Chapter XXXVI: Mineral Veins (2)

DADOXYLON, fragment of coniferous wood, 428 Dana, on volcanic minerals, 500 Danish kitchen-middens, 146 _Dapedius monilifer_, Lias, 358 Darbishire on shells of Moel Tryfaen, 180 Dartmoor, post-carboniferous granite of, 572 —— intrusive granite at, 572 Darwin, Mr., on foliation and lamination, 595 ——, on mammalia of South America, 160 ——, on marine saurian, 362 ——, on rise of part of South America, 72 ——, on sinking of coral reefs, 72 ——, on plutonic rocks of the Andes, 569 ——, on relationship of extinct to living types, 160 Dates of discovery of fossil vertebrata, 464 Daubeny, Dr., on decomposition of trachytic rocks, 586 Daubrée, on formation of zeolites, 521 ——, on alkaline waters of Plombières, 584 Davidson, Mr., on Spiriferina, 355 Davis, Mr. E., on fossils of Lingula Flags, 484 Dawkins, Mr. Boyd, on Hyæna spelæa, 158 ——, on mammalia of Cromer Forest-bed, 191 ——, on Triassic mammifer, 369 Dawson, Dr., on Devonian flora and insects, 456, 457 ——, on Eozoon Canadense, 491 ——, on Nova Scotia coal-measures, 409 ——, on Nova Scotia coal-plants, 410, 412 ——, on Pupa vetusta, 415 ——, on reptiles and shells in Nova Scotia coal, 413 ——, on structure of calamite, 425 ——, on structure of sigillaria, 426 Deane, Dr., on footprints in Trias, 382 Debey, Dr., on flora and fauna of Aix, 302-04 Dechen, M. von, on organic remains of the brown coal, 540 ——, on Cornish granite veins, 560 De la Beche, Sir H., on granite of Dartmoor, 582 ——, on Carrara marble, 599 ——, on mineral veins, 616 ——, on Redruth copper-mine, 610 ——, on saurians of the Lias, 362 ——, on trap-rocks of New Red, 545 ——, on Welsh coal-measures, 397 Delesse, on action of water in metamorphism, 585 Deltas, strata accumulated in, 28 Dendrerpeton in Coal, 413 Denudation defined, 96 ——, subaërial, 97 ——, littoral, 102 ——, submarine, 105 ——, average annual amount of subaërial, 113 —— of carboniferous strata, 396 —— counteracting upheaval, 106-15, 108-15 —— a means of exposing crystalline rocks, 563 ——, trap-dikes cut off by, 518 —— and volcanic force antagonistic powers, 115 Deposition, rate of, shown by fossils, 47 Derbyshire, veins in Mountain Limestone, 608 Derivative shells of the Red Crag, 195-203 Desnoyers, M., on age of Faluns, 142 ——, on Eocene fossil footprints, 272 Desor, M., on Celtic coins in lake-dwellings, 149 Devonian Period, Upper, 450 Middle, 450 Lower, 453 —— fossils of the Eifel, 534 —— of Russia, 454 —— of United States and Canada, 455 —— insects of Canada, 457 —— strata, classification of, 439-50 Devonshire, cleavage of slate rocks in, 593 Diabase, 505 Diagonal, or cross-stratification, 42 Diagram of fossiliferous rocks, 137 —— of plutonic and sedimentary formations, 567 Diallage, 500, 502 _Diastopora diluviana_, Bath Oolite, 343 Diatomaceæ forming tripoli, 51 _Diceras Lonsdalii_, Neocomian, 310 _Didelphys Azaræ_, Recent, 347 _Didymograpsus geminus_, 476 —— _Murchisonii_, 473 Dike cutting through shale, Anglesea, 515 —— cutting through chalk, Antrim, 515, 516 _Dikelocephalus Minnesotensis_, 490 Dikes defined, 30 —— of Monte Somma, 526 —— in Palagonia, ground-plan of, 532 ——, volcanic or trap, 513-7 Diluvium, origin of term, 167 Dinornis Palapteryx, of New Zealand, 160 _Dinotherium giganteum_, 212 Diorite, 505 Dip and strike, terms explained, 80 _Diplograpsus folium_, Llandeilo Flags, 474 —— _pristis_, Llandeilo beds, 473 Dirt-bed of the Purbeck, 331 Dogger-bank described, 105 Dolerite, a variety of basalt, 504 Dolomite defined, 38 Dolomitic conglomerate of Bristol, 373 Downs, escarpments of North and South, 104 Downton Sandstone, 459 Dowson, Mr., on shells of Aldeby beds, 192 Drew, Mr., on Hastings Sands, 316 Drift of Ireland, 190 —— of Norfolk cliffs, 190 —— of Scandinavia, 174 —— of Bridlington, 189 —— carried by icebergs, 172 —— shells in Canada, 183 ——, contorted strata in, 178 ——, marine shells in Scotch, 175 Dudley Limestone, 465 Dufrenoy, M., on granite of Pyrenees, 582 Dumont, Professor, on Belgian Lower Eocene, 282 Duncan, Dr., on Neozoic corals passing down to Devonian, 432 Dundry Hill, near Bristol, section of, 130 Dunker, Dr., on wealden of Germany, 319 Dura Den, yellow sandstone of, 440

EARTH’S crust defined, 26 Echinoderms of Suffolk Crag, 200 _Echinosphæronites balticus_, 472 Egerton, Sir P., on fish of Headon series, 256 ——, on fish of the Permian, 389 ——, on fish of Penarth beds, 366 Ehrenberg, Professor, on term Bryozoum, 197 ——, on Silurian foraminifera, 478 ——, on infusoria, 51 Eifel Limestone, 453 ——, Lake-craters of, 534 —— Miocene, volcanic rocks of, 539 —— Pliocene, volcanoes of the, 534 ——, trass of the, 535 _Elephas antiquus_, molar of, 163 —— _meridionalis_, molar of, 163 —— _primigenius_, molar of, 162 Elevation craters, theory of, 496 Elvans, term explained, 572 —— of Ireland and Cornwall, 615 _Elytron of Buprestis?_ Stonesfield, 346 Emmons, Professor, on jaws of Triassic quadruped, 383 ——, on Dromatherium, 383 Encrinites of Bradford, 342 _Encrinus liliiformis_, Muschelkalk, 379 Endogens, term explained, 303 Engihoul cave, human and animal remains in, 157 England and Wales, glaciation of, 180 Enstatite, 501 Eocene areas of Europe, map of, 250 —— foraminifera, 274 —— formations of France, 270-6 —— of England, 252 —— period, volcanic rocks of, 543 ——, plutonic rocks of the, 568 ——, metamorphic rocks of the, 598 —— of France, footprints in, 272 —— and Miocene, line between the, 230, 250 ——, term defined, 143 —— of the United States, 278 _Eozoon Canadense_, oldest known fossil, 492 Epidote, 500 Eppelsheim, Dinotherium of, 225 Equisetaceæ of the Coal, 424 _Equisetites columnaris_, Keuper, 376 _Equus caballus_, tooth of, 164 Erratic blocks, nature of, 167 —— of Greenland, 171 —— near Chichester, 181 —— in the Red Crag, 201 Erratics, Alpine, 169 Escarpments explained, 104 _Eschara disticha_, White Chalk, 296 _Escharina oceani_, White Chalk, 296 _Estheria minuta_, Trias, 370 —— _ovata_, Richmond, Virginia, 383 Ethridge, Mr., on Atlantic mud, 288 ——, on Devonian series, in Devon, 450 ——, on Devonian fauna, 451, 454 ——, on mollusca of Bracklesham, 260 ——, on St. Cassian fossils, 377 Etna, built up since Newer Pliocene, 204 ——, Pliocene lavas of, 529 Ettingshausen on Sheppey Eocene fruit, 265 _Eunomia radiata_, Bath Oolite, 342 _Eunotia bidens_, Atlantic mud, 288 _Euomphalus pentangulatus_, 435 Eurite, 557, 578 Euritic porphyry of Norway, 562 Evans, Mr., on Archæopteryx, 337 Exogens, 297 _Exogyra virgula_, Kimmeridge Clay, 336 _Extracrinus (Pentacrinus) Briareus_, Lias, 357

