Chapter XXXVI: Mineral Veins (3)

SAARBRUCK, reptiles in coal-field of, 406 _Sabal major,_ Lower Miocene, 237 Sables de Bracheux, 276 —— moyens, Paris basin, 273 Sahlite, 502 St. Abb’s Head, curved strata of, 76 ——, unconformable stratification at, 94 St. Andrews, carboniferous trap-rocks of, 545 St. Cassian, fossil mollusca of, 377 —— and Hallstadt beds, 376 St. David’s, Menevian beds of, 485 St. Mary’s, shells of, 539 Salt, rock, origin of, 372 Salter, Mr., on fossils of Arenig group, 476 ——, on Menevian beds, 485 ——, on Tremadoc fossils, 483 Sandberger, Dr. F., on Mayence basin, 242 Sandstone, New Red, 369 ——, Old Red, 439 —— slab with cracks, 317 ——, slab of ripple-marked, 45 —— slab with footprints, 408 _Sao hirsuta_, 488 Saurians of the Lias, 361 ——, sudden destruction of, 362 _Saurichthys apicalis,_ Rhætic Beds, 367 Saussure, on vertical conglomerates, 73 _Saxicava rugosa,_ Scotch drift, 176 Saxony, beds of minerals in, 609 Scandinavia, glaciation of, 174 _Scaphites æqualis,_ Chloritic marl, 299 Scapolite, 506 Scheerer on action of water in metamorphism, 585 Schist, mica, 578 ——, argillaceous, 579 ——, hornblende, 578 _Schizodus Schlotheimi,_ Permian, 387 —— _truncatus,_ Permian, 387 Schmerling, Dr., on Liége caverns, 157 Schorl-rock, and schorly granite, 557 Schwab, M., on Celtic coins in lake-dwellings, 149 _Scoliostoma,_ St. Cassian, 377 Scoresby, on Arctic icebergs, 172 Scoriaceous lava, 507 Scoriæ, 508 Scotland, “Fundamental gneiss” of, 493 ——, Old Red Sandstone of, 440 ——, glaciation of, 175 Screws, fossil, internal casts of shells, 66 Scrope, Mr., on Isle of Ponza, globiform pitchstone, 512 ——, on minerals in lava, 524 ——, on water in lava, 555 Scudder, Mr., on Devonian insects of Canada, 457 Sea, apparent fall of, caused by rise of land, 70 ——, denuding power of the, 105 ——, deep soundings in, 287 ——, mean depth of the, 118 —— cliffs, inland, 103 Secondary and Tertiary, gap between the, 281 ——, term defined, 123 Section of Auvergne alluvium, 100 —— of carboniferous rocks, Lancashire, 85 —— of chalk and greensand, 287 —— of crags near Woodbridge, Suffolk, 198 —— of cross-stratification, 42-44 —— of curved strata of the Jura, 82 —— of dirt-bed in Isle of Portland, 332 —— of Forfarshire, showing curved strata, 74 —— of fossil tree, showing texture, 67 —— of folded and denuded carboniferous beds, Nova Scotia, 418 —— of the Oolitic strata, 322 —— of Recent and Post-pliocene alluvial deposits, 151 —— showing creeps in coal-mines, 79 —— of slaty cleavage, 589 —— showing valleys of denudation, 98 —— showing the Weald formation, 313 —— of strata thinning out, 41 —— of superimposed groups at Dundry Hill, 130 —— of unconformable strata near Mons, 95 Sections illustrating faults, 88, 90, 91 Sedgwick, Professor, on the Cambrian Group, 481, 482, 486 ——, on classification of Arenig group, 476 ——, on Devonian series, 439, 449 ——, on position of the May-Hill beds, 568 ——, on protrusion of solid granite, 574 ——, on slaty cleavage, 588, 591 ——, on garnet in altered rock, 515 ——, on concretionary structure, 63 Sediment, accumulation of, causing a shifting of the subterranean, 117 isothermals. Sedimentary beds of the Carboniferous, 396 Selsea