Chapter CXXI (1)

Of the monasteries which have been founded in Peru, from the date of its discovery down to the present year 1550.

In the previous chapter I have briefly stated what bishops there are in this kingdom, and it will now be well to mention the monasteries which have been founded in it, and who were the founders, for in these things grave worthies and some very learned doctors have assisted.

In the city of Cuzco there is a house of the order of San Domingo, on the site where the Indians had their principal temple. It was founded by the reverend father Fray Juan de Olias. There is another house of the order of San Francisco, founded by the reverend father Fray Pedro Portugues. Another house exists of the order of our Lady of Mercy,[553] founded by the reverend father Fray Sebastian. In the city of La Paz there is another monastery of San Francisco, founded by the reverend father Fray Francisco de los Angeles. In the village of Chucuito there is a house of Dominicans founded by the reverend father Fray Tomas de San Martin. In the town of Plata there is another of Franciscans, founded by the reverend father Fray Jeronimo. In Guamanga there is another of Dominicans founded by the reverend father Fray Martin de Esquivel; and a monastery of our Lady of Mercy founded by the reverend father Fray Sebastian.[554] In the City of the Kings there is another of Franciscans founded by the reverend father Fray Francisco de Santa Ana;[555] another of Dominicans, founded by the reverend father Fray Juan de Olias[556] and another of our Lady of Mercy, founded by the reverend father Fray Miguel de Orenes. In the village of Chincha there is a house of Dominicans, founded by the reverend father Fray Domingo de San Tomas. In the city of Arequipa there is another house of this order, founded by the reverend father Fray Pedro de Ulloa; and in the city of Leon de Huanuco there is another, founded by the same father Fray Pedro de Ulloa. In the town of Chicama there is also a house of Dominicans, founded by the reverend father Fray Domingo de San Tomas. In the city of Truxillo there is a monastery of Franciscans, founded by the reverend father Fray Francisco de la Cruz, and another of Mercy. In Quito there is a house of Dominicans, founded by the reverend father Alonzo de Monte-negro, another of Mercy, and another of Franciscans, founded by the reverend father Fray Jodoco Rique Flamenco. There are some other houses, besides the above, which have been founded by the numerous friars who are constantly sent by his Majesty’s council of the Indies, to engage in the conversion of the Indians, for so his Majesty has ordered, and they occupy themselves in teaching the natives with great diligence. Touching the rules and other things of which I should treat, it w¡ll be more convenient to do so in another place.

With this I make an end of my first part, with glory to God, our Almighty Lord, and to his blessed and glorious Mother our Lady. I commenced writing in the city of Cartago, in the government of Popayan in the year of 1541, and I finished writing originally in the City of the Kings, in the kingdom of Peru, on the 8th day of the month of September 1550, the author being thirty-two year’s of age, and having passed seventeen of them in these Indies.

THE END.

INDEX

TO THE

FIRST PART OF THE CHRONICLE OF PERU,

BY

PEDRO DE CIEZA DE LEON.

Abancay, 318

Abibe mountains, 43;
certain hairy worms met with on the, 38

Aburra valley, 67-114

Acari, 28, 265

Acos, 301, 373

_Adobes_, 129, 219, 251

Aguales Indians, 108

Aguacate, a fruit (see Palta).

Aguja, point of, 25

Agaz, Juan, eats a dozen apples, 39

Aji, 142 _note_, 232

Alaya, chief of Xauxa, 224, 301

Alcobasa (Diego de), his account of the ruins of Tiahuanaco, 378 _note_

Alcon (Pedro), one of the thirteen companions of Pizarro, 420 _note_

Aldana (Lorenzo de), 123

Algoroba trees, 129, 235, 239 _note_

Alligators, 16

Alligator pears (see Paltas).

Alonzo (Rodrigo), in company with Cieza de Leon, sees
a pretty girl killed and eaten, 79

Almagro (Diego de), 7, 159, 186, 256, 318, 419

Almagro the Younger, 306 _note_, 312, 335

Alpacas, 394

Alvarado (Alonzo de), 157, 279, 282

---- (Pedro de), 148, 155, 156, 157, 185, 186, 248

---- (Gomez de), 157, 281, 283

---- (Diego de), 157

Amaru-mayu river, 337 _note_

Ambato, 154

Ancocahua, temple of, 357

Ancasmayu river, 122

Anco-allo, chief of the Chancas, 280

Andagoya (Pascual de), 105 _note_

Andahuaylas, 315, 317

Angoyaco pass, 302

Animals, 42;
guinea pigs, 63 _note_;
_chucha_, 91;
_guadaquinajes_, _ib._;
tigers, 104;
tapirs, 164;
of Puerto Viejo, 175;
dogs, 235;
llama tribe, 392;
of Peru, 402;
foxes, 237-402

Añaquito, plains of, 139

Andeneria, 321

Andes, description of, 129;
forests of, 323, 337;
animals and snakes of, 338;
nations of, 339;
riches of, 406

Antioquia, 4, 52;
customs of natives of, 59;
road from, to Arma, 66, 114

Anti-suyu, province, 323-337

Anunaybe, father of the cacique Nutibara, 46

Anzerma, Indians of, 63;
founding of, 65;
supply of salt at, 126

Apurimac, river and bridge, 319

Aqueducts (see Irrigation, works of).

Arbi, valley of, 81

Arequipa, 287, 392

Arias (Garcia Diaz), bishop of Quito, 424

Arica, 29

Arma, 69-70;
Indians of, 70-72

Armendariz (Miguel Diaz), 96

Arrows, poisoned, used by the Indians of Uraba, 39

Art, Peruvian works of, 403-4

Asillo, 369

Astete (Miguel de), 272 _note_

Astopilco, cacique at Caxamarca, descended from Atahualpa, 272 _note_

Atacama desert, 267

Atahualpa, his cruelty to the Cañaris, 167;
his residence at Caxamarca, 271;
war with Huascar, 273 _note_, 275, 409, 421;
meaning of the word, 231

Atienza, (Blas de), protests against the murder of Atahualpa, 292 _note_

Atoco, Indian general takes Atahualpa prisoner, 167, 273

Atongayo bay, 30

Atrato river, 49 _note_

Atris, valley of, 123

Aura, bird so called, 175, 403, 416

Ausancata temple, 354

Avila (Alonzo de), protests against the murder of Atahualpa, 292 _note_

Avogada pears (see _Paltas_).

Ayala (Christoval de), killed, 94;
his pigs, _ib._

---- (Pedro de), protests against the murder of Atahualpa, 292 _note_

Ayavire, 358, 369

Ayllos, weapon so called, 355

Aymara Indians (same as Collas, which see).

Ayniledos river, 31

Azangaro, 369

Bachicao (Hernando), 373 and _note_

Balsas, 265

Barranca (La), 248 _note_

Barley, 144, 400

Baths of the Yncas, 271, 285 note, 313 _note_, 400 _note_

Bees, 90

Belalcazar (Sebastian de), kills Robledo, 79;
founds Cali, 93, 105;
notice of, 110 _note_, 113, 145, 201, 423;
marches to assist the president Gasca, 151, 186

Bio-bio river, 31

Birds of Puerto Viejo--the _xuta_ and _maca_, 175;
on the Peruvian coast, 237 (see _Aura_).