FALCONER, Dr., on Miocene fauna of Siwalik Hills, 226 ——, on Brixham Cave flint knives, 157 ——, on Purbeck mammalia, 326 Faluns of Loire, recent shells in, 214 —— of Touraine, 211 Farnham, phosphate of lime near, 299 _Fascicularia aurantium_, Coralline crag, 199 Faults in coal-measures of Coalbrook Dale, 88 —— described, 87-92 —— often the result of repeated movements, 90 Fauna of the crag, its relation to that of our present seas, 201 —— of the Mountain Limestone, 430 —— of the Paris basin, 271 _Favosites cervicornis_, Devonian, 451 —— _Gothlandica_, Silurian, 465 Favre, M. E., on glaciers and moraines of the Caucasus, 187 Faxoe, chalk of, 285 Feldspar-porphyry, 557 Feldspar, varieties of, 499, 500 Feldstone, 557 _Felis tigris_, tooth of, 166 _Fenestella retiformis_, Magnesian Limestone, 388 Ferns of the coal, 421 Fife, trap-dike in, 543 Fish, fossil of the Carboniferous, 436 ——, Eocene of Monte Bolca, 544 ——, oldest known fossil, 463 ——, number of living, 445 ——, fresh-water and marine, 58 —— of the Upper Ludlow, 459 —— of the Old Red Sandstone, 443-5 —— of the Permian marl slate, 389 —— of the brown coal, 540 —— of the Lias, 358 Fisherton, Greenland lemming in drift of, 161 Fissures, filled with metallic matter, 606 Fitton, Dr., on the Neocomian strata, 314 Fleming, Dr., on Parka decipiens, 448 ——, on trap-dike in Fife, 546 Flints in the Chalk, 290 Flisk dike of Fife, 546 Flora of the Carboniferous, 420 ——, Devonian, compared to Carboniferous, 457 —— of the Subapennines, 208 ——, Lower Miocene of Switzerland, 235 ——, Miocene of the Arctic Regions, 239 ——, Older Pliocene of Italy, 208 —— of the Permian, 392 —— of the Upper Cretaceous, 302 ——, Upper Miocene of Switzerland, 215-22 —— of the Wealden, 320 Fluvio-marine or Norwich Crag, 193 Flysch of the Alps, 278 ——, plutonic rocks invading, 568 Folding and denudation of Nova Scotia Carboniferous rocks, 417 Folds of parallel strata, arrangement and direction of, 93 Foliation of crystalline rocks, 595 ——, irregularities in, 596 Folkestone and Hythe beds, 308 Fontainebleau, Gres de, 230 Footprints in Potsdam sandstone, 490 —— _of reptiles in Coal-measures_, 408 ——, _fossil in New red_, 381 —— in Paris gypsum, 272 Foraminifera, Eocene, 275 —— of Mountain Limestone, 437 —— of the Chalk, 287 Forbes, Mr. David, on glass cavities in quartz, 555 ——, on planes of foliation, 595 ——, on specific gravity of quartz, 500 ——, on volcanic minerals, 498 Forbes, Professor E., on fossils of Bembridge beds, 252 ——, on Hempstead beds, 244 ——, on shells of the crag, 200 ——, on sphæronites, 472 ——, on subdivisions of the Purbeck, 333 ——, on testacea of the Faluns, 212 ——, on thickness of Upper Neocomian, 309 Forest-bed at Cromer, 191 —— marble or cornbrash, 341 ——, submerged, 103, 104 ——, fossil in Coal, 400 ——, fossil of Isle of Portland, 332 Forfarshire, Cephalaspis beds of, 446 ——, contorted strata in, 178 Formation, term defined, 27 Fossil, term defined, 29 —— trees erect in coal, 410 —— Fish of Old Red Sandstone, 442 Fossiliferous groups, table of succession of, 131 Fossils, arrangement of, in strata, 47 ——, destruction of, in older formations, 139 ——, fresh-water and marine, 52 —— obliterated by metamorphic action, 603 ——, recent, and Post-pliocene, 154-65 —— of the drift, 176, 180, 192 —— of the Crags, 193-203 ——, Upper Miocene, 214-29 ——, Lower Miocene of Switzerland, 236 —— of the Hempstead Beds, 244 ——, Eocene, 253 —— of the Barton Clay, 259 —— of the White Chalk, 293 —— of the Neocomian, 309 —— of the Oolite, 324 —— of the Stonesfield Slate, 347 —— of the Lias, 354 —— of the Trias, 370 —— of the Magnesian Limestone, 387 —— of the Coal, 405 —— plants of the Coal, 421 —— of the Mountain Limestone, 430 ——, Devonian, 449 ——, Silurian, 460 ——, Cambrian, 484 —— Laurentian, 492 Fournet, M. on metalliferous gneiss, 586 ——, on veins in granite, 610 Fox, Rev. D., on Isle of Wight Eocene fossils, 254 Fox, Mr. R., on lodes in Cornwall, 614 Fractures of strata, and faults, 87 Fragments, included, a test of age of plutonic rocks, 565 ——, included, a test of age of strata, 129 —— a test of age in volcanic rocks, 524 France, Eocene formations of, 270-6 ——, Lower Miocene of, 231 ——, Upper Miocene of, 211 Freshfield, Mr., on absence of lakes in the Caucasus, 187 Fresh-water strata, how distinguished from marine, 53-9 —— formation of Auvergne, 233 Fucoid sandstones of Sweden, 489 _Fulgur canaliculatus_, Maryland, 228 Fuller’s earth, fossils of the, 348 Fundy, Bay of, fossil trees exposed in cliffs at, 412 _Fusilina cylindrica_, 438 Fusion of quartz, 500 _Fusus contrarius (Trophon antiquum)_, 196 —— _quadricostatus_, Maryland, 228

