when the number of the parts of an organ is limited, as when the
stamens are under twenty.

DEFLEXED, bent downward in a continuous curve.

DEFOLIATION, the fall of the leaves.

DEGENERATION, when an organ is changed from its usual appearance,
and becomes less highly developed as when scales take the place
of leaves.

DEHISCENCE, mode of opening of an organ, as of the seed-vessels
and anthers.

DELTOID, like the Greek Δ in form.

DEMULCENT, an emollient.

DENTATE, toothed, having short triangular divisions of the margin.

DENTICULATE, finely toothed, having small tooth-like projections
along the margin.

DENTIFORM, tooth-shaped.

DEPENDENT, hanging down.

DEPRESSED, flattening of a solid organ from above downward.

DETERGENT, having a cleansing power.

DIADELPHOUS, stamens in two bundles, united by their filaments.

DIANDROUS, having two stamens.

DIAPHANOUS, transparent.

DICHLAMYDEOUS, having calyx and corolla.

DICHOTOMOUS, stem dividing by twos.

DICLINOUS, unisexual flower either monœcious or diœcious.

DICOTYLEDONOUS, embryo having two cotyledons.

DICTYOGENOUS, applied to monocotyledons having netted veins.

DIDYNAMOUS, two long and two short stamens.

DIFFUSE, scattered.

DIGITATE, compound leaf, composed of several leaflets attached to
one point.

DIGYNOUS, having two styles.

DIMEROUS, when the parts of a flower are in twos.

DIMIDIATE, when one-half of an organ is smaller than the other
half.

DIŒCIOUS, staminiferous and pistilliferous flowers on separate
plants.

DIPLOSTEMONOUS, stamens double the number of the petals or sepals.

DIPTEROUS, having two wings.

DISCOID, in the form of a disk or flattened sphere; _discoid
pith_, divided into cavities by disks.

DISK, a part intervening between the stamens and the pistils in
the form of scales, a ring, etc.

DISKS, the peculiar rounded and dotted markings on the fibres of
coniferous wood.

DISSECTED, cut into a number of narrow divisions.

DISSEPIMENT, a division in the ovary; true when formed by the
edges of the carpels, false when formed otherwise.

DISTICHOUS, in two rows on opposite sides of a stem.

DIVARICATING, branches coming off from the stem at a very wide or
obtuse angle.

DODECANDROUS, having twelve stamens.

DOLABRIFORM, shaped like an axe.

DORSAL, applied to the suture of the carpel which is furthest
from the axis.

DOUBLE FLOWER, when the organs of reproduction are converted into
petals.

DRUPE, a fleshy fruit like the cherry, having a stony endocarp.

DRUPELS, small drupes aggregated to form a fruit, as in the
raspberry.

DURAMEN, heart-wood of dicotyledonous trees.

E

ELATERS, spiral fibres in the spore-cases of _Hepaticæ_.

ELLIPTICAL, having the form of an ellipse.

EMARGINATE, with a notch at the end.

EMBRACING. This is said to be the case when a leaf clasps the
stem.

EMBRYO, the young plant contained in the seed.

EMBRYO-SAC, the cell in which the embryo is formed.

ENDOCARP, the inner layer of the pericarp, next the seed.

ENDOCHROME, the coloring matter within the cells of the lower
plants.

ENDOGEN, a monocotyledon.

ENDOPHLŒUM, the fibrous inner bark or liber.

ENDOPLEURA, the inner covering of the seed.

ENDORHIZAL, numerous rootlets arising from _within_ a common
radicle, and passing through sheaths, as in endogenous
germination.

ENDOSMOSE, movement of fluids inward through a membrane.

ENDOSPERM, albumen formed within the embryo-sac.

ENDOSTOME, the inner foramen of the ovule.

ENDOTHECIUM, the inner coat of the anther.

ENSIFORM, in the form of a sword, as the leaves of _Iris_.

ENTIRE (_integer_), without marginal divisions.

ENVELOPES, FLORAL, the calyx and corolla.

EPICALYX, outer calyx formed either of sepals or bracts, as in
mallow and _Potentilla_.

EPICARP, the outer covering of the fruit.

EPICHILIUM, the terminal portion of the lip (_labellum_) in
orchids.

EPIDERMIS, the cellular layer covering the external surface of
plants.

EPIGYNOUS, above the ovary by adhesion to it.

EPIPETALOUS, inserted on the petals.

EPIPHYLLOUS, growing upon a leaf.

EPIPHYTES, attached to another plant, and growing suspended in
the air.

EPISPERM, the external covering of the seed.

EQUITANT, applied to leaves folded longitudinally, and
overlapping each other without any involution.

ERECT, applied to an ovule which rises from the base of the ovary.

ERODED, gnawed or bitten.

EROSE, irregularly toothed, as if gnawed.

ERUMPENT, as if bursting through the epidermis.

ESCHAROTIC, having the power to scar or burn the skin.

ETÆRIO, the aggregate drupes forming the fruit of _Rubus_.

ETIOLATION, blanching; losing color through growth in the dark.

EXALBUMINOUS, without a separate store of albumen or perisperm.

