The Turkish Empire, Its Growth and Decay

Chapter XVIII: Appendix: Genealogy of the Ottoman Sultans

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FOOTNOTES:

[1] Von Hammer, i. p. 28 (French translation).

[2] Cantemir, p. 20.

[3] Mr. Gibbons refuses credence to this interesting story on the ground mainly of its inherent improbability. His argument does not convince me. The succession of the younger brother to the Emirate without a fight for it, on the part of the elder one, was an event so remarkable, and so contrary to all experience in Ottoman history, as to make the explanation given a reasonable one. The probabilities seem to me to be all in its favour. Alaeddin died in 1337. It is admitted that for seven years he acted as the first Grand Vizier of the Ottoman State. It may well be, therefore, that he commenced, if he did not complete, the important organization of the army with which he has been credited by Turkish historians.

[4] This was not the corps of Janissaries, which, as Mr. Gibbons has shown, was created not by Orchan but by his son Murad.

[5] Mr. Gibbons in his account of the origin of this corps disputes the figures as reported above from previous writers, and also the alleged motives for its constitution. After careful consideration of the question, I have preferred to adhere to the version given by Sir Edwin Pears, who has investigated the subject with great care in the early Greek and Turkish histories. I have, however, followed Mr. Gibbons in one point, namely, in attributing the constitution of the force to Murad I rather than to Orchan. Mr. Gibbons’s account of the corps of Janissaries is to be found on pp. 118-20 of the _Foundation of the Ottoman Empire_, and that of Sir Edwin Pears in his work on the _Destruction of the Greek Empire_, pp. 223-30.

[6] Pears, p. 228.

[7] Knolles, i. p. 139.

[8] Gibbons, p. 221.

[9] Froissart, xvi. 47.

[10] Boucicaut in 1399, with four ships and two armed galleys and twelve hundred knights and foot soldiers, after defeating an Ottoman fleet in the Dardanelles, arrived at Constantinople and gave assistance to the Emperor in defence of the city.

[11] Gibbon, viii. p. 114.

[12] This story of the cage, which forms the subject of a scene in Marlowe’s play of _Tamerlane_, has been discredited by some historians of late years. But Mr. Gibbons, after a full and careful examination of all the records of the time, has re-established its veracity.

[13] Gibbon, viii. p. 242.

[14] Von Hammer, ii. p. 379.

[15] Sir Edwin Pears, _Destruction of the Greek Empire_, p. 217.

[16] The four pages which Gibbon devotes to a description of this attempted union of the two Churches are masterpieces of irony and scorn (Gibbon, viii. pp. 287-91).

[17] The writer, in 1890, had the advantage of viewing what remained of these walls in the company of Sir Edwin Pears, who has fully described them in his admirable account of the great siege.

[18] Stone balls of considerable size were used by the Turks to defend the Dardanelles up to a late date. When in 1855 the writer visited the forts there, he observed that they were still provided for some of the guns.

[19] Speech of Mahomet recorded by the historian Christobulus, quoted by Sir Edwin Pears, pp. 323-4.

[20] Quoted by Pears, p. 303.

[21] Von Hammer, vii. p. 4.

[22] _Sir T. Roe’s Embassy_, pp. 66-7.

[23] Ibid. p. 178.

[24] Ibid. p. 206.

[25] Ibid. p. 243.

[26] Von Hammer, xi. p. 378.

[27] Schimmer, _Two Sieges of Vienna_, p. 137.

[28] Von Hammer, xii. p. 372.

[29] See the _Mémoires de Morosini_, iii. pp. 112, 113.

[30] Whitworth to Leeds, January 10, 1781; Record Office.

[31] Ranke’s _History of Serbia_, p. 115.

[32] Moltke, p. 257.

[33] Moltke, p. 443.

[34] Finlay, vii. 59.

[35] The above conversations are reported in Parliamentary Papers, 1854, Eastern Question, House of Commons, 84.

[36] _Life of Lord Stratford_, ii. p. 442.

[37] _Life of Lord Stratford_, ii. p. 436.

[38] The above is from notes of conversations with Lord Stratford made at the time.

[39] _Life of Lord Stratford_, ii. p. 449.

[40] Lord Morley’s _Life of Gladstone_, ii. p. 555.