GABBRO, 505 _Gaillonella ferruginea_, and _G. distans,_ 52 Galapagos Islands, living marine saurian in, 362 _Galeocerdo latidens_, Bracklesham, 262 _Galerites albogalerus_, White Chalk, 294 Galestes in Middle Purbeck, 328 Ganoids, the type of Old Red Sandstone fish, 443 —— of the Wealden, 316 —— of the Trias, 383 Gaps in the sequence of fossil remains, 138 Garnet, 500 Gases, corrosion of rocks by, 586 Gaudin on Lower Miocene of Switzerland, 236 —— on Pliocene flora of Italy, 209 —— on Proteaceæ in Bournemouth Eocene, 263 Gault, thickness and fossils of, 300 Geikie, Mr. A., on Ayrshire Permian trap-rocks, 545 ——, on subaërial denudation, 115 ——, on ice erosion of lake-basins, 187 ——, on Isle of Mull volcanic rocks, 539 ——, on Pentland Old Red volcanic rocks, 548 ——, on Silurian metamorphic rocks, 602 ——, on syenite of Skye, 568 Geinitz, M., on Permian flora, 393 Gemunder Maar, volcanic rocks of, 534 Geneva, Lower Miocene of, 236 Geology defined, 25 Gergovia, tuffs and associated lacustrine strata of, 542 Germany, Lower Miocene of, 242 ——, Triassic fauna of, 375 Gers, Upper Miocene of, 215 _Gervillia anceps_, Neocomian, 310 —— _socialis_, Muschelkalk, 379 Giant’s Causeway basalt, age of, 248 ——, laterite of the, 509 ——, columnar basalt of, 510 Girgenti, Newer Pliocene of, 207 Glacial drift, distribution and nature of, 166 —— epoch in the Post-pliocene, 166 —— formations of Pliocene age, 189-92 Glaciation of Russia and Scandinavia, 174 —— of Scotland, 175 —— of Wales and England, 180 —— of North America, 182 Glaciers, transporting and abrading power of, 168 Glasgow, marine strata near, 146 Glauconie grossiere, 275 Glen Tilt, junction of granite and schist at, 559 Globiform pitchstone, 512 _Globigerina bulloides_, 288 Globular structure of volcanic rocks, 510 _Glyptostrobus, Europæus,_ Œningen, 223 Gneiss, granite veins traversing, 560 —— defined and figured, 577 ——, fundamental, of Scotland, 493 Gold mines of Australia and Chili, 616 —— veins of Russia, 616 —— of California, of age of alluvium, 617 Goldenberg, Professor, on Saarbrück coal insects, 406 Goldfuss, Professor, on reptiles in coal, 406 _Goniatites crenistria_, 436 —— _Listeri,_ coal-measures, 405 Göppert, on American forms in Swiss Miocene flora, 223 —— on petrification, 68 —— on plants of coal-measures, 398 _Gorgonia infundibuliformis,_ Permian, 388 Graham’s Island, forming ashy conglomerate, 549 Grampians, Old Red conglomerates of, 73 ——, trap-rocks of the, 547 ——, former glaciers in the, 175 Grand Canary, Upper Miocene, shelly tuffs of, 558 Granite, composition of, 552 ——, graphic and columnar, 553, 554 ——, how far connected with trap-rocks, 558 ——, hydrothermal action in formation of, 555 —— metamorphosing fossiliferous strata, 581 ——, porphyritic, 556 ——, oldest, 574 ——, protrusion of solid, 574 ——, passage of, into trap, 558 ——, schorly, 557 —— veins, 559 —— veins in talcose gneiss, 560 Granton, angiosperm found in coal at, 429 Graptolites of Llandeilo flags, 474 _Graptolites Murchisonii._ Llandeilo flags, 473 _Graptolithus priodon,_ Silurian, 467 Gray’s, Essex, pachyderms found at, 161 Great (or Bath) Oolite, 342 Greece, Upper Miocene formations of, 226 Greenland, continental ice of, 170 ——, gradual sinking of, 72 Greenstone, 505 Gres de Beauchamp, Paris basin, 273 Gres de Fontainebleau, age of the, 230 Griffiths, Sir R., on yellow sandstone of Ireland, 441 Grit defined, 36 Groups, older, rise highest above the sea, 139 —— why the newest to be studied first, 140 _Gryllacris lithanthraca,_ coal, 405 _Gryphæa_ coated with _serpulæ_, 48 —— _columba,_ Chloritic Sand, 300 —— _convexa,_ Chalk, 295 —— _incurva (G. arcuata)_, 54, 354 —— _virgula,_ Kimmeridge clay, 336 Gryphite Limestone, 354 Guadaloupe, glass cavities in quartz of, 555 Gulf-Stream, probable abrading power of, 105 Gümbel, M., on Rhætic beds, 366 Gunn, Mrs., on pot-stones in the chalk, 291 Gutbier, Colonel, on Permian flora, 393 Gymnogens, term explained, 303 Gypseous marls of Auvergne, 233 Gypsum and gypseous marl defined, 38, 39 _Gyrolepis tenuistriatus,_ Rhætic beds, 367

HAIME, Mr., on palæozoic corals, 431 _Hakea silicina_ and _Hakea saligna,_ Œningen, 222 Hall, Captain Basil, on Cyclopean Isles, 530 Hall, Sir James, on curved strata, 75 Hall, Mr. J., on Appalachian palæozoic rocks, 110 Hallstadt and St. Cassian beds, 376 _Halysites catenularis,_ Silurian, 465 Hamilton, Sir W., on eruption of Vesuvius, 1779, 526 _Hamites spiniger,_ Gault, 301 Hancock, Mr., on Protosaurus in Permian, 390 Harkness, Professor, on Silurian metamorphic rocks, 602 Harlech grits, fossils of the, 486 Harris, Major, on the Salt Lakes, 374 _Harpactor maculipes,_ Œningen, 224 Harpe, M. de la, on Bournemouth Eocene flora, 263 Hartung, Mr., cited, 496 Hartz mountains, mineral veins of, 608 ——, Bunter Sandstein of, 380 Hastings Sands, subdivisions of the, 316 Hautes Alpes, granite of the, 571 Hauy on isomorphism, 502 Headon series, fossils of the, 255 Heat, powerful in consolidating rocks, 65 ——, rocks upraised and folded by, 92 Hébert, M., on age of Sables de Bracheux, 330 ——, comparison of Sables Moyens and Barton shells, 258 ——, on pisolitic limestone, 285 Hebrides, dikes in the, 514 Heer, Professor, on American genera in Swiss Miocene, 239 ——, on age of Madeira leaf-bed, 532 ——, on Arctic Miocene flora, 239 ——, on Bear Island flora, 441 ——, on Bovey Tracey Miocene flora, 247 ——, on fossil plants of Switzerland, 215, 219, 221, 224, 236 ——, on Lower Miocene plants of Mull, 248 ——, on Monte Bolca Eocene plants, 263, 543 ——, on Proteas of Lower Miocene, 237 ——, on plants of Hempstead beds, 246 ——, on plants of coal-field, Virginia, 383 ——, on Swiss Miocene insects, 223 ——, on supposed Proteaceæ of Œningen beds, 221 ——, on Superga fossil plants, 244 Heidelberg, varieties of granite near, 560 _Heliolites porosa_, Devonian, 451 _Helix hispida (plebeia)_, 155 —— _labyrinthica,_ Headon, 255 —— _occlusa,_ Bembridge, 253 —— _Turonensis,_ faluns, 56 _Hemicidaris Purbeckensis,_ Purbeck, 324 _Hemipneustes radiatus,_ Chalk, 284 _Hemitelites Brownii,_ Inferior Oolite, 350 Hempstead beds, subdivisions of the, 244 Henry, on absorption of carbonic acid gas in water, 585 Henslow, Professor, on dike in Anglesea, 515 ——, on Red Crag coprolite bed, 197 Herschel, Sir J., on slaty cleavage, 590 Hertfordshire pudding-stone, 62 _Heterocercal tail of fish_, 389 Hicks, Dr., on fossils of Arenig beds, 476 ——, on fossils of Harlech grits, 486 ——, on Menevian beds, 485 Himalaya, shells 18,000 feet high in, 29 ——, Upper Miocene of, 226 _Hippopodium ponderosum,_ Lias, 355 _Hippopotamus, tooth of_, 164 Hippurite Limestone, 304 _Hippurites organisans,_ Chalk, 306 _Histioderma hibernica_, 486 Hitchcock, Professor, on Trias footprints, 381 _Holoptychius nobilissimus,_ scale of, and restoration, 442 _Homalonotus Delphinocephalus_, 467 —— _armatus,_ Devonian, 454 Homfray, Mr., on fossils of Tremadoc beds, 483 _Homocercal tail of fish_, 389 Hooghly River, analysis of water, 69 Hooker, Dr., on coniferæ, 429, 430 ——, on structure of sigillaria, 426 ——, on sporangia of Silurian plant, 460 Horizontality of strata, 40 Horizontal strata, upheaval of, 71 Hornblende, 499, 502 Hornblende-schist, 578 Hörnes, Dr., on fossil mollusca of Vienna basin, 225 Horstead, pot-stones at, 291 Hour-glass illustrating the destruction and renovation of land, 119 Howse, Mr., on Protosaurus in Permian, 390 Hubbard, Professor, on granite of White Mountains, 565 Hudson River Group, fossils of the, 479 Hughes, Mr. T. McKenny, cited, 450 ——, on slaty cleavage, 589 ——, on protrusion of solid granite, 575 Hull, Mr. E., on breccias in Permian, 391 ——, on carboniferous of Lancashire, 395 ——, on carboniferous rocks of north of England, 111 ——, on faults in Lancashire coal-field, 91 ——, on anticlinals and synclinals, Lancashire, 85 ——, on thickness of the Upper Trias, 369 ——, on thickness of Permian, 386 ——, on three lines of flexure since the coal in Lancashire, 94 Human remains of Recent Period, 157 —— in cavern deposits, 156 Humboldt, on mineral character of rocks, 602 Humphrey and Abbot on Mississippi denudation, 114 Hungary, trachyte of, 558 Hunt, Sterry, on action of water in metamorphism, 585 Huronian series, thickness of the, 490 Huxley, Professor, on Atlantic chalk-mud, 287 ——, on affinity between reptiles and birds, 338 ——, on batrachians of the coal, 407 ——, on fish of Old Red Sandstone, 443-5 ——, on Pteraspis, 463 Hyæna den of Kirkdale cave, 157 _Hyæna spelæa,_ tooth of, 165 _Hybodus plicatilis,_ Rhætic beds, 367 —— _reticulatus,_ Lias, 359 Hydrothermal action producing metamorphism, 584 —— in formation of granite, 555 —— forming granite veins, 573 _Hymenocaris vermicauda_, 484 _Hyperodapedon Gordoni,_ Trias, 370 Hypersthene, 499, 502 —— rock, 505 —— rocks of Skye, 491 Hypogene rocks, uniformity of mineral character in, 602 —— rocks, term defined, 26 _Hypsiprymnus Gaimardi,_ molar of recent, 327 Hythe, Neocomian beds of, 308