EXANNULATE, without a ring; applied to some ferns.

EXCENTRIC, removed from the centre or axis; applied to a lateral
embryo.

EXCIPULUS, a receptacle containing fructification in lichens.

EXCORIATED, stripped of skin or bark.

EXCURRENT, running out beyond the edge or point.

EXOGEN, dicotyledon.

EXORHIZAL, radicle proceeding directly from the axis, and
afterward branching, as in exogens.

EXOSMOSE, the passing outward of a fluid through a membrane.

EXOSTOME, the outer opening of the foramen of the ovule.

EXOTHECIUM, the outer coat of the anther.

EXSERTED, extended beyond an organ, as stamens beyond the corolla.

EXSICCATED, dried up.

EXSTIPULATE, without stipules.

EXTINE, the outer covering of the pollen grain.

EXTRA-AXILLARY, removed from the axil of the leaf, as in the case
of some buds.

EXTRORSE, applied to anthers which dehisce on the side furthest
removed from the pistil.

F

FÆCULA, starchy matter.

FALCATE, or FALCIFORM, bent like a sickle.

FARINACEOUS, mealy, containing much starch.

FASCIATION, union of branches of stems so as to present a
flattened ribbon-like form.

FASCICLE, a shortened umbellate cyme, as in some species of
_Dianthus_.

FASCICULATE, arranged in bundles.

FASTIDIATE, having a pyramidal form, from the branches being
parallel and erect, as in Lombardy poplar.

FAUCES, the gaping part of a monopetalous corolla.

FEATHER-VEINED, a leaf having the veins passing from the midrib
at a more or less acute angle, and extending to the margin.

FECUNDATION, fertilization.

FENESTRATE, applied to a leaf with perforations.

FERRUGINOUS, rusty.

FERTILE, applied to pistillate flowers, and to the fruit-bearing
fronds of ferns.

FIBROUS, composed of numerous fibres, as some roots.

FIBRO-VASCULAR TISSUE, containing vessels and fibres.

FILAMENT, stalk supporting the anther.

FILAMENTOUS, a string of cells placed end to end.

FILIFORM, like a thread.

FIMBRIATED, fringed at the margin.

FISSIPAROUS, dividing spontaneously into two parts by means of a
septum.

FISSURE, a straight slit in an organ for the discharge of its
contents.

FISTULOUS, hollow, like stems of grasses.

FLABELLIFORM, fan-shaped, as the leaves of some palms.

FLACCID, feeble, weak.

FLAGELLUM, a runner, a weak creeping stem, bearing rooting buds
at different points, as in the strawberry.

FLEXUOSE, having alternate curvations in opposite directions.

FLOCCOSE, covered with wool-like tufts.

FLORETS, little florets forming a compound flower.

FOLIACEOUS, having the form of leaves.

FOLLICLE, a fruit formed by a single carpel dehiscing by one
suture, which is usually the ventral.

FOVEOLATE, having pits or depressions, called foveæ or foveolæ.

FOVILLA, minute granular matter in the pollen grain.

FROND, the leaf-like organ of ferns, bearing the fructification.

FRONDOSE, applied to cryptogams with foliaceous or leaf-like
expansions.

FRUCTIFICATION, the seed or fruit of plants.

FRUSTULES, the parts or fragments into which diatomaceæ separate.

FRUTICOSE, shrubby.

FUGACIOUS, evanescent, falling off early, as the petals of
_Cistus_.

FULVOUS, tawny, yellow.

FUNGOUS, having the substance of fungi or mushrooms.

FUNICULUS, the cord connecting the hilum of the ovule to the
placenta.

FURCATE, divided into two branches, like a two-pronged fork.

FURFURACEOUS, scaly or scurfy.

FUSCOUS, blackish brown.

FUSIFORM, shaped like a spindle.

G

GALBULUS, the polygynœcial fruit of juniper.

GAMOPETALOUS, same as monopetalous, petals united.

GAMOPHYLLOUS and GAMOSEPALOUS, same as monophyllous and
monosepalous, sepals united.

GEMINATE, twin organs combined in pairs; same as binate.

GEMMATION, the development of leaf-buds.

GEMMULE, same as plumule, the first bud of the embryo.

GENICULATE, bent like a knee.

GERMEN, or GERM, a name for the ovary.

GERMINAL VESICLE, a germ contained in the embryo-sac, from which
the embryo is developed.

GERMINATION, the sprouting of the young plant.

GIBBOSITY, a swelling at the base of an organ, such as the calyx
or corolla.

GIBBOUS, swollen at the base, or having a distinct swelling at
some part of the surface.

GLABROUS, smooth, without hairs.

GLAND, an organ of secretion consisting of cells, and generally
occurring on the epidermis of plants.

GLANDULAR HAIRS, hairs tipped with a gland, as in _Drosera_ and
Chinese primrose.

GLANS, nut, applied to the acorn and hazel-nut, which are
inclosed in an involucre formed of consolidated bracts.

GLAUCOUS, covered with a pale green bloom.

GLOBOSE, round-shaped.

