Chapter XXXIX: Precious Stones (3)

Pachuca, silver mines of, 304 Pachyderms, remains of large extinct, 26, 27 Palæotheriums, size and characteristics of, 23 Palæopteryx, Professor Owen’s reconstruction of the, 217 Palladium, discovery and uses of, 388 Palestine, Southern, hermits in, 179 Palomba, Fossa della, on Etna, 147 Papalardo, Baron, his efforts to divert the lava-stream from Catania, 72, 73 Parian marble, or Lychnites, 466 Paris, artificial mushroom-beds near, 168 catacombs of, 210, 211 old cemeteries of, 211 plaster of, 468 Parsees, their worship of fire, 91 their legend of the devil, 91 their occupation and abandonment of Baku, 92 Pasco, Cerro di, silver mines of, 309 Pasco, mining town of, 310 mines of, 310, 311 Patmos, cave and church of St. John the Evangelist, 188 Paul, St., of Thebes, the first hermit, his cave, 178 Pausilippo, Grotto of, 241 origin of the, 242 Paviland, ossiferous caves of, 215 Peak, in the Island of Timor, blown up and replaced by a cavity, 68 Pecopteris adiantoides, 391 Peniscola, fountains of marine caverns in, 146 Pennsylvania, copper mines of, 328 coal-fields of, 425 petroleum springs of, 427 Pentacrinus briareus, fossil, 17, 18 Pentelikon, or Mount Penteles, marble of, 466 Pepandajan, in Java, the volcanic cone of, blown to pieces, 67 Percy, Dr. John, his discovery of aluminium-bronze, 387 Perdix, Bartholomew, his manufacture of alum, 458 Permian period, fishes of the, 13 fossils of the, 15 Peroxide of tin, or tinstone, 335 richest deposits of, 335 Perticara di Talamella in Italy, sulphur mines of, 444 Peru, active volcanoes of, 61 earthquakes of, 100 indifference of man in, to earthquakes, 113 silver mines of, 300 iron furnaces of, 353 Peter’s Mount, St., near Maestricht, quarries of, 470 visit of Faujas de Saint-Fond, 472 Petroleum, formation of, 426 old springs of, in Europe, 426, 427 production of the springs of America, 427 Petrospongidæ, or stone sponges, 17 Pfeiffer, Ida, her visit to the diamond mines of Borneo, 480 Pharaohs, rock-tombs of the, in Thebes, 202-204 Philip II. of Spain, his destruction of the Moors of Granada, 173 Philip, Port, town of, 290 Philotheus, St., his cave on Mount Penteles, 466 Phœnicians, their tin-trade, 333 their traffic in and uses of lead, 364 Pietra Mala, burning springs of, 90 Pigeons, cave-haunting, 160 Pilot Knob ‘iron mountain,‘ 362 Pines, black, of Trinidad, 429 Pitt, or Regent, diamond, 485 Pittasphalte, formation of, 426 Piuka Jama, cave of, 154, 155 the River Poik flowing below the, 154 Piz Mountain, destructive effects of a landslip of the, 127 Planina, river traversing the Cave of, 150 explored by Adolph Schmidl, 151 abundance of Protei in the, 166 Platinum, discovery of, 382 where obtained, 382 its qualities, 383 Playfair, his observations as to the rise of the land in Sweden, 35 Plesiosaurus, size and characteristics of the, 21 where found, 22 Pleurotomaria carinata, fossils of, 15 Pliny the Elder, death of, as described by his nephew, 82-84 Pliocene period, animals of the, 24 Plumbago, graphite, or black lead, former trade in, in Cumberland, 462 the mine exhausted, 462 places where found at present, 462 Plürs, town of, buried by a landslip, 127 Polistena, effects of an earthquake at, 98 Poik River, engulfment and re-appearance of the, 150 a subterranean canoe voyage on the, 151-154 the river flowing beneath the Piuka Jama, 154 Pombal, Marquis of, his conduct in the great earthquake of Lisbon, 116, 117 Pompeii, destruction of the town of, 81-85 the mud-stream which effected the destruction, 85 present state of the Roman town of, 87 Pontus, hermits in, 179 Popocatepetl, depth of the crater of, 54 Montaño’s visit to the crater of, 446 Porphyry of Elfdal, 467 of the Altai, 468 Portugal earthquakes of, 100 Potosi, San Luis de, silver mines of, 303, 309 Precious stones, 477 Proteus anguinus, discovery of the, 164, 165 description of the animal, 165-167 its abundance in the Cave of Planina, 166 different caverns in which it has been found, 166 Prussia, iron manufacture of, 357 production of zinc in, 381 salt-works of, 438 Pterichthys Milleri of the Old Red Sandstone of Scotland, 13, 14 Pterodactyli, size and characteristics of the, 21 Pterygotus acuminatus, 12 Pulvermaar of Grillenfeld, lake or maare of, 132 Puzzuoli, solfatara of, 444