ICE, erosion of lake-basins considered, 184, 188 ——, abrading power of, 168 ——, continental, of Greenland, 170 Icebergs, drift carried by, 172 —— stranded in Baffin’s Bay, 173 Ice-borne erratics at Chichester, 181 Iceland, glass cavities in quartz of, 555 ——, flow of lava in, 523 _Ichthyosaurus communis,_ Lias, 361 Idocrase, 500 Ichthyodorulite of the Lias, 359 _Iguanodon Mantelli,_ Weald Clay, 315 Ilfracombe Group of Devon, 449 Inclined strata, 73 India, Miocene formations of, 226 India, Upper Miocene of, 226 Inferior Oolite, thickness and fossils of, 349 Infusoria in tripoli, 51 Inland sea-cliffs, 103 _Inoceramus Lamarckii,_ White Chalk, 295 Insect in American coal, 416 —— beds of the Lias, 363 _Insect wing of neuropterous_, 363 Insects, Devonian, of Canada, 457 —— in European coal, 405 ——, Miocene, of Croatia, 243 ——, Upper Miocene, at Œningen, 223 Intrusion, a test of age of Plutonic rocks, 565 ——, a test of age of volcanic rocks, 521 Inundation mud of rivers, 153 Ireland, glacial drift of, 190 ——, yellow sandstone of, 441 Iron pyrites, 500 —— weapons of Swiss lake-dwellings, 148 _Isastræa oblonga,_ Portland Sand, 335 Isle of Bourbon, lava current of the, 566 —— Wight, Hempstead beds, 244 —— Wight, Eocene beds, 255 —— Mull, Miocene leaf-bed of, 247 —— Mull, volcanic rocks, 248 Isomorphism, theory of, 502 Italy, Lower Miocene of, 244 ——, Older Pliocene volcanoes of, 523 ——, Pliocene of, 207 ——, Older Pliocene flora of, 208 ——, Upper Miocene strata of, 226

JAMIESON, Mr. T. F., on Scotch glacial drift, 175 Jaws of mammalia in Purbeck, 327 Jeffreys, Mr. Gwyn, on Atlantic mud, 288 Jointed structure of metamorphic rocks, 589 Jones, Dr. Rupert, on Eozoon Canadense, 491 Jorullo, lava stream of, 566 Judd, Mr., on Speeton clay, 311 Jukes, Mr., on Tarannon shales, 468 Jura, erratic blocks on the, 169 ——, structure of the, 82

KANGAROO, jaws of, 159 Käsegrotte, Bertrich Baden, Basaltic pillars of, 512 Kaup, Professor, on footprints of the Trias, 373 Keilhau, Professor, on granite veins, 562 ——, on planes of foliation, 595 ——, on Silurian granite of Norway, 573 ——, on protrusion of granite, 581 Keller, Dr. F., on lake-dwellings, 148 Kelloway Rock, percentage of Oxford clay fossils in, 341 Kentish Rag, 308 Keuper, of Germany, 375 —— or Upper Trias of England, 369 Kilkenny, fossil plants of, 441 Killas, altered by granite in Cornwall, 582 Kiltorkan, yellow sandstone of, with Anodonta, 441 Kimmeridge Clay, 335 King, Dr., on reptile footprints in coal, 407 King, Mr., on Permian fossils, 388 Kirkdale cave, hyæna’s den of, 157 Kitchen-middens of Denmark, 146 Kleyn Spawen beds, 242 Könen, Baron von, on Brockenhurst shells, 257 Koninck, M. de, on Mountain Limestone fish, 436 ——, on shells of Mayence basin, 242 _Koninckia Leonhardi,_ Hallstadt, 377

