Chapter XXXIX: Precious Stones (2)

After the first explorers had collected about a ton, the whole able- bodied population of Guttannen, provided with hammers, spades, ropes, baskets, and trucks, came forth to carry away the remainder. As the report had spread that the Canton of Uri, on whose territory the cave was situated, intended to stop their proceedings, they worked night and day with feverish haste, and in the space of a week had entirely stripped it of its treasures, which were partly conveyed to the new Furca Road, and partly transported over the glaciers to the Grimsel. One of the party fell into a crevice with a crystal of a hundred pounds upon his back, but extricated himself, though he was obliged to abandon his prize. Thus when the authorities from Uri made their appearance on the spot nearly all the crystals had been removed out of their reach. Seven of the finest specimens, each rejoicing in an individual name, like the mammoth-trees of America, now form a magnificent group in the museum of Berne, to which they were sold for 8,000 francs. The ‘king,’ 32 inches high and 3 feet in circumference, weighs 255 pounds; the 'grandfather,’ though of inferior height, makes up for this deficiency by a superior girth, and weighs 276 pounds. Many other fine crystals were sold to various museums and private collections for six or seven francs per pound, so that Sulzer’s discovery will long be gratefully remembered in the annals of the poor village of Guttannen.

INDEX.

Aben Aboo, last Morisco chief of Granada, his end, 174 Abraham, his purchase of the field of Machpelah with silver money, 297 Abydos, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205 Abyssinia, rock-churches of, 186 Aconcagua, height of the volcano of, 54 Adelsberg, cave of, vast dimensions of the, 135, 138 entrance to the Cave of, 137 stalagmital formations of, 140 traversed by a river, 150 fungi in the, 157 subterranean animals found in the, 162, 163 insects in the, 163 Adit levels, drainage by, 269 Adullam, David’s refuge in the cave of, 169 Æolian caverns, 198-200 those of Terni, 198 fables respecting, 199 Africa, future services of Artesian wells to, 51 cannibal caves of South, 234 Agates, 496 of Oberstein, 496, 498 Aidepsos, antiquity of the hot baths of, 44 Ajunta, rock-temples of, 182, 183 Alabaster, origin of, 4 of Montmartre, 468 of Volterra, 468 of England, 469 Alaghez, sulphur of the crater of the volcano of, 445 Albania, subterranean water-courses of, 150 Albano, Lake of, the crateriform hollow forming the, 132 Albert the Great, his discovery of arsenic, 385 Alchemists, their search for gold, 371 Aleschga, fire temple of, 91 Aleutian Mountains, volcanoes of the, 61 Aleutian Archipelago, formation of a new volcanic island in the, 60 Alexander the Great, wealth of, 286, 298 Aldborough, amber found on the coast at, 450 Algeria, Artesian wells of, 51 Algiers, great part of, destroyed by the earthquake of 1755, 118 Aljaska, volcanoes of the peninsula of, 61 Almaden del Azogue, quicksilver mines of, 371-373 mines of New Almaden in California, 378 Alpujarras, destruction of the Moors of Granada in the caves of, 173, 174 Alston, situation of the town of, 366 Alston Moor, horses used in the mines of, 262 great drain of Nent Force Level, 270 lead mines of, 365, 366 Altaï, copper mines of the, 326 porphyry of the, 468 Alten Fjord, copper mines of, 324 Aluminium, discovery and uses of, 387 Aluminium-bronze, 387 Amber, modes of collecting, on the Prussian coast, 449 diggings near Dantzig, 449, 450 various places in which it is found, 450 what is amber? 450 the extinct amber-tree, 451 insects inclosed in amber, 452-455 ancient and modern trade in, 455-457 constituents of, 458 mines of Tolfa, 458 manufacture of, 459 Amblyopsis spelæus, of the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, 168 America, number of active volcanoes in Western and Central, 61 copper mines of, 326 ancient copper mines of, 327 iron industry of, 362 lead mines of, 367 silver mines of, 300-314 coal-fields of North, 424 fossil monkeys of South, 24 animals of the Pliocene period and of the present day, 24 Ammonites, number of species of the,18 characteristics of the, 18 Ammonites Henleyi, 9 Anaitis, golden statue of the goddess, 286 Anchorites, caves of, 178 Ancyloceras gigas, 19 Andernach, on the Rhine, glacial beer cellars of, 192 entrance to the glacière of, 201 Andes, sea-shells found on the, 34 fish disgorged from the volcanic caverns of the, 69 André, St., town and church of, buried by a landslip of Mount Grenier, 127 Andreasberg, St., depth of one of the pits of, 247 Animals, impressions produced on, by an earthquake, 113 subterranean, 159-168 divine honours paid to them by the Egyptians, and converted into mummies, 205 caves containing remains of extinct animals, 213 Anoplotheriums, size and characteristics of the, 23 Antæopolis, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205 Anthony, St., of Egypt, his rock-cave, life, and death, 178, 179 Anthracites, or non-bituminous coal, 401, 402 value of, for steam-engines, 405 Antimony, first mention of, 383 uses of, 383 Antioch, earthquake of, in the reign of Trajan, 97 its subsequent subversion by an earthquake, 97 Antiparos, Grotto of, 134 Antuco, eruption of the volcano of, in 1835, 79 Apallachian coal-field, its enormous extent, 424 Apollo, at Delphi, golden statue of, 285 Apteryx australis of New Zealand, 216 Aptornis, Professor Owen’s resuscitation of the, 217 Aqueducts of the Romans, 41 of the Turks, 41, 42 Aqueous rocks, countless ages of the formation of the, 1, 5 incomplete knowledge of these sedimentary formations, 1 aqueous strata disturbed by igneous formations, 4 Arabia, sulphur of, 446 Arcadia, consecrated caves to Artemis and Pan in, 187 Arcueil, artificial mushroom-beds at, 158 Arica, effects of an earthquake sea-wave at, 109 Argentiferous veins of the Clausthal and the Veta madre, their length, 247 Armenia, hermits in, 179 Arnaud, St., Colonel, his massacre of the Arabs in the cave of Shelas, 176 Arracan, mud volcanoes of the coast of, 93 Arsenic, discovery of, 385 supply of, 385 Artesian wells, subterranean heat shown by, 32 theory of, 48 of the inhabitants of the Sahara, mentioned by Olympiodorus, 48 the well of Grenelle at Paris, 49 Artesian well sunk in the London basin, 49 various uses of Artesian wells, 50 those of Algeria, 51 future importance of, in Africa and Australia, 51, 52 Ashes thrown out by volcanic eruptions, 66, 67 Asia Minor, earthquakes of, in the reign of Tiberius, 97, 100 Asphalte, 426 found swimming on the Dead Sea, 427 uses of, 427 pavements made of, 428 Assuan, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205 Asterophyllites comosa, 392 Augustus, Emperor, and the sacrilegious soldier, story of, 286 Aurignac, sepulchral grotto of, 228, 229 Australia, future importance of Artesian wells to, 52 stalactital caves of, 141 ossiferous caves of, 216 discovery of gold in, 289 Sir Roderick Murchison’s surmises, 289 copper mines of, 329 Austria, coal-fields of, 423 salt mines of, 433-436 Auvergne, carbonic acid gas springs of, 88 maare, or crateriform hollows, in, 132 Avaricum (Bourges), Cæsar’s siege of, 347 Averno, Lake of, formed in an extinct crater of a volcano, 57 Aviculopecten sublobatus, fossils of, 15 Axmouth, landslip at, 128 Sir C. Lyell’s account of it, 128 Azores, earthquakes in the, 100 Azure Cave of Capri, beauty of the marine excavation called the, 143