Blanco, cape, 25

Blasco Nuñez Vela, the viceroy, 87, 139, 187 _note_, 221 _note_, 275 _note_

Bobadilla (Fray Francisco de), umpire between Pizarro and Almagro, 256

Bomba, province of, 117

Bombon, 286;
lake of, 294

Bracamoros, province and Indians, 204-209

Briceño (Alonzo), one of the thirteen companions of Pizarro, 420

Bridge of rope across the Vilcas, 314 _note_;
across the Apurimac, 319 _note_

---- of Desaguadero, toll for crossing, 373

Buenaventura, 20, 104, 105 _note_, 106

Buga, province of, 94

Building, Peruvians skilled in, 405

Burial of the dead, customs of the Indians, 40, 51, 64, 77, 81, 83, 102,
120, 151, 168, 180, 188, 199, 203, 206, 221, 222, 226 _note_, 252, 262,
279, 285, 358, 364

Buritica hill, 56

Cabaya, a kind of aloe, 146

Cacha village, 356

Calamar, 33

Caldera, Licentiate, 159

Callao, 27

Cali, city of, 93;
Indians of, 96;
river and situation, 99;
villages, etc., 100-3, 105;
road from, to Popayan, 107;
to Buenaventura, 106

Camana, 29, 265

Campo Redondo (Gaspar Rodriguez de), 303 _note_

Cañaris, 162, 167, 169

Cañari-bamba, 204

Canas, Indians, 356 _note_, 358

Canches, Indians, 355, 356 _note_, 358

Candia (Pedro de), one of the thirteen companions of Pizarro, 193 _note_, 419

Cane brake, near Cartago, 90

Cañete valley, 257 _note_, 259

Cangas, Suer de, 185

Cannibalism, 50, 52, 60, 71, 79, 84, 96, 97, 101, 115, 118

Capitulation (between Pizarro and Queen Juana), 420 _note_

Carachine Point, 20

Caracollo village, 381

Caraques, 185

Caramanta province, 126

Carangues, 133, 138

Caraquen bay, 22

Caravaya river and gold of, 369

Carbajal (Francisco de), 276 _note_, 303 _note_;
feeds on honey, 362, 373 _note_, 384, 422, 424 _note_

---- (Yllan Suarez de), 305 _note_

Cari, a chief of the Collas, 363

Cariapasa, Chief of Chucuito, 373

Carmenca hill at Cuzco, 325

Carrapa, 82, 84

Carrion (Anton de), one of the thirteen companions of Pizarro, 420

Cartago, 67, 85, 92

Cartama, 60

Carthagena, 33, 35

Casma, port of, 26

Cauca river, 58 _note_, 80 _note_, 114

_Castellano_, value of, 159, 272, 387

Castro, Vaca de, 283, 306 _note_, 312

Carinas Indians, 354

Caxamarca, 269 _note_, 271

Cayambes Indians, 137, 161

Caymito fruit, 16, 234

Ccapac Yupanqui, a victorious Ynca general, 269 _note_

Ccuri-cancha, 328, 385

Cegue river, of Quinbaya, 86

Cenasura, 67

Centeno (Diego de), 380, 384

Cenu, 228;
burial places at, 221

---- river, alligators in, 16-35

Cenasura, 126

Cesar (Francisco), 46, 47 _note_, 48, 422

Cespedes (Juan de), a negro belonging to, mistakes dried bowels for sausages, 97

Chacama valley, 241

Chachapoyas, 277, 278

_Chacu_ or hunting of the Yncas, 288 _note_

Chagres river, 17

Challcuchima, General of Atahualpa, burnt by order of Pizarro, 320

Chanca Indians, 280, 315, 316

Chanchan buildings, 162

Chancos flatten the skulls of their children, 96

Chapanchita provinces, 117

Chaqui, 383

_Chaquira_ beads, 176, 405

Charcas province, 381;
mines, 385

Chaves (Diego de), wife of, see Escobar.

---- (Francisco de), 292 and _note_

Chayanta, 383

Chicha liquor, 152, 220

Chichas village, 383

Chilane village, 373

Chilca, 255

Children, naming of, 231

Chile, 30-384

Chimu, valley and ruins, 242 and _note_

Chincha valley, 228, 260; islands, 28 _note_

Chinchay-cocha lake, 294, 296

Chinchona plants at Loxa, 206 _note_

Chiquana, 356

Chirimoya fruit, 234 _note_

Choape, 31

_Chono_, dog so called, 235

_Chucha_, animal so called, 91

---- a shell fish, 16

Chucuito, 373

Chumbivilica, 335

_Chumpi_ (belt), 146

Chunchos, 337 _note_

Chupas, field of, 306 _note_

Chuñus, 361

Chuqui-apu, 380

Cianca (Andres), a judge of the audience, 425

Cieza de Leon, dedication of his work, 1;
his habit of writing on the march, 3;
plan of his work, 6;
collects information concerning the coast, 27;
loses his journals after the battle of Xaquixaguana, 32;
joins Vadillo, 41;
finds a quantity of gold, 77;
joins Belalcazar, 110 _note_;
method of collecting information, 177;
marching to join the royal army, 151, 167, 241;
crosses the bridge over the Apurimac, 319;
goes to Charcas, 339;
at Pucara, 368;
continues to take notes in the Collao, 364;
and at Tiahuanaco, 376;
proposes to form plantations of trees, 401;
sees God’s hand visibly in the conquest of the Indies, 418;
finishes his work, 427

Cinnamon, 137, 142

Cinto, valley of, 240

Climate of Peru, 130;
of Quito, 140;
of the Peruvian coast, 214;
of the Collao, 360

Cloth weaving, 405

Coast valleys, 129, 214-216 to 268;
fertility of, 233

Coca, 352

Coconucos Indians, 112, 116

Cochabamba, 383

Cochesqui, 139

Collaguaso village, 137

Collahuayos, 398 _note_

Collao province, 324, 359, 360, 362, 370

---- Indians (see Collas), 367

Collique, 240

Colmenares (Diego de), 34 _note_

Colonists (see _Mitimaes_).

Conchucos, 286-291

Consota, salt from, 126

Conversion of an Indian, in spite of the Devil, 415

Copayapo, 30

Coquimbo, 30

Cori, salt from, 125

Corrientes cape, 20

Cosa (Juan de la), 33

Cotton, 143, 393

Cuellar (Francisco de) one of Pizarro’s thirteen companions, 420

_Cui_, or guinea pigs, 63 _note_

Cunti-suyu, 324, 335

Cuzco, dress of ladies of, 146;
situation, 322;
divisions, 325;
streets and wards, 327 _note_;
temple of the sun, 328;
founded by Manco Ccapac, 329;
description, 330;
Indians from all parts living in, 330;
Bishop of, 424

Dabaybe (or Dobaybe, which see).

