Chapter II: Introduction: i

Dedication l

Prologue 4

THE TRAVELS OF PEDRO DE CIEZA DE LEON.

CHAP. I.--Which treats of the discovery of the Indies, of some other things which were done when they were first discovered, and of the present state of affairs 11

CHAP. II.--Of the city of Panama, and of its founding, and why it is treated of first, before other matters 14

CHAP. III.--Of the ports between Panama and the land of Peru, of the distances between them, and of their latitudes 19

CHAP. IV.--Describes the navigation as far as the Callao of Lima, which is the port of the City of the Kings 22

CHAP. V.--Of the ports and rivers on the coast, from the City of the Kings to the province of Chile, and their latitudes, with other matters connected with the navigation of these seas 27

CHAP. VI.--How the city of San Sebastian was founded in the bay of Uraba; and of the native Indians in that neighbourhood 32

CHAP. VII.--How the barb is made so poisonous, with which the Indians of Carthagena and Santa Martha have killed so many Spaniards 38

CHAP. VIII.--In which other customs of the Indians subject to the city of Uraba are described 39

CHAP. IX.--Of the road between the city of San Sebastian and the city of Antioquia, and of the wild beasts, forests, rivers, and other things in the way; and how and in what season it can be passed 40

CHAP. X.--Of the grandeur of the mountains of Abibe, and of the admirable and useful timber which grows there 43

CHAP. XI.--Of the cacique Nutibara, and of his territory: and of other caciques subject to the city of Antioquia 46

CHAP. XII.--Of the customs of these Indians, of their arms, and of the ceremonies they perform; and who the founder of the city of Antioquia was 49

CHAP. XIII.--Of the description of the province of Popayan, and the reason why the natives of it are so wild, and those of Peru so gentle 54

CHAP. XIV.--Containing an account of the road between the city of Antioquia and the town of Anzerma, and of the region which lies on either side of it 56

CHAP. XV.--Of the customs of the Indians of this land, and of the forests that must be traversed in order to reach the town of Anzerma 59

CHAP. XVI.--Of the customs of the Caciques and Indians in the neighbourhood of the town of Anzerma, of the founding of that town, and who its founder was 62

CHAP. XVII.--Concerning the provinces and towns between the city of Antioquia and the town of Arma; and of the customs of the natives 66

CHAP. XVIII.--Of the province of Arma, of the customs of the natives, and of other notable things 69

CHAP. XIX.--The sacrifices offered up by these Indians, and what great butchers they are in the matter of eating human flesh 71

CHAP. XX.--Of the province of Paucura, and of the manners and customs of the natives 74

CHAP. XXI.--Of the Indians of Pozo, and how valiant they are, and how dreaded by the neighbouring tribes 76

CHAP. XXII.--Of the province of Picara, and of the chiefs of it 80

CHAP. XXIII.--Of the province of Carrapa, and of what there is to be said concerning it 82

CHAP. XXIV.--Of the province of Quinbaya, and of the customs of the chiefs. Also concerning the foundation of the city of Cartago, and who was its founder 85

CHAP. XXV.--In which the subject of the preceding chapter is continued; respecting what relates to the city of Cartago, and its foundation, and respecting the animal called _chucha_ 90

CHAP. XXVI.--Which touches upon the provinces in this great and beautiful valley, up to the city of Cali 93

CHAP. XXVII.--Of the situation of the city of Cali, of the Indians in its vicinity, and concerning the founder 99

CHAP. XXVIII.--Of the villages and chiefs of Indians who are within the jurisdiction of this city of Cali 100

CHAP. XXIX.--In which the matter relating to the city of Cali is concluded; and concerning other Indians inhabiting the mountains near the port which they call Buenaventura 104

CHAP. XXX.--In which the road is described from the city of Cali to that of Popayan, and concerning the villages of Indians that lie between them 107

CHAP. XXXI.--Concerning the river of Santa Martha, and of the things which are met with on its banks 111