LABRADOR rock, 505 —— series, 490 Labradorite, 499, 501 _Labyrinthodon Jægeri, section of tooth_, 371 ——, _tooth of_, 370 Labyrinthodonts of Coal, 407 Lake-craters of the Eifel, 534 Lake districts, southern limits of the, 184 Lake-dwellings, scarcity of human remains in, 149 —— of Switzerland, 148 Lakes, deposits in, 27 ——, connection of, with glacial action, 184-8 Lamarck on bivalve mollusca, 54 Lamination of clay slate, 594 _Lamna elegans,_ Bracklesham, 262 Lancashire, vast thickness of rocks without corresponding altitude in, 111 Land, balance of dry, how preserved, 116, 118 —— has been raised, not the sea lowered, 70 ——, mean height of, above the sea, 115 ——, rise of, in Sweden, 72 ——, rise and fall of, affecting denudation, 101 Land-ice, action of, in Greenland, 171 Land’s End, columnar granite at, 553 ——, porphyritic granite at, 556 La Roche, recent deposits in estuary of, 40 Lartet, M., on mammalia of Faluns, 214 ——, on Gastornis Parisiensis, 276 ——, on reindeer period, 150 _Lastræa stiriaca,_ Monod, 239 Lateral compression causing curved strata, 75 Laterite of Giant’s Causeway, 509 Laurentian gneiss of Scotland, 493 —— Group, Upper and Lower, 491 —— metamorphic rocks, 601 —— volcanic rocks, 549 Lava, 507 —— consolidating on slopes, 496 —— currents of Auvergne, 541 —— streams, effect of, 30 —— of La Coupe d’Ayzac, 511 —— of Jorullo, 566 Lead veins, age of, 616 Leaf-bed of Madeira in basalt and scoriæ, 532 ——, Isle of Mull Miocene, 248 _Leda amygdaloides,_ London Clay, 266 —— _Deshayesiana (Nucula Deshayesiana)_, 241 —— _lanceolata (L. oblonga),_ Scotch drift, 176 —— _truncata,_ Scotch drift, 177 Lee, Mr. J.E., on Pteraspis of Lower Ludlow, 463 Leidy, Dr., on fossil quadrupeds of Nebraska, 249 _Leperditia inflata,_ coal-measures, 405 _Lepidodendron,_ Griffithsii, 441 —— _corrugatum,_ carboniferous., 417 —— _Sternbergii,_ coal-measures, 423 Lepidolite, 499, 501 _Lepidostrobus ornatus,_ Coal, 424 _Lepidotus gigas,_ Lias, 358 —— _Mantelli,_ Wealden, 317 _Leptæna depressa,_ Wenlock, 466 —— _Moorei,_ Lias, 355 Level of surface altered by change of subterranean heat, 119 Lewis, hornblendic gneiss of, 601 Lias, fishes of the, 358 ——, fossils of the, 354 —— and Oolite, origin of the, 364 ——, reptiles of the, 360 ——, insects of the, 363 ——, plants of the, 364 ——, plutonic rocks of the, 571 ——, subdivisions of the, 353 ——, volcanic rocks of the, 544 Liebig, on conversion of coal into anthracite, 403 ——, on origin of stalactite, 156 Liége, limestone caverns at, 156 Lightbody, Mr., on Lower Ludlow shales, 461 Lignite, conversion of into coal, 403 _Lima giganteum_, 354 —— _Hoperi,_ Chalk, 300 —— _spinosa,_ White Chalk, 294 Limagne d’Auvergne, Lower Miocene mammalia of the, 234 Limburg beds, 242 Lime, scarcity of, in metamorphic rocks, 604 —— in solution, source of, 69 Limestone, block of striated, 168 ——, brecciated, 387 —— of chemical and organic origin, 61 ——, compact, 501 ——, Hippurite, 304 ——, magnesian, 387 ——, metamorphic or crystalline, 579 ——, Mountain, and its fossils, 430-8 ——, striated, 168 _Limnæa longiscata_, 55 Lingula beds, volcanic tuffs of the, 549 _Lingula Credneri_, Permian, 388 Lingula Flags, fossils of the, 484 _Lingula Dumortieri,_ Crag, 200 —— _Lewisii,_ Ludlow, 462 _Lingulella Davisii_, 484 Lipari Isles, tufas in, 586 _Liquidambar europæum_, 209 _Lithrostrotion basaltiforme,_ Carboniferous, 432 Lits coquilliers, 275 Littoral denudation defined, 102 _Lituites giganteus,_ Ludlow, 463 Llanberis slates, 486 Llandeilo Flags, fossils of the, 473-5 Llandeilo formation, thickness of the, 475 ——, Lower, 475 Llandovery Group, classification of the, 468 —— Rocks, thickness of the Lower, 469 Loam defined, 38, 153 Lodes, shells and pebbles in, 608 —— _See_ Mineral Veins. Loess of fluviatile loam described, 153 ——, fossil shells of the, 154 Logan, Sir W., on Eozoon Canadense, 490 ——, on Gaspe sandstones, 455 ——, on Huronian and Laurentian, 490 ——, on stigmaria in under-clays, 398 ——, on thickness of Nova Scotia coal, 409 ——, on thickness of Laurentian in Canada, 113 Loire, faluns of the, 211 London Clay, fossils of the, 264, 266 Longevity, relative, of mammalia and testacea, 162 Longmynd Group, fauna of the, 486 Lonsdale, Mr., on corals of America, 229 ——, on Devonian fossils, 449 ——, on Stonesfield slate, 345 ——, on United States Miocene corals, 229 _Lonsdaleia floriformis,_ Carboniferous, 432 Lowe, Reverend R. T., on Mogador shells, 537 Lubbock, Sir J., on the two stone-periods, 147 _Lucina serrata,_ Bracklesham, 262 Ludlow formation, Upper, 459; Lower, 461 ——, bone-bed of the Upper, 459 Lulworth Cove, dirt-bed of, 333 Lycett, Mr., on fossils of the Great Oolite, 344 Lycopodiaceæ of Coal, 422 _Lycopodium densum,_ living species, 423 Lym-fiord, mingled fresh-water and marine strata of, 59 _Lymnea caudata,_ Headon, 256 —— _longiscata,_ Bembridge, 253 Lynton Group of Devon, 454

MACLAREN, Mr., on Pentland Hills, volcanic rocks, 548 Macclesfield, marine shells 1,200 feet high at, 181 MacClintock, Sir L., on Atlantic mud, 287 MacCulloch, Dr., on Aberdeenshire granite, 558 ——, on basaltic columns in Skye, 510 ——, on formation of hornblende-schist, 582 ——, on trap, 519 MacMullen, Mr. J., on Eozoon Canadense, 491 _Macropus atlas,_ lower jaw of, 158 —— _major_ (living), lower jaw of, 159 Madeira, beds of laterite in, 509 ——, dike in valley in, 513 ——, Pliocene leaf-bed and shells in lavas of, 532 ——, Miocene volcanic rocks of, 536 ——, wind, removing scoriæ in, 97 Maestricht beds and their fossils, 283 Maffiotte, Don Pedro, cited, 538 _Magas pumila,_ White Chalk, 294 Magnesian Limestone defined, 38 —— and marl-slate, 387 Magnetite, 500 Maidstone, Upper Cretaceous fossils of, 297 Malacolite, 502 Malaise, Professor, on Engihoul cave, 157 Mammalia, anterior to Paris gypsum, table of, 329 ——, extinct, coeval with man, 152, 157 ——, fossil, of Middle Purbeck, 325 ——, fossil, in Pliocene in Val d’Arno, 208 ——, fossil, in the Crag, 193, 197 ——, fossil, of Vienna basin, 225 —— of the Limagne d’Auvergne, 234 —— of Siwalik Hills, 227 —— of the Stonesfield slate, 345 ——, _teeth of Post-pliocene_, 165 Mammalia and testacea, comparative longevity of, 162 Mammoth, rude carving of in Perigord cave, 150 —— in Scotch till, 175 —— _See_ Elephas primigenius. Man, antiquity of, 152 Manfredi on amount of subaërial denudation, 114 Mantell, Dr., on iguanodon of Wealden, 313 ——, on Oxford Clay belemnites, 340 ——, on Wealden fossils, 316 _Mantellia nidiformis,_ Purbeck, 331 Map of Chalk formation in France, 305 —— of Eocene tertiary basins, 250 —— of Hallstadt and St. Cassian beds, 376 Marble defined, 37 —— of Carrara, metamorphic, 599 Marcou, M., on age of Wealden beds, 319 Margaric acid, 591 Marine fauna of the Carboniferous, 432 —— beds underlying the London Clay, 269 —— and brackish-water strata in coal, 404 —— strata, how distinguished from fresh-water, 53-59 Marl from Lake Superior, 63 —— and marl-slate defined, 38 ——, red, green, and white, of Auvergne, 233 —— slate of Middle Permian, 387 Marsupials, extinct, of Australia, 159 _Marsupites Milleri,_ White Chalk, 294 Massachusetts, plumbago of, 583 _Mastodon arvernensis,_ molar of, Norwich crag, 193 —— _giganteus,_ in United States after the drift, 183 Mayence basin tertiaries, 242 May-Hill Sandstone, 468 Mechanical and chemical deposits, 60 —— theory of cleavage, 592 Mediterranean, one zoological province, 127 _Megalodon cucullatus,_ Devonian, 452 _Melania inquinata (Cerithium melanoides)_, 55, 268 _Melania turritissima,_ Bembridge, 253 _Melanopsis buccinoidea_, 55 Melaphyre, a variety of basalt, 504 Menevian beds and their fossils, 484 Mesozoic, term explained, 123 —— and Cainozoic periods, gap between the, 282 —— and Palæozoic rocks, limits of the, 385 Metals, relative age of different, 614 Metamorphic limestone, 579 —— strata, origin of, 579 —— theory, objections to, considered, 587 —— rocks defined, 32 Metamorphic rocks, 576 ——, cleavage of, 588 ——, scarcity of lime in, 604 ——, ages of, 597 ——, order of succession of, 602 ——, uniformity of mineral character in, 602 Metamorphism, hydrothermal action producing, 584 Metamorphosis of trilobites, 471, 487 Meteorites, minerals in, 501 Mexico, Gulf of, terrestrial remains washed into, 128 Meyer, Mr. Karl, on fossil shells of Madeira, 537 ——, M. H. von, on reptiles in coal, 407 ——, on Wealden of Germany, 319 Miascite, 558 Mica and its varieties, 499, 501 ——, how deposited, 40 —— schist or micaceous schist, 578 Micaceous sandstone, origin of, 36 _Micraster cor-anguinum_, 294 _Microconchus carbonarius,_ coal-measures, 405 _Microlestes antiquus,_ Upper Trias, 368 Migrations of quadrupeds, 161 Miliolite limestone, 274 Miller, Hugh, on Old Red Sandstone fish, 443 ——, on salt lakes, 375 Milne Edwards, Mr., on Palæozoic corals, 432 Minchinhampton, Great Oolite of, 344 Mineral composition a test of age of volcanic rocks, 523 —— a test of age of plutonic rocks, 565 —— a test of age of strata, 124 —— character of hypogene rocks, 602 —— springs of Auvergne, 604 Mineral veins, 605 —— formed in fissures, 606 ——, successive formation of, 609 ——, swelling and contraction of, 611 ——, relative age of, 614 ——, pebbles in, 608 Mineralisation of organic remains, 65 Minerals in meteorites, 501 ——, table of the most abundant in hypogene rocks, 499 Miocene of Bordeaux and south of France, 214 —— and Eocene, line between the, 230, 251 ——, Lower, of England, 244 ——, Lower, of Germany and Croatia, 242 ——, Lower, of Central France, 231 ——, Lower, of Italy, 244 ——, Lower, of Nebraska, United States, 248 ——, term defined, 143 ——, Upper, of the Bolderberg, 224 ——, Upper, of France, 211 ——, Upper, of Italy, 226 ——, Upper, of Greece, 226 ——, Upper, of India, 226 ——, Upper, of Vienna basin, 224 Mississippi, sediment of, used as a test of denudation by rivers, 114 —— valley, deposition and denudation in the, 102 Mitchell, Mr., on Aralia fruit in Alum Bay, Eocene, 263 Mitchell, Sir T., on Wellington caves, 158 Mitchell, Rev. Hugh, on Pteraspis, 446 _Mitra Scabra,_ Barton clay, 259 Mitscherlich, on Isomorphism, 502 _Modiola acuminata,_ Permian, 387 Moel Tryfaen, shells found at, 181 Mohs on isomorphism, 502 Molasse, Lower, of Switzerland, 235 ——, Middle, or Marine, of Switzerland, 223 ——, Upper, fresh-water, of Switzerland, 217 ——, term explained, 217 Mollusca. _See_ Shells. ——, longevity of species of, 162 —— of Hallstadt beds, 377 ——, value of, in classification, 142 —— of the Carboniferous, 435 Monitor of Thuringia, 463 Monoclinic feldspars, 501 Monod, flora of the Lower Molasse at, 236 Mons, unconformable strata near, 95 Montblanc, talcose granite of, 568 —— Dor, Auvergne, extinct volcanoes of, 232 ——, age of volcano of, 541 Monte Bolca, fossil fish of, 543 —— Calvo, section of cross stratification, 44 —— Mario, age of volcanic deposits of, 533 —— Nuovo, formed 1538, 525 Montmartre, gypseous series of, 270 Monts Dome, Auvergne, extinct volcanoes, 495 Moore, Mr. C., on Rhætic beds, 366 ——, on Upper Trias quadrupeds, 369 Moraines described, 169 Morea, cretaceous volcanic rocks of, 544 Mortillet, M. de, on ice-erosion of lake-basins, 184 Morton, Dr., on age of American cretaceous rocks, 307 _Mosasaurus Camperi,_ Chalk, 284 Mountain Limestone, fossils of the, 433-8 Mull, Isle of, leaf-bed, 247 Münster, Count, on fossils of Solenhofen, 337 Murchison, Sir R., on brackish-water strata in coal, 404 ——, on Devonian series, 439, 449, 454 ——, on Devonian ichthyolites, 453 ——, on Eocene igneous rocks, 278 ——, on Llandovery beds, 468 ——, on Laurentian gneiss of Scotland, 492 ——, on metamorphic rocks of North Highlands, 601 ——, on Monte Bolca fish-beds, 543 ——, on name Permian, 385 ——, on Old Red Sandstone, 449 ——, on Palæozoic strata, Queenaig, 112, 113 ——, on protrusion of solid granite, 574 ——, on Silurian, 458, 459, 461, 467, 470, 473, 475 ——, on Tertiary volcanic rocks of Italy, 533 ——, on thickness of chalk in Russia, 287 ——, on thickness of the Trias, 369 ——, on the Upper “Old Red”, 468 _Murchisonia gracilis_, 479 _Murex vaginatus_, 204 Muschelkalk, fossils of the, 378 Muscovite, or common mica, 499, 501 Musk-ox, fossil, in Thames valley, 161 _Myliobates Edwardsi,_ Bracklesham, 261 _Mytilus septifer,_ Permian, 387