_Dantas_, or tapirs, 164

Darien river, 95

Desaguadero river, 373

Deserts on the coast, described, 128, 238, 240

Devil, in nearly every page;
his wiles, 225;
devil of Peru (see _Supay_, see _Xixarama_);
devils interfering to prevent conversion of an Indian, 416

Dioceses in Peru, 424

Dobaybe, country of, 36, 47 _note_, 49 _note_

Dogs in Peru, 235

Doorways (monolithic) at Tiahuanaco, 376

Dress of ladies of Cuzco, 146

Ducks, Indians breed many, 235

Dyes used by the Indians, 405, 406 _note_

Earthquakes at Arequipa, 268

Enciso, the Bachiller, 34 _note_

Equinoctial line, 173

Emeralds, 183;
broken by the Spaniards, 185

Encomiendas, 72 _note_

Escobar (Maria de) introduces wheat into Peru, 400

Fair at Potosi, 391

Female succession, 64, 73, 83

Ferrol, port of, 26

Fertility of coast valleys, 233

Fish, _Manatee_, 114;
bonitos, 175;
sardines used as manure, 255

Flowers used for sacrifices, 71

Fossil bones, 194 _note_

Fountain (hot) near Quito, 132

Foxes, 237, 402

Fruits of Panama, 16;
in the Cauca valley, 73;
of Pasto, 122;
called _mortuño_, 132;
of Puerto Viejo, 175;
of the Peruvian coast valleys, 234, 235;
of Huanuco, 283

Funes, a village of the Pastos, 131

Gallo, island of, 21;
Pizarro and his thirteen companions on, 419 _note_

Garcilasso de la Vega, 157 _note_, 185

Gasca (Pedro de la), 208;
Cieza de Leon marches to join the army of, 241;
at Andahuaylas, 318;
executes Gonzalo Pizarro, 320;
gives letters of introduction to Cieza de Leon, 339

Gaspar, an Indian Governor at Chucuito, 373

Gavilan (Diego), 303 _note_

Giants at Point Santa Elena, 189

Giron (Francisco Hernandez de), 79 _note_

Gold, 57, 70, 77, 79, 86;
Quichua word for, 281 _note_;
of Cunti-suyu, 336;
of Caravaya, 369;
of Chuquiapu, 381, 386 _note_

Gorgona island, 21, 420

Gorrones Indians, round Cali, 97, 98

Government of the Yncas, 164

Guaca, province of, 132, 422

_Guacamayos_ (macaws), 199

_Guadaquinages_, animals the size of a hare, 91, 98

Guallabamba, 139

Guamanga, founded, 307, 308;
Indians of, 310;
bishops of, 424 _note_

Guamaraconas (_Huayna-cuna_), natives of Otabalo and Carangue so-called, 138

Guambia, province of, 109

Guanaco (see Huanacu).

Guañape, 26, 245

Guancavilcas, 168, 181, 192

Guano islands, 265, 266 _note_

Guarco valley, 257; fortress, 258

Guarmay, 26, 247

Guanavanas (fruit), 99, 234

Guasco, chief of Andahuaylas, 315, 318

Guavas (fruit), 16, 99, 234

Guayaquil, 197, 201, 203

Guayavas (fruit), 73, 99, 234

Guevara (Juan Perez de), 280, 281

Guinea pigs, 63 _note_

Gutierrez (Felipe), 383, 406

Haro (Hernando de) protests against the murder of Atahualpa, 292 _note_

Harvest, Indian ceremony at, 412

Hatun-cana village, 356

Hatun-cañari buildings, 162

Hatun-colla, 369 _note_

Hayo-hayo, 381

Heads (see Skulls).

Head-dresses of Indian tribes, 145 _note_;
of the Cañaris, 167;
Indians known by them, 171-2;
of chiefs on the coast, 225;
different tribes collected together at Cuzco known by their head-dresses, 330;
head-dress of the Cavinas, 354;
of the Collas, 363

Herrada (Juan de) protests against the murder of Atahualpa, 292 _note_

Herbs (medicinal), 398

Heredia (Pedro de), 35 _note_, 47 _note_, 113

---- (Alonzo de), 35

---- (Nicolas de), 383, 406

Hernandez (Gomez), 415

Hervay, Ynca fortress of, 259 _note_

Hinojoso (Pedro de), 383 _note_

---- (Ruy Sanchez de), 384

Honey (see Carbajal, Francisco de).

Horuro village, 356

Huacas, 77, 228 _note_

Huaca-camayoc or sorcerers, 413, 414 _note_

Huaqui village, 374

Huamachuco, 287

Huambacho, 247

Huanacus, 394

Huancas, Indians, 279, 298

Huancabamba, 210, 269

Huanuco, 282, 283, 284 _note_, 285

Huara, 26, 248

Huaray, 293

Huarina, battle of, 9, 380 and _note_;
village and battle, 380

Huarivilca, god of the Huancas, 300

Huascar Ynca, 272, 273 _note_, 421

Huayna Ccapac, Ynca, 133 _note_, 140, 169, 179, 193

Huaylos, province of, 286

_Huayras_ used in the mines at Potosi, 389

Huillac-Umu, chief priest, 329

Huira-ccocha, Creator, 162;
Ynca, 226 _note_, 308 _note_, 332, 338, 355, 363;
God, 162, 357, 367

Huis-cacha (rabbit), 402

Hunting of the Yncas, 288 and _note_

Inca (see Ynca).

Indies, discovery of, 11

Indians, attempts at converting, 12;
of Uraba, 36-9;
arms of, 71;
of Arma, 70;
of Antioquia, 63;
sacrifices, 71;
granted in _Encomienda_, 72 _note_;
eat human flesh, 73;
of Paucura, 75;
of Pozo, 76;
great warriors, 78;
of Picara, 80;
of Carrapa, 82;
of Cali, 96-100;
customs of, 101, 112, 116;
of Pasto, 120;
of Carangue, 138;
of Otabalo, 138;
Puruaes, 161;
Cañaris, 162-7;
of Puerto Viejo, 172-6;
Guancavilcas, 181, 192;
Mantas, 182;
of Puna, 199;
of Guayaquil, 203;
of the coast (see Yuncas);
of Chachapoyas, 278;
Huancas, 279, 298;
Charcas, 280, 315;
of Huanuco, 285;
of Guamanga, 310;
of Cunti-suyu, 335;
in the eastern forests, 339;
Cavinas, 354;
Canches, 355;
Canas, 356;
Collas, 359, 363;
oppression of by the chiefs, 410

Ipiales, village of, 131

Irrigation, works of, 236 and _note_;
at Yca, 263;
near Cuzco, 354

Jerez (Garcia de), one of Pizarro’s thirteen companions, 420 _note_

Juli village, 373

Juliaca village, 369

Ladrillo (Juan de) founds Buenaventura, 104

Ladrillero (Juan) navigates Lake Titicaca, 370

Lakes, salt, 399 (see Bombon, Titicaca).

Lampa, village, harvest ceremony at, 412

La Merced church in Cuzco, 426 _note_

Langazi, valley and inhabitants, 147

Language of Indians, 70;
of Indians of Paucura, 74;
Quichua grammar, 163;
Quichua to be used throughout the empire of the Yncas, 146;
Great variety of, 407

La Paz, 380, 381

La Plata river, supposed source, 295, (see Plata)

Ledesma (Baltazar de), 423

Legends of the Huancas, 299;
of the Chancas, 316;
of the temple at Cacha, 357 _note_

Lejesama (Marcio Serra de), curious will of, 124

Lile, valley of, 101, 104

Lima, 248

Limara river, 31

Limatambo, 320 and _note_

Llacta-cunga, ruins, 143, 150

Llamas, 393

_Lliclla_ (or mantle), 146

Loaysa, Archbishop of Lima, 227, 424

Lobos, island of, 25

Loxa, 205;
_Chinchona_ plant of, 206

Luchengo island, 31

Lunahuana river, 260;
(or Runahuanac), 228

_Maca_, bird so-called, 175

_Macana_, a weapon, 49, 203

Magdalena river, 111 _note_

Magellan’s strait, 31, 384

Maize, 233, etc.