CHAP. XXXII.--In which the account of the villages and chiefs subject to the city of Popayan is concluded; and what there is to be said until the boundary of Popayan is passed 114

CHAP. XXXIII.--In which an account is given of what there is between Popayan and the city of Pasto; and what there is to be said concerning the natives of the neighbouring districts 118

CHAP. XXXIV.--In which the account of what there is in this country is concluded, as far as the boundary of Pasto 122

CHAP. XXXV.--Of the notable fountains and rivers in these provinces, and how they make salt of good quality by a very curious artifice 124

CHAP. XXXVI.--Which contains the description and appearance of the kingdom of Peru from the city of Quito to the town of La Plata, a distance of more than seven hundred leagues 128

CHAP. XXXVII.--Of the villages and provinces between the town of Pasto and the city of Quito 131

CHAP. XXXVIII.--In which it is stated who were the Kings Yncas, and how they ruled over Peru 135

CHAP. XXXIX.--Of other villages and buildings between Carangue and the city of Quito: and of the robbery which the people of Otabalo are said to have committed on those of Carangue 137

CHAP. XL.--Of the situation of the city of San Francisco del Quito, of its foundation, and who it was who founded it 140

CHAP. XLI.--Concerning the villages beyond Quito as far as the royal palaces of Tumebamba, and of some customs of the natives 145

CHAP. XLII.--Of the other villages between Llacta-cunga and Riobamba; and of what passed between the Adelantado Don Pedro de Alvarado and the Marshal Don Diego de Almagro 153

CHAP. XLIII.--Which treats of what there is to be said concerning the other Indian villages as far as the buildings of Tumebamba 160

CHAP. XLIV.--Concerning the grandeur of the rich palaces of Tumebamba, and of the province of the Cañaris 164

CHAP. XLV.--Concerning the road which leads from the province of Quito to the coast of the South Sea, and the bounds of the city of Puerto Viejo 170

CHAP. XLVI.--In which an account is given of certain things relating to the province of Puerto Viejo; and also concerning the equinoctial line 172

CHAP. XLVII.--Treating of the question whether the Indians of this province were conquered by the Yncas or not; and concerning the death which they inflicted on certain captains of Tupac Ynca Yupanqui 177

CHAP. XLVIII.--How these Indians were conquered by Huayna Ceapac, and how they conversed with the devil, sacrificed to him, and buried women alive with the bodies of their chiefs 179

CHAP. XLIX.-- 181

CHAP. L.--How in ancient tunes the Indians of Manta worshipped an emerald as their God; and of other things concerning these Indians 182

CHAP. LI.--In which the account of the Indians of Puerto Viejo is finished; and concerning the founding of that city, and who was its founder 186

CHAP. LII.--Of the wells which there are at the point of Santa Elena; of the story they tell respecting the arrival of giants in those parts; and of the tar which is found there 188

CHAP. LIV.[1]--Concerning the foundation of the city of Guayaquil; and how certain of the natives put the captains of Huayna Ceapac to death 192

CHAP. LIV.--Of the island of Puna, and of that of La Plata; and concerning the admirable root called sarsaparilla, which is so useful for all diseases 198

CHAP. LVI.--How the city of Santiago de Guayaquil was founded and settled, of some Indian villages which are subject to it, and concerning other things until its boundary is passed 201

CHAP. LVII.--Of the Indian villages between the buildings of Tumebamba and the city of Loxa, and concerning the founding of that city 204

CHAP. LVIII.--Concerning the provinces between Tamboblanco and the city of San Miguel, the first city founded by the Christian Spaniards in Peru; and what there is to be said of the natives 209

CHAP. LIX.--In which the narrative is continued down to the foundation of the city of San Miguel, and who was the founder. Also of the difference of the seasons in this kingdom of Peru, which is a notable thing; and how it does not rain along the whole length of these plains, which are on the coast of the South Sea 212

CHAP. LX.--Concerning the road which the Yncas ordered to be made along these coast valleys, with buildings and depôts like those in the mountains; and why these Indians are called Yuncas 210