Bill, erratics at, 182 Senarmont on action of water in metamorphism, 585 _Sequoia Langsdorfii_, 238 _“Seraphim,” head of Pterygotus anglicus_, 446 Serapis, marine littoral deposits of, 146 Serpentine, 578 _Serpulæ_ attached to _Gryphæa_, 48 —— attached to _Spatangus_, 49 —— attached to _Apiocrinus_, 343 Shale defined, 36 —— of the Lower Ludlow, 461 Sharpe, Mr. D., on American Silurian fossils, 479 ——, on fossils distorted by cleavage, 592 Shell-mounds of Denmark, 146 Shells, Arctic, in Scotch drift, 177 ——, derivative, in the Crag, 195-203 ——, marine, found at great heights above the sea, 29 ——, proportion of living, in the Crags, 194, 195, 199 ——, value of, in classification, 142 ——, fossil, of Virginia, 228 —— of the London clay, 266 —— of the mountain limestone, 433 —— of the Barton clay, 258 —— of the Oolite, 335, 345, 350 ——, marine, of Moel Tryfaen, 180 Sheppey, fauna and flora of, 264 ——, Eocene fish of, 267 Sherringham, erratic block at, 191 Shetland, granite of, 558 ——, hornblende-schist of, 583 Sicily, fauna and flora of, older than the country itself, 207 ——, newer Pliocene strata of, 204 ——, subterranean igneous action in, 569 ——, undulating gypseous marls of, 86 ——, volcanic dikes of, 531 Sidlaw Hills, trap of, 548 Sigillaria in coal-measures, 380, 411, 425 _Sigillaria lævigata,_ coal-measures, 426 Siliceous limestone defined, 37 Silurian, derivation of the name, 458 ——, granite of Norway, 573 ——, metamorphic, of North Highlands, 601 —— rocks, classification of, 458 —— strata of the continent of Europe, 477 —— strata of United States, 478 —— volcanic rocks, 548 _Siphonotreta unguiculata,_ obolus grits, 478 Siwâlik Hills, fresh-water deposits of, 226 Skaptar Jokul, flow of lava from, 523 Skye, hypersthene rocks of, 491 ——, Isle of, Miocene syenite of the, 568 ——, trap dike in, 514 Slaty cleavage, 588 Slicken-sides, in opposite walls of veins, 608 ——, term defined, 87 _Smilax sagittifera,_ Œningen, 222 Smith, Mr. W., on White Lias bed, 366 Snowdon, volcanic tuffs of, 549 Soissonnais sands, 275 _Solenastræa cellulosa,_ Brockenhurst, 257 Solenhofen stone, fossils in the, 337 Solfatara, decomposition of rocks in the, 586 Somma, cone and dikes of, 526 Sopwith, Mr. T., models of outcrop of strata, 85 Sorby, Mr., on action of water in metamorphism, 585 ——, on glass cavities in quartz, 555 ——, on mechanical theory of cleavage, 592 ——, on ripple-marks in mica schist, 596 South Joggins, section of cliffs at, 410 Spalacotherium, Purbeck, 346 _Spatangus radiatus,_ Chalk, 284 —— with serpula attached, 49 Species, gradual change of, 139 —— older than the land they inhabit, 207 ——, similarity of conditions causing reappearance of, 311 Specific gravity of basalt and trachyte, 504 Speer and Rigi, Lower Miocene of the, 235 Speeton Clay, 311 _Sphærexochus mirus,_ Silurian, 467 _Sphærulites agariciformis,_ White Chalk, 306 —— of volcanic minerals, 499 _Sphenophyllum erosum,_ Coal, 425 _Sphenopteris gracilis,_ Hastings sands, 318 Spheroidal concretions in limestone, 64 _Spicula of sponge,_ Atlantic mud, 288 _Spirifera disjuncta,_ Devonian, 450 —— _alata,_ Permian, 388 —— _mucronata_, 454 —— _trigonalis,_ and _S. glabra_, 434 _Spiriferina