GLOBULE, male organ of Chara.

GLOCHIDIATE, barbed; applied to hairs with two reflexed points at
their summits.

GLOMERULE, a rounded cymose inflorescence, as in _Urtica_.

GLUMACEOUS, chaffy.

GLUME, a bract covering the organs of reproduction in the
spikelets of grasses.

GLUTEN, a highly nitrogenous substance found in seeds.

GONIDIA, green cells in the thallus of lichens.

GRAIN, caryopsis, the fruit of grasses.

GRUMOUS, collected into granular masses.

GYMNOGEN, a plant with naked seeds, _i. e._, seed not in a true
ovary.

GYMNOSPERMOUS, plants with naked seeds, _i. e._, seeds not in a
true ovary; such as conifers.

GYNANDROUS, stamen and pistil united in a common column, as in
the _Orchidaceæ_.

GYNOBASE, a central axis, to the base of which the carpels are
attached.

GYNŒCIUM, the female organs of the flower.

GYNOPHORE, a stalk supporting the ovary.

GYRATE, same as circinate.

H

HABIT, general external appearance.

HASTATE, halbert-shaped, applied to a leaf with two portions at
the base projecting more or less completely at right angles to
the blade.

HAULM, dead stems of herbs, as of the potato.

HAUSTORIUM, the sucker at the extremity of the parasitic root of
dodder.

HEART-WOOD, same as Duramen.

HELICOIDAL, having a coiled appearance like the shell of a snail;
applied to inflorescence.

HERB, a plant with an annual stem, opposed to a woody plant.

HERBACEOUS, green succulent plants which die down to the ground
in winter; annual shoots, with green-colored cellular parts.

HERMAPHRODITE, stamens and pistils in the same flower.

HESPERIDIUM, the fruit of the orange and other _Aurantiaceæ_.

HETEROCYSTS, peculiar large cells in _Nostochineæ_.

HETEROGAMOUS, composite plants having hermaphrodite and unisexual
flowers on the same head.

HETEROPHYLLOUS, presenting two different forms of leaves.

HILUM, the base of the seed to which the placenta is attached
either directly or by means of a cord. The term is also applied
to the mark at one end of some grains of starch.

HIRSUTE, covered with long stiff hairs.

HISPID, covered with long, very stiff hairs.

HISTOLOGY, the study of microscopic tissues.

HOMOGENEOUS, having a uniform structure or substance.

HYALINE, transparent or colorless.

HYBRID, a plant resulting from the fecundation of one species by
another.

HYMENIUM, the part which bears the spores in Agarics.

HYPANTHODIUM, the receptacle of _Dorstenia_, bearing many flowers.

HYPOCHILUM, the lower part of the labellum of orchids.

HYPOCRATERIFORM, shaped like a salver, as the corolla of
_Primula_.

HYPOGEOUS, under the surface of the soil; applied to cotyledons.

HYPOGYNOUS, inserted below the ovary or pistil.

I

IMBRICATE, parts overlying each other like tiles on a house.
_Imbricated æstivation_, the parts of the flower-bud alternately
overlapping each other, and arranged in a spiral manner.

IMPARI-PINNATE, unequally pinnate; pinnate leaf ending in an odd
leaflet.

INARCHING, a mode of grafting by bending two growing plants
toward each other, and causing a branch of the one to unite to
the other.

INARTICULATE, without joints or interruption to continuity.

INCISED, cut down deeply.

INCLUDED, applied to the stamens when inclosed within the
corolla, and not pushed out beyond its tube.

INCUMBENT, cotyledons with the radicle on their back.

INCURVED, bending inward.

INDEFINITE, applied to inflorescence with centripetal expansion;
also to stamens above twenty, and to ovules and seeds when very
numerous.

INDEHISCENT, not opening, having no regular line of suture.

INDIGENOUS, an aboriginal native in a country.

INDUPLICATE, edges of the sepals or petals turned slightly inward
in æstivation.

INDUSIUM, epidermal covering of the fructification in some ferns.

INFERIOR, applied to the ovary where it seems to be situated
below the calyx, and to the part of the flower furthest from the
axis.

INFLEXED, bending inward.

INFLORESCENCE, the mode in which the flowers are arranged on the
axis.

INFUNDIBULIFORM, in shape like a funnel, as seen in some
gamopetalous corollas.

INNATE, applied to anthers when attached to the top of the
filament.

INSPISSATED, thickened or dried-up juice or sap.

INTERNODE, the portion of the stem between two nodes or leaf-buds.

INTERPETIOLAR, between the petioles.

INTERRUPTEDLY-PINNATE, a pinnate leaf in which pairs of small
pinnæ occur between the larger pairs.

INTINE, the inner covering of the pollen grains.

INTRAMARGINAL, within the margin.

INTRORSE, applied to anthers which open on the side next the
pistil.

INVERSE, inverted.

INVOLUCEL, bracts surrounding the partial umbel of _Umbelliferæ_.

INVOLUCRE, bracts surrounding the general umbel in _Umbelliferæ_,
the heads of flowers in _Compositæ_, and in general any
verticillate bracts surrounding numerous flowers.