Mala, valley of, 256 and _note_

Maldonado (Diego de), 317 and _note_

Mama-cunas, 25, 149, 164, 369;
employed in weaving, 405

Manatee, 114

Manco Ccapac, 136, 194, 329, 354, 409

Manco Ynca, 304, 306 _note_

Mansanillo tree, 38;
Juan Agraz eats a dozen apples off the mansanillo trees, 39

Mantas, 182, 184

Market at Potosi, 391

Martin (Roque), Retribution for cruelty to the Indians, 423

Maule river, 31

Mendoza (Antonio de), viceroy of Peru, 425

---- (Alonzo de), founds La Paz, 381

---- (Francisco de), 383

---- (Lope de), 384

---- (Pedro de) protests against the murder of Atahualpa, 292 _note_

Mercadillo (Alonzo de) founds Loxa, 206, 208

Metals, precious, knowledge of, by the Peruvians, 385

Miller, General, 265 _note_

Mines in Cañaris, 169;
of emeraldsat Manta, 183;
of Tarapaca, 266;
of Conchucos, 293;
of Potosi, 382-6;
of silver in Charcas, 385;
of Porco, 385;
of gold in Tipuani, 386 _note_;
in the Andes, 406 (see _Gold_, _Silver_).

Mira river, 133

Miracles in favour of the Spaniards, 422

Misti volcano, 268 _note_

Mitimaes (colonists), 149, 150, 209;
at Caxamarca, 271, 328, 362

Mocha, buildings at, 154

Mohina, treasure found at, 353

_Molle_ trees, 299, 397

Molina (Alonzo de), one of the thirteen companions of Pizarro, 420 _note_

Mompox, city of, 114

Monasteries in Peru, 426

Mora (Diego de) protests against the murder of Atahualpa, 292 _note_

Morgan the buccaneer, 17 _note_

_Mortuñas_, a fruit near Quito, 132

Moscoso (Francisco) protests against the murder of Atahualpa, 292 _note_

Motupe, valley, 239

Moyobamba, 280

Mulahalo, 147, 148

Muliambato, buildings of, 153

Mummies of the Yncas, 226 _note_;
carried about at Xauxa, 227

Mungia, supply of salt from, 126

Muñoz (Miguel), founder of Cali, 87, 100

Mussels, used as food at Panama, 16

Nabonuco, a cannibal chief, 51

Names given to children, 230;
signification of, 231 _note_;
of the Yncas, 231 _note_;
329 _note_

Nasca, promontory, 28;
works of irrigation at, 236 _note_;
valley, 264

Navigation, of the west coast, 19

Neyva, valley of, 94

Nicasio village, 365, 369

Nicuesa (Diego de), 33, 34 _note_

Nombre de Dios, 16, 17

Nutibara Cacique, 46

Oca, 361 and _note_

Ocoña valley, 29, 265

Ojeda (Alonzo de), 33, 34 _note_

Olive trees in Peru, 401 _note_

Ollantay-tambo, ruins at, 333

Omasuyo, 369

Ondegordo (Polo de), 387 and _note_

Opossum (see _Chuchu_).

_Orejones_, nobles of Cuzco, 193, 196, 261, 337

Orellana (Francisco de), 112, 202, 406

Orgoñez, Rodrigo, 254, 304

Otabalo, robbery by natives of, 138

Otaso (Marcos), a priest, who gives an account of a harvest
ceremony of the Indians at Lampa, 412

Ovejas river, 108

Oviedo, the historian, 35 _note_

Pacasmayu valley, 240

Paccari-tampu, 320 _note_, 335

Paccay fruit, 16

Pachacamac, 251, 253, 254

Pachacutec Ynca, 269 _note_

Pacheco (Francisco), founds Puerto Viejo, 187

----, Juan, 417

Pachachaca river, 317 _note_

Pallas, ladies of Cuzco, their dress, 146, 147, 277

Palms and _palmitos_, 36, called Pixiuares, 44, 68, 73, 100

Palta fruit, 16, 73, 99, 234

Paltas, town of, 205

Pampas river, 314 _note_

Panama, 14, 15, 16, 17

Pancorbo, Juan de, 359

Pansaleo, 145, 147

Paria province, 381

Pariña, point of, 25

Parcos, 302

Passaos, 22;
the first port in Peru, 172

Pasto, 54, 55, 120, 121, 123

Parmonga ruined fortress, 247

Patia valley, 118

Paucar-tampu, 320 _note_, 337 _note_

Paucura, 74, 75

Paullu, son of Huayna Ccapac Ynca, 77, 224 _note_

Payta, port of, 25

Paz, Martin de, one of the thirteen companions of Pizarro, 420

Pearl Islands, 20

Peccary, 37

Pedrarias, governor of Panama, 34

_Pepino_ fruit, 234, 262

Peralta, Cristoval de, one of the thirteen companions of Pizarro, 420

Pericos-ligeros, 36

Petecuy, chief, 101

Peru, description, 128;
climate, 130;
natives, 135;
products, 400;
races in, 407 _note_

Philip II, dedication to, 1

Piandomo river, 109

Picara, province of, 80, 81

Picoy valley, 302

Pigs, value of, 95

Pillaros Indians, 155

Piñas, puerto de, 20

Pincos, 294

Pine apples, 99

Pinto Simon, Corregidor of Chucuito, 373

Pirsa village, chief of tormented by devils, 415

Pisacoma village, 149 _note_

Pisagua river, 30

Piscobamba, 293

_Pitahaya_ fruit, 69

Piura valley, 213

Pixiuares palms (see Palms).

Pizarro, Francisco de, at Darien, 34 _note_;
at Gorgone, 21;
hears of the arrival of Alvarado, 156;
founds San Miguel, 214;
Truxillo, 244;
Lima, 250;
interview with Almagro at Mala, 256;
founds Arequipa, 268;
at Caxamarca, 272;
assassination of, 292 _note_, 353;
refounds Cuzco, 329;
founds Guamanga, 310;
account of his thirteen companions on the island of Gallo, 419 _note_

---- (Gonzalo), 32, 137, 187 _note_, 221 _note_, 255 _note_,
303, 306 _note_, 311, 320, 380

---- (Hernando), 253, 254, 335

Plata, island of, 24, 199

Plata, town, 382

Pocheos, river, on the coast, 213;
city of, 32, 381, 382, 384

Pocona village, 384

Pocras Indians, 308 _note_

Poison of Indians of Carthagena, 38

Pomata, 373

Popayan, 32, 54, 55, 109, 115, 124

Porco, 285

Ports between Panama and Chile, 19, 27

Pozo, 75, 76, 79

Potatoe, 360 and _note_;
sweet potatoe, 234

Potosi mines, 384, 390, 391

Pottery, Peruvian, 404 _note_

Pucara, 302, 368

Puelles, Pedro de, 187, 283

Puerto Viejo, 22, 174, 180, 187

Pultamarca medicinal springs, 271 _note_

Puna, island of, 24, 198

Puruaes Indians, 154, 161

Purús river, _note_ on by Mr. Spruce, 339

Qualmatan village, near Quito, 131

Quepaypa, battle of, 274 _note_

Quichua language, 146, 163;
meaning of the word, 316 _note_

Quijos, 137, 147

Quilca river and port, 29, 265

Quillacingas Indians, 131

Quinua, 143 _note_, 361

Quinbaya province, 85, 88

Quinuchu, brother of the Cacique Nutibara, 46

Quipus, 290

Quiquixana, 354

Quito, 131, 140, 141, 144, 145

Quiximies rivers, 22

Quizquiz, general of Atahualpa, 292 _note_

Rain, absence of, on the coast, 214

Ransom of Atahualpa, amount, 272 _note_

_Repartimiento_ of Indians, 68, 208

Ribera, Nicolas, one of Pizarro’s thirteen companions, 419, 420

---- (Antonio de), introduces olives into Peru, 401 _note_

Religion of Cañaris, 162;
Guancavilcas, 181;
of Mantas, 183;
of Indians of Huamachuco, 289;
of Canas, 357;
of the Indians of the Collao, 366;
of Huanuco, 285;
of the coast, 221;
of Huancas, 299