Babylon, golden image of Belus at, 285 Bagdad, coins of, 287 Baghilt coal mine, in Wales, drowned, 273 Bahaud, Port, upheaval of the land at, 36 Baku, burning springs of, 91 new mud volcano near, 95 Balearic Islands, troglodytes of, 234 Ballarat, gold mines of, 291 Baltic, changes on the shores of the, 451 Banca, tinstone of, 335 Bann Bridge, subsidence of the land at, 36 Barbary, earthquake of 1755 in, 118 Barigazzo, burning springs near, 90 Bath, thermal springs of, 43 Bats, clusters of, in caverns, 159 Baumann’s Cave, in the Harz Mountains, 136 fatal expedition, 136 Bean shot and feathered shot of copperworks, 321, 322 Bear, grisly, of the Rocky Mountains, 125 bones of huge and formidable extinct species found in caverns, 123, 125 remains of bears found in caves, 213 Beatus, St., his cave on the Lake of Thun, 181 pilgrimages to his cave, 181 Beauheyl, or ‘living streams’ of tin, 337 Beaujonc, scenes of the inundation of the mine of, 274 Beckford, his remarks on the Grotto of Pausilippo and Virgil’s tomb, 242, 243 Beetle, cavern, in the cave of Adelsberg, 163 in the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, 167 Belemnites of the Lias and Oolite, 19 size and characteristics of the, 19, 20 Belemnite, restored, 19 Belgium, lead mines of, 367 production of zinc in, 381 coal-fields of, 423 Belus, image of, in the temple of Babylon, 285 Belzoni, his aptitude for his work, 203 Benedict, St., his cave near Subiaco, 180 Berchtesgaden, salt mines of, 436 Bergmann, his experiments with platinum, 382 Berguen, Louis von, discovers the art of cutting diamonds, 478 Beryl, the, 491, 492 Bethlehem, Church and Grotto of the Nativity at, 188 Bewick, Thomas, a coal-hewer in early life, 419 Biban-el-Moluk, the royal tombs of Thebes, 202-204 Biscayana, Veta de la, silver mine of, 304 its great wealth and subsequent abandonment, 304 Billiton, tinstone of, 335 Birds, cave-haunting, 160 Birmah, mud volcanoes of, 93 rock-temples, 184 Bismuth, first mention of, 383 whence furnished, 383 Bituminous substances, 426 Black Country, iron furnaces of the, 351 Black lead. _See_ Plumbago. Blast furnaces for iron, 352 benefits of the hot blast, 353 Blasting in mines and its dangers, 258-260 Bleyberg-à-Montzen, lead mines of, 367 Blothrus spelæus, of the Cave of Adelsberg, 163 its pursuit of the cavern-beetle, 163 Blowers in coal-mines, 279 Bogs, effects of bursting of, 130 Bohemia, ice-caves of, 197 gold coins of, 287 gold of, 288 silver mines of, 299 their produce, 300 tin mines of, 336 iron mines of, 358 coal-fields of, 423 Bolivia, active volcanoes of, 61 Bolsena, Lake of, formed in the extinct crater of a volcano, 57 Bonifacio, in Corsica, caverns of, 144, 145 Borax, or borate of soda, former chief supply of, 459 obtained as a crude substance in various places, 459 the suffioni of the Florentine lagoons, 460 Boring for minerals, 249 Williams’s account of the emotions of the boring party, 249 mode of operation, 250, 251 prices in the North of England for boring, 250 _note_ implements used for boring, 250 Borneo, diamond mines of, 480 Borrowstoness Colliery, 410 Bosio, Anthony, his discovery of the catacombs, 209 Boston, in America, smelting-houses of the Bay of, 328 Botallack mine, in Cornwall, 317-319 the blind miner of, 319, 320 Bourbon, Isle of, volume of the lava stream of the eruption of 1787, 75 Bracciano, Lake of, formed in the extinct crater of a volcano, 57 Brachiopods of the Silurian seas, 12, 13 Brandstein, ice-cave of, 197 Brazil, ossiferous caves of, 216 iron-ores of, 363 lead mines of, 367 Bressay, islet of, its marine caverns, 142 Breton, Cape, rain-drops of the Carboniferous period preserved at, 29 Brienz, village of, twice buried by a landslip, and twice reconstructed, 127 Brilliants, 479, 484 Britannia metal, 335 manufacture of, 383 Brittany, traces of depression of the land on the coast of, 37 Brixham, bone-caves of, 227 Bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, 332 implements of, found in Switzerland, 332 Brownhill, in North America, bituminous coal-field at, 424 Brûlé, near St. Etienne, burning coalmine at, 283 Brunswick, New, coal-fields of, 424 Buch, Leopold von, his observations as to the rise of the land of Sweden, 35 Büdöshegy, in Transylvania, sulphur caves of the mountain, 446 visit to the caves, 446 Bufador, or the water-spout of Pope Luna, 146 Buffalo, food of the, 26 Burgbrohl, carbonic acid gas spring of, and quantity it produces, 88 Burra-Burra copper mine, in Australia, 329 Busingen, destruction of the village of, 124 Bustamente, Don José, his draining gallery, 304