Quarries, celebrated, 464
those of France, 464
those of England and Germany, 464
of Carrara and the Pentelikon, 465, 466
porphyry, 467, 468
alabaster and plaster of Paris, 468
slate, 469
of St. Peter’s Mount, near Maestricht, 470
of Egypt, 474
Quicksilver. _See_ Mercury.
Quito, active volcanoes of, 61
tradition respecting them, 67
earthquakes of, 100

Radoboy, sulphur mines of, 444 Rain-prints of former ages, preservation of, 29 Rammelsberg, in the Hartz—silver mines of the, 299 discovery of the lode of the, 248 burning hard mineral stone in, 260, 261 copper found in, 325 Rat, blind cavern, of the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, 167 Rathlin, island of, massacre by the English under Sir John Norris in the, 172 Ravinazzo Mountain, landslip of the, 127 Red-lead, how made, 365 Redruth, copper mines of, 317 Regla, Conde de la. _See_ Terreros. Reptiles, oldest known fossils of, 14, 15 enormous marine fossil reptiles of the Mesozoic ocean, 20 footprints of reptiles of the Cambrian formation, 20 Rhodium, discovery and uses of, 388 Rhosdale, iron manufacture of, 355 Riobamba, destruction of the town of, 78, 79 destroyed by an earthquake, 104 remarkable displacement of objects during the shocks, 104 silence during the shocks, 104 Ripple-marks of former ages, preservation of, 28, 29 Rivers, cave, 149-151 explorations of Adolph Schmidl in the Cave of Planina, 151 Rochelle, La, upheaval of the land at, 36 Rock-tombs and catacombs, 202 Rock-crystal, 498 the grotto of the Galenstock, 499 Roebuck, Dr. John, his improvements in iron manufacture, 350 Romanus, the monk, feeds St. Benedict in his cave, 180 Rome, wealth of, after the third Punic war and in the time of the Cæsars, 286, 298 gold coins of, 287 Ronciglione, Lake of, formed in the extinct crater of a volcano, 57 Roquefort cheese, 198 Röraas Mountains, copper mines of, in Norway, 324 Rosa, Sierra de Santa, 301 silver mines of the, 301 Rosalia, St., rock-church of, in Sicily, 188, 189 story of, and of the discovery of her bones, 188, 189 Rossberg, or Rufi, landslip of the, 123 causes of the catastrophe, 124 Rossi, Monte, height and area of, 71 Rossi, Cavaliere de, his researches in the catacombs of Rome, 210 Rosso antico, 467 Roth, natural ice-cave of, 198 Röthen, villages of Upper and Lower, destroyed by a landslip, 124 Royale, Isle, ancient copper mines of, 327 Ruby, the oriental, 489 in the crown of England, 490 Rucu-Pinchincha, Humboldt’s view down the volcano of, 55 Russia, copper mines of, 326 iron manufacture of, 357, 358 salt-works of, 437, 438 amber ornaments of, 457 the Imperial diamond of, 485 Rutile, or Titanium, discovery and uses of, 386, 387