[41] It may be well to add, what has not been mentioned by his able biographer, doubtless because Lord Stratford’s daughters were alive when the book was published in 1888, that the Great Elchi gave testimony of his belief in the permanence of the Turkish Empire by investing the greater part of his personal property and savings in Turkish Bonds. In 1874, when the Porte became bankrupt and repudiated payment of interest on the debt, some friend at Constantinople wrote to Lord Stratford giving timely information of what was coming and advising him to sell his bonds while there was yet time. Lord Stratford, however, thought it was inconsistent with his sense of honour to act on this advice. His means were greatly reduced by the bankruptcy of the Porte. After his death and the cessation of his pension, his daughters would have been in very reduced circumstances if it had not been for the generosity of a personal friend of their father, the late Lady Ossington, who made up to these ladies, for their lives, the amount of the pension from the State which had lapsed by the death of Lord Stratford.

[42] _The Bulgarian Horrors and the Question in the East_, 1876.

[43] House of Commons, April 24, 1877.

[44] Bismarck induced Lord Beaconsfield to propose this to the Congress.

[45] Parliamentary Report, House of Commons, July 30, 1878.

[46] _Nineteenth Century Review_, December 1890. This article, which contained other severe criticisms on the rule of Abdul Hamid, was translated into the Turkish language, for his perusal, by the late Professor Arminius Vambéri, who was the guest of the Sultan at the time of my visit to Constantinople in 1890, and who had suggested to him that he should favour me with an audience. The Professor backed up my statements by remonstrances on his own behalf, with the result that the Sultan took grave offence. He withdrew the pension which he had annually paid to the Professor and put an end to their long friendship.

[47] _The Near East from Within_, p. 38.

[48] _The Balkan Cockpit_, G. M. Crawford Price, p. 102.

INDEX

Abdul Aziz, 312-16

Abdul Hamid I, 223-7

Abdul Hamid II, 316-52

Abdul Mehjid, 287-312

Abercromby, General, 244

Aboukir Bay, 242, 244

Acarnania, 280

Achmet I, 152

Achmet II, 185-6

Achmet III, 191-203

Acre, 239, 243, 255-6, 281, 290

Adalia, 38, 46

Aden, 117, 130, 374

Adrianople, 33-4, 46, 52-3, 58, 60-1, 68, 74-6, 79, 88, 92, 113, 176,
181-2, 184, 186, 188-9, 276, 280, 285, 329, 362-3, 367

Ahmed Keduk, 98, 102

Aidin, 45, 62

Aidos, 276

Akinjis (irregulars), 47

Ak-Shai, 46-7

Ak-Sheir, 38

Albania, Albanians, 37, 39, 61, 71, 90-5, 144, 168, 180, 184,
189, 192, 211, 215, 224, 252, 257-8, 264, 330, 348, 353, 359,
364, 368, 374

Aleppo, 109-10, 123, 282

Alexander of Battenberg, Prince of Bulgaria, 337-8

Alexandria, 240-1, 244, 250, 264, 271, 284

Algiers, 117, 124-5, 130, 158, 160, 164-5, 201, 224, 370

Andrassy, 318, 331

Andrea Doria, 126-7

Andronicus III, 21, 26, 61

Angora, 45, 369

Apafy, 172, 181

Arabi, 345

Arabia, 117, 145, 259, 265

Arabs, 110, 124, 138, 164, 255

Ardahan, 328, 330, 333

Argos, 52

Armenia, 48, 55, 117, 329, 332, 336, 339, 340-1, 380

Astrakan, 138

Athens, 95, 181, 264, 343

Austria, 117, 120-3, 128, 155, 157-8, 166, 171-2, 175, 186,
198-200, 202, 225-6, 247, 327, 339

Azoff, 138, 163, 189, 192, 194-6, 207, 210, 220

Babatagh, 236

Baffo, Sultana, 151-5

Bagdad, 56, 117, 123, 160-1, 255-6

Bairactar, 252

Baku, 203

Balaklava, Battle of, 304

Balkans, 25, 28, 33-4, 37, 68-9, 184, 218, 271-3, 276, 326,
330, 335, 342-3, 358, 365

Balta Oghlou, 79

Baltadji, 194-6

Baphæon, Battle of, 16

Barbarossa, 125-6, 130

Barbary States, 160, 164-6

Bashi-bazouks, 319

Bashir, the eunuch, 205, 211

Bassorah, 117

Batak, 319, 320, 342

Batoum, 330

Bayezid I, 38, 40, 44-59

Bayezid II, 98-103

Bayezid, Fortress of, 330, 332

Beaconsfield, Lord, 321-4, 330, 332-3, 337

Beglerbey of Anatolia, 69

Belgrade, 72, 90, 92, 117, 119, 127, 171-2, 178, 183, 185,
187-8, 198, 200, 229, 254, 259, 278