NAPLES, Post-pliocene volcanic rocks of, 525 ——, escape of carbonic acid near, 604 _Natica clausa,_ Scotch drift, 176 —— _helicoides,_ Chillesford beds, 192 Natrolite, 500 _Nautilus centralis,_ London Clay, 266 —— _Danicus,_ Faxoe Chalk, 286 —— _plicatus,_ Hythe beds, 309 —— _truncatus,_ Lias, 356 —— _ziczac (Aturia ziczac)_, 266 Nebraska, Miocene strata of, 248 Necker, M., on “underlying” igneous rocks, 562 ——, on dikes in Vesuvius, 526 Neocomian, Upper, 308 ——, Middle, 312 ——, Lower, 312 ——, use of the term, 282 Neolithic era, 147 Neozoic type of corals, 431 _Nerinæa Goodhallii,_ Coral Rag, 339 Nerinæan limestone, 340 _Nerita conoidea (N. Schmidelliana)_, 275 —— _costulata,_ Great Oolite, 345 —— _granulosa_, 55 _Neritina concava,_ Headon, 255 —— _globulus_, 55 Neufchâtel, coins and iron tools in lake of, 149 Newberry, Dr., on flora of American cretaceous rocks, 307 Newcastle coal-field, faults in, 90 Newfoundland bank described, 106 New Jersey, mastodon in, 183 New Madrid, “Sunk Country” in, 402 New Red sandstone of Connecticut Valley, 381 ——, trappean rocks of the, 545 New York, Devonian strata of, 456 ——, Cambrian strata of, 490 ——, Silurian strata of, 478 ——, Laurentian strata of, 491 Niagara Limestone, fossils of the, 479 Nidau, iron tools in lake of, 148 Nile, homogeneous mud of the, 154 Ninety-fathom dike in coal, 90 _Nipadites ellipticus,_ Sheppey, 264 Nodules in strata, how formed, 63 _Noeggerathia cuneifolia,_ Permian, 393 Nomenclature of rocks, 140 —— of volcanic minerals, 499 Norfolk cliffs, drift of, 190 North America. _See_ America. Norway, Cambrian of, 489 ——, foliation of crystalline schists in, 595 ——, granite veins in gneiss of, 573 ——, granite altering fossiliferous strata in, 581 Norwich, or Fluvio-marine crag, 193 Nova Scotia coal-measures, 409 —— coal, reptiles and shells in, 414 ——, folding and denudation of beds in, 417 _Nucula Cobboldiæ,_ Crag, 194 _Nummulites lævigata,_ Bracklesham, 260 —— _Puschi,_ Pyrenees, 278 —— _variolaria,_ Bracklesham, 259 Nummulitic formations, 277