Cadiz, effects of the great earthquake of 1755 on, 117, 118
Cadmium, discovery and uses of, 386
Calabria, earthquake of 1783 in, 98
conduct of the peasants in the, 99
movement of the sea during the earthquake, 107
depth of the original shock of 1857, 111
Calamine, zinc produced from, 380
worked in Prussia, Belgium, and England, 381
Calamites nodosus, 393
Caldera, copper mines of, 326
California, upheaval of the land at, 34
discovery of gold in, 288
immense flood of emigration into, 289
gold-washing at, 295
copper mines of, 328
iron discovered in, 362
quicksilver of, 378
Callistus, catacomb of, discovery of the, 210
Calobozo, sounds accompanying earthquakes at, 103
Camborne, copper mines of, 317
Cambrian rocks, antiquity of the, 2, 3, 10
fossils of the, 10, 11
Cambyses, his enormous wealth, 286
Campagna, different kinds of stone of the, 208
Canada, iron pyrites of, 448
Canary Islands, earthquakes of the, 100
maare, or crateriform hollows, of the, 132
Cane, Grotto del, cruel experiments on dogs at, 89
Canstadt, in Wurtemberg, mills kept at work in winter by Artesian
wells, 50
Capac Urcu, the volcanic cone of, blown to pieces, 67
Caraccas, town of, destroyed by an earthquake, 101
Carbonic acid gas springs, 88
those of Germany, 88
Carboniferous period, fishes of the, 13
vegetable and animal remains of the, 14, 18
insects of the, 15
rain-drops of the, preserved at Sydney, in Cape Breton, 29
proof of the density of the atmosphere of the, 29
plants of the, 391
Carburetted hydrogen, springs of, 90-93
Carclaze tin mine, 341
Cardiganshire, lead mines of, 366
Cardona, rock-salt of the valley of, 437
Cardrew mine, in Cornwall, drainage of, 270
Carguairazo, fish disgorged from the eruption of the volcano of, 69, 70
Carinthia, dollinas and jamas of, 130
subterranean water-courses of, 150
fungi of the caves of, 158
iron of, 358
Carlsbad, hot springs of, 43
Carmel, Mount, grotto of the prophet Elijah on, 188
church on, 188
Carniola, dollinas and jamas of, 130
subterranean water-courses of, 150
Carnon, near Falmouth, tin-stream of, 338
Carrara marble, origin of, 4
quarries of, 465
situation of the quarries, 465
the town of, 465
Carron iron-works established, 350
Carson river, silver mines near the, 314
Cass, General, his report on the copper mines of Lake Superior, 328
Cassiterides, or tin islands, Herodotus’ mention of, 333
Cassotis, at Delphi, antiquity of the, 44
Castro, John di, his manufacture of alum at Tolfa, 458
Catacombs of Rome, 205
gallery with tombs, 206
sepulchral inscriptions, 209
Bosio’s discovery of the catacombs, 209
Cavaliere de Rossi’s researches, 210
these of Naples and Syracuse, 210
those of Paris, 210
Catania threatened by the lava-stream from Etna, 72
partly destroyed by the lava, 73
Catorce, Alamos de, silver mine of, 303
Caucasus, mud volcanoes of the, 93, 95
earthquakes of, 100
Cavern-roofs, falling in of, causing landslips, 129
Caves, in general, 133
their various forms, 133
natural tunnels, 133, 134
dimensions of caves, 135
discovery of caves, 135
the various rocks in which they occur, 136
marine caves, 142
volcanic caves, 146
cave rivers, 149
cave vegetation, 156
subterranean animals, 159
caves as places of refuge, 169
hermit caves and rock-temples, 178
subterranean places of worship, 181
ice-caves and wind-holes, 192
rock-tombs and catacombs, 202
caves with bones of extinct animals, 213
subterranean relics of prehistoric man, 221
troglodytes, or cave-dwellers, 231
cave of St. Peter’s Mount, near Maestricht, 470
Celsius, his observations of the rise of the land in Sweden, 35
Cemeteries, rock-hewn, of Egypt, 204, 205
Cenis, Mont, railway tunnel through, 238-240
machines for boring the, 238, 239
mode of proceeding, 238-240
Cervus megaceros, the, of Ireland, 28
Ceylon, rock-temples of, 184
Chalcedony, 497
Chaldæa, silver mines of, 298
Chalk group, star fish of the, 18
Charlemagne, imperial mantle of, 478
Cheshire, salt mines of, 431
Chili, number of active volcanoes of, 61
great earthquake of, in 1835, 79
earthquakes of, generally, 100
effects of the earthquake sea-wave after the shock, 108
silver mines of, 313, 314
copper mines of, 326
lead mines of, 367
China-clay, or kaolin, how formed, 460
mode of treating it, 460
export of, from Cornwall and Devonshire, 461
‘Chinaman’s Hole,’ gold diggings at, 292
Chinese, their use of springs of carburetted hydrogen, 90, 91
at the Australian gold diggings, 291
their discovery of gold near Mount Ararat, 291
Choke-damp, or black-damp, 278
destruction caused by, 281
Choquier, bones of extinct animals found in the cavern of, 214
Christians, tombs of the early, near Rome, 207, 208
Chrome, uses of, 385
discovery of, 386
whence obtained, 386
Chrysoberyl, or oriental chrysolite, 491
Chuquibamba, height of the volcano of, 54
Cinnabar, uses of, in early ages, 370
Cirknitz Lake, the Proteus first discovered in the, 164, 165
Clara, Boveda de Santa, at Almaden, 372
Cleveland district, iron manufacture of the, 354
Clausthal, length of the argentiferous veins of, 247
great adit levels of the mines of, 270
Clodius, Roman prætor, defeated by Spartacus at Vesuvius, 82
Coal and coal mines, 245, 246
age of, 390
plants of the Carboniferous age, 391
extent of the coal seams, 395
vast time required for the formation of the coal-fields, 395
the probable mode of formation, 396
derangements and dislocation of coal beds, 397, 398
separation of a coal-field into small areas by dykes or faults, 399
bituminous and non-bituminous coals, 401
chief coal-producing countries of the world, 402
the coal-fields of Great Britain, 402-422
the hewers and their work, 415, 418
other workmen, below and above the pit, 416, 417
early knowledge of coal, 419
its use prohibited by Edward I. in London, 419
the trade in coal in the middle of the seventeenth century, 420
increase in the demand and supply, 420
the question of the duration of our coal-fields, 420
coal-fields of foreign countries, 422-425
Coal-hewers of the North of England, 414
at work, 415
how they are paid, 416
Coalbrookdale, iron manufacture in, 349
Coal-cutting machines, 415
Cobalt, name of, 384
uses of, and whence obtained, 384
Coca, stimulating properties of, 311
Cochin China, rock-temples of, 184
Coins, the oldest known gold, 287
Collieries, casualties in, 245
drainage of the water in, 272
Colossochelys Atlas, gigantic proportions of the, 24
Columbia, mud volcanoes of, 93
Columbia, British, gold-fields of, 293
coal-fields of, 424
Consolidated Mines in Cornwall, amount of sinking in the, 251
Conto, Monte, landslip of the, 127
Copal-tree, resin at the foot of the, 451
Copiapo, in Chili, discovery of silver at, 248
silver mines of, 313
Copper, name and antiquity of, 315
how found, 315
its uses and compounds, 315
mines of Cornwall, 316, 317
ores and process of smelting, 320, 321
mines of Sweden, Germany, and Russia, 322-326
those of America, 326-329
and of Australia, 329
history of some of our copper mines, 329
lodes of Cornwall, 337
Copperopolis, copper mines of, 328
Coquimbo, copper mines of, 326
Corals, primeval, 16
Corneale, Cave of, colossal stalagmites of the, 140
Cornwall, mines of, 316
tin mines of, 336
persons employed in them, 343
zinc produced in, 382
China-clay of, 460, 461
Corsica, marine caves of, 145
Cort, Mr., his improvements in iron manufacture, 350
Corundum, 489
Cosiguina, phenomena of an eruption of, 65, 67
destruction caused by the eruption of 1835, 67
Cosmo III., Grand Duke of Tuscany, burns a diamond, 479
Cotopaxi, shape of, 53
enormous stones hurled by an eruption of, 66
phenomena of the eruption of 1803, 69
noises heard 109 miles off during an eruption of, 104
Cretaceous period, fossils of the, 19, 22, 23
causes of landslips in the, 129
Crete, labyrinth of, 174, 175
consecrated caves and grottoes to Zeus in, 187
Crimea, mud volcanoes of the, 93
Crinnis Copper Mine, Old, abandoned but reworked, 329, 330
Crinoids, or sea-lilies, fossil, 17
Crœsus, his enormous wealth, 286
Crookes, Mr., his discovery of thallium, 388
Crowe, Mr., of Hammerfest, forms a copper-mining company in Norway, 324
Crustaceans of the Silurian seas, 11, 12
cavern, 163, 167
Cuba, copper mines of, 329
iron ores of, 363
Cumana, destruction of the town of, by an earthquake, 102
sounds accompanying the shocks, 103
Cuthbert, St., his cave on the Coast of Northumberland, 180
account of him, 180
‘beads of St. Cuthbert,’ 180
Curtis, Thomas, his difficult work in the Huel Wherry tin mine, 339,
340
Cyclops, troglodytic caverns of the, at the base of Mount Etna, 232
Cyrus, enormous treasures accumulated by, 286
Cyprus, ancient silver mines of, 298
Cyzicus, the oldest known specimen of a gold coin of, 287