Berbers, 141

Berlin, 189, 342, 354, 356

Berlin Congress, 331-9

Besika Bay, 329

Bessarabia, 213, 220, 225, 231, 236, 306, 330, 374

Beyrout, 290

Bismarck, 331-2, 340, 346

Blake, Admiral, 165

Bonaparte, General, 238-44, 248, 253-4, 257, 292

Bosnia, 33, 37, 39, 41, 43, 53, 67, 71-2, 90-3, 180, 184, 188,
201, 208-9, 228, 252, 310, 318, 320, 332-3, 339, 353, 368

Boucicaut, 52

Bourgas, 276

Bragadino, 140

Brusa, 14-15, 18-19, 21-2, 33-5, 51, 58, 60, 63, 104, 282

Bucharest, 218, 220, 238-54, 259, 271, 366

Bucsacs, Treaty of, 174-5

Buda, 49, 52, 68, 119, 120, 180

Bulair, 363

Bulgaria, Bulgarians, 25, 28, 32, 36-9, 41-4, 47, 53, 69, 155,
157, 185, 231, 253, 272, 276, 296, 310, 315, 319, 327, 329,
330, 333-4, 337-8, 342-3, 357, 363, 368

_Bulgarian Atrocities_, 320-3

Burke, Edmund, 235

Byron, Lord, 263

Byzantium, Byzantines, 21, 22, 24, 28-9, 30, 32-3, 36, 41, 43,
45, 52, 82, 89, 94, 225, 369

Cæsarea, 56

Cage, the, _see_ Seraglio

Cairo, 111-12, 241-4, 251, 258

Calabria, 96, 140

Calafat, 326

Calderan, Battle of, 108

Caliph, 112, 182

Candia, 96, 167, 170, 173, 296;
_see also_ Crete

Canea, 164

Canning, Mr., 267, 270

Canning, Sir Stratford, _see_ Stratford de Redcliffe

Cantacuzene, 26-9

Carlowitz, Treaty of, 189, 190, 192, 196-7, 221

Castriota, 71

Caucasus, 220, 241, 272, 306, 342

Cephalonia, 90

Cerestes, Battle of, 155, 157, 172, 374

Chamber of Turkish Deputies, 348

Chatham, Lord, 232

Chios, 47, 79

Choczim, 175

Cicala Pasha, 155-7, 375

Circassia, 109, 303, 306, 333, 339, 340, 342, 379

Citale, 302

Coburg, 228

Codrington, Admiral, 269

Committee of Union and Progress, 347, 349

Comnenus, 90

Constantine, Emperor, 75, 77-8, 80, 82, 84, 94

Constantine, King of Greece, 359

Constantinople (attacked), 25, 46, 52-3, 61, 65;
capture of, 78-89

Corfu, 126, 197-8, 201

Corinth, 70, 189, 196-7, 264

Corsairs, 124-6, 139, 159, 164-5, 231, 373

Cossacks, 163, 174

Court of Confiscations, 266

Cracow, 177

Crete, 118, 140, 145, 163-4, 166, 173, 175, 240, 264, 280-1,
283, 330, 336, 338, 354, 359-368, 378

Crimea, 90-1, 117, 138, 163, 171, 174, 184, 192-6, 207-8, 210,
212, 217, 223, 225, 227, 232, 304-5, 342, 374

Crimean War, 288-310

Croatia, 180, 229, 248, 374

Crusades, 25, 32, 34, 45, 48-9, 90-1, 163

Cyprus, 139-41, 144-5, 262, 298, 333-4, 368, 374

Dahis, of Bosnia, 246-7

Dalmatia, 144, 181, 201, 248, 374

Damad Pasha, 196-8, 201

Damascus, 55, 169, 264, 281-3

Danube, 32, 39, 41, 49, 52, 66-9, 76, 80, 92, 98, 117, 119,
121, 155, 157, 171, 176-7, 179, 181, 184-5, 193, 235-6

Dardanelles, 33-50, 52, 64, 92, 163, 166, 208, 215, 242,
249-50, 273, 283, 289, 304, 329, 354