CHAP. LXI.--How these Yuncas were very superstitious, and how they were divided into nations and lineages 219

CHAP. LXII.--How the Indians of these valleys and of other parts of the country believe that souls leave the bodies, and do not die; and why they desired their wives to be buried with them 221

CHAP. LXIII.--How they buried their dead, and how they mourned for them, at the performance of their obsequies 225

CHAP. LXIV.-- 230

CHAP. LXV.--How they have a custom of naming children, in most of these provinces, and how they sought after sorceries and charms 230

CHAP. LXVI.--Of the fertility of the land in these coast valleys, and of the many fruits and roots they contain. Also concerning their excellent system of irrigating the fields 233

CHAP. LXVII.--Of the road from San Miguel to Truxillo, and of the valleys between those cities 238

CHAP. LXVIII.--In which the same road is followed as has been treated of in the former chapter, until the city of Truxillo is reached 240

CHAP. LXIX.--Of the founding of the city of Truxillo, and who was the founder 244

CHAP. LXX.--Of the other valleys and villages along the coast road, as far as the City of the Kings 245

CHAP. LXXI.--Of the situation of the City of Kings, of its founding, and who was the founder 248

CHAP. LXXII.--Of the valley of Pachacamac, and of the very ancient temple in it, and how it was reverenced by the Yncas 251

CHAP. LXXIII.--Of the valleys between Pachacamac and the fortress of Huarco, and of a notable thing which is done in the valley of Huarco 255

CHAP. LXXIV.--Of the great province of Chincha, and how much it was valued in ancient times 260

CHAP. LXXV.--Of the other valleys, as far as the province of Tarapaca 263

CHAP. LXXVI.--Of the founding of the city of Arequipa, how it was founded, and who was its founder 267

CHAP. LXXVII.--In which it is declared how that, beyond the province of Huancabamba, there is that of Caxamarca, and other large and very populous provinces 269

CHAP. LXXVIII.--Of the foundation of the city of the frontier, who was its founder, and of some customs of the Indians in the province 277

CHAP. LXXIX.--Which treats of the foundation of the city of Leon de Huanuco, and who was its founder 282

CHAP. LXXX.--Of the situation of this city, of the fertility of its fields, and of the customs of its inhabitants; also concerning a beautiful edifice or palace of the Yncas at Huanuco 283

CHAP. LXXXI.--Of what there is to be said concerning the country from Caxamarca to the valley of Xauxa; and of the district of Guamachuco, which borders on Caxamarca 287

CHAP. LXXXII.--In which it is told how the Yncas ordered that the storehouses should be well provided, and how these were kept in readiness for the troops 290

CHAP. LXXXIII.--Of the lake of Bombon, and how it is supposed to be the source of the great river of La Plata 294

CHAP. LXXXIV.--Which treats of the valley of Xauxa, and of its inhabitants, and relates how great a place it was in times past 297

CHAP. LXXXV.--In which the road is described from Xauxa to the city of Guamanga, and what there is worthy of note on the road 301

CHAP. LXXXVI.--Which treats of the reason why the city of Guamanga was founded, its provinces having been at first partly under the jurisdiction of Cuzco, and partly under that of the City of the Kings 304

CHAP. LXXXVII.--Of the founding of the city of Guamanga, and who was its founder 307

CHAP. LXXXVIII.--In which some things are related concerning the natives of the districts near this city 310

CHAP. LXXXIX.--Of the great buildings in the province of Vilcas, which are beyond the city of Guamanga 312

CHAP. XC.--Of the province of Andahuaylas, and what is to be seen as far as the valley of Xaquixaguana 319

CHAP. XCI.--Of the river of Apurimac, of the valley of Xaquixaguana, of the causeway which passes over it, and of what else there is to relate until the city of Cuzco is reached 319

CHAP. XCII.--Of the manner in which the city of Cuzco is built, of the four royal roads which lead from it, of the grand edifices it contained, and who was its founder 322