Dahra, French atrocities at the caves of the, 176 Dalecarlia, iron ores of, 360 Dalmatia, dollinas and jamas of, 130 subterranean water-courses of, 150 Dalton-le-Dale, drainage of the coal-mine of, 272 Dambool, rock-temple of, 184 Dammara australis, masses of resin at the base of the trunk of the, 451 Dana, Professor, his views respecting volcanoes, 79 Dannemora, iron-works of, 360 Dantzig, amber found near, 449 Darien, platinum discovered at, 382 Darius Hystaspis, his enormous wealth, 286 Davy, Sir Humphry, his safety-lamp, 280 his discovery of aluminium and magnesium, 387 and of sodium, 388 Delgada, Punta, in the Island of San Miguel, 147 Delphi, subterranean hollow under the tripod of the priestess of, 187 Demidoff, Prince, his copper mines, 326 his iron mountain in the Oural, 357, 358 Denbighshire, lead mines of, 366 Derbyshire, lead mines of, 366 Denmark, enormous antiquity of the peat mosses of, 221 remnants of a former vegetation and articles of human workmanship found in the mosses of, 222 the ‘shell-mounds’ of, 222 Depressions, subterranean, 34, 36 submarine forests in various places, 36 evidences of depression, 36, 37 probable causes of, 38 Derbyshire spar, 469 Devon Great Consols Mines, success of the copper mines of, 330 Devonian period, fishes of the, 13 Devonshire, tin mines of, 336 miners and wages of, 343 china-clay of, 460, 461 Diablerets, falls of the, 121 escape of a peasant from his living tomb in the, 122 causes of the phenomenon, 123 Diamond, the, 477 diamond-cutting, 478 rose diamonds and brilliants, 479 destroyed by heat, 479 stones of India and Brazil, 480 the Russian diamond, and the Pitt or Regent diamond, 485 that of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, 485 the Koh-i-Noor, 486 diamonds and diamond-dust used for industrial purposes, 489 Dinornis, size of the, 28 Professor Owen’s resuscitation of the, 217 Dinotherium, size and characteristics of the, 23 Diodorus Siculus, his account of the tin trade of Britain, 333 Divining rod, the, 248 how used, 249 Dolcoath tin mine, 337 Dolores, mine of, 303 Domingos, San, in Portugal, Roman mines of, 448 now worked by the Baron of Pommorão, 448 account of the works, 448 Donati, Vitaliano, his account of the fall of a mountain near Sallenches, 122 Doncaster, gigantic fungus in a tunnel near, 158 Donegal, bursting of bogs in, 131 Droitwich, salt-works of, 432 Drontheim, or Tronyem, city of, 324 Dudley, Lord, establishes iron-works near Stourbridge, 349 Dufan, in Arabia, sulphur of the, 446 Dukinfield colliery, depth of, 247 Dunfermline, monastery of, obtains a licence to dig coals, 419 Durham, coal-fields of, 403, 407 Dyeing, use of tin in the processes of, 335

Earthquakes, preceding volcanic eruptions, 65
volcanoes considered as the safety-valves of, 78, 79
but sometimes accompany volcanic eruption, 79
extent of misery caused by, 97-99
the horrors of, increased by man, 99
the progress of civilisation retarded by earthquakes, 99, 100
regions to which they are confined, 100
duration of the shocks, 101
indications of a coming earthquake, 102
sounds accompanying earthquakes, 103
sounds unaccompanied by movement of the earth, 104
vertical or undulatory motion of shocks, 104
extent and force of the seismic wave motion, 105, 106
movements of the sea in earthquakes, 106, 107, 117
extent of the wave motion, 109
changes caused by earthquakes in the configuration of the soil, 109,
110
causes of earthquakes, 111
probable depth of the focus, 111, 112
opinions of Sir C. Lyell and Mr. Poulett Scrope, 112
effects of an earthquake on man and animals, 112, 113
account of the great earthquake of Lisbon, 114
Egg, Isle of, atrocities of the Macleods in the cave of the, 171
Egypt, rock-temples of, 184
tombs of the kings in Thebes, 202-204
compared to an iron furnace, 347
quarries of, 474, 475
Ehrenberg, his discovery of the animated dust of the Harmattan, 156
Eifel, volcanic district of the, 58
carbonic acid gas springs of the, 88
crateriform hollows, or maare, in the, 131
Eileithyia, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205
Eimeo, hole in the island of, 133
tradition respecting this hole, 133
Elba, iron industry of, 362
Elephanta, rock-temples of, 183
Elevations of the land produced by earthquakes, 111
Elfdal, porphyry of, 467
Ellora, rock-temples of, 183
Emerald, or beryl, 491, 492
Emery, whence obtained, 463
total production of, 463
Emmanuel, St., church of, in Abyssinia, 187
Ems, hot springs of, 43
Enamel, materials used for, 335
Encrinites lily, called ‘St. Cuthbert’s beads,’ 181
Encrinus liliiformis, fossil, 17, 18
Engihoul, human remains in the cavern of, 226
Dr. Schmerling’s explorations, 226
Sir C. Lyell’s, 227
Engis, human bones discovered in the cavern of, 226
Engines, stationary, used in mines, 263
England, subsidence of the land on the west and east coasts of, 36, 37
effects of a violent earthquake in, 100
shocks felt in, at various times, 100, 101
effects of the great earthquake of 1755 in, 118
the extinct hyena of, found in caves, 214
ossiferous caves in, 227
flint implements found in, 231
main causes of the prosperity of, 245
copper mines of, 316
manufacture of iron in, 349
lead mines of, 365, 366
zinc produced in, 381, 382
vast deposits of coal of, 402, 403
and their convenient distribution, 403
extent of the Great Central Coal-field, 406
quarries of, 464
Eozoon canadense, the only fossil found in the Laurentian rocks, 10
its extreme antiquity, 10
Epomeo, volcano of, its long periods of rest, 58
Erasinos, in Greece, antiquity of the spring of, 44
Ernst August Stollen, in the Harz, 271
Erzberg, or iron mountain, in Styria, 358
works at, and produce of, 359
Esquimaux, their iron implements, 347
Estrella do Sul, or Star of the South, diamond, 487
Etna, Mount, M. Houel’s exploration of the crater of, 55
streams of lava in the eruption of 1669, 70
numbers of parasitic cones on the flanks of, 71
rate of progress of the lava-stream of 1699, 72
retention of heat in the lava-stream of 1832, 73
the Fossa della Palomba on, 147
ice-caves of, 198
troglodytic caverns of the Cyclops at the base of, 232
Euripides, his triumph, 476
Europe, volcanoes of, 61
Eurypterids, of the Silurian seas, 12