Demetrius, Despot of Greece, 94

Demotika, 29, 34, 36

Derby, Lord, 322-6

Dervishes, 62, 65

Deys, 165-6

Diarbekir, 103, 108

Diebitsch, Marshal, 275-8, 375

Divan, the, 147, 186, 191, 198, 213, 218, 225, 236, 245-6, 251,
265, 288

Djem, Prince, 99, 100, 115

Dobrudscha, 327, 330, 366-7

Don, River, 138

Doris, 52

Dragut, 126-7, 130

Druma, River, 37

Duckworth, Admiral, 249-51

Dulcigno, 335

Dundar, 13, 17, 18

Durazzo, 361

Earthquake at Gallipoli, 28

Egypt, 98, 100, 102-3, 109-13, 139, 164, 216, 239, 244-5,
256-8, 265, 269, 281, 283-4, 288-9, 291, 296, 345, 347, 368, 374

Elphinstone, 214-15

England, 158, 229, 231, 248, 279;
_see also_ Great Britain

Enos, 277

Enver Bey, 363, 366-7

Ephesus, 57

Epirus, 255, 330, 332, 336, 338, 344, 363, 368

Erivan, 160-1, 203

Erlau, 183

Ertoghrul, 13, 14, 15, 17, 55

Erzerum, 13, 276, 278, 328, 332, 339

Eski Baba, 33, 369

Eski-Sheir, 15

Eugène, Prince, 183, 187-8, 192, 198, 201, 375

European conquests, 25-6, 28-30, 32

Evizzo, Paul, 93

Evrenos, 33, 37, 52

Ferdinand, Archduke, 119, 120

Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg, 338, 354

Fox, Charles James, 232-5

France, 238, 248-9, 257, 268, 271, 279, 282, 284, 290, 294, 345

Galata, 32

Gallipoli, 28, 51, 64, 74, 123

Gaza, 110, 112, 243, 281

Genoa, 25, 32, 67-8, 75, 77, 79, 84, 86, 90, 92

George Brancowitch, 67

George, Prince of Greece, 339

Georgia, 145, 203, 213, 217, 220, 241

Germany, 90, 121, 166, 284, 320, 339, 346, 350, 354, 367

Ghazali, 111

Ghengis Khan, 54

Ghowrem, Sultana, 115-16, 134

Ghowri, 109-11

Gladstone, 310, 314, 320-2, 326, 330, 334-5, 340, 345

Goltz, von der, General, 338, 368

Gran, 179, 180

Great Britain, 232-3, 267, 333, 345, 368

Great Powers, the, 288-9, 290, 301, 307, 313, 323, 325,
334-358, 362, 366, 374

Greece, Greek affairs, 230, 237, 239, 255, 257, 259, 260,
262-4, 266, 268, 271-2, 279, 292, 333, 335-338, 342, 356, 360,
364

Greek Church, 35, 89, 248-9, 267, 299, 314-15

Hafiz, 137

Hamid Emirate, 38, 144

Hassan, 156

Hatti-Humayun, 306-7, 310

Hatti-Scheriff of Ghulkané, 293

Herzegovina, 100, 102, 310, 318, 327, 332-3, 339, 354

Hetairia, 261

Hirsova, 219, 327

Hohenzollern, 49, 313

Holland, 201, 229, 231

Hungary, Hungarian affairs, 33-4, 39, 41, 44-6, 48-9, 50-2,
66-9, 71, 74-5, 78, 90-1, 98, 100, 116-17, 119, 120-2, 128-9,
155, 176, 180-1, 187, 189, 192, 201, 211, 375, 378

Hunkar Iskelesi, Treaty of, 283

Hunyadi, 47, 66-71, 74, 76, 91

Ibrahim, King of Karamania, 93

Ibrahim, Grand Vizier, 116, 119, 120, 123, 132, 134-5

Ibrahim, Sultan, 153, 162-3, 166

Ibrahim Pasha, 264-5, 269, 270-1, 281, 284-5, 291

Ibrail, 273

Iconium, 13

Idebali, 15, 17

Idris, 109

Ilbeki, 34

Indian troops, 321

Inkerman, Battle of, 304

Ionian Islands, 197, 238

Irene, Empress, 29

Islamism, 14, 16, 17, 22, 24, 64, 67, 89, 146, 171, 243, 266,
340, 348, 353, 372, 377

Ismail, 107-8, 123, 231

Jaffa, 243

Janina, 239, 255-6, 336, 362-3

Janissaries, 23, 41-3, 55, 60-1, 70, 74, 76, 84-5, 98, 101-4,
108, 114, 117-18, 131, 146, 152, 154, 159, 165, 178, 183,
187-8, 191, 204, 229, 238, 245-6, 251-2, 256, 265, 377