INVOLUTE, edges of leaves rolled inward spirally on each side in
æstivation.

IRREGULAR, a flower in which the parts of any of the verticils
differ in size.

ISOMEROUS, when the whorls of a flower are composed each of an
equal number of parts.

ISOSTEMONOUS, when stamens and floral envelopes have the same
number of parts or multiples.

ISOTHERMAL, lines passing through places which have the same mean
annual temperature.

J

JUGATE, applied to the pairs of leaflets in compound leaves;
_Unijugate_, having one pair; _Bijugate_, two pairs, and so on.

K

KEEL, same as Carina.

KNOTTED, when a cylindrical stem is swollen at intervals into a
knob.

L

LABELLUM, lip. one of the divisions of the inner whorl of the
flower in orchids. This part is in reality superior, but becomes
inferior by the twisting of the ovary.

LABIATE, lipped; applied to irregular gamopetalous flowers, with
an upper and under portion separated more or less by a hiatus or
gap.

LACINIATE, irregularly cut into narrow segments.

LACTESCENT, yielding milky juice.

LACUNA, a large space in the midst of a group of cells.

LAMELLÆ, gills of an Agaric; also applied to flat divisions of
the stigma.

LAMINA, the blade of the leaf; the broad part of the petal or
sepal.

LANCEOLATE, tapering to each end, but broadest _below_ the middle.

LATERAL, arising from the side of the axis, not terminal.

LATEX, granular fluid contained in laticiferous vessels.

LATICIFEROUS, vessels containing latex which is anastomose.

LAX, not compact.

LEAFLETS, the small portions of compound leaves.

LEGUME, a pod composed of one carpel, opening usually by a
ventral and dorsal suture, as in the pea.

LEGUMINOUS, plants bearing pods.

LENTICEL, a small cellular process on the bark of the willow and
other plants.

LENTICULAR, in the form of a doubly-convex lens.

LEPIDOTE, covered with scales or scurf.

LIANES, twining woody plants.

LIBER, the fibrous inner bark of endophlœum.

LID, the calyx which falls from the flower in one piece.

LIGNINE, woody matter which thickens the cell walls.

LIGULATE, strap-shaped.

LIGULE, a process arising from the petiole of grasses, where it
joins the blade.

LIGULIFLORÆ, composite plants having ligulate florets.

LIMB, the blade of the leaf; the broad part of a petal or sepal.
When sepals or petals are united, the combined broad parts are
denominated collectively the limb.

LINE, the twelfth part of an inch.

LINEAR, very narrow when the length greatly exceeds the breadth.

LINGUIFORM, strap-shaped.

LIPPED, having a distinct lip or labellum.

LOBE, large division of a leaf or any other organ, applied often
to the divisions of the anther.

LOCULAMENTS, divisions of the cells of a seed-vessel.

LOCULICIDAL, fruit dehiscing through the back of the carpels.

LOCULUS, a cavity in an ovary. The terms are also applied to the
anther.

LOCUSTA, a spikelet of grasses.

LODICULE, a scale at the base of the ovary of grapes.

LOMENTUM, an indehiscent legume or pod with transverse
partitions, each division containing one seed.

LURID, a color combining yellow, purple, and gray.

LYRATE, a pinnatifid leaf with a large terminal lobe, and smaller
ones as we approach the petiole.

M

MACROPODOUS, applied to the thickened radicle of a
monocotyledonous embryo.

MARCESCENT, withering, but not falling off until the part bearing
it is perfected.

MEDULLA, the pith.

MEDULLARY RAYS, cellular prolongation uniting the pith and the
bark.

MEDULLARY SHEATH, sheath containing spiral vessels, surrounding
the pith in exogens.

MEMBRANEOUS, having the consistence, aspect, and structure of a
membrane.

MERICARP, carpel forming one-half of the fruit of _Umbelliferæ_.

MERITHAL, a term used in place of internode; applied by
Gaudichaud to the different parts of the leaf.

MESOCARP, middle covering of the fruit.

MESOCHILUM, middle portion of the labellum of orchids.

MESOPHLŒUM, middle layer of bark.

METRE, equal to 39.3707 inches British.

MICROMETER, instrument for measuring microscopic objects.

MICROPYLE, the opening or foramen of the seed.

MILLIMETRE, equal to 0.0393707 English inch.

MONADELPHOUS, stamens united into one bundle by union of their
filaments.

MONILIFORM, beaded; cells united with interruptions, so as to
resemble a string of beads.

MONOCARPIC, producing flowers and fruit once during life, and
then dying.

MONOCHLAMYDEOUS, flowers having a single envelope.

MONOCLINOUS, stamens and pistils in the same flower.

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS, having one cotyledon in the embryo.

MONŒCIOUS, stamens and pistils in different flowers on the same
plant.

MONOPETALOUS, same as gamopetalous.

MONOPHYLLOUS, same as gamophyllous.

MONOSEPALOUS, having one sepal or division in the calyx. Same as
gamosepalous.

MONSTROSITY, an abnormal development; applied more especially to
double flowers.