Saarbrück, oldest known reptiles found in the coal-field of, 14 other wonders of the coal-field of, 15 vast time required for the formation of the coal-fields of the, 397 Sable, in Anjou, the Fontaine-sans-fond near, 149 Sabrina, island of, volcanic formation of the, 59 its disappearance, 59 Sacrée Madame, near Charleroi, depth of the colliery of, 247 mode of ventilation in the mine of, 277 _note_ Sacro, Monte, marble mountain of, 465 Safety-cages, used in descending mines, 264, 265 Safety-lamp, Davy’s, 280 improvements in the, 281 Sahara, wells of the inhabitants of the, 48, 50 future importance of Artesian wells to, 51 Salamis, fleet which gained the battle of, 298 Salcedo, silver mine of, 311 tragical end of its proprietor, Don José Salcedo, 312 Sallee, effects of an earthquake sea-wave at, 118 Sallenches, fall of a mountain near, 122 Salt, geological position of, 431 the mines of Northwich, 431 those of Droitwich and Stoke, 432 that of Wieliczka, 433-436 in other places, 436-439 method of preparing it, 439 origin of rock-salt, 440 Salza, manufacture of salt at, 439 Salzburg, salt mines of, 436 San Francisco, its rapid rise, 289 Santorin, submarine volcano of, 60, 61 Sapphire, red, 489 oriental, 490 Sardinia, cave-dwellers of, 234 the dwellings of the Sarde shepherds of the present day, 234 lead mines of, 366 Saviour’s, Our, tomb at Jerusalem, church built over the, 188 Saxony, tin mines of, 336 coal-fields of, 404 Schafloch, ice-cave of, 194, 195 Schmerling, Dr., his investigations respecting the antiquity of man, 226 Schemnitz, fungi of the mines of, 158 discovery of the rich mines of, 248 produce of silver in the mines of, 300 Schmidl, Adolph, his explorations of the subterranean river Poik and Cave of Planina, 151 Schneeberg, large block of silver found at, 299 use made of the burning vapours, 283 bismuth of, 383 Scilano, village of, buried by a landslip, 127 Scilla, Prince of, his death, 107, 108 Scopoli, his description of subterranean fungi, 157 Scoriæ, length of time the liquid fire is retained in the interior of a lava-stream, 73 Scotland, lead mines of, 366 coal-fields of, 403 Scott, Sir Walter, his visit to ‘The Orkneyman’s Harbour,’ 143 and to Fingal’s Cave, 143 Scrope, Mr. Poulett, his description of the Volcano of Stromboli, 62 Sea-shells found on the Andes and Alps, 34, 37 and in other places at present removed from the sea, 34 Sea, movements of the, in earthquakes, 106, 107 extent of the wave-motion, 105, 106 cases of the destructive effects of the earthquake waves, 107-109, 117-119 Segeberg, deposit of salt at, 439 Senegal, deposits of the Arca senilis on the banks of the river inland, 34 Sequoia, gigantic trees of the, 28 Seven Pagodas, rock-temples near Madras so called, 184 Seville, effects of the earthquakes of 1755 at, 118 Shelas, cave of, Colonel St. Arnaud’s massacre in the, 176 ‘Shell-mounds’ of Denmark, 222 those of the Fuegians, 222 Shetland, marine caves of, 142 Shields inlaid with silver in Homer’s time, 298 Siberia, auriferous land of, 288 lead mines of, 367 emeralds of, 491 Sicanians, cave-dwellings of the ancient, 232 Sicily, earthquakes of, 100 marine grottoes of, 145 sulphur mines of, 441 Sickingen, Count, his experiments with platinum, 382 Sidi Rascheed, in Algeria, Artesian well of, 51 Sigillaria oculata, 392 Silurian period, crustacea of the, 10-12 brachiopods of the, 12, 13 fishes of the, 13 Silver, discoveries of lodes of, 248 antiquity of the discovery of, 297 most ancient silver mines, 298 European silver-fields, 299, 300 mines of Mexico and Peru, 300-314 mode of crushing and decomposing the ores, 306-307 law of Peru respecting the silver mines, 311 mines of Chili and Nevada, 313, 314 Singapore, antimony of, 383 Siphnos, ancient silver mines of, 298 Siphon, principle of a, 44 _note_ Siphonia costata, fossil, 16 Sioa, constant state of eruption of the volcano of, 63 Sivatherium giganteum, size and characteristics of, 27, 28 Skaptar Jökul, in Iceland, lava-stream of the eruption of, in 1783, 70 that of 1787, 75 Skerries, water-spouts or fountains of the, 146 Slate quarries of North Wales, 469 Smeaton, John, his improvements in iron manufacture, 350 Sodium, discovery and uses of, 388 Solway Moss, appearance and area of the, 130 bursting of the, 130, 131 Sommatino, conflagration of the solfatera of, 443 Somme, flint implements of the Valley of the, 230, 231 Spain, gold coins of the Visigoths of, 287 auriferous land of, 288 ancient silver mines of, 298 tin mines of, 336 iron industry of, 361 lead mines of, 365 coal-fields of, 423 cupriferous pyrites of, 447 Spartacus, revolt of, 82 his defeat of Clodius at Vesuvius, 82 Speerenberg, deposit of salt at, 439 Sphenopteris affinis, 391 Spider, eyeless, of the Cave of Adelsberg, 163 Spinel, the, 490 Spirifer princeps, 12 Spiriferidæ, 13 Sponges, fossil, of the primitive seas, 16 Springs, always warmer than the air in the locality where they gush forth, 32 hydrostatic laws regarding the flow of, 40-42 temperature of the water of, 43 geological phenomena favouring the production of thermal springs, 43 mineral particles in springs, 43, 44 intermittent springs, 44 geysirs of Iceland, 45-48 Artesian wells, 48-52 carbonic acid gas springs, 88-90 of carburetted hydrogen, 90-93 Staffordshire, burning mines of, 283 the Burning Hill of, 283, 284 Stag, Professor Owen’s skeleton of the primeval, 217 Stalactites and stalagmites, formation of, 139, 140 their varieties of form and slow formation, 140 Dr. Schmidl’s ‘Stalactital Paradise,’ 152 in the Cave of Guacharo, 162 of the Cave of Melidoni, 176 in the Norwegian copper mine of Röraas, 325 Stalita tænaria, the eyeless cavern spider, 163, 164 Stamping-mill in the silver mines of Mexico, 306 Star fish, of the Chalk group, 18 Stassfurt, mines of, 438 Steam, important part played by, in volcanic phenomena, 41 Steam-jets, or fumaroles, of volcanoes, 63 those of the eruption of Jorullo in 1759, seen in 1803, 74 Stephenson, George, a coal-trapper in life, 419 Stikeen, gold-fields of, 293 Stockton-on-Tees, export of coal from, 413 Stoke, in Worcestershire, salt mines of, 432 Stone implements of Denmark, 222 of the Brixham caverns, 227 of the Valley of the Somme, 230 Stromboli, diameter of the crater of, 54 constant activity of the volcano of, 62 Mr. Poulett Scrope’s description of it, 62 Stromeyer, his discovery of cadmium, 386 Strontian, in Argyleshire, lead mines of, 366 Styria, iron of, 358 Subiaco, St. Benedict’s Cave near, 180 Suffioni of the Florentine lagoons, 460 Sulphur of the mines of Sicily, 441 exports of, 443 conflagration of a sulphur mine, 443 mines of Ternel and Lorca, 444 combinations of sulphur with metals, 447 Sumatra, deposits of tinstone in, 335 Sunderland, export of coal from, 413 Superior, Lake, copper scattered near the shore of, 325, 327 ancient copper mines near, 327 Surtshellir, in Iceland, formation of the, 148 Sutherland, gold-fields of, 293 Swallows, cave-haunting, 160 Swansea, copper-works of, 320, 321 Sweden, effect of the great earthquake of 1755 in, 118 mode of descending mines in, 264 copper mines of, 322 Swifts, cave-haunting, 160 Switzerland, subterranean relics of prehistoric man in, 223 ancient iron implements found in, 347 Swoszwice, sulphur mines of, 444 Syene, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205 Syracuse, catacombs of, 210 city of, 475 the Latomiæ of, 475 Syria, earthquakes of, in the reign of Tiberius, 97, 100 Syout, in Upper Egypt, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205