Fahlun, horses used in the copper mines of, 262 narrow escape in the mine, 264 copper-mine of, 322 ore of the mine, 323 the preserved body found in, 323 Ferdinand, Archduke, his visit to the Cave of Magdalena, 166 Fez, effects of the earthquake of 1755 at, 118 Fingal’s Cave, Sir W. Scott’s description of, 143 Fino, Don Andrea del, narrative of, in an earthquake, 99 Fire, its eternal strife with water, 1, 2 the subterranean forces, 7 Fire-damp, or carburetted hydrogen, 278 fatal explosions caused by, 281 Fish disgorged by volcanoes from caverns, 69 blind cavern, of the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, 168 of the Upper Silurian group, 13 destruction of vast numbers of, by volcanic eruption, 15, 16 Flintshire, lead mines of, 366 Flores, Padre, his silver mine of ‘La Bolsa de Dios Padre,’ 304 Florins, or fiorini, origin of, 287 Fontaine-sans-fond, the, near Sable, 149 Footprints of former ages, preservation of, 28, 29 Forests, submarine, in various places, 36 Fossils, chronological importance of, to the geologist, 5, 6, 8 extinction of species, 9, 10, 14 those of the oldest and later periods, 10-29 Fountains, artificial, principle on which they are constructed, 42 of lava, 71, 72 of marine caverns, 146 Foxdale lead mine, in the Isle of Man, 366 Frais Puits, phenomenon of the, 150 France, effects of the great earthquake of 1755 in, 118 tin mines of, 336 consumption of coal in, 423 Frauenmauer Mountain in Upper Styria, ice-cave of the, 196, 197 Fredonia, town of, lit by springs of carburetted hydrogen, 90 Freiberg, drainage of the mines of, 270 French, their atrocities in the Cave of Longara, 170 their cruelty in Algeria, 176 Frio, Serro do, diamonds of the, 480 Fuegians, ‘shell mounds’ of the, 222 Fumaroles or steam-jets of volcanoes, 63 those of Jorullo of 1759 seen in 1803, 74 Fungi, subterranean, 157 Scopoli’s description of, 157 gigantic one at Doncaster, 158 the artificial mushroom-beds near Paris, 158 Furnaces, reverberatory, 321

Gallicia, salt mines of, 436 Ganoid fishes of the Upper Silurian group, 13 Garnet, the, 494 Garnock river bursts into a colliery, 276 Gas-springs, 88 Gellivara, in Swedish Lapland, mounds of magnetic iron-ore at, 360 Gems, superstitious power of, 477 Geological revolutions, influence of, on the earth-rind, 1 tabular geological profile, 3 periods of geological formations, 5 the same mineral substances in the oldest and newest formations, 5 guidance of the geologist in ascertaining the periods of the formations, 5 a continuous development to more highly organised species, 6 Georges, St., ice-cave of, 192 entrance to the glacière of, 201 Georg Stollen, great adit levels of the, in the Harz, 270 Germain, St., artificial mushroom-beds at, 158 Germany, effects of the great earthquake of 1755 in, 118 copper mines of, 325 lead mines of North Germany, 365 coal-fields of, 422 consumption of coal in, 423 quarries of, 464 Gibraltar, Rock of, monkeys of the, 24 Girgenti, town and trade of, 442 the sulphur mines of, 442 Glass, stained, colours of, how formed, 335 Glenmalure, lead mines of, 366 Glyptodon, size and characteristics of the, 25 Goaves, or old workings in coal mines, fire-damp in, 279 Goeppert, Professor, his observations on the extinct amber-tree, 451 Goethe, his remarks on the great Lisbon earthquake, 119 Goffin, Hubert, his heroism, 275 his future career, 276 Gold, antiquity of man’s knowledge of, 285 the story of the Golden Fleece, 285 statues of gold in ancient temples, 285 quantities of gold possessed by ancient monarchs, 286 earliest use of the metal, 287 auriferous land of the Iberian peninsula, 288 California and Australia, 288, 289 British Columbia and other places, 293 localities in which gold is deposited, 293, 294 Goldau, Vale of, devastated by a landslip, 123 destruction of the village of, 124 Golden Fleece, story of the, 285 Golubinas, or pigeon-holes, in Dalmatia and Carniola, 130 Goniatites of the Carboniferous period, 18 extinction of the, 18 Good Hope, Cape of, upheaval of the land at the, 34 Goroblagodat, Kuschwa, platinum of, 382 Gortyna, in Crete, labyrinth of, 174, 175 Gosforth Colliery, 409 Gothard, Mount St., proposed tunnel through, 241 Gower, bone-cave of, 228 Grâce-Dieu, glacière of, 192 stalagmites of ice in the, 193, 194 Graham’s Island, volcanic formation of, 59 its disappearance, 59 Granada, New, extent of the wave-motion of an earthquake at, 105 Granada, in Spain, destruction of the Moors of, 173 Graphite. _See_ Plumbago. Grasshopper, wing of, of the Carboniferous period, 15 Greece, subterranean water-courses of, 150 consecrated caves and grottoes of, 187 Greenhouses kept warm by water from Artesian wells, 50 Greenland, evidence of subsidence of the land at, 37 Grenelle, heat of the Artesian well of, at various depths, 32, 49 Grenier, Mount, landslip of, 127 Grosmont, iron manufacture of, 355 Guacharo, the Cueva del, 160, 161 Guacharo, a troglodytic bird, 160, 161 wholesale slaughter of, by the Indians, 161, 162 where found, 160, 162 Gualgayoc, the ventanillas of, 133 Gualgayoc, Cerro de San Fernando de, silver mines of, 309, 311 Guanaxuato, subterranean noises heard at, without earthquake, 104 Guanaxuato, rise of the town of, 302 Guatemala, volcanoes near the town of, 61 Guadiana, engulfment of the river, 150 Gunpowder, amount of, used in blasting in mines, 260 Gwennap, copper mines of, 317 Gypsum, origin of, 4