MORPHOLOGY, the study of the forms which the different organs
assume, and the laws that regulate their metamorphoses.

MUCILAGE, a thick viscid fluid.

MUCRO, a stiff point abruptly terminating an organ.

MUCRONATE, having a mucro.

MUCRONULATE, having a little hard point.

MURICATE, covered with firm sharp points or excrescences.

MURIFORM, like bricks in a wall; applied to cells.

MYCELIUM, the cellular spawn of fungi.

N

NAKED, applied to seeds not contained in a true ovary; also to
flowers without any floral envelopes.

NAPIFORM, shaped like a turnip.

NATURALIZED, originally introduced by artificial means, but
become apparently wild.

NAVICULAR, hollowed like a boat.

NECTARY, any abnormal part of a flower. It ought to be restricted
to organs secreting a honey-like matter, as in the Crown Imperial.

NERVATION, same as Nevation.

NERVES, the veins of leaves.

NETTED, applied to reticulated nevation.

NODDING, drooping.

NODE, the part of a stem from which the leaf-bud proceeds.

NODOSE, having swollen nodes or articulations.

NUCLEUS, the body which gives origin to new cells; also applied
to the central cellular portion of the ovule and seed.

NUCULE, female part of fructification in the _Characeæ_.

NUT, any dry one-celled indehiscent fruit with hard pericarp.

O

OBCORDATE, inversely heart-shaped, with the divisions of the
heart at the opposite end from the stalk.

OBLONG, about three-fourths as long as broad.

OBOVATE, reversely ovate, the broad part of the egg being
uppermost.

OBSOLETE, imperfectly developed or abortive; applied to the calyx
when it is in the form of a rim.

OBTUSE, not pointed, with a rounded or blunt termination.

OCHRACEOUS, clay or ochre color.

OCHREA, the sheathing stipule of _Polygonaceæ_.

OFFICINAL, sold in the shops.

OLERACEOUS, used as an esculent pot-herb.

OLIVACEOUS, having the color of olives.

OOPHORIDIUM, organ, in Lycopodiaceæ containing large spores.

OPAQUE, dull, not shining.

OPERCULAR, covered with a lid.

OPERCULUM, lid; applied to the separable part of the theca of
mosses; also applied to the lid of certain seed-vessels.

OPPOSITE, applied to leaves placed on opposite sides of the same
stem at the same level.

ORBICULAR, rounded leaf with petiole attached to the centre of it.

ORGANOGRAPHY, the description of the organs of plants.

ORTHOTROPAL, ovule with foramen opposite to the hilum; embryo
with radicle next the hilum.

OSMOSE, the force with which fluids pass through membranes in
experiments on exosmose and endosmose.

OVAL, elliptical, blunt at each end.

OVARY, the part of the pistil which contains the ovules.

OVATE, shaped like an egg; applied to the broader end of the egg
next the petiole or axis.

OVOID, egg-shaped.

OVULE, the young seed contained in the ovary.

P

PALE, the part of the flower of grasses within the glume; also
applied to the small scaly laminæ which occur in the receptacle
of some _Compositæ_.

PALÆPHYTOLOGY, the study of fossil plants.

PALEACEOUS, chaffy, covered with small, erect, membraneous scales.

PALMATE and PALMATIFID, applied to a leaf with radiating
venation, divided into lobes to about the middle.

PALMATIPARTITE, applied to a leaf with radiating venation, cut
nearly to the base in a palmate manner.

PANDURIFORM, shaped like a fiddle.

PANICLE, inflorescence of grasses, consisting of spikelets on
long peduncles coming off in a racemose manner.

PANICULATE, forming a panicle.

PAPILIONACEOUS, corolla composed of vexillum, two alæ, and
carina, as in the pea.

PAPILLOSE, covered with small nipple-like prominences.

PAPPUS, the hairs at the summit of the ovary in _Compositæ_. They
consist of the altered calycine limb. _Pappose_, provided with
pappus.

PARAPHYSES, filaments, sometimes articulated, occurring in the
fructification of mosses and other cryptogams.

PARASITE, attached to another plant, and deriving nourishment
from it.

PARENCHYMA, cellular tissue.

PARIETAL, applied to placentas on the wall of the ovary.

PARIPINNATE, a compound of pinnate leaf ending in two leaflets.

PARTHENOGENESIS, production of perfect seed with embryo, without
the application of pollen.

PATENT, spreading widely.

PATULUS, spreading less than when patent.

PECTINATE, divided laterally into narrow segments like the teeth
of a comb.

PEDATE and PEDATIFID, a palmate leaf of three lobes, the lateral
lobes bearing other equally large lobes on the edges next the
middle lobe.

PEDICEL, the stalk supporting a single flower.

PEDUNCLE, the general flower-stalk or floral axis; sometimes it
bears one flower, at other times it bears several sessile or
pedicellate flowers.

PELAGIC, growing in the ocean.

PELLUCID, transparent.

PELORIA, a name given to a teratological phenomenon, which
consists in a flower that is usually irregular becoming regular;
for instance, when _Linaria_, in place of one spur, produces five.