Tagilsk, Nishne, platinum of, 382 Taman, mud-volcanoes of the peninsula of, 93, 95 Tamelhat, in Algeria, Artesian well at, 51 Tangiers, effects of an earthquake sea-wave in, 118 Tap cinders of the iron puddling furnaces, 355 Tasmania, coal-fields of, 424 Tauretunum, Roman town of, destroyed by a landslip, 127 Tees, importance of the river, 407 Teir, Djebel, height of the volcano of, 54 Temboro, cone of the volcano of, blown to pieces, 67 Temenitz, engulfment and reappearance of the river, 150 Temples, rock, of India, 181 Teneriffe, Peak of, shape of the, 53 ice-caves of, 198 solfatara of the, 445 Tenger, Gunong, in Java, diameter of the crater of the volcano of, 54 Terebratulæ of the Silurian seas, 13 hastata, fossils of, 15 Ternel, sulphur mine of, 444 Terni, Æolian caverns of, 198 Terranuova, effects of an earthquake at, 98 Terreros, Don Pedro, his silver mine of La Regla, 304 Tertiary period, mammalia of the, 23 Thallium, discovery and uses of, 388 Thaur, Mount, Mahomet’s refuge in a cave of, 169 Moslem miracle of, 169 Thebes, hermits in the desert of, 179 the royal tombs of, 202-204 Themud, rock city of the, 236 legendary tale respecting the, 236 Thomson, Dr., his cave explorations in New Zealand, 218-220 Tin, antiquity of the knowledge of, 332 mentioned in the Bible, 332 Phœnician trade in, 333 uses and importance of, 334 the two ores of tin, 335 lodes of Cornwall, 337 number of mines in Devon and Cornwall at work, 338 smelting of tin, 342 number and wages of the miners, 343 nature of the miner’s work, 343 Tin-foil, 334 Tino, island of, Rosso antico, 467 Titanium, or rutile, discovery and uses of, 386, 387 Titus, the Emperor, his benevolence to the survivors of Herculaneum and Pompeii, 85 Tjerimai, Gunong, in Java, extinct volcano of, 55 its height and depth, 55 Tlalpujahua, silver mine of, 305 Toeplitz, hot springs of, 43 Tofua, constant activity of the volcano of, 63 lake formed in the crater of the extinct volcano of, 57 Tolfa, manufacture of alum at, 458 Tombs, rock-hewn, 202 Topaz, the, 493 Töplitz, effect of the Lisbon earthquake of 1755 on the mineral waters of, 118 Torgatten, in Norway, natural tunnel of the grotto of, 134 Trajan, the Emperor, in an earthquake at Antioch, 97 Transbaikalia, iron of, 357 Transgariep country, cannibal caverns of the, 234 Transylvania, iron of, 358 salt mines of, 436 Travers, Val de, asphalte mine of the, 428 Trebich Cave, near Trieste, 134 Tresavean Copper Mine, wealth of, 329 tin mine, 337 Treviso, three villages of, buried by a landslip of the Piz Mountain, 127 Triassic rocks, their thickness, 2 fossils of the, 22 Trilobites, 10, 11 eye of, magnified, 11 gradually vanish in the Carboniferous period, 14 Trinidad, mud volcanoes of, 93, 94 Trinidad, the great Pitch Lake of, 428 the black pines of, 429 Tripolite, its composition and uses, 463 Troglodytes, or dwellers in caves, 232 Trophonios, Cave of, 187 visitors to the cave for information, 188 Trou-aux-Moutons, vast ice-cave of the Rothhorn, 194, 195 Tschudi, silver ornaments of the, 298 Tuileries, principle on which the grand fountain of the, is supplied, 42 Tungstate of soda, uses of, 385 Tungsten, discovery of, 384 uses of, 385 Tunnels, natural, 113, 34 Turks, their atrocities in modern warfare, 176 their use of amber in pipes, 456 Turquoise, the, 493 Turrilites tuberculatus, 19 Tuscany, suffioni of the lagoons of, 460 Tyne, importance of the river, 407 shipping coal on the banks of the, 411, 412 Tynemouth Priory, view from the, 414