_OBOLUS APOLLINIS,_ in Russian grit, 478 Obsidian, 505 Oceanic areas, permanence of, 117 Œningen, Upper Miocene beds of, 215 Oeynhausen, M. von, on Cornish granite veins, 560 _Ogygia Buchii_, 474 _Oldhamia radiata: O. antiqua_, 487 Old Red Sandstone, Upper, 440 ——, Middle, with fish, 443 ——, Lower, 446 ——, trap of the, 547 ——, classification of, 439 _Olenus micrurus_, 484 Oligocene, term for Lower Miocene, 230, 244 Oligoclase, 499, 500 _Oliva Dufresnii,_ Bolderberg, Belgium, 224 Olivine, 499 _Omphyma turbinatum,_ Silurian, 466 _Onchus tenuistriatus,_ Silurian, 460 Oolite, classification and physical geography of the, 321 ——, defined, 37 ——, Inferior, fossils of the, 349, 350 —— and Lias, origin of the, 364 —— and Chalk, Palæontological break between, 338 Oolitic strata, palæontological relations of, 351 —— volcanic rocks, 545 _Ophioderma tenuibrachiata,_ Lias, 357 Oppel on zones of Lias, 353 Orbigny, Alcide de, on foraminifera of Vienna basin, 225 ——, on orbitoidal limestone, 279 ——, on Pisolitic limestone, 285 ——, on Sénonian, 302 _Oreodaphne Heerii,_ Italian Pliocene, 209 Organic remains, mineralisation of, 65 ——, tests of age of strata, 125 ——, tests of age of volcanic rocks, 522 ——, geological provinces of, 127 Oriskany Sandstone, 478 _Orthis elegantula,_ Ludlow, 46 —— _grandis,_ Caradoc beds, 470 —— _tricenaria,_ Bala beds, 470 —— _vespertilio,_ Bala beds, 470 _Orthoceras duplex,_ 474 —— _Ludense,_ Silurian, 463 —— _laterale_, 436 —— _ventricosum,_ Silurian, 462 Orthoclase, 499, 500 Orthoclastic feldspars, 501 Osborne or St. Helen’s series, Eocene, 255 _Osteolepis,_ Old Red Sandstone, 444 _Ostraceon,_ spine of, Bracklesham, 261 _Ostrea acuminata,_ Fuller’s earth, 349 —— _carinata,_ Chalk marl, 300 —— _columba,_ Chloritic sand, 300 —— _gregarea,_ Coral Rag, 339 —— _deltoidea,_ Kimmeridge clay, 336 —— _distorta,_ Middle Purbeck, 324 —— _expansa,_ Portland sand, 336 —— _Marshii,_ Oolite, 351 —— _vesicularis,_ Chalk, 295 _Otodus obliquus,_ Bracklesham, 262 Outcrop of strata, 83 Overlapping strata, 95 Owen, Professor on Archæopteryx, 337 ——, on Eocene Zeuglodon, 279 ——, on footprints in Trias, 382 ——, on fauna of Sheppey, 265, 267 ——, on Gastornis Parisiensis, 276 ——, on Labyrinthodon, 370 ——, on mammalia of Stonesfield, 347 ——, on Purbeck mammalia, 326, 328 ——, on reptiles of coal, 407, 414 ——, on zoological provinces of extinct animals, 160 _Ox, tooth of_ (recent), 165 Oxford Clay, thickness and fossils of, 340

PAGHAM, erratic block at, 182 _Palæaster asperimus,_ 472 _Palæchinus gigas,_ Mountain Limestone, 43 _Palæocoma tenuibrachiata,_ Lias, 357 _Palæoniscus,_ Permian fish, 389 —— _comptus, P. elegans, P. glaphyrus_, 390 _Palæotherium magnum_, 254 _Palæophis typhoeus,_ Bracklesham, 261 Palæozoic or Paleozoic, term defined, 123 —— Plutonic rocks, 572 —— rocks, 458 —— type of corals, 431 Palagonia, dikes of lava in, 531 Paleolithic era, 147, 149 ——, alluvial deposits of, 150 Palm in Swiss Miocene, 237 Palma, volcanic crater of, 497 _Paludina lenta,_ Hempstead beds, 55 —— _orbicularis,_ Bembridge, 253 _Paradoxides Bohemicus_, 488 —— _Davidis,_ Lower Cambrian, 485 Parallelism of folded strata for long distances, 93 Paris basin, Tertiary group first studied in, 141 ——, Tertiaries of the, 270 _Parka decipiens,_ “Old Red,” 448 Parkfield Colliery, ground-plan of, 400 Patagonia, strata of, rich in soda, 587 _Patella rugosa,_ Great Oolite, 345 Paterson, Dr., on angiosperm of the Coal, 429 Peach, Mr. C, cited, 601 ——, Pteraspis, found by, 443 Pearlstone, 505 Pebbles in mineral veins, 608 —— in chalk, 292 _Pecopteris elliptica,_ Coal, 421 _Pecten Beaveri,_ White Chalk, 294 —— _cinctus,_ Neocomian, 312 —— _islandicus,_ Scotch Drift, 176 —— _jacobæus,_ in tertiary of Sicily, 206 —— _quinque-costatus_, 300 —— _Valoniensis,_ Rhætic beds, 366 Pegmatite, 553 Penarth beds, 366 Pengelly, Mr., on Bovey Tracey lignite, 246 ——, on flint-knives of Brixham Cave, 157 _Pentacrinus Briareus,_ Lias, 357 _Pentamerus Knightii,_ Aymestry, 461 —— _oblongus,_ and _P. lirata_, 469 Pentland Hills, volcanic rocks of the, 548 Perigord cave, carving of mammoth in, 150 Permanence of continents and oceans, 117 Permian Flora, 392 —— of Germany, 393 —— strata, thickness of, in north of England, 386 ——, Upper and Middle, 386, 387 ——, Lower, 390 _Perna Mulleti,_ Neocomian, 310 Petherwyn, Devonian fossils of, 450 Petrifaction, process of, 67 _Petrophiloides Richardsoni,_ Sheppey, 25 _Pahcops caudatus,_ Silurian, 467 —— _latifrons,_ Devonian, 450 _Phascolotherium Bucklandi_, 348 _Phasianella Heddingtonensis,_ and cast, 66 Phillippi, on tertiary shells of Sicily, 205 Phillips, Professor, on fossils distorted by cleavage, 592 ——, on ninety fathom dike, 90 ——, on Wenlock limestone and shale, 465, 467 ——, on Yoredale series, 395 Phillips, Mr. J. Arthur, on origin of gold of California, 617 _Phlebopteris contigua,_ Inferior Oolite, 350 Phlogopite, 499, 501 _Pholadomya fidicula,_ Inferior Oolite, 350 Phonolite, 506 _Phorus extensus,_ London Clay, 266 _Phragmoceras ventricosum,_ Silurian, 463 _Physa Bristovii,_ Middle Purbeck, 325 —— _columnaris_, 55 —— _hypnorum_, 55 Piedmont, absence of lakes in, 186 Pile dwellings of Switzerland, 148 Pilton, group of, Devon, 449 _Pinnularia in Atlantic mud_, 288 Pinus sylvestris in peat, 147 Pisolitic limestone of France, 285 Pitchstone, 505 _Placodus gigas,_ Muschelkalk, 380 Placoids, rare in Old Red Sandstone, 443 _Plagiaulax Becklesii, jaw and molar of_, 327 Plagioclastic feldspars, 501 _Plagiostoma giganteum,_ Lias, 354 —— _Hoperi,_ Chalk, 300 _Planorbis discus,_ Bembridge, 253 —— _euomphalus_, 55, 255 Plants of Bovey Tracey, Miocene, 247 ——, fossil fresh-water, 57 —— of the Coal, 420 —— of the Lias, 364 —— of the Swiss Upper Miocene, 219 Plas Newydd, rock altered by dike near, 515 Plastic Clay, Eocene, 267 _Platanus aceroides,_ Miocene, 221 _Platystoma Suessii,_ Hallstadt, 377 Playfair, on amount of subaërial denudation, 114 —— on faults, 87 _Plectrodus mirabilis,_ Ludlow, 460 _Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus,_ Lias, 361 _Pleurotoma attenuata,_ Bracklesham, 262 —— _exorta,_ Eocene, 57 _Pleurotomaria anglica,_ and cast, 66 —— _carinata (flammigera)_, 434 —— _granulata,_ Inferior Oolite, 351 —— _ornata,_ Inferior Oolite, 351 Plieninger, Professor, on Triassic mammifer, 368 Pliocene glacial formations, 189-92 —— Period, 189 —— plutonic rocks, 565 —— strata of Sicily, 204 ——, term defined, 143 —— volcanic rocks, 529 Plombières, alkaline waters of, 585 Plumbago of Massachusetts, 583 Plutonic and sedimentary formations, diagram of, 567 ——, origin of the term, 551 —— rocks, Mesozoic, 570 ——, Recent and Pliocene, 565 ——, Miocene and Eocene, 568 ——, uncertain tests of age of, 564 —— defined, 31 _Podocarya Bucklandi,_ Oolite, 348 _Polypterus_ of the Nile, 444 Polyzoa and Bryozoa, terms explained, 197 Pomel, M., on fossil mammalia of the Limagne, 235 Ponza Islands, globiform pitchstone of, 512 _Porites pyriformis,_ Devonian, 451 Porphyritic granite, 556 Porphyry, 506 Portland, Cycads in dirt-bed of, 331 —— oolite and sand, 334 “_Portland screw,_” a cast of a shell, 335 Porto Santo, marine shells in volcanic tuff of, 536 Post-pliocene period, climate of the, 161 —— mammalia, teeth of, 163 ——, term defined, 145 —— lakes of Switzerland, 185 —— volcanic rocks, 524 _Potamides cinctus_, 56 _Pothocites Grantonii,_ coal-measures, 429 Potsdam Sandstone, 480, 489 Pot-stones in the Chalk, 290 Pottsville, coal seams of, 400 Powrie, Mr., on Cephalaspis beds, 446 ——, on Parka decipiens, 448 Pratt, Mr., on Eocene Isle of Wight mammalia, 254 Predazzo, altered rocks at, 571 Pressure, solidifying rocks, 65 Prestwich, Mr., on age of Sables inferieurs, 276 ——, on Chillesford beds, 192 ——, on Coalbrook Dale insects, 405 ——, on Eocene strata, 267, 269 ——, on faults in coal-measure of Coalbrook Dale, 88 ——, on shells of London clay, 264 ——, on thickness of Coralline Crag, 198 Prévost, M. Constant, on Paris basin, 270 Primary Limestone, 579 —— rocks, 458 ——, term defined, 123 “Primordial Zone” of Bohemia, 481, 482 _Productus horridus,_ Permian, 388 —— _semireticulatus (antiquatus)_, 434 Progressive development indicated by low grade of early mammals, 384 Proteaceæ of Aix-la-Chapelle flora, 304 —— of Lower Molasse, Switzerland, 237 —— of Œningen beds, 221 Protogine, 578 Protosaurus of Thuringia, 390, 464 Protrusion of solid granite, 574 Provinces of animals and plants, 126 _Psammodus porosus_, 437 _Pseudocrinites bifasciatus,_ Silurian, 466 _Psilophyton princeps,_ Devonian, 455 Pteraspis in Lower Ludlow shale, 463 _Pterichthys,_ Old Red Sandstone, 445 Pterodactyl of Kentish chalk, 297 _Pterodactylus anglicus,_ Old Red, 447 —— _crassirostris,_ Solenhofen, 337 _Ptychodus decurrens,_ White Chalk, 297 Pudding-stone or conglomerate, 36 ——, formation of, 62 Pumice, 508 Punfield beds, brackish and marine, 318 _Pupa muscorum_, 155 —— _tridens,_ Loess, 56 —— _vetusta,_ Coal, 415 Purbeck beds, Upper, Middle, and Lower, 323, 324, 336 ——, fossil mammalia of the Middle, 325 —— marble, 324 ——, subdivisions of the, 333 Purity of coal, cause of, 402 _Purpura tetragona,_ Red Crag, 196 _Purpuroidea nodulata,_ Great Oolite, 345 Puy de Côme, cone and lava-current of, 528 —— de Tartaret, lava-current and cone of, 527, 542 —— de Pariou, crater of the, 529 Puzzuoli, elevation of land at, 525 _Pygopterus mandibularis,_ Permian, 390 Pyrenees, chalk altered by granite in the, 570 ——, curved strata in, 86 ——, lamination of clay-slate in, 596 Pyroxene group of minerals, 499, 502 _Pyrula reticulata,_ Crag, 200