Haggar Silsilis, in Egypt, quarries of, 475 Haiti, upheaval of the land at, 34 Hann, Professor, a coal-hewer in early life, 419 Hanover, iron manufacture of, 357 Harmattan, animated dust of the, 156 Hartlepool, export of coal from, 413 Hartley Colliery, accident in the, 253 Harz Mountains, subterranean flora of the, 158 ice-caves of the, 197 great adit levels of the mines in the, 270 Haussmann, Professor, his visit to the Norwegian copper mine of Röraas, 324 Hawaii, effect of the eruption of Mauna Loa in 1840, 76 effects of an earthquake sea-wave at, 109 Heat, subterranean, 31 zone of invariable temperature, 31, 32 increasing temperature at a greater depth, 32 rate of increase, 32 proof everywhere of a subterranean source of heat, 32 Heaton, accident at the colliery of, 273 Herculaneum, destruction of the town of, 81-85 the mud-stream which caused the destruction, 85 discovery of the buried town, 86 Hermits, caves of, 178 Hermits, numbers of, in rock-caves and huts in the East, 179 Herodotus, his mention of the Cassiterides, 333 Hetton Colliery, ventilation of the, 278 Hiera, volcanic island of, 60 Hilda, St., colliery and galleries of, 410 Himmelfürst, in Saxony, silver-fields of, 299 Hindostan, coal-fields of, 424 Hoffmann, G. F., his description of the subterranean flora of the Harz Mountains, 158 Holland, earthquakes felt in, 101 effects of the great earthquake of 1755 in, 118 Homer, tin ornaments mentioned by, 332 Honduras, coal-fields of, 424 Horses used in mines, 262 Hot-springs in the frozen lands as well as in the tropics, 33 as a vent of subterranean heat, 33 Houel, M., his dangerous exploration of the crater of Mount Etna, 55 Howitt, William, his description of shipping coal on the Tyne, 412 Huancayo, the Franciscan monk of, 313 Huatulco, fountains of marine caverns in, 146 Huel Wherry, rise and fall of the tin-mine of, 339 Humboldt, M., his visit to the volcano of Rucu-Pinchincha, 55 his treatise on subterranean fungi, 158 Huancavelica, quicksilver mine of, 378 Hungary, ice-caves of, 197 salt mines of, 436 Hutton, Dr., a coal-hewer in early life, 419 Hydrostatic laws regarding the flow of springs, 40, 41 Hyena, remains of, found in caves, 213,214

Ibarra, supposed causes of a fever at, 70
Iberian peninsula, auriferous land of, 288
Ice, effect of the meeting of a lava-stream with, 74
Ice-caves and their phenomena, 193-201
Iceland, volcanic formation of, 4
Iceland, geysirs of, 45-48
Bunsen’s theory of the causes of the geysirs of, 47, 48
volcanoes of, 61
mud-volcanoes of, 93
ice-caves of, 198
Ichthyosaurus communis, characteristics and size of the, 20, 21
where found, 22
Idria, fungi of the mines of, 158
quicksilver mines of, 373-378
Iktis, island of, mentioned by Diodorus Siculus, 333
Iguanodon, size and characteristics of the, 22
Ilezk, rock-salt deposit of, 438
Illinois, coal-fields of, 424
India, mud-volcanoes of, 93
rock-temples of, 181
Indiana, coal-fields of, 424
Indies, West, earthquakes of, 100, 101
Insects enclosed in amber, 452-455
Ipsamboul, rock-temple of, 184
Warburton’s description of it, 184-186
Ireland, effects of the great earthquake of 1755 in, 118
coal-fields of, 404
why they are so little worked, 404
Iron, its value, 345
its wide diffusion, 345
meteoric iron, 347
ancient knowledge of, 347
extension of its uses in modern times, 348
British iron production, 348
smelting, 349
the hot blast, 353
the Cleveland district and the trade of Middlesborough, 364
amount and value of the British iron trade, 355
other statistics of the trade, 356
production of foreign countries, 357-363
Irtysch, copper and coal near the, 326
Isalco, formation of the volcano of, 59
in a constant state of eruption, 62
Iscalonga, in Basilicata, cave-dwellings of, 234
Iserlohn, in Westphalia, discovery of a cavern at, 135
Ispica, Val d’, cave-dwellings in the, 232
Istria, subterranean water-courses of, 150
Italy, mud-volcanoes of, 93
earthquakes of, 100
effects of the earthquake of 1755 in, 118
maare, or crateriform hollows, of, 132
cave-dwellings of Southern, 234
iron industry of, 362
Iwogasima, or Sulphur Island, of Japan, 444

Japan, sulphur of, 444
Java, number of active volcanoes of, 61
the ‘Valley of Death,’ or Poison Valley, of, 89
mud-volcanoes of, 93
maare, or crateriform hollows, of, 132
sulphur of, 445, 446
Jesuits, their intrigues during the earthquake at Lisbon, 116
Jet, formation of, 429
found at Whitby, 429
manufacture of jet ornaments, 430
John the Evangelist, St., his cave in the Isle of Patmos, 188
the cave converted into a chapel, 188
Jorullo, formation of the volcano of, 58
length of time the heat was retained in the lava-stream of 1759, 74
Judd, Dr., his dangerous visit to the crater of Kilauea, 56
Jura Mountains, cauldron-shaped depressions in the, 130

Kab, El, in Upper Egypt, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205 Kamtschatka, energy of the volcanoes of, 61 earthquakes in, in 1737, 79 Kan, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205 Kanara, rock-temples of, 181-183 Kaolin, or china-clay, how formed, and where, 460-462 Karli, rock-temples of, 183 Kea, Mount, tranquillity of the eruption of, in 1843, 76 Kentucky, coal-fields of, 424 Kertsch, mud-volcanoes near, 93 Kilauea, the lava lakes of, 64 length of the lava-stream in the eruption of 1840, 70 amount of lava thrown out by the eruption of 1840, 76 Killingworth Colliery, 410 Kingston, in Jamaica, effects of an earthquake sea-wave at, 107 Kinsale, effect of an earthquake sea-wave in the harbour of, 118 Kirghise hordes, their salt-works, 438 Kirkdale, Dr. Buckland’s account of the ossiferous cave of, 214, 215 Klaproth, his discovery of uranium, 385 works at Joachimsthal, 385 his discovery of rutile, or titanium, 386 Klîutschewskaja Skopa, eruption of the volcano of, 79 Koh-i-Noor, or Mountain of Light, diamond and its history, 486 Kohl, uses of, 383 Kongsberg, in Norway, silver mines of, 299 nuggets found at, 299 Kopperberg, iron manufacture of, 360 Kötlingia, effects of the eruption of, in 1758, 69 Kremnitz, discovery of the gold mines of, 248 Krisuvick, in Iceland, solfatara of, 444 Kupferschiefer, or copper-slate, of Thuringia, fossils of the, 15