PELTATE, shield-like, fixed to the stalk by a point within the
margin; peltate hairs, attached to their middle.

PENDULOUS, applied to ovules which are hung from the upper part
of the ovary.

PENICILLATE, resembling a camel’s-hair pencil.

PENNI-NERVED, and PENNI-VEINED, the veins disposed like a
feather, running from the middle of the leaf to the margin.

PENTAMEROUS, composed of different whorls in five, or multiples
of that number.

PEPO, the fruit of the melon, cucumber, and other _Cucurbitaceæ_.

PERENNIAL, living, or rather flowering, for several years.

PERFOLIATE, a leaf with the lobes at the base, united on the side
of the stem opposite the blade, so that the stalk appears to pass
through the leaf.

PERIANTH, a general name for the floral envelopes; applied in
cases where there is only a calyx, or where the calyx and corolla
are alike.

PERICARP, the covering of the fruit.

PERICHÆTIAL, applied to the leaves surrounding the fruit-stalk or
seta of mosses.

PERICLADIUM, the large sheathing petiole of _Umbelliferæ_.

PERIDERM, a name applied to the outer layer of the barks.

PERIDIUM, the envelope of the fructification in gasteromycetous
fungi.

PERIGONE, same as Perianth. Some restrict the term to cases in
which the flower is female, or pistilliferous. It has also been
applied to the involucre of _Jungermannieæ_.

PERIGYNOUS, applied to the corolla and stamens when attached to
the calyx.

PERIGYNUM, applied to the pistil in the genus _Carex_.

PERIPHERICAL, applied to an embryo curved so as to surround the
albumen, following the inner part of the covering of the seed.

PERISPERM, the albumen or nourishing matter stored up with the
embryo in the seed.

PERISTOME, the opening of the sporangium of mosses after the
removal of the calyptra and operculum.

PERITHECIUM, a conceptacle in cryptogams, containing spores, and
having an opening at one end.

PERSISTENT, not falling off, remaining attached to the axis until
the part which bears it is matured.

PERSONATE, a gamopetalous irregular corolla, having the lower lip
pushed upward, so as to close the hiatus between the two lips.

PERTUSE, having slits or holes.

PERULÆ, the scales of the leaf-bud.

PETALOID, like a petal.

PETALS, the leaves forming the coralline whorl.

PETIOLATE, having a stalk or petiole.

PETIOLE, a leaf-stalk; _Petiolule_, the stalk of a leaflet in a
compound leaf.

PHÆNOGAMOUS, same as Phanerogamous.

PHANEROGAMOUS, having conspicuous flowers.

PHYCOLOGY, the study of _Algæ_, or sea-weeds.

PHYLLARIES, the leaflets forming the involucre of composite
flowers.

PHYLLODIUM, the leaf-stalk, enlarged so as to have the appearance
of a leaf.

PHYLLOTAXIS, the arrangement of the leaves on the axis.

PHYSIOGNOMY, general appearance, without reference to botanical
characters.

PHYSIOLOGY, vegetable, the study of the functions of plants.

PHYTOLOGY, the study of plants; same as botany.

PHYTOZOA, moving filaments in the antheridia of cryptogams.

PILEATE, having a cup or lid like the cup of a mushroom.

PILEORHIZA, a covering of the root, as in _Lemna_.

PILEUS, the cap-like portion of the mushroom, bearing the
hymenium on its under side.

PILOSE, provided with hairs; applied to pappus composed of simple
hairs.

PINNA, the leaflet of a pinnate leaf.

PINNATE, a compound leaf having leaflets arranged on each side of
a central rib.

PINNATIFID, a simple leaf cut into lateral segments to about the
middle.

PINNATIPARTITE, a simple leaf cut into lateral segments, the
divisions extending nearly to the central rib.

PINNULE, the small pinnæ of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf.

PISTIL, the female organ of the flower, composed of one or more
carpels; each carpel being composed of ovary, style, and stigma.

PISTILLATE and PISTILLIFEROUS, applied to a female flower or a
female plant.

PISTILLIDIUM, the female organ in cryptogams.

PITCHERS, vessels of this form at the end of the leaves of
_Nepenthes_, etc.

PITH, same as Medulla.

PLACENTA, the cellular part of the carpel, bearing the ovule.

PLACENTATION, the formation and arrangement of the placentas.

PLEURENCHYMA, woody tissue.

PLEUROCARPI, mosses with the fructification proceeding laterally
from the axils of the leaves.

PLICATE, folded like a fan.

PLUMOSE, feathery; applied to hairs having two longitudinal rows
of minute cellular processes.

PLUMULE, the first bud of the embryo, usually inclosed by the
cotyledons.

PLURILOCULAR, having many loculaments.

PODETIUM, a stalk bearing the fructification in some lichens.

PODOSPERM, the cord attaching the seed to the placenta.

POLLARD-TREES, cut down so as to leave only the lower part of the
trunk, which gives off numerous buds and branches.

POLLEN, the powdery matter contained in the anther.

POLLEN-TUBE, the tube emitted by the pollen grain after it is
applied to the stigma.