Retribution on Spaniards for cruelty to Indians, 422-3

Rimac river, 250

Riobamba, buildings at, 155;
people, 160

Rio frio, 99

Rios (Pedro de los), 419

Roads of the Yncas, 158 and _note_;
on the coast, 217, 218 _note_, 287, 290;
in Huaraz, 293;
from Xauxa to Guamanga, 302;
along a causeway, 320;
roads leading from Cuzco, 326;
from Cuzco to the Collao, 253

Robledo (Jorge de), founds Antioquia, 53, 58;
founds Anzerma, 65, 67, 70, 76, 77;
account of death of, 79, 79 _note_, 81, 86;
founds Cartago, 92, 94, 102;
retribution for cruelty to Indians, 422

Rojas (Gabriel de), 156

---- (Diego de), 383, 406

Romero (Pedro), 94

---- (Payo), killed by Indians, 107

Ruins at Mulahalo, 147;
at Callo, 148;
Riobamba, 155;
Hatun Cañari, 162;
Tumebamba, 165;
at Parmonga, 247;
of fortress of Guarco, 259 _note_;
Nasca, 264 _note_;
Pachacamac, 284;
Chimu, 242;
Huanuco, 284 _note_;
Huarivilca in Xuaxa valley, 299;
Viñaque, near Guamanga, 309;
Vilcas, 313;
Limatambo, 320;
fortress of Cuzco, 323 _note_;
Ollantaytambo, 333 _note_;
Sillustani, 364 _note_;
Hatun-colla, 369;
Tiahuanaco, 375

Ruiz (Bartolomé), _the pilot_, one of the thirteen companions of Pizarro, 420 _note_

Rumichaca, natural bridge near Quito, 132

Runa-huanac (see Lunahuana).

Saavedra (Juan de), 157, 159 _note_, 185

Sacsahuana (see Xaquixaguana).

Salt, supply of, 124-27

San Cristoval hill, 250 _note_

Sana valley, 240

San Domingo, tower of, at Lima, 426 _note_

San Francisco, cape of, 22

San Gallan, 27

San Lorenzo, cape of, 23

San Juan river, 55, 106

San Juan de la Frontera, 306

San Martin (Fray Tomas de), 373;
bishop of Charcas, 425

San Miguel founded, 213-14

San Nicolas point, 28

San Sebastian de Uraba, 32, 40, 41

Santa, village, 245, 246

Santa Clara island, 24

Santa Elena point, 23, 189

Santa Fé mining establishment, 58

Santa Maria, Cape, 31

Santa Maria (Fray Juan de), 417

Santa Martha river, 54, 66, 108, 111

Santiago bay and river, 31, 172, 260

---- city, 31

Santo Tomas (Fray Domingo de), author of a Quichua grammar, 163;
his great knowledge of the Indians, 219;
a notable searcher into Indian secrets, 224;
founds a monastery, 242, 427

Santillan (Hernando de), judge of the Audience, 425

Sapana, a chief of the Collao, 363, 369

Saravia (Dr. Bravo de), a judge of the Audience, 205, 425

Sardinas, anchorage of, 21

Sarsaparilla, 200, 395

Sayri Tupac, 272 _note_

_Schinus Molle_, 299

Seal Island, 27-28

Seravia (see Saravia)

_Serranos_, 184, 218

Sicasica village, 381

Sichos Indians, 155

Silver veins at Potosi, 388;
of Charcas, 385;
of Potosi, 386;
mode of extracting, 388, 389

Silversmiths, Peruvian, 404 _note_

Sipisipe village, 383

Sheep, Peruvian, 392, 394 _note_

Skulls. Chances Indians flatten the skulls of their infants, 96;
at Pachacamac, 252 _note_;
skulls flattened in the Collao, 363

Sloth, 36

Snakes, 42, 338

Solana, on the coast, 213

Solano (Juan), Bishop of Cuzco, 424

Soria Luce (Domingo de), one of the thirteen companions of Pizarro, 420

Sosa (Herman Rodriguez de), retribution for cruelty to Indians, 423

Springs, medicinal, 271 _note_, 400 _note_

Storehouses of the Yncas, 290

Supay, the Peruvian Devil, 224

Surite, 321 _note_

Tacama point, 30

Tacurumbi river, 86

---- Cacique gives Robledo a cup of gold, 86

Tafur (Juan) sent to bring back Pizarro’s party, 419

Tamara (Tarma), 286

Tamaraqunga, Cacique, sorely vexed by devils, who sought
to hinder his conversion, 415-18

Tambo (see Ollantay-tambo).

Tamboblanco, 205

Tambopalla, 29

Tampus (inns and storehouses), 161, 290

Tangarara, original site of Piura, 214

Tapacari village, 383

Tar at point Santa Elena, 191

Tarapaca, 30, 128, 205, 266

Tarma (Tamara), 286-296

Temple of the Sun at Tumebamba, 165;
Pachacamac, 251-4;
at Caxamarca, 271;
at Huanuco, 284;
at Cuzco, 328;
at Vilcas, 313;
at Ancocahua, 357;
at Hatun Colla, 369;
on the island of Titicaca, 372 _note_

Teocaxas, great battle at, 161

Texelo (Jeronimo Luis), price he gave for a shoemaker’s knife, 94

Tiahuanaco, 374 to 379

Timbas province, 103

Ticeviracocha, 299

Tiquisambi, buildings of, 162

Titicaca, lake of, 370, 371;
island of, 372

Tobar (Francisco, Garcia de), retribution for cruelty to the Indians, 422

Toledo (Garcia Gutierrez de), discovery of treasure by, 243 _note_

Tombs (see burial of the dead) of the Collao, 364 _note_

Topocalma, port of, 31

Topu, or ornamental pin, 146

Torre (Juan de la), 221 _note_;
one of Pizarro’s thirteen companions, 419, 420

Totora village, 383

Treasure found in the ruins of Chimu, 243 _note_;
found by Juan de la Torre, 221;
vast quantity of, buried, 77;
collected for Atahualpa’s ransom, 272 _note_

Trees of Peru, 129, 142, 235, 239, 397;
fruit trees, 234;
suggestion of Cieza de Leon to form plantations of, 401 (see Palms).

Truxillo, 26, 186, 242, 244

Tumbala, lord of Puna, 195

Tumbez, river of, 23;
desert of, 128, 213;
fortress, 193;
Pedro de Candia lands at, 193 _note_, 420 _note_

Tumebamba, 165

Tuqueme, coast valley of, 239

Tuquma, province, 383

Turbaco, town, 33;
great battle of, 34 _note_

Tupac Ynca Yupanqui, 147, 149, 165, 169, 178, 192, 217, 261, 269, 313, 337, 357

Tusa, last village of the Pastos, on the road to Quito, 132

Uchillo, valleys of, 147

Uchu (see Aji).

Umu, a priest, 414 and _note_

Uraba, port, 32, 35;
Indians of, 36 to 39, 41

Urcos village, 354

Urco (male llama), 393, 231

Urochombe, the woman from whom the Huancas were descended, 298

Ursua (Pedro de), 281 _note_

Usutas (sandals), 146

Uzedo (Diego de) goes with Cieza de Leon to Charcas, 365

Vaca de Castro (see Castro).