Labuan, coal-fields of, 424
Lacustrine dwellings of Switzerland, 315
discovery of the, 223
ancient iron weapons found in the, 347
Laibach, Upper, river traversing the caves of, 150
Lalibala, rock-churches of, 186
town of, and country round, 187
Landslips, effects of earthquakes in producing, 110
that of Putley, in Hertfordshire, 110
igneous and aqueous causes of landslips, 121
cases of landslips, 121-128
caused by the falling in of cavern-roofs, 129
Lanuto volcano, lake formed in the extinct crater of the, 57
Lapis lazuli, 494
Lapland, auriferous veins in, 293
Laureacum, on the Danube, Roman iron manufactures at, 358
Laurentian rocks, 2, 3
their thickness, 2
the only fossil found in the, 10
Laurium, ancient silver mines of, 298
amount of lead in the scoriæ of the ancient silver mines of, 367
Lava, formation of fiery streams of, during volcanic eruptions, 70
phenomena attending the flow of a lava-stream, 72
effect of the meeting of a lava-stream with the sea, 73
and with ice, 74
vast dimensions of lava-streams, 74-76
waste of desolation of lava-fields, 77
progress of lava-streams, 77
Laxey lead mine, in the Isle of Man, 366
Lead, mine of, in Cardiganshire, section of a, 252
its property and uses, 364
its antiquity, 364
the mines of, in Europe, 365
production of, in foreign countries, 366-368
preparation of the ores, 368
Pattinson’s process, 368
Leadhills, in Lanarkshire, lead mines of, 366
Lebadeia, in Bœotia, cave of Trophonios near, 187
Lepidodendron elegans, 392
Leptodirus Hochenwartii, of the Cave of Adelsberg, 163
Levant, Cornish copper mine of, 319
Levels, in mining, 251
extent of the works in some cases, 251
drainage by adit levels, 269, 270
Lias, fossils of the, 19
Liège, depth of the coal mines of, 247
accident in a colliery at, 263
Life, organic, progress of, on earth, 28, 29
everywhere present on the earth, 156
Lignite, or wood-coal, 401
Lima, frequency of earthquakes at, 105
displacement of stones of obelisks by earthquake shocks, 105
effects of the earthquake sea-wave of 1746, 108
indifference of the inhabitants of, to earthquakes, 113
Limestone, magnesian, or Permian group, animal remains of the, 15
Limestone caves, 136
causes of their excavation, 136
stalactites and stalagmites, 139, 140
origin and slow formation of limestone, 141
Lisbon, great earthquake of, 114
effect of the shock, 114
fire and thieves in the city, 115, 116
total loss of life from all causes, 116
effects of this earthquake in various parts of the world, 117-119
Little Bounds, copper mine of, 319
Livres, St., ice-caves of, 192
lower glacière of, 193
upper glacière of, 195
ice-streams of the upper glacière, 195, 196
Lizards, oldest known fossils of, 14, 15
the enormous species of the Mesozoic ocean, 20, 21
Llandegui, slate quarries of, 469, 470
Locke, his remark respecting iron, 345
Lomond, Loch, sea-shells found on the banks of, 34
effects of the great earthquake of 1755 in, 118
London shaken by the Lisbon earthquake of 1755, 118
subterranean wonders of, 237, 238
Long, Major, his report on the copper mines of Lake Superior, 328
Longara, Cave of, massacre by the French in the, 170
Lorca, sulphur mine of, 444
Lowerz, destruction of the village of, by a landslip, 124
Luganure, lead mines of, 366
Luna, Pope, waterspout of, 146
Lycopolis, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205