QUADER-SANDSTEIN, Cretaceous age of the, 293 Quadrumana of Gers, 215 Quadrupeds, extinct, in Paleolithic gravels, 152 Quartz, specific gravity of, 499, 500, 555 Quartzite or Quartz Rock, 579 Queenaig, unconformable Palæozoic strata at, 112 Quenstedt on zones of Lias, 353

RADABOJ Miocene, brown coal of, 242 _Radiolites foliaceus,_ White Chalk, 306 —— _Mortoni,_ White Chalk, 295 —— _radiosa,_ White Chalk, 306 Radnorshire, stratified trap in, 549 Rain-prints with worm tracks in Coal, 416 ——, carboniferous, 416 Ramsay, Professor, on break between Upper and Lower Cretaceous, 301 ——, on breccias in Permian, 391 ——, on escarpments, 104 ——, on denudation, 98 ——, on ice-erosion of lake-basins, 184 ——, on Lingula Flags, 484 ——, on position of Tremadoc beds, 483 ——, on Silurian metamorphic rocks, 602 ——, on submergence in glacial period, 181 ——, on thickness of the Lower Trias, 372 ——, on thickness of Llandeilo beds, 475 ——, on thickness of the Bala beds, 473 ——, on volcanic tuffs of Snowdon, 549 ——, on zones of the Lias, 353 _Rastrites peregrinus,_ Llandeilo Flags, 473 Rath, Von, on Tridymite, 500 Recent Period defined, 145 —— volcanic rocks, 524 Record, imperfection of, in the earth’s crust, 138 Red Crag, older Pliocene, 194 —— Sandstone, Origin of, 374 —— Sea and Mediterranean, distinct species in, 127 Redruth, Cornwall, section of veins in mine, 607 Reindeer Period in South of France, 149 Relistran mine, pebbles in tin of, 609 Reptiles of the Coal, 406, 413 Reptiles of the Lias, 360 _Retepora flustracea,_ Permian, 388 Rhætic beds between Lias and Trias, 366 Rhine, fresh-water strata of the, 53 ——, loess of the, 154 Rhinoceros in drift of Abbeville, 153 —— _leptorhinus (megarhinus),_ molar of, 164 —— _tichorhinus,_ molar of, 164 Rhode Island, metamorphic rocks of, 583 _Rhynchonella navicula,_ Ludlow, 460 —— _octoplicata,_ White Chalk, 294 —— _spinosa,_ Inferior Oolite, 350 —— _Wilsoni,_ Aymestry, 462 Richmond, Virginia, Triassic coal-field of, 382 Rigi and Speer, Lower Miocene of the, 235 _Rimula clathrata,_ Great Oolite, 345 Rink, Mr., on Greenland land-ice, 171 Ripple-marked sandstone, how formed, 46 Rise and fall of land, 146 _Rissoa Chastelii,_ Hempstead beds, 245 Rivers, denuding powers of, 101, 114 Roches moutonnees described, 169 Rock, term defined, 26 Rocks altered by volcanic dikes, 514 —— altered by subterranean gases, 586 ——, analysis of minerals in, 499 ——, aqueous or stratified, 27 ——, classification of, 121 ——, great thickness of palæozoic, 110 ——, glacial scorings on, 169 ——, metamorphic, age of, 597 ——, plutonic age of, 564 ——, volcanic, age of, 520 ——, trappean, 497 ——, metamorphic, defined, 32 ——, four classes of contemporaneous, 33 ——, plutonic, defined, 31 ——, tests of age of, 123, 125, 520, 564, 597 ——, four contemporaneous classes of, 122 ——, underlying, not always the oldest, 122 ——, volcanic, defined, 29 Rock-salt of Trias, 371 ——, origin of, 374 Rogers, Mr. H. D., on blending of coal-seams, 400 ——, on Virginian fault, 92 Rose, Gustavus, on isomorphism, 502 ——, on Fifeshire dike, 546 ——, on quartz in granite, 555 Rosso antico, red porphyry of Egypt, 506 _Rostellaria (Hippocrenes) ampla,_ London Clay, 266 Roth, M., on Miocene of Greece, 226 Runn of Cutch, salt of, 375 Rupelian beds of Dumont, 241, 242 Russia, glaciation of, 174 ——, Devonian of, 454 ——, Silurian strata of, 478