Walcotti,_ Lias, 355 _Spirolina stenostoma,_ Eocene, 275 _Spirorbis carbonarius,_ coal-measures, 405 _Spondylus spinosus,_ White Chalk, 294 _Sponge in flint from White Chalk_, 296 Sponges, vitreous, in the chalk, 291 Springs, mineral of Auvergne, 604 Staffa, age of columnar basalt of, 539 Stalactite, origin of, explained, 156 _Starfish_ in Silurian strata, 472 Stations of species affecting distribution of fossils, 354 _Stauria astræiformis_, 431 Stereognathus of Stonesfield, 348 Sternberg, Count, on insects in coal, 495 _Stigmaria attached to trunk of Sigillaria_, 427 —— in coal-measures, 398, 411, 426 —— _ficoides_ and surface showing tubercles, Coal, 427 Stilbite, 500 Stiper-Stones or Arenig Group, 475 Stockwerk, assemblage of veins, 605 Stonesfield slate, mammalia of the, 345 Strata, term defined, alternations of fresh-water, and shallow and deep, 27 sea. ——, alternations of marine and fresh-water, 108 ——, curved, inclined, and vertical, 73 ——, apparent horizontality of inclined, 81 ——, contorted in drift, 178 ——, contortion of, in Cyclopean Isles, 530 ——, general table of fossiliferous, 131 ——, horizontality of, 40 ——, origin of metamorphic, 83 ——, overlapping, 95 —— repeated by being doubled back, 87 ——, slow growth of, attested by fossils, 47-50 —— of organic origin, 51 ——, tests of age of, 123 ——, unconformability of, 94, 138 ——, vast thickness of, not forming high mountains, 109-13 Stratification, diagonal or cross, 42, 44 ——, different forms described, 39 —— of metamorphic rocks considered, 580 Stratified rocks, composition of, 35 Striæ, production of, 168 Strickland, Mr., on thickness of the Trias, 369 _Stricklandinia lirata_, 469 Strike, term explained, 80 _Stringocephalus Burtini_, 452 Stromboli, lava of, 566 _Strophomena depressa,_ Wenlock, 466 —— _grandis_, 471 Studer, Mr., on gneiss of the Jungfrau, 599 subaërial denudation, average annual amount of, 113 Subapennine beds, proportion of recent species in, 143 —— strata, older Pliocene, 208 Submarine denudation, 105 Subsidence of land must preponderate over upheaval, 116 _Succinea amphibia_, 55 —— _elongata_, 155 Suess, M., on fossils of St. Cassian beds, 376, 377 ——, on Vienna basin, 225 Suffolk, Crag of, 195 “Sunk country,” New Madrid, 402 Superga, Lower Miocene of the, 244 Superior, Lake, marl in, 63 Superposition of deposits, a test of age, 124 —— a test of age of volcanic rocks, 521 Sutherlandshire, unconformable Palæozoic strata in, 112 Swanage, fossil mammalia found at, 326 Sweden, Cambrian of, 489 ——, slow rise of land in, 72 ——, small thickness of Silurian strata in, 477 Switzerland, lake-dwellings of, 148 ——, Lower Molasse of, 235 ——, Middle or Marine Molasse of, 223 ——, Upper Miocene of, at Œningen, 215 Sydney coal-field, rain-prints in, 416 Syenite, composition of, 552, 557 ——, how far connected with trap-rocks, 558 Syenitic granite, 557 Symonds, Rev. W. S., on Moel Tryfaen shells, 180 Synclinal and anticlinal curves, 74, 85