Ubes, St., nearly destroyed by an earthquake sea-wave, 117
United States of America, copper mines of, 328, 329
Upheavals, subterranean, 34
taking place at the present day, 34
slow elevation of the land in Sweden, 35
and in other places, 35, 36
marks chiselled on the Swedish rocks, 37
probable causes of, 38
Upsala, iron manufacture of, 360
the old city of, and the burial-places of Odin, Thor, and Freya, 360
Ural, or Oural, Mountains, the iron of the, 357
copper mines of the, 326
Uranium, discovery and uses of, 385

Valenciana, Conde de, his silver mine and fortune, 302, 304
Valenciennes, depth of the coal mines of, 247
Valentinus, Basilius, his mention of antimony, 383
Valdivia, extent of wave-motion of an earthquake at, 105, 106
Valparaiso, upheaval of the land at, 34
Valparaiso, copper mines of, 326
Vaucluse, celebrated fountain of, 149
Vegetation, subterranean, 157
mushrooms or fungi, 157
Velleja, Roman town of, buried by a landslip, 127
Venetian gold coins, 287
Ventriculites, fossil, 16
Verde antico, 467
Vesuvius, its long period of rest, and resumption of its activity, 58
the lava-stream of the eruption of 1822, 70
lava-fountains of the eruption of 1794, 72
advance of a lava-stream into the sea near Torre del Greco, 73
vast dimensions of the lava-stream of, 75
state of the volcano previous to the eruption of 79 A.C., 81
first indication of the catastrophe, 82
account of Pliny the Younger, 85
Veta madre, silver mine of, 247, 301
Victoria, colony of, 290
gold-fields of, 294
Villaroel Don José, his silver mine of the Cerro di Potosi, 309
Vincent, Island of, volcanic eruption on the, 66
disappearance of a mountain at, 68
Virgil, tomb of, 242
belief in his incantations, 242
Visigoths of Spain, their gold coins, 287
Vivarrais, carbonic acid gas springs of the, 88
Vivian’s copper-works at Swansea, 321
Volcanoes, heat required for the production of the lava of, 33
extent of the action of, 33
important part played by steam in volcanic phenomena, 41
extinct and active volcanoes, 53
their shapes and heights, 53, 54
their craters, 54
desolation near them, 54
dimensions and depths of various craters, 54
dangers of crater explorations, 55, 56
lakes in the craters of extinct volcanoes, 57
line of demarcation between active and extinct volcanoes, 58
volcanoes still constantly forming, 58
submarine volcanoes, 59
formation of volcanic islands, 59
number of known volcanoes, 60
unequal distribution of, 61
in a constant state of activity, 61, 62
steam-jets, or fumaroles, 63, 74
phenomena of volcanic eruption, 65
stones and ashes thrown out, 66
explosion of cones, 67
disastrous effects of showers of sand, pumice, and lapilli, 68
mud-streams formed, 69
torrents formed by melted snow, 69
formation of fiery streams of liquid lava, 70
parasitic cones of eruption, 70
wooded volcanic craters, 71
phenomena attending the flow of a lava-stream, 72, 73
effect of the meeting of lava and the sea, 73
and of lava and ice, 74
vast dimensions of lava-streams, 75, 76
waste of desolation in lava-fields, 77
considered as safety-valves, 78, 79
probable causes of, 79, 80
destruction of Herculaneum and Pompeii, 81-87
mud-volcanoes, 93-96
formation of volcanic caves, 146-148
Volterra, alabaster of, 468
Vultur, Mount, beauty of the forest scenery around the extinct craters
of, 57