Jassy, 209, 217, 249

Jassy, Treaty, 223-37

Jerusalem, 221, 281, 294, 298

John Palæologus, 26-7, 29, 32, 34-6, 45, 66

Kainardji, Treaty of, 189, 211

Kaminiec, 174

Karamania, 14-16, 38-9, 46-8, 58, 62, 65, 67-8, 71, 90, 93-4

Kara George, 247-8, 259

Karasi, 22

Karnabet, 276

Kars, 274, 278, 304, 310, 326, 333

Kavalla, 37

Kermia, 38, 62, 65

Khadidjé, Sultana, 204

Khair Bey, 111

Khalil Pasha, 200, 217

Kherson, 225

Khocsim, 209, 213-14, 217

Khorassan, 13, 15

Khorkand, 104

Khurdistan, 103, 108

Kilburn, 217, 220, 225-7

Kilia, 277

Kirk Kilisse, 33, 361, 366-7

Kir Sheir, 56

Knights of St. John, 45, 49, 50-2, 57, 99, 117-18, 127, 240

Komorn, 171

Konia, 13-15, 48, 93, 109, 282

Kosciuszko, 236

Kossova, 39, 44, 71, 369

Kostlidji, 219

Kotchana, 357

Kotchi Bey, 132

Koumanovo, Battle of, 361

Krotzka, 209

Kuban, 236

Kulewtska, Battle of, 275

Kurds, 333, 339, 340

Kutayia, 38

Lalashahin, 33-4, 37

Larissa, 52, 196

Latin Church, 32-3, 35, 67, 69, 77

Latin Empire, 25

Lazar, King of Serbia, 37, 39, 40

Lemberg, 175

Lemnos, 90, 166, 170, 216

Leopold, Prince, 280

Lepanto, Battle of, 101, 142, 370

Lesbos, 90

Little Armenia, 14

Locris, 52

Lorraine, Prince Charles of, 172, 179, 180, 183, 375

Louis (of Baden) Prince, 183, 185

Macedonia, 43, 53, 157, 185, 330, 333, 336, 342, 344, 353, 357,
361, 367, 368, 377

Magnesia, 68, 70, 74

Magyars, 201-2

Mahmoud I, 203-11

Mahmoud II, 252-287

Mahomet I, 59-64

Mahomet II, 73-98

Mahomet III, 151-2

Mahomet IV, 166-83

Mahomet V, 352

Maksyu, 236

Malta, 118, 127, 164, 173, 180, 184, 240, 331

Mamelukes, 100, 102-3, 109, 111, 113, 216, 225, 239, 241, 243,
245, 250, 258

Mansel, Admiral, 165

Manuel, 35-6, 45-6, 52-3, 61, 64, 65

Maritza, Battle of, 369

Matthew, Emperor, 29

Mecca, 109, 112, 256

Medina, 109, 112, 256

Mehemet Ali, 257, 259, 264, 266, 281-91, 331, 345

Mendia, 226

Mentshe, 14, 45

Mesopotamia, 56, 125, 343

Michael Palæologus, 16

Midhat Pasha, 324-5

Military service, 23-4, 41, 47

Milosch Kobilowitch, 39, 40

Milosch Obrenowitch, 259

Mingrelia, 217, 220

Missolonghi, 264

Mohacz, 119, 157, 172, 180, 369

Moldavia, 155, 175, 193, 206-9, 210, 213, 217, 220-1, 226, 228,
236, 249, 253, 255, 266, 271-2, 278, 281, 300, 306

Moltke, 274, 278, 284

Monastir, 37, 300, 361

Mongols, 13, 369

Montenegro, 196, 212, 320, 328, 330, 332, 335, 359, 362, 365,
367

Moors, 101, 125, 164

Moravia, 171

Morea, 181, 189, 192, 196-7, 201, 212, 214, 218, 256, 259,
261-3, 269, 271, 279, 378