TABLE of Botanical Nomenclature, 303 —— of St. Cassian fossil mollusca, 377 —— of Cretaceous formations, 283 —— of Devonian series in Devon, 449 —— of divisions of Hastings Sand, 316 —— of English and French Eocene strata, 252 —— of ages of fossil vertebrata, 464 —— of Neocomian strata, 308 —— of mammalia older than Paris gypsum, 329 —— of marine testacea in the Crag, 202 —— of Oolitic strata, 321 —— of volcanic minerals, 499 —— of Silurian strata of United States, 478 —— of Silurian rocks, 458 —— of Triassic strata, 375 —— of Cambrian strata, 482 —— of Permian of north of England, 386 —— of Welsh coal-measures, 394 —— of thicknesses of Carboniferous limestone, 395 ——, general, of fossiliferous strata, 131 Table Mountain, granite veins in clay-slate of, 560 Tails of homocercal and heterocercal fish, 389 Talcose granite, 557 —— gneiss, 578 Tarannon shales, 468 Tartaret cone, and lava of, 527, 542 Tate, Mr., on St Cassian fossils, 377 Tealby series, Middle Neocomian, 312 Teeth of extinct mammalia, 163, 164 _Tellina balthica (T. solidula)_, 190 —— _calcarea (T. proxima)_, 177 —— _obliqua,_ Crag, 194 _Temnechinus excavatus_, 200 _Temnopleurus excavatus_, 200 _Tentaculites annulatus,_ Silurian, 489 _Terebellum fusiforme,_ Barton, 259 —— _sopita,_ Barton, 259 _Terebratula affinis,_ Aymestry, 462 —— _biplicata,_ White Chalk, 294 —— _carnea,_ White Chalk, 294 —— _digona,_ Bradford clay, 345 —— _fimbria,_ Inferior Oolite, 350 —— _hastata,_ Mountain Limestone, 434 —— _sella,_ Neocomian, 310 —— _Wilsoni,_ Aymestry, 462 _Terebratulina striata,_ White Chalk, 294 _Terebrirostra lyra,_ Chloritic Sand, 300 _Teredo navalis,_ boring wood, 50 Tertiary formations, classification of, 137, 143 —— strata, subdivisions of, 143 ——, term defined, 123 Testacea. _See_ Shells. Thallogens, 303 _Thamnastræa,_ Coral Rag, 339 Thanet sands, 269 _Theca operculata,_ Tremadoc beds, 483 _Thecodontosaurus, tooth of,_ 374 _Thecodus parvidens,_ Ludlow, 460 _Thecosmilia annularis,_ Coral Rag, 339 Thirria, M., on Nerinæan limestone, 340 Thompson, Dr., on Nummulites of Thibet, 277 Thomson, Wyville, on Atlantic mud, 288 ——, on sponges in chalk mud, 292 Thuringia, monitor of, 390, 463 Thurmann, M., on Bernese Jura Oolite, 344 ——, on structure of the Jura, 83 _Thylacotherium Prevostii,_ Stonesfield, 347 Tile-stones of the Upper Ludlow, 459 Tilgate forest, fossil Iguanodon in, 315 Till described, 166 ——, mammoth in Scotch, 175 —— of North America, 182 Tin veins, age of, in Cornwall, 615 Titanoferrite, 500 Torell, Dr., on ice-action in Greenland, 172 ——, on Swedish Cambrian fossils, 489 Touraine, faluns of, 211 Tourmaline, 500 Trachytic rocks, 505 —— tuff, 506 —— porphyry, 506 —— lava, age of, 523 Trap, term defined, 498 —— dike, intercepting strata, 518 —— dikes, 513-17 ——, intrusion of, between strata, 517 —— rocks, ages of, 524-50 —— rocks passing into granite, 559 —— tuff described, 508 Trappean rocks, nomenclature of, 497 —— rocks, their relation to active volcanoes, 517 Trass of Lower Eifel, 535 Travertin, how deposited, 60 ——, inférieur of Paris basin, 273 _Tree ferns, living_, 422 Trees erect in coal, Nova Scotia, 411 Tremadoc slates and their fossils, 482 Tremolite, 499, 502 Trenton limestone, fossils of the, 479 Trezza, volcanic rocks of, 529 Trias, beds of passage between Lias and, 366 —— of England, 369-74 —— of Germany, 375 ——, Saurians of the, 370 —— of the United States, 381 Triassic mammifer, North