Wales, auriferous veins found in, 293 lead mines of, 366 time required for the formation of the coal-fields of South, 397 their superficial extent, 405 the coal-fields of North, 403 total number of pits in the South, 406 slate quarries of North, 469 New South, copper mines of, 329 coal-fields of, 424 Walker colliery, on the Tyne, disaster in, prevented, 282 Wallsend colliery, drowned, 273 attempt made to work a part of it, 278 Wanlockhead, lead mines at, 366 Warburton, his description of the rock-temple of Ipsamboul, 184-186 his visit to the tombs of the Pharaohs at Thebes, 202-204 Wash, evidences of subsidence of the land on the shores of the, 37 Washoe silver mine, 314 Water, its eternal strife with fire, 1, 2 the waters of the Cambrian or Silurian ocean, 11 filtered and made pure by the earth, 40 temperature of the water of springs, 43 subterranean distribution of the waters, 39 hydrostatic laws regarding the flow of springs, 40, 41 Bunsen’s theory of the Geysirs, 47 geological phenomena favouring the production of thermal springs, 43 geysirs of Iceland, 45-48 Artesian wells, 48-52 effect of the meeting of a lava-stream and the sea, 73 movements of the sea in earthquakes, 107 action of water in limestone caves, 138, 139 and in forming marine caves, 142 Water-spouts of caverns in the Skerries, 146 in mines, 269 modes of draining, 269 Waterfall, a subterranean, 153 Watt, James, his invention and its importance in iron manufacture, 351 Wear, importance of the river, 407 Wermland, iron manufacture of, 360 Westphalia, coal-fields of, 405 Wheal Cock, copper mine of, 319 Wheal, Edward, Cornish copper mine of, 319 Wheal Vor, rise and fall of the tin mine of, 339 Whitehaven coal-basin, extent of the, 407 excavations under the sea at the, 410 White-lead manufacture of the Brohl, 89 White-lead, how made, 365 Wicklow, lead mines of, 366 iron pyrites of, 447 Wielitzka, salt mines of, 262, 433-435 method of descending the, 263 accident in the, 435 Wiesbaden, hot springs of, 43 Wind-grottoes, 198-200 fables respecting, 199 Wirksworth, ossiferous caves of, 215, 216 Wissokaja Gora, the magnetic mountain of, 357 Wolfram, discovery of, 384 Wollaston, his discovery of palladium, 388 and of rhodium, 388 Wood, Colonel, his discovery of a bone-cave at Gower, 228 Workington Colliery, drowned, 274 Worship, subterranean places of, 181-183 Worsley, in Lancashire, subterranean canals in, 263 Yeermalik, massacre by Genghis Khan in the cave of, 172, 173 visit to the cave, 173 as a natural ice-cave, 197 York, New, copper mines of, 328 Yorkshire, lead mines of, 366

Zacatecas, silver mine of, 302
Zealand, New, effects of the earthquake of 1855 in upraising land, 111
maare, or crateriform hollows of, 132
the Apteryx australis of, 216
the gigantic Moa of, 216, 217
Professor Owen’s memoir and skeleton of the bird, 217
ossiferous caves of the country, 218
gold-fields of, 293
vegetation of, similar to that of the coal-fields, 395
coal-fields of, 424
Zellerfeld, great adit levels of the mines of, 270
Zepeda, Don Barnebé de, his discovery of the silver vein of Catorce,
303
Zeus, Olympian, Phidias’ ivory and gold statue of, 286
Zinc, not known to the ancients, 380
production of, 380, 381
the chief zinc-producing countries, 381, 382
Zircon, the, 492
Zoroaster, religion of, restored by the Sassanides of Persia, 92
Zwickau, in Saxony, burning mine at, 283

Footnotes

_Works by the same Author._

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THE SEA AND ITS LIVING WONDERS. With several hundred Wood Engravings;
and an entirely New Series of Illustrations in Chromoxylography,
representing the most Interesting Objects described in the Work, from
Original Drawings by Henry Noel Humphreys. Third English Copyright
Edition. 8vo. price 21_s._

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‘Dr. HARTWIG’S volume is a perfect model of the popular treatment of a large subject. It is at once full, clear, concise, and attractive; and it possesses the merit, absolutely unique as far as our experience goes in works of this kind, of being readable from end to end. Though closely packed with details—sufficiently so indeed to be a good, though of course not an exhaustive, book of reference for practical use—these are so well selected and arranged, so concisely related, and so carefully subordinated to general views, that they never produce any sensation of weariness, monotony, or confusion. There are some admirable chromoxylographs, and an infinitude of excellent woodcuts scattered up and down the pages with a profuse hand. In short, _the Sea_ has received from Dr. HARTWIG a recommendation to public attention which can scarcely perhaps increase its popularity, but which will certainly enable many of its admirers to regard it with a more enlarged and intelligent admiration. The title, large as it is, does the work some injustice, for we are apt to forget the _Sea_ itself in the _Living Wonders_ which it nourishes; and we scarcely include, in our conception of life, the vegetation of the ocean. This, however, is no fault of Dr. HARTWIG’S; for he fairly exhausts his subject. The first seventy pages are devoted to a very clear account of the general features of the sea. Its extent and depth and colour, its coast-line and currents, the height and velocity of its waves, the theory of its tides, the mighty circulation whereby the life-currents of the earth rise in evaporation from the ocean surface, are dispersed through the upper regions of the air, are condensed in rain, and, trickling through the soil, return in rivers to their native reservoir, are all set forth with great skill and beauty of language. Dr. HARTWIG then passes on to the inhabitants of the sea. First come the “hugest of living things,” the _Cetaceans_, with their kindred the seals and walruses—animals which in their anatomy and habits form a curious link between the tribes of earth and water, and in their vast size and outlandish forms seem, at least in fancy, to connect the present age with distant geological periods.... Penguins and auks and albatrosses next come under our notice: then turtles, the only modern representatives of the ancient saurians; then follows a description of many of the more curious fishes—among which we notice some singular creatures with fins and tails and gills, which can not only live for days out of water, but actually creep up trees and catch insects. Crabs and barnacles, worms and molluscs, star-fishes, sea-urchins, coral- polyps, and our familiar friends the sea-anemones, all come in for their fair share of attention. Even the microscopic foraminifera and diatomaceæ are included: one chapter is given to marine plants, and another to the primitive ocean; while the whole is appropriately closed with a brief sketch of the progress of maritime discovery. And all this is packed into an elegant volume of 400 pages. Never, surely, was such a mine of information presented in so pleasing a shape. Dr. HARTWIG has skimmed the very cream of marine science, and thrown all its daintiest morsels into a single attractive dish.’