CHAP. XCIII.--In which the things of this city of Cuzco are described more in detail 330

CHAP. XCIV.--Which treats of the valley of Yucay and of the strong fortress at Tambo, and of part of the province of Cunti-suyu 331

CHAP. XCV.--Of the forests of the Andes, of their great thickness, of the huge snakes which are bred in them, and of the evil customs of the Indians who live in the interior of these forests 336

NOTE TO CHAP. XCV.--On the river Purús, a tributary of the Amazon. By Mr. Richard Spruce 339

CHAP. XCVI.--How the Indians carry herbs or roots in their mouths, and concerning the herb called coca, which they raise in many parts of this kingdom 352

CHAP. XCVII.--Of the road from Cuzco to the city of La Paz; and of the villages, until the Indians called Canches are passed 353

CHAP. XCVIII.--Of the provinces of Canas, and of Ayavire 356

CHAP. XCIX.--Of the great district which is inhabited by the _Collas_, of the appearance of the land where their villages are built, and how the _Mitimaes_ were stationed to supply them with provisions 359

CHAP. C.--Of what is said concerning the origin of these Collas, of their appearance, and how they buried their dead 362

CHAP. CI.--How these Indians perform their annual ceremonies, and of the temples they had in ancient times 366

CHAP. CII.--Of the ancient ruins at Pucara, of the former greatness of Hatun-colla, of the village called Azangaro, and of other things which are here related 368

CHAP. CII.--Of the great lake which is within the province of the Collao, of its depth, and of the temple of Titicaca 370

CHAP. CIV.--In which the narrative continues, and the villages are described as far as Tiahuanaco 372

CHAP. CV.--Of the village of Tiahuanaco, and the great and ancient edifices which are to be seen there 374

CHAP. CVI.--Of the founding of the city called of Our Lady of Peace, who was its founder, and of the road thence to the town of Plata 380

CHAP. CVII.--Of the founding of the town of Plata, which is situated in the province of Charcas 382

CHAP. CVIII.--Of the riches in Porco, and how there are large veins of silver near that town 385

CHAP. CIX.--How they discovered the mines of Potosi, whence they have taken riches such as have never been seen or heard of in other times; and how, as the metal does not run, the Indians get it by the invention of the _huayras_ 386

CHAP. CX.--There was the richest market in the world at this hill of Potosi, at the time when these mines were prosperous 390

CHAP. CXI.--Of the sheep, _huanacus_, and _vicuñas_, which they have in most parts of the mountains of Peru 392

CHAP. CXII.--Of a tree called _molle_, and of other herbs and roots in this kingdom of Peru 395

CHAP. CXIII.--How there are large salt lakes and baths in this kingdom; and how the land is suited for the growth of olives and other fruits of Spain, and for some animals and birds of that country 399

CHAP. CXIV.--How the native Indians of this kingdom were great masters of the arts of working in silver and of building: and how they had excellent dyes for their fine cloths 403

CHAP. CXV.--How there are great mines in most parts of this kingdom 406

CHAP. CXVI.--How many nations of these Indians make war one upon the other, and how the lords and chiefs oppress the poorer people 407

CHAP. CXVII.--In which certain things are declared concerning the Indians; and what fell out between a clergyman and one of them, in a village of this kingdom 411

CHAP. CXVIII.--How, when a chief near the town of Anzerma wished to become a Christian, he saw the devils visibly, who wished to deter him from his good intention by their terrors 415

CHAP. CXIX.--How mighty wonders have been clearly seen in the discovery of these Indies, how our Sovereign Lord God desires to watch over the Spaniards, and how He chastises those who are cruel to the Indians 418

CHAP. CXX.--Of the dioceses in this kingdom of Peru, who are the bishops of them, and of the Royal Chancellery in the City of the Kings 424

CHAP. CXXI.--Of the monasteries which have been founded in Peru, from the date of its discovery down to the present year 1550 426

Index 429