Maare, or crateriform hollows, of the Eifel, 131 in other places, 132 Macaluba, mud volcano of, 94 known to the ancients, 94 Madana, in Santa Cruz, height of the volcano of, 54 Madeira, volcanic formation of, 4 Madfuneh, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205 Magdalena Grotto, or ‘Black Grotto,’ Protei of the, 165, 166 visit of the Archduke Ferdinand to the, 166 Magnesium, discovery and uses of, 387 Magnetic mountain in Russia, 367 Maina, marble of, 467 Malacca, tinstone of, 335 Malaga, effects of the earthquake of 1755 at, 118 Malmesbury, section of the coal-field south of, 398 Malta, troglodytes of, 234 Malwah, rock-temples of, 184 Mammalia, geological period of its prominence in life, 23 Mammoth, or primitive elephant, size and characteristics of the, 26 Professor Owen’s skeleton of the, 217 Gray’s Inn Lane an ancient hunting-ground for, 231 Mammoth Cave, in Kentucky, vast dimensions of the, 135, 138 Professor Silliman on the, 139 clusters of bats in the, 159 animals of the, 167 Man, Isle of, lead mines of, 366 zinc produced in, 382 Man, prehistoric, subterranean relics of, in Denmark, 221 in Switzerland, 223 age of human relics in caves, 225 Manchester Coal-field, 403 Manganese, ores of, 386 Mansfeldt, in Prussia, silver and copper mines of, 325 Marble of Derbyshire and Devonshire, 465 that of Carrara, 4, 465 that of Pentelikon and Parian, 466 Rosso antico and Verde antico, 467 Marennes, upheaval of the chalk cliffs at, 36 Marpena, Mount, in Paros, marble of, 466 Marquette, American town of, its iron industry, 362 Marshall, James, his discovery of gold in California, 288 his subsequent life, 289 Marsupites ornatus, fossil, 18 Martinique, Island of, destructive earthquake in the, 101 Maryland, copper mines of, 328 Masaya, volcanoes of, constant eruption of the, 63 Massachusetts, copper mines of, 328 Master-borers in the North of England, 250 their charges per fathom, 250 Mastodon, where the fossils of, are mostly found, 27 size and characteristics of the, 27 Matlock, thermal springs of, 43 Mauna Loa, in Hawaii, shape of the volcano of, 53, 54 Dr. Judd’s visit to, 56 growth of ferns on, 63 the lava-lakes of, 64 length of the lava-stream of an eruption of, 70 parasitic cones of, 71 volume of the lava-stream of 1840, 75 Maunch Chunk (or Bear Mountain), in Pennsylvania, enormous coal-field of, 425 Mauritius, fountains of marine caverns in, 146 Mediterranean Sea, upheaval of the land on the shores of the, 34 marine caverns of the coasts of the, 144 Medellin, the proprietor of the mine of Dolores, 303 Meerfeld, crateriform hollow and lake of, 132 Megatherium, size and characteristics of the, 24, 25 Melidoni, cave of, Turkish massacre in the, 175 Mequinez, effects of the earthquake of 1755 at, 118 Mercado, Cerro del, of Mexico, 363 Mercury, its properties and uses, 370, 371 known to the Greeks and Romans, 370 mines of Almaden, 371 those of Idria, 373 diseases to which the miners are liable, 373 mines of America, 378 Metallic veins, how generally found in mines, 246 how ores collected or precipitated in, 247 Metamorphic rocks, origin of, 4, 5 Meteoric iron, 347 the mass found at Otumpa, 347 _note_ Mettler, Bläsi, story of the escape of him and his wife, 124 Mettler, Sebastian Meinhardt, his escape from destruction, 125 Meuse, ossiferous caverns of the valley of the, 226 Mexico, silver mines of, 300-308 iron ores of, 363 Michael’s Mount, St., in Cornwall, 333 Middlesborough, its rapid rise, 354 its iron manufacture, 355 Miguel, Island of, the Punta Delgada of the, 147 Milagros, his silver mine in San Luis de Potosi, 308 Miller, Hugh, his account of a coal forest, 393 Milo, Island of, mud volcanoes of, 98 sulphur caves of the island of, 446 Mina Grande, lead mine of, 367 Minardo, Monte, near Bronte, volcanic formation of, 67 height of, 71 Mines, in general, 244 labours and perils of the miner, 244, 245 casualties in mines, 245 life in a mine, 245, 246 length and depth of mines, 247 discoveries of lodes, 248 the divining-rod, 248 boring, 249 divisions in coal mines, 255 long-wall working, 257 general view of mining operations, 257 tools employed in Cornwall, 258 mode of blasting, 258 heroism of miners, 259, 274 mode of loosening hard stones, 260, 261 tramways underground, and the conveyance of minerals, 261, 262 methods of descending, 263-266 man-engines for ascending or descending, 267 timbering and draining, 268-272 inundation, or drowning of mines, 273 evolution of foul gases, 276, 277 ventilation, 277 choke-damp, fire-damp, and blowers, 278, 279 the safety-lamp, 280 burning mines, 283 habits of the Mexican miners, 302 Minnesota mine, copper of, 327, 328 enormous nugget of copper found near, 328 Miocene period, animals of the, 23 Mirrors of silver among the Romans, 298 substance used for making, 335 Mississippi, ancient mounds in the valley of the, 224 Missouri, ‘iron-mountains’ of, 362 Moa, the great extinct bird of New Zealand, 216, 217 the cave of the Moa, 219 Moeris, Lake, hermits near the, 179 Molinos of the silver mines of Mexico, 306 Molybdenum, discovery and uses of, 387 Monarchs, vast treasures of, in ancient times, 286 Monkeys, fossil, of South America, characteristics of the, 24 small species of, on the Rock of Gibraltar, 24 Monk Wearmouth Colliery, 408 Montaño, Francisco, his descent into the crater of Popocatepetl, 446 Monte, Real del, silver mines of, 304 present yield of, 305 Monte Video, upheaval of the land at, 34 Montgomeryshire, lead mines of, 366 Montmartre, gypsum and alabaster of, 468 Montrouge, artificial mushroom-beds at, 158 Moors of Granada, destruction of, by Philip II. of Spain, 173 Moran, silver mines of, 304 Morocco, earthquakes of, 100 effects of the earthquake of 1755 at, 118 Morran, in Algeria, Artesian well in the desert of, 51 Mososaurus, size and characteristics of the, 23 skull of the, found, 473, 474 Moulin de la Roche, artificial mushroom-beds at, 158 Mountain Ash, in South Wales, coal workings of the New Navigation Pit at, 406 Mud-streams caused by volcanic eruptions, 69 destruction of Herculaneum and Pompeii by, 85 those of Obu, 95 Mud-volcanoes, 93-96 in various places, 93-95 origin of, 95, 96 Murchison, Sir Roderick, his surmises respecting gold in Australia, 289 Mürtschenstock, tunnel in the, 134 Mushrooms, subterranean, 157 the artificial mushroom-beds near Paris, 158 Musk-ox, food of the, 26 Mylodon, size and characteristics of the, 24, 25 Professor Owen’s skeleton of the, 217

Naples, earthquake in, in 1857, 98 catacombs of, 210 Nassau, iron manufacture of, 357 Nativity, grotto of the, at Bethlehem, 188 church of the, 188 Nauheim, carbonic acid gas spring of, 88 Naxos, consecrated caves to Dionysos in, 187 Naxos, emery of the island of, 463 Neilson, Mr., his discovery of the hot blast for iron furnaces, 353 Nemi, Lake of, the crateriform hollow forming the, 132 Nent Force Level, great drain of, 270 Nertschinsk, in Transbaikalia, copper mines of, 326 lead mines of, 367 Nettuno, Antro di, in Sardinia, 144 Nettuno, Grotta di, in Sicily, 145 Neusalzwerk, temperature of the well of, at various depths, 32 Nevada, state of silver mines of the, 314 Newcastle, coal-fields of, 407 their extent, 408 the various seams of coal, 408 human activity of the coal-fields, 411, 412 appearance of the town, 413 first licence to dig coals given to the town, 419 Newfoundland, gradual upheaval of the land of, 36 fountains of marine caverns in, 146 Niagara, carburetted hydrogen evolved near the falls of, 93 Nicaragua, Lake of, volcanoes near the, 61 Nicaragua, mud-volcanoes of, 93 earthquakes of, 100 Nicholas, St., rock-chapel of, in Crete, 189 legend of, 190 Nickel, name of, 384 uses of, and whence obtained, 384 Nicolas d’Aliermont, St., aquiferous layers or beds of stone at, 40 Noises, subterranean, accompanying earthquakes, 103 Normandy, traces of depression of the land on the coast of, 37 Norr Lake, emptied by a landslip, 130 Northumberland, coal-fields of, 403 Northwich, salt mines of, 431 Norway, copper mines of, 324 Noss, islet of, its marine caves, 142 Notornis, Professor Owen’s reconstruction of the, 217 Nuovo, Monte, in the Bay of Baiæ, volcanic formation of the, 67

Oberstein, rock-chapel of, 190 legend of the chapel, 190, 191 Obregon works the silver mine of Guanaxuato, 301, 302 his title and urbanity of character, 302 Obu, eruption of the, 95 mud-streams of, 95 Oche, Dent d’, landslip of the, 127 Oesterby, iron-works of, 360 Ohio, ancient mounds in the valley of the, 224 ‘Oil harvest’ of Caripe, 161 Olm, or Proteus, discovery of the, 164, 165 various places in which it has been found, 166 description of the animal, 165-167 Olonne, Island of, upheaval of the land round the, 36 Onyx, the, 497 Ontanagon district, in America, ancient copper mines, 327 Oolite rocks, their thickness, 2 Oolitic period, fossils of the, 19, 22 Opal, precious, 495 mines of, in Hungary, 495 Ophir, seat of, 287 Ores, how generally found in mines, 246 how they have been collected or precipitated, 247 ‘Orkneyman’s Harbour, The,’ the marine cavern so called, 143 Oroomiah, Lake, in Persia, salt of the hills and plains of, 437 Orthoceratites of the primitive seas, 18 extinction of the, 18 Oscillatory movements of the earth, 34-37 probable causes of, 38 Otero, a shopkeeper, joins in working the mine of Guanaxuato, 302 Owen, Professor, his memoir and skeleton of the great Moa of New Zealand, 217 Owls, cave-haunting, 160