Vadillo (Juan de), 40, 47 _note_, 50;
his fate, 53 _note_, 57;
sufferings of his party, 60, 62, 94, 97, 124

Valdivia, 31

---- (Pedro de) joins Gasca, 318 _note_

Valle (Juan), Bishop of Popayan, 425

Valparaiso, 31

Valverde (Vincente de), 300 _note_;
Bishop of Cuzco, 424

Varagas (Juan de) held the Indians of Tiahuanaco in _encomienda_, 379

Vasco (Nuñez de Balboa), 34 _note_

Velasco (Pedro de) collects honey at Cartago, 91

Verdugo (Melchor), 275 _note_

Vergara (Pedro de), 205

Viacha, village of, 380

Vicuña, 288, 289 _note_, 394, 396 _note_;
cloth woven from wool of, 405

Vilcamayu, valley of, 331 _note_, 354 _note_

Vilcas, ruins at, 312, 313, 314 _note_

Villa-diego (Captain) sent against the Ynca Manco, 305

Villaroel discovers the mines of Potosi, 386

Viñaque river and ruins, 309, 379

Vineyards, 235

Viracocha (see Huira-ccocha).

Viraratu, Indian chief, arrives in Peru, 281 _note_

Virgins of the Sun, 136 (see Mamacunas).

Viticos, Ynca Manco retires to, 304

Volcano of Cotopaxi, 147 _note_;
Arequipa, 268 _note_

Vuilla, a fruit, 69

Weapons, 39, 49, 355

Wheat introduced into Peru, 400;
much grown near Guamanga, 309

Winds on the coast of Peru, 19 _note_

Xamundi river, 107

Xaquixaguana, battle of, 9, 32, 150;
plain, 320, 321 _note_

Xauxa river, 296; valley, 297

Xayanca valley, 239

Ximon (Pedro) killed by a snake, 43

Xixarama, name of the devil among the Anzerma Indians, 64

Xuta, bird so called, 175

Yahuar-cocha, dreadful slaughter at, by the Ynca Huayna Ccapac, 133

Yahuar-huaccac Ynca, 280 _note_

Yahuar-pampa, battle of, 280 _note_

Yana-cuna, 391 and _note_

Yca, valley of, 263, 264 _note_

Yguana, kind of lizard, 42

Ylo, port of, 265

Yncas, origin of, 136;
government of, 149, 153, 164;
discovery of embalmed bodies of three Yncas, mode of interment, 226;
wars of, 409;
names of, 329 _note_ (see Manco Ccapac, Huira-ccocha, Tupac Ynca Yupanqui,
Huayna Ccapac, Atahualpa, Manco Ynca, and Ynca Yupanqui).

Ynca Yupanqui, 169, 217, 261, 269, 270 _note_, 338

Yrrua, Indian chief, 82, 409

Ytata river, 31

Yuca, an edible root, 233

Yucay, valley of, 354

Yumalla, chief of the Collao, 373

Yumbo forests, 147

Yunca, meaning of the word, 162, 209, 218;
Indians on the coast, 219;
their method of burial, 223, 232;
their industry, 237

Zepita village, 37

FOOTNOTES:

[1] See note at page 192.

[2] Don Pascual de Gayangos is inclined to this opinion.

[3] See notes at pages 157 and 123.

[4] Cesar had been with Sebastian Cabot, in his expedition to the mouth of the Rio de la Plata; and joined Heredia at the island of Puerto Rico. See page 47, and note.

[5] Herrera says that Heredia gave the name of Carthagena to the bay; but in reality the place had already received that name, either from Ojeda or Bastidas.

[6] See pages 35 to 40.

[7] _Acosta, Descubrimiento de la Nueva Granada_, cap. xiv, p. 251.

[8] See note p. 123.

[9] See p. 79, and note.

[10] See p. 422.

[11] Page 15.

[12] Page 3.

[13] Page 151.

[14] _Conquest of Peru_, ii, p. 365, (note).

[15] Page 362.

[16] Page 339.

[17] Page 364.

[18] Page 376.

[19] See p. 177.

[20] The fullest biographical notice of Cieza de Leon is to be found in Antonio, and is as follows:--

“Petrus Cieza de Leon (patria an dumtaxat domicilio incolatave Hispalensis) tredecim fere annorum puer ad occidentales Indos Peruanamque plagam transfretavit, militiamque ibi sequutus, plusquam septemdecim in his oris commoratus est. Fructum tam longæ peregrinationis, eximium quidem, is edidit in eo libro, quæ prima pars est designati, an vero perfecti ab eo atque absoluti operis? Hispali apud Martinum Clementem 1553, fol., Antwerpiæque apud Joannem Stelzium 1554: in 8. Italica autem ex interpretatione Augustini di Gravaliz prodiit Romæ ex officina Valerii Dorigii 1555: 8. Ex quatuor partibus, in quas fidem suam auctor obstrinxerat, hæc tantum edita est, reliquæ valde ab omnibus desiderantur. In fine istius hoc testatum voluit, se primam huic parti anno M.D.XLI in Carthagine gubernationis ut vocant Popajanicæ, manum admovisse, postremam vero in Regia urbe Lima anno M.D.L. cum per id tempus duobus super triginta natus esset annos. Obiisse eum Hispali anno M.D.LX. vel paulo ante monet in schedis ad _Bibliothecam Universalem_ Alfonsus Ciaconius, Dominicanus. _Bibliotheca Hispana Nova sive Hispanorum Scriptorum, qui ab anno_ M.D. _ad_ M.D.C.LXXXIV. _floruere notitia: auctore D. Nicolao Antonio Hispalensi J. C._ (Madrid, 1788: ii, p. 184.)

An author named Fernando Diaz de Valderrama, who published a biography of illustrious sons of Seville in 1791 (under the pseudonym of Fermin Arana de Valflora), transcribes the above notice of Antonio, without adding any new particulars. His work is entitled _Hijos de Sevilla, ilustres en santidad, letras, armas, artes, ó dignidad_. Don Enrique de Vedia, in the second volume of his _Historiadores primitivos de Indias_,{a} published at Madrid in 1853, also merely copies his notice of Cieza de Leon from Antonio.

{a} Forming part of the _Biblioteca de Autores Españoles de Rivadeneyro_.

[21] Page 27 and page 32.

[22] Chapters vi to xxxii.

[23] Chapters xxxvi to xliv.

[24] P. 153, and note.

[25] Chapter xxxvi.

[26] Chapter xxxviii.

[27] See p. 177.

[28] See p. 173.

[29] See p. 214.

[30] Chapters lix to lxxvi.

[31] Chapters lxxvii to xci.

[32] Chapters xcii and xciii.

[33] Chaptes xciv and xcv.

[34] The following is Mr. Prescott’s notice of Cieza de Leon, given in the second volume of the _Conquest of Peru_, p. 297:--

“Cieza de Leon is an author worthy of particular note. His _Crónica del Peru_ should more properly be styled an itinerary, or rather geography of Peru. It gives a minute topographical view of the country at the time of the conquest; of its provinces and towns, both Indian and Spanish; its flourishing sea coasts; its forests, valleys, and interminable ranges of mountains in the interior, with many interesting particulars of the existing population--their dress, manners, architectural remains, and public works,--while scattered here and there may be found notices of their early history and social polity. It is, in short, a lively picture of the country in its physical and moral relations, as it met the eye at the time of the conquest, and in that transition period when it was first subjected to European influences. The conception of a work, at so early a period, on this philosophical plan, reminding us of that of Malte-Brun in our own time--_parva componere magnis_--was, of itself, indicative of great comprehensiveness of mind in its author. It was a task of no little difficulty, where there was yet no pathway opened by the labours of the antiquarian, no hint from the sketch-book of the traveller, or the measurements of the scientific explorer. Yet the distances from place to place are all carefully jotted down by the industrious compiler, and the bearings of the different places and their peculiar features are exhibited with sufficient precision, considering the nature of the obstacles he had to encounter. The literary execution of the work, moreover, is highly respectable, sometimes even rich and picturesque; and the author describes the grand and beautiful scenery of the Cordilleras with a sensibility of its charms not often found in the tasteless topographer, still less often in the rude conqueror.