GUARDIAN, First Notice.

‘This is the third edition, considerably enlarged, of the first and best of Dr. HARTWIG’S beautiful and popular volumes on natural history. The size of the book is increased by a hundred pages; a good deal of it is remoulded; two whole new chapters have been added, one on Marine Caves, the other on Marine Constructions, such as Lighthouses and Breakwaters; some of the old illustrations have disappeared, but their place has been supplied by more and better; so that the new edition really amounts to a recasting of the entire book. It was a very good book before; it is better and more complete now. Whether we regard the letterpress or the numerous illustrations, it takes a rank second to none among ornamental and popular books of science.’ GUARDIAN, Second Notice.

THE TROPICAL WORLD: a Popular Scientific Account of the Natural History
of the Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms and the Equatorial Regions. With
8 Chromoxylographic Plates and about 800 Woodcuts. 8vo. price 21_s._

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‘This work well deserves popularity, and is just the book to interest young persons who have the sense to perceive that the truths of nature are not only stranger but far more profitable than some fictions. All that intelligent women and children desire to know about the tropics will be found here—the aspects of nature, the rivers and coasts, the great sandy deserts, the gigantic vegetation, and the animal denizens from insects to apes; but excluding the tropical varieties of man.’

MEDICAL TIMES _and_ GAZETTE.

‘Dr. HARTWIG has followed up his admirable book on the SEA by another, not less admirable, on the _Tropical World_. The same wide erudition, vivid powers of description, and happy intermixture of popular and scientific treatment are displayed in it; and its pages are adorned by the same profusion of elegant illustration. Within the tropics Nature revels in her wildest luxuriance: bird, beast, reptile, and plant take there strange forms and colours, or attain unusual magnitude. Dr. HARTWIG has steeped his pen in the glowing atmosphere of the tropics; and with it, as with a wand, he leads us through successive regions of a sunny fairyland teeming with beautiful natural objects in inexhaustible variety, changeful and brilliant as the effulgent landscapes amid which they flourish.’

GUARDIAN.

‘The tropics give us something like a picture of the antediluvian world. The heat and moisture, with the consequent luxuriance of vegetation in tangled overgrowth, the violence of the storms, and the ferocity and hideousness of many animal forms, mark out these equatorial regions as very striking, very picturesque, very interesting, but not very agreeable as a residence. Unless we are young, robust, and adventurous, it is pleasanter to read of such regions in our milder Europe, and to visit them in imagination, following the adventures of others. And this journey Dr. HARTWIG enables us to make through his excellent compilation.... We have indicated the nature of Dr. HARTWIG’S book, and have only to add that it is compiled with great skill, and written in a clear and agreeable style. It is seldom that we have occasion to notice a more satisfactory work of the class to which it belongs.’

SATURDAY REVIEW.

‘We ought not to conclude these gleanings without a brief notice of Dr. HARTWIG’S popular book. There are those who look with contempt on popular science of all kinds, and regard with undisguised aversion such compilations as the one before us. We do not share these feelings in the least degree; on the contrary, we welcome most heartily such introductions to the study of natural history. True, they may be sometimes of little scientific value, but they are very useful stepping- stones to something more solid. They are more especially intended for the young, but those of mature years may derive much profit by a perusal of many of these works, and even the naturalist may read them with pleasure and instruction. The numerous beautifully illustrated and carefully compiled works on natural history, such as the _Tropical World_, together with the _Sea and its Living Wonders_, by the same writer, and several others which have appeared within the last few years, are an encouraging sign of the growing interest which the rising generation takes in the study of the great Creator’s works, and we heartily wish them Godspeed.’

QUARTERLY REVIEW.

_Works by the same Author._

THE HARMONIES OF NATURE,

OR THE UNITY OF CREATION.

With 8 full-page Engravings on Wood, from Original Designs by
F. W. Keyl, and about 200 Woodcuts in the Text.

8vo. price 18_s._

‘As a sort of abridged KOSMOS brought down so as to include the latest discoveries of science, Dr. HARTWIG’S _Harmonies of Nature_ is admirable for the view it gives of the order of nature as we can at present conceive it. Such a work enlarges and clears our conception of the universe, and we can heartily commend both the ability with which the facts are elucidated and the reverential spirit with which they are treated.’

GLOBE.

‘Dr. HARTWIG’S book at first looks like a system of natural history: it swarms with woodcuts of zoology and comparative anatomy. But it properly belongs to general psychology; for its object is comparison and deduction, and a view of the chain of being, which ... after some general cosmogony, begins at the lowest phases of vegetable life and ends with man.... The book is very interesting, and fills a very useful place.’

ATHENÆUM.