Carolina, 383 Triclinic feldspars, 501 Tridymite, crystallised silica, 500 _Trigonellites latus,_ Kimmeridge clay, 336 _Trigonia caudata,_ Neocomian, 310 —— gibbosa, Portland stone, 335 _Trigonocarpum ovatum,_ and _T. olivæforme,_ Coal, 429 _Trigonotreta undulata,_ Permian, 388 Trilobites of Bala and Caradoc beds, 471 ——, metamorphosis of, 471, 488 —— of primordial zone, 487 _Triloculina inflata,_ Eocene, 275 Trimmer, Mr., on contorted strata, 179 ——, on shells of Moel Tryfaen, 186 _Trinucleus concentricus, T. Caractaci_, 472 _Trionyx, carapace of,_ Bembridge, 253 Tripoli composed of diatomaceæ, 51 _Trochoceras giganteus,_ Ludlow, 463 _Trophon antiquum (Fusus contrarius)_, 196 —— _clathratum,_ Scotch drift, 176 Tuff defined, 30 ——, shelly, of the Grand Canary, 538 ——, trappean, of Llandeilo rocks, 473 ——, shelly, of Gergovia, 542 _Tupaia Tana,_ recent, 347 Turner, Dr., on chemical decomposition, 68 _Turrilites costatus,_ Chalk, 299 _Turritella multisulcata,_ Bracklesham, 262 Tuscany, mineral springs of, 604 Tylor, Mr., on amount of subaërial denudation, 114 Tyndall, Dr., on slaty cleavage, 594 Tynedale fault, 90 Tynemouth cliff, brecciated limestone of, 387 _Typhis pungens,_ Barton clay, 259

_UNCITES Gryphus,_ Devonian, 452 Unconformability of strata, 94, 138 Underlying, term applied to plutonic rocks, 34 Unger on American forms in Swiss Miocene flora, 223, 239 —— on Miocene plants of Croatia, 243 Ungulite, or Obolus grit of Russia, 477 _Unio littoralis_, 54 —— _Valdensis,_ Hastings Sands, 317 United States, Cambrian of the, 489 ——, Cretaceous rocks of, 307 ——, Devonian of, 455 ——, Eocene strata in the, 278 ——, footprints in Carboniferous of, 407 ——, Lower Miocene of, 248 ——, older Pliocene and Miocene formations of, 227 ——, Silurian strata of, 478 ——, Trias of the, 381 Upheaval of land more than counteracted by subsidence, 116 ——, power of denudation to counteract, 105, 115 Upper Greensand, or Chloritic series, 298 Upsala, erratics on modern marine drift near, 174 Ural Mountains, auriferous alluvium of, 616 Uralite, 499 _Ursus spelæus, tooth of_, 165 Urville, Captain de, on size of icebergs, 172

VAL D’ARNO, Newer Pliocene of, 207 Valleys, origin of, 102 Valorsine, granite veins in talcose gneiss in, 599 _Valvata piscinalis_, 55 _Vanessa Pluto,_ Lower Miocene, Croatia, 243 Vegetation of the Coal, 420 —— of the Devonian of America, 455 ——. _See_ Plants. Veins, chemical deposits in, 612 ——, granite rocks altered by, 559 ——, different kinds of minerals, 605 ——. _See_ Mineral veins. Vein-stones, 610 _Venericardia planicosta_, 260 Venetz, M., on Alpine glaciers, 170 _Ventriculites radiatus,_ Chalk, 292 Verneuil, M. de, on Russian Silurian, 462 ——, on Permian flora, 392 Vertebrata, progress of discovery of fossil, 464 Vertical strata, 73 Vesuvius, Recent and Post-pliocene volcanic rocks of, 525 ——, basaltic lavas of, 508 ——, tufaceous strata of, 522 ——, dikes of, 527 _Vicarya Lujani,_ Punfield, 319 Vicentin, columnar basalt of the, 511 Vienna Basin, Upper Miocene beds of, 224 Vine in Upper Miocene beds at Œningen, 221 Virginia, eighty miles of fault in, 92 ——, coal-field of, 382 Virlet, M, on corrosion of rocks near Corinth, 586 ——, on