POLLINIA, masses of pollen found in orchids and asclepiads.

POLYADELPHOUS, stamens united by their filaments so as to form
more than two bundles.

POLYANDROUS, stamens above twenty.

POLYCARPIC, plants which flower and fruit many times in the
course of their life.

POLYCOTYLEDONOUS, an embryo having many cotyledons, as in firs.

POLYGAMOUS, plants bearing hermaphrodite as well as male and
female flowers.

POLYMORPHOUS, assuming many shapes.

POLYPETALOUS, a corolla composed of separate petals.

POLYPHYLLOUS, a calyx or involucre composed of separate leaflets.

POLYSEPALOUS, a calyx composed of separate sepals.

POME, a fruit like the apple and pear.

POROUS VESSELS, same as pitted or dotted vessels.

POSTERIOR, applied to the part of the flower placed next the
axis; same as Superior.

POUCH, the short pod or silicle of some _Cruciferæ_.

PREMORSE, bitten; applied to a root terminating abruptly, as if
bitten off.

PRICKLES, hardened epidermal appendages of a nature similar to
hairs.

PRIMINE, the outer coat of the ovule.

PRIMORDIAL UTRICLE, the lining membrane of cells in their early
state.

PROCESS, any prominence or projecting part, or small lobe.

PROCUMBENT, lying on the ground.

PROEMBRYO, cellular body in an ovary, from which the embryo
and its suspensor are formed. Sometimes Proembryo is used for
Prothallus.

PROLIFEROUS, bearing abnormal buds.

PRONE, prostrate, lying flat on the earth.

PROPAGULUM, an offshoot or germinating bud attached by a thickish
stalk to the parent plant.

PROSENCHYMA, fusiform tissue forming wood.

PROTHALLIUM, or PROTHALLUS, names given to the first part
produced by the spore of an acrogen in germinating.

PROTOPLASM, the nitrogenous gelatinous matter in which the vital
activity of cells resides.

PSEUDO-BULB, the peculiar aerial stem of many epiphytic orchids.

PUBESCENCE, short and soft hairs covering a surface.

PULULATING, budding.

PULVERULENT, covered with fine powdery matter.

PULVINATE, shaped like a cushion or pillow.

PULVINOUS, cellular swelling at the point where the leaf-stalk
joins the axis.

PUNCTATED, applied to the peculiar dotted woody fibres of
_Coniferæ_.

PUTAMEN, the hard endocarp of some fruits.

PYCNIDES, cysts containing stylospores found in some lichens.

PYXIS, a capsule opening by a lid.

Q

QUATENARY, composed of parts in fours.

QUINARY, composed of parts in fives.

QUINATE, five leaves coming off from one point.

QUINCUNX, when the leaves in the bud are five, of which two are
exterior, two interior, and the fifth covers the interior with
one margin, and has its other margin covered by the exterior.
_Quincuncial_, arranged in a quincunx.

R

RACE, a permanent variety.

RACEME, an indefinite inflorescence, in which there is a primary
axis bearing stalked flowers.

RACEMOSE, flowering in racemes.

RACHIS, the axis of inflorescence; also applied to the stalk of
the frond in ferns, and to the common stalk bearing the alternate
spikelets in some grasses.

RADICAL, belonging to the root; applied to leaves close to the
ground, clustered at the base of a flower-stalk.

RADICLE, the young root of the embryo.

RAMENTA, little brown withered scales with which the stems of
some plants are covered.

RAMIFICATIONS, subdivisions of roots or branches.

RAPHE, the line which connects the hilum and the chalaza in
anatropal ovules.

RAPHIDES, crystals found in cells, which are hence called
_Raphidian_.

RECEPTACLE, the flattened end of the peduncle rachis, bearing
numerous flowers in a head; applied also generally to the
extremity of the peduncle or pedicel.

RECLINATE, curved downward from the horizontal, bent back up.

RECURVED, bent backward.

REDUPLICATE, edges of the petals or sepals turned outward in
æstivation.

REGMA, seed-vessels composed of elastic cocci, as in _Euphorbia_.

REGULAR, applied to an organ, the parts of which are of similar
form and size.

RELIQUIÆ, remains of withered leaves attached to the plant.

RENIFORM, in shape like a kidney.

REPAND, having a slightly undulated or sinuous margin.

REPLUM, a longitudinal division in a pod formed by the placenta,
as in _Cruciferæ_.

RESUPINATE, inverted by a twisting of the stalk.

RETICULATE, netted, applied to leaves having a network of
anastomosing veins.

RETINACULUM, the glandular viscid portion at the extremity of the
caudicle in some Pollinia.

RETRORSE, turned backward.

RETUSE, when the extremity is broad, blunt, and slightly
depressed.

REVOLUTE, leaf with its edges rolled backward in vernation.

RHIZOME, a stem creeping horizontally, more or less covered by
the soil, giving off buds above and roots below.

RHIZOTAXIS, the arrangement of the roots.

RHOMBOID, quadrangular form, not square with equal sides.

RIB, the projecting vein of a leaf.

RINGENT, a labiate flower in which the upper lip is much arched.