‘The nature of Dr. HARTWIG’S _Harmonies of Nature_ will perhaps be better understood if we call it a popularised KOSMOS. Beginning with the starry heavens, the Author leads us through air and ocean, and shows in broad outline how material nature is adapted to the organic life which fills it. He then traces out the ascending grades of organic life itself from plants to sponges and jelly-fishes, and from them up through molluscs, insects, fishes, birds, and mammals, to man himself, the crown of all. This great outline is filled up with sufficient detail to give it substance and interest. It is traced with a flowing and expressive pen, and illustrated by an elegant and abundant pencil. Those who have seen Dr. HARTWIG’S former works will be satisfied to know that this is no unworthy companion to them.’

GUARDIAN.

‘The _Harmonies of Nature_ will add to its Author’s well-deserved reputation as the most correct and philosophic as well as the most entertaining writer of the day on popular natural history. Unlike most of the compilers of this class of works, Dr. HARTWIG has a very extensive knowledge of his subject, a knowledge sufficient to enable him to present to his readers a well-arranged work, that may be read with profit as well as with pleasure. The object of the work is to point out and illustrate the unity of plan which prevails throughout creation.... Compared with the popular natural histories current in France and England, the works of Dr. HARTWIG are of much higher excellence; and for those readers who desire to know something about physical science without becoming painful and diligent students, no volume can be recommended as more delightful than the _Harmonies of Nature_.’

_The_ FIELD.

--------------------------------------------------

THE POLAR WORLD;

A POPULAR DESCRIPTION OF MAN AND NATURE IN THE ARCTIC
AND ANTARCTIC REGIONS OF THE GLOBE.

With 8 Chromoxylographic Plates, 3 Maps, and 85 Woodcuts.

8vo. price 21_s._

‘The appearance of Dr. HARTWIG’S book at this time is very opportune. There is every reason to believe that public attention will be directed during the next ten or fifteen years to the Polar regions and the contemplated expeditions to them. Whether or not the suggestions are carried out which were made at the recent meeting of the Geographical Society for an educating trial trip to the Arctic coast, there can be no doubt that there will be an expedition in 1881-1882 for the purpose of observing the transit of VENUS in the Antarctic Seas. Sabrina Land and Possession Island are spoken of as suitable stations for the observations. Most readers would have to refer to their maps, or to almost forgotten books of Antarctic travel to make themselves acquainted with those localities. Dr. HARTWIG’S volume gives maps, description, and history of all that is known concerning these icy regions in a few compendious pages.... Like Dr. HARTWIG’S former works, the _Polar World_ is a model of interesting and authentic compilation. Starting from Iceland, he takes us round the lands which circle about the North Pole, describing their natural features, the people who inhabit them, the birds, beasts, and fishes, and the scanty vegetation, which is frequently little more than varieties of mosses and lichens. The same plan is followed in the regions of the South Pole. In his treatment of all these subjects the Author combines the qualities of a clever historian, a well-informed geographer, and a correct naturalist. Gathering up all the information supplied by numerous explorers, he has presented to us the result in a beautifully illustrated volume, containing a clear, concise, and faithful description of man and nature in high latitudes. The work will be exceedingly useful as well as interesting to the naturalist, as nearly every chapter in it contains careful accounts of the animals peculiar to the regions described.... The _Polar World_ will add greatly to the already well-deserved reputation of the Author.’

LAND _and_ WATER.

London: LONGMANS and CO. Paternoster Row.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Transcriber’s Note

At 370.16, the freezing point of mercury is given as ‘-39° Fahr.’, which should be -39° Celsius.

At 198.9>, the paragraph ending ‘pillars supporting the roof’, includes a single closing quote, the opening of which is either missing, or it is itself a mistake. Given the wording of the paragraph, it is likely the latter.

Errors deemed most likely to be the printer’s have been corrected, and are noted here. The references are to the page and line in the original, or where two columns were employed, the page, column, and line. Where the spelling of index entries disagree with their references in the text, they have been corrected.

xvii.24 [(]Green Added.

5.13 subterran[n]ean fires Removed.

98.34 were found clasped in each other’s arms.[’] Added.

105.10 valley of the Mississip[p]i Added.

109.10 a vest[a/i]ge remaining Replaced.

158.40 præsertim subterraneas exhibens.[’] Added.

164.28 communicating with [un/nu]merous subterranean Transposed.

198.9 pillars supporting the roof.[’] Removed.

217.10 forms one of the most conspic[u]ous ornaments Added.

282.2 with the ox[gy/yg]en of the air, Transposed.

341.16 more like a vast natural crater tha[t/n] a Replaced.
hollow

356.20 of North and[ and] South Wales Removed.

399.18 acc[c]ompanying Removed.

443.19 Sic[n/u]liana Replaced.

496.31 an ample i[m/n]demnity Replaced.

504.2.3 Canstadt, in Wurtemb[u/e]rg>, Replaced.

508.1.41 Estrell[o/a] do Sul, or Star of the South Replaced.

514.2.4 Mushrooms, subterran[n]ean Removed.

514.2.17 Na[n/u]heim, carbonic acid gas spring of, 88 Replaced.

517.2.45 S[c]haflock, ice-cave of, 194, 195 Added.

End of Project Gutenberg's The Subterranean World, by George Hartwig