“The loss of the other parts of his work is much to be regretted, considering the talent of the writer, and his opportunities for personal observation. But he has done enough to render us grateful for his labours. By the vivid delineation of scenes and scenery, as they were presented fresh to his own eyes, he has furnished us with a background to the historic picture--the landscape, as it were, in which the personages of the time might be more fitly pourtrayed. It would have been impossible to exhibit the ancient topography of the land so faithfully at a subsequent period, when old things had passed away, and the conqueror, breaking down the landmarks of ancient civilisation, had effaced many of the features even of the physical aspect of the country as it existed under the elaborated culture of the Yncas.”

[35] Mr. Rich, of Red Lion Square, got possession of a manuscript of Cieza de Leon, which is described in one of his catalogues as being an account of the civil wars of Peru. He sold it to Mr. Lenox of New York.

[36] See chapter cxii, and note at page 397.

[37] See note at p. 143.

[38] _Oxalis tuberosa._ See note at p. 361.

[39] See note at p. 234.

[40] See note at p. 16.

[41] For a theory of the derivation of this word, see note at p. 316.

[42] See note at page 407.

[43] See page 129.

[44] The bird called by Cieza de Leon _maca_, and described at page 175, is no doubt the toucan.

[45] Animals closely allied to the present wild forms of the llama tribe, namely to the huanacu and vicuña, wandered over the Cordilleras in the post-pleistocene geological period; but there is no vestige either of the llama or of the alpaca at that remote epoch. Fossil remains of an animal, resembling a gigantic huanacu, have been found in Patagonia, and named by Professor Owen _Macrauchemia_. In 1859 a fossil skeleton of a mammal was produced in Bolivia by Mr. Forbes, and examined by Professor Huxley. It was found in one of the copper mines of Corocoro, and the bones are almost converted into copper, the strata in which it was found being highly impregnated with that metal. This animal has been named _Macrauchemia Boliviensis_. It is not half as large as the Patagonian species, and its proportions are nearly as slender as the modern vicuña, with even a lighter head. _Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society_, February 1st, 1861, pages 47 and 73. _Fossil Mammalia of the Voyage of the Beagle._ 1839.

[46] See chapter cxi, and its notes, for more detailed particulars respecting the animals of the llama tribe.

[47] See note at p. 166.

[48] _Prehistoric Man_, i, p. 110.

[49] Humboldt mentions a cutting-instrument found near Cuzco, which was composed of 0.94 parts of copper and 0.06 of tin. The latter metal is scarcely ever found in South America, but I believe there are traces of it in parts of Bolivia. In some of the instruments silica was substituted for tin.

[50] See page 405.

[51] It has been stated that the ancient Peruvian buildings had no windows. This is a mistake. Amongst other instances I may mention the occurrence of one in the palace of the Colcampata, at Cuzco.

[52] See note at page 400.

[53] The year, called _huata_, was divided into the following twelve moons or months (_quilla_). It commenced at the summer solstice on the 22nd of December with the month of

1. RAYMI or December.

2. HUCHUY POCCOY or January, when the corn begins to
ripen.

3. HATUN POCCOY or February, when the ripeness of the
corn increases.

4. PACCARI HUAÑUY and PAUCAR HUARAY or March.

5. ARIHUA or April.

6. AYMURAY or May. The time of harvest.

7. YNTIP RAYMI and CUSQUIC RAYMI or June.

8. ANTA ASITUA or July. The season of sowing.

9. CCAPAC ASITUA or August.

10. UMU RAYMI or September.

11. AYA MARCA or October.

12. CCAPAC RAYMI or November.

(See _Cuzco and Lima_, pp. 121-26.)

[54] For further information respecting the Quichua language, see the introduction to my _Quichua Grammar and Dictionary_. (Trübner. 1863.)

[55] See chapter lxxxii, and note at page 291.

[56] On this point let the last of the Spanish conquerors give his remorseful testimony:--

“True confession and protestation in the hour of death by one of the first Spaniards, conquerors of Peru, named Marcio Serra de Lejesama, with his will proved in the city of Cuzco on the 15th of November 1589, before Geronimo Sanchez de Quesada, public notary--First, before beginning my will, I declare that I have desired much to give notice to his Catholic Majesty king Philip, our lord, seeing how good a Catholic and Christian he is, and how zealous in the service of the Lord our God, concerning that which I would relieve my mind of, by reason of having taken part in the discovery and conquest of these countries, which we took from the Lords Yncas, and placed under the royal crown, a fact which is known to his Catholic Majesty. The said Yncas governed in such a way that in all the land neither a thief, nor a vicious man, nor a bad dishonest woman was known. The men all had honest and profitable employment. The woods, and mines, and all kinds of property were so divided that each man knew what belonged to him, and there were no law suits. The Yncas were feared, obeyed, and respected by their subjects, as a race very capable of governing; but we took away their land, and placed it under the crown of Spain, and made them subjects. Your Majesty must understand that my reason for making this statement is to relieve my conscience, for we have destroyed this people by our bad examples. Crimes were once so little known among them, that an Indian with one hundred thousand pieces of gold and silver in his house, left it open, only placing a little stick across the door, as the sign that the master was out, and nobody went in. But when they saw that we placed locks and keys on our doors, they understood that it was from fear of thieves, and when they saw that we had thieves amongst us, they despised us. All this I tell your Majesty, to discharge my conscience of a weight, that I may no longer be a party to these things. And I pray God to pardon me, for I am the last to die of all the discoverers and conquerors, as it is notorious that there are none left but me, in this land or out of it, and therefore I now do what I can to relieve my conscience.” _Calancha_, lib. i, cap. 15, p. 98.

[57] See chapters xcvii and xcviii, and note, p. 356.

[58] See page 363.

[59] See page 360.

[60] For a full description of the ruins of Tiahuanaco see chapter cv; and notes at pages 375 to 378.

[61] See note at page 364.

[62] See pages 363-4.

[63] See page 412.

[64] See page 363.

[65] An Aymara grammar and dictionary by Torres Rubio was published at Lima in 1616. The gospel of St. Luke was translated into Aymara, and published by the Indian Pasoscanki. An Aymara grammar, by Padre Ludovico Bertonio, was published at Rome in 1608. A second edition, which was edited by Diego de Gueldo, was printed by the Jesuits in the little town of Juli, on the banks of lake Titicaca in 1612. See also Hervas, the Mithridates, and D’Orbigny.

[66] In the same way the Dravidian languages of Southern India count up to one thousand, but for higher numbers they have to borrow from Sanscrit. This is considered as one proof of the superiority of the Aryan Hindus over the Tamils in civilisation: and a similar conclusion may be drawn from the same fact, as regards the Quichuas and Aymaras. Adam Smith says that numerals are among the most abstract ideas that the human mind is capable of forming. See Mr. Crawfurd’s paper “On Numerals as Evidence of the Progress of Civilization.” (_Ethnological Society_, February 1862.)

[67] The names of tribes, which have come down to us, are generally nicknames given by their conquerors. _Chanca_ means a polluted thing, and _huanca_ is a drum in Quichua.