ROOT-STOCK, same as Rhizome.

ROSETTE, leaves disposed in close circles forming a cluster.

ROSTELLUM, a prolongation of the upper edge of the stigmas in
orchids.

ROSTRATE, beaked.

ROTATE, a regular gamopetalous corolla, with a short tube, the
limbs spreading out more or less at right angles.

RUBEFACIENT, that which reddens the surface.

RUDIMENTARY, an organ in an abortive state arrested in its
development.

RUFOUS, rust-red.

RUGOSE, wrinkled.

RUMINATE, applied to mottled albumen.

RUNCINATE, a pinnatifid leaf with a triangular termination, and
sharp divisions pointing downward, as in dandelion.

RUNNERS, procumbent shoots which root at their extremity.

RUSTY, rust-colored.

S

SAGITTATE, like an arrow; a leaf having two prolonged
sharp-pointed lobes projecting downward beyond the insertion of
the petiole.

SAMARA, a winged dried fruit, as in the elm.

SAPONACEOUS, soap-like.

SARMENTOSE, yielding runners.

SARMENTUM, sometimes meaning the same as Flagellum, or runner; at
other times applied to a twining stem which supports itself by
means of others.

SCABROUS, rough, covered with very stiff short hair.

SCALARIFORM, vessels having bars like a ladder, seen in ferns.

SCALES, small processes resembling minute leaves.

SCANDENT, climbing by means of supports, as on a wall or rock.

SCAPE, a naked flower-stalk, bearing one or more flowers arising
from a short axis, and usually with radical leaves at its base.

SCARIOUS, or SCARIOSE, having the consistence of a dry scale,
membraneous, dry, and shriveled.

SCION, the young twig used as a graft.

SCLEROGEN, the thickening matter of woody cells.

SCORPIOIDAL, like the tail of a scorpion; a peculiar twisted
cymose inflorescence, as in _Boraginaceæ_.

SCURFY, applied to stems and leaves covered with loose scales.

SECUND, turned to one side.

SECUNDINE, the second coat of the ovule, within the primine.

SEGMENTS, divisions.

SEGREGATE, separated from each other.

SEMINAL, applied to the cotyledons, or seed-leaves.

SEPAL, one of the leaflets forming the calyx.

SEPTATE, divided by septa or partitions.

SEPTICIDAL, dehiscence of a seed-vessel through the septa or
edges of the carpels.

SEPTIFRAGAL, dehiscence of a seed-vessel through the back of the
loculaments, the valves also separating from the septa.

SEPTUM, a division in an ovary formed by the sides of the carpels.

SERICEOUS, silky; covered with fine, close-pressed hairs.

SERRATE, having sharp processes arranged like the teeth of a saw;
_Biserrate_, when these are alternately large and small, or where
the teeth are themselves serrated.

SERRULATE, with very fine serratures.

SESSILE, without a stalk, as a leaf without a petiole.

SETA, a bristle or sharp hair; also applied to the gland-tipped
hairs of _Rosaceæ_ and _Hieracium_, and to the stalk bearing the
theca of mosses.

SETACEOUS and SETIFORM, in the form of bristles.

SETIFORM, bristle-shaped.

SETOSE, covered with setæ and bristles.

SHEATH, the lower part of the leaf surrounding the stem.

SILICULA, a short pod with a double placenta and replum, as in
some _Cruciferæ_.

SILIQUA, a long pod, similar in construction to the silicle.

SIMPLE, not branching, not divided into separate parts. Simple
fruits are those formed by one flower.

SINUOUS, with a wavy or flexuous margin.

SINUS, the base or recesses formed by the lobes of leaves.

SLASHED, divided by deep and very acute incisions.

SOCIAL PLANTS, such as grow naturally in groups or masses.

SOREDIA, powdery cells on the surface of the thallus of some
lichens.

SPADIX, a succulent spike bearing male and female flowers, as in
_Arum_.

SPATHE, large membraneous bract covering numerous flowers.

SPAWN, same as Mycelium.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER, the essential character of a species.

SPERMAGONE, a microscopic conceptacle in lichens, containing
reproductive bodies called spermatia; also a conceptacle
containing fructification in fungi.

SPERMATIA, motionless spermatozoids in the spermagones of lichens
and fungi.

SPERMODERM, the general covering of the seed, sometimes applied
to the episperm or outer covering.

SPHEROIDAL, nearly spherical.

SPIKE, inflorescence consisting of numerous flowers sessile on an
axis.

SPINE, or THORN, an abortive branch with a hard, sharp point.

SPIRAL VESSELS, having a spiral fibre coiled up inside a tube.

SPONGIOLE, the cellular extremity of a young root.

SPORANGIUM, a case containing spores.

SPORE, a cellular germinating body in cryptogamic plants.

SPORIDIUM, a cellular germinating body in cryptogamia, containing
two or more cells in its interior.

SPORULES, the small spores in cryptogamia.

SQUAMIFORM, like scales.

SQUAMOSE, covered with scales.

SQUARROSE, covered with processes spreading at right angles, or
in a greater degree.