Cretaceous traps of Greece, 544 ——, on fossils in veins, 608 ——, on volcanic rocks of the Morea, 544 Volcanic ash or tuff, 508 —— breccia, 509 —— dikes, 513-16 —— force and denudation opposing powers, 117 —— mountains, structure and origin of, 494 Volcanic rocks defined, 29 ——, mineral composition of, 498 ——, Recent and Post-pliocene, 524 ——, Pliocene, 529 ——, Miocene, 536-43 ——, Eocene, 543 ——, Cretaceous and Liassic, 544, 545 ——, New Red, Permian and Carboniferous, 545 ——, Old Red Sandstone, 547 ——, Silurian, Cambrian and Laurentian, 548, 549 —— of Auvergne, 540 ——, columnar and globular, structure of, 510 —— of Grand Canary, 528 —— of Silurian age, 477 ——, special forms of structure of, 506 ——, tests of age of, 520-4 Volcanoes, extinct, 30 —— of Auvergne, 495 _Voltzia heterophylla,_ Bunter, 380 _Voluta ambigua,_ Barton clay, 259 —— _athleta,_ Barton, 259 —— _Lamberti,_ coralline and Red Crag, 196 —— _Lamberti,_ faluns, 214 —— _nodosa,_ London clay, 266 —— _Selseïensis,_ Bracklesham, 262 Von Buch, Leopold, on “elevation craters,” 496 ——, on Silurian plutonic rocks, 572

WACKE described, 508 Wagner, M., on Miocene of Greece, 226 _Walchia piniformis,_ Permian, 392 Wales and England, glaciation of, 180 Wallich, Dr., on Atlantic mud, 287 Water, denuding power of running, 98, 115 ——, action of, in metamorphism, 584 Watt, Gregory, on fusion of rock, 584 Weald clay and its fossils, 317 Wealden area, thickness of the, 319 —— formation, 313 —— flora, 320 Webster, Mr. T., on Tertiary strata, 141 Wellington Valley caves, 158 Wenlock formation, fossils of the, 465-8 —— limestone, 465 —— shale, 467 Werner on mineral veins in Saxony, 609 —— on isomorphism, 502 Westwood, Mr., on Lias beetles, 363 Wexford, veins of copper at, 615 Whitaker, Mr., on subaërial origin of escarpments, 104 White or coralline crag, 197 —— sand of Alum Bay, 38 Whymper, Mr., on Arctic Miocene plants, 240 Williams, Mr., on Cornish lodes, 607 Williamson, Professor, on Conifers of the Coal, 428 ——, on structure of calamite, 425 Wind, denuding action of the, 97 Wood, Mr. Searles, on Bridlington shells, 190 ——, on Chillesford and Aldeby beds, 192 ——, on shells of the Crags, 194, 195, 199 ——, on shells of Crag and faluns compared, 213 ——, on fish of Headon series, 255 ——, table of marine testacea of the Crag, 202 ——, on thickness of coralline crag, 198 Woodward, Dr., on St. Cassian fossils, 377 Woodward, Mr. H., on Pterygotus, 447 Woolhope beds, 467 Woolwich and Reading series, 267 Wright, Dr., on Barton shells, 258 ——, on zones of the Lias, 353 Wunsch, Mr. E. A., on trees in volcanic ash, 546 Wyville Thomson. _See_ Thomson.

_XIPHODON gracile,_ Paris basin, 271 _Xylobius Sigillariæ,_ Nova Scotia coal, 415

YOREDALE beds, thickness of the, 395 Yorkshire, Oolite of, 349 Young, Mr., on seeds washed out of mammoth tusks, 176

ZECHSTEIN of Germany, 392 Zeolites, secondary volcanic minerals, 500 _Zeuglodon cetoides,_ Eocene, United States, 280 Zircon-syenite, 558 _Zoantharia rugosa_ and _Z. aporosa_, 431 Zones of the Lias, 353 _Zonites priscus,_ Coal, 415 Zoological provinces, great extent of, 127 Zoophytes, fossil, 48 ——. _See_ Corals, Bryozoa, etc. Zurich, lake-dwellings in Lake of, 148