[68] Except possibly the word for water--_yacu_. In Quichua water is _unu_.

[69] Described by Cieza de Leon. See page 299 and note.

[70] See page 299, page 280 and note, and page 317 and note. The Morochucos and Yquichanos of the department of Ayacucho, who are descendants of the Pocras, fully sustain the warlike fame of their ancestors. See _Cuzco and Lima_, p. 70.

[71] See page 285.

[72] A vocabulary, professing to be of the language spoken by the tribes in Northern Peru, and called Chinchay-suyu, is printed at the end of Figueredo’s edition of Torres Rubio’s Quichua grammar. But the vast majority of words are pure Quichua, and it must have been collected when Quichua was generally spoken, and after the aboriginal language had fallen almost entirely into disuse. It is, therefore, of very little use to the comparative philologist.

[73] For the meaning of this word, see pages 162 and 218.

[74] See in the _Anthropological Review_ for February 1864, p. lvii, a paper “On Crystal Quartz Cutting Instruments of the Ancient Inhabitants of Chanduy (near Guayaquil), found by Mr. Spruce; by Clements R. Markham.”

[75] See page 234 and notes.

[76] See note at page 236.

[77] See _Cuzco and Lima_, p. 12.

[78] See page 255.

[79] See page 266.

[80] The indigenous cotton of the coast valleys of Peru, from which the Yunca Indians wove their cloths, is a perennial plant with a long staple, which now fetches a very high price in the Liverpool market, as a valuable sort. I have recently introduced its cultivation into the Madras Presidency, where the result has been very successful, and the Peruvian cotton is considered as one of the most promising of the foreign kinds. The wool is perfectly white, but about one in every fifty plants yields cotton of a deep orange-brown colour. This sport, on the part of the cotton plants, attracted the attention of the Yuncas; who looked upon the dark coloured wool as sacred, and the heads of their mummies were wrapped in it. The same thing has taken place in India, much to the astonishment of the cultivators, who cannot understand why one of the plants should yield brown cotton, and all the others snow white; when the leaves, flowers, seeds, and pods are the same in all. One cultivator in South Arcot scrubbed the brown cotton with soap and water, but without changing its colour.

[81] See pages 251 to 254.

[82] See page 242.

[83] See page 261.

[84] See chapters lxi to lxv.

[85] A grammar of the Yunca language was written by Fernando de Carrera, and published at Lima in 1644; and forty words were collected by Mr. Spruce last year from the mouth of an old woman at Piura. But nearly all the Indians now speak Spanish, and the ancient language is, as nearly as possible, extinct. Quichua appears never to have been generally spoken on the coast. Yet the Ynca conquerors gave names to some of the principal places, such as Caxamarquilla, Rimac, Pachacamac, Nanasca, etc. In the case of Pachacamac, the reasons of the Ynca for sanctioning the reverential worship of the natives at that great temple, is given by Cieza de Leon at page 252. Originally an idol with a fish’s head, or, according to others, a figure of a she-fox, was worshipped there. The Yncas put aside this idol, called the temple and its deity _Pachacamac_ (literally “Creator of the world”), and, from motives of policy, encouraged pilgrimages to this grandly situated fane, overlooking the ocean. It seems, however, to have lost much of its importance after the Ynca conquest, for when Hernando Pizarro first arrived at it, a considerable portion of the adjoining city was in ruins. _Caxamarquilla_, the name of another great ruined city near Lima, is a corrupt word, half Quichua half Spanish, meaning “a little ice-house,” from the circumstance that the snow from the Cordilleras, for the use of wealthy citizens at Lima, was deposited there as a resting place on the road. None of these names are those originally used by the Yunca Indians who erected the buildings. Another Quichua word is _Chuqui-mancu_, a name given by the Yncas to the chief of the Rimac valley, whom they conquered. _Chuqui_ is a lance, and _mancuni_ to hew wood. This latter word may be the derivation of the first part of the name of _Manco Ccapac_, though it is stated by Garcilasso to have no meaning in Quichua.

[86] “According to information obtained at Piura, in the north of Peru, there still exist, along and near the neighbouring coast, large remnants of five distinct nations, viz. the _Etenes_, the _Morrópes_, the _Sechúras_, the _Catacáos_, and the _Colanes_. The _Etenes_ inhabit the first coast-valley to the southward of the large valley of Lambayeque, and their town stands on a steep hill (_morro_) close by the sea; they still preserve their original language and speak it constantly among themselves, so that it ought to be possible to obtain a complete vocabulary of it.

“The _Morrópes_ occupy chiefly a village of that name lying on the north side of Lambayeque.

“The _Sechuras_ inhabit the large village of Sechura, still farther northward, at the mouth of the river Piura (which, according to Fitz Roy, is in latitude 5° 35´ S., long. 80° 49´ W.). Only the very oldest people recollect anything of their original language, but they relate that in their younger days it was in general use. They are the stoutest and best looking Indians I have seen on the Peruvian coast, and their favorite occupation is that of muleteer, in which (as their beasts of burden are all their own property) they often attain considerable wealth--not to be laid up, however, but to be liberally spent in the decoration of their church, their houses, and their wives. The church of Sechura is internally one of the most gorgeous in Peru. I have seen a list, filling several folio pages, made last year (1863), of the sacred vessels it contains, including great numbers of gold and silver candlesticks, censers, crucifixes, etc. These are in charge of a mayordomo, who is chosen each year out of the wealthier inhabitants, and who on retiring from office always adds some costly gift to the stock; so that I suppose Sechura to be at this moment richer in the precious metals than it was when the Spaniards landed in Peru, and perhaps nearly as rich as the neighbouring town of Tumbez was at that time.

“The Sechurano has a great predilection for the number _four_. He divides his gains into four equal portions, _the first for God_ (or the church), _the second for the devil_ (_i.e._, his wife or women), _the third for drink_ (chicha and brandy of Pisco), and _the fourth for food_. If he has four sons, the first must be an _arriero_ (muleteer), the second a _salinero_ (worker and trader in salt, which is procured in large quantities at the mouth of the Piura), the third a _pescador_ (fisherman), and the fourth a _sombrerero_ (maker of Panamá hats).

“The _Catacáos_ live in the village of that name, about five leagues higher up the valley of Piura. They are, perhaps, more numerous than the Sechuras, but are in every way an inferior race, lower in stature and coarser looking. Still they are very industrious, and manufacture great numbers of hats, besides working up the native cotton and wool into stout fabrics for their own garments, and also for _alforjas_, or saddle-bags (often beautifully woven in various coloured devices), _mantas_, belts, etc. I was unable to find among them any one who recollected anything of their ancient language, beyond the tradition that it was entirely distinct from the Sechura.

“The _Colánes_, formerly very numerous on the lower part of the river Chira (a little to the north of the port of Payta), and still existing in the village of Colan, at the mouth of the river, and at Amotape, a little way within it, have also lost all remembrance of the language of their forefathers.

“By none of these Indian nations is the Quichua language spoken or understood, nor is there any evidence of its ever having been used by them.” R. S.

[87] For a good account of these _balsas_, see the _Nautical Magazine_ for 1832, vol. i, p. 345.

[88] “The Indians of Yca and Arica relate that, in ancient times, they used to make voyages to some very distant islands to the westward; and that these voyages were performed on the inflated skins of seals. Thus signs are not wanting that the South Sea had been navigated, before the arrival of the Spaniards.” _Historia Natural de Indias_, lib. i, cap. 20, p. 68.