Morocco, 127

Morosini, 173, 181, 184, 196

Mosques, 97, 109, 340

Mossul, 117, 123

Mouhsinzade, 213-15, 218-19, 221

Muley-Hasan, 125, 140

Murad I, 31-44

Murad II, 64-73

Murad III, 145-51

Murad IV, 153

Murad V, 316

Musa, 60, 61

Mustapha, 65

Mustapha I, 152

Mustapha II, 186-91

Mustapha III, 211-23

Mustapha IV, 251-2

Napier, Admiral, 290

Naples, 242

National Assembly, 349, 350

Navarino, 101, 197, 262, 264, 269, 270-2, 281

Nazib, Battle of, 284, 288

Negropont, 47

Nelson, Admiral, 240, 242

Neuhausel, 171-2, 175, 180

Nevers, Count de, 48, 51

Nicea, 14, 21, 22, 25

Nicomedia, 14, 21, 22

Nicopolis, 39, 45, 47, 49, 51-3, 327, 369

Nicosia, 139

Nicotika, 26

Nisch, 37, 67, 185, 248, 328

Novi-Bazar, 354

Nubia, 117

Oczakoff, 220, 225, 227, 232-4, 236

Odessa, 261

Oltenitza, 302

Omar Pasha, 291, 302, 304

Oran, 117, 124, 127, 130, 146

Orchan, 18, 20-31

Orloff, Prince, 214, 216, 224

Orsova, 230, 278

Osmanlis, 17, 51

Othman I, 13-20

Othman II, 152

Othman III, 211

Otho, King, 280

Otranto, 90-1, 98

Ouloudj, 139, 141-2, 144-5

Padishah, 101, 155-6, 163, 182, 205

Paget, Lord, 188-9

Palmerston, Lord, 282, 289, 290-1, 314

Passarowitch, Treaty of, 189-202

Patriarch, Greek, 29, 83, 88, 262, 314

Pears, Sir E., 319

Pelecanon, Battle of, 21

Persia, 103, 105-9, 115-17, 123, 126, 129, 145, 158, 160-1,
192, 196, 203

Peterwardein, 52, 185, 201, 209

Pfalfi, 155-6

Phalerum, Battle of, 264

Pharsalia, Battle of, 52

Philippopolis, 37, 181, 342

Piale Pasha, 130, 139

Pitt, William, 232-5

Plevna, 327-8

Podolia, 174-5, 189, 374

Poland, 67, 78, 120, 171, 174-6, 184, 189, 194, 212, 217-18,
220, 230, 233, 272

Poros, 264

Portugal, 127

Potemkin, Prince, 231, 236

Presburg, 120

Prussia, 212, 217, 229, 231-4, 284, 288, 313

Raab, 172-3, 178

Raghab Pasha, 212

Ragusa, 31, 201

Retino, 164

Rhodes, 57, 90-1, 96, 98, 112-13, 117, 242, 244

Ridania, 111

Roe, Sir Thomas, 158

Roostem, Grand Vizier, 132-3, 153

Roumania, 313, 326, 328, 364-7, 374

Roumelia, 131, 133, 331

Roumelia, East, 331-2, 337

Roxelana, _see_ Ghowrem

Russia, 102, 131, 138, 174-6, 184, 188-9, 192-3, 203, 206, 212,
214, 220, 226, 231, 248, 253, 268, 271-7, 294, 313, 326, 366

Rustchuk, 218, 252, 254

Salankemen, Battle of, 185

Salonika, 66, 71-2, 260, 262, 320, 347, 349, 352, 360, 365

Samakof, Battle of, 37, 369

Samarkand, 54, 58

San Stefano, 329, 330-3

Saoudji, 35-6

Sarandoporus, Battle of, 360

Sarukhan, 14, 16, 22, 45

Scanderbeg, 71, 92, 95

Schiis, 105, 109

Schumla, 39, 218-19, 254, 272-3, 275-6

Scios, 231, 260

Seadeddin, 86, 156-7

Sebastopol, 282, 304-5

Selim I, 103-14

Selim II, 136-45

Selim III, 227-51

Seljukian Turks, 13, 14, 16

Semendria, 185, 201, 208, 229

Seraglio, 152, 155, 161, 182, 185, 191, 205, 212, 219, 251,
316, 376

Serbia, 25-8, 32-3, 37-9, 41, 43-5, 49, 50, 53, 57, 61, 67-9,
71, 74, 90, 184, 192, 200, 208, 228, 239, 246-8, 255, 259, 260,
266, 271-2, 278, 281, 296, 313, 320, 330, 333, 337, 342, 364-5

Serinvar, 172, 175

Serres, 37

Seymour, Sir Hamilton, 294-7

Sheik ul Islam, 348-9

Shipka Pass, 327-8

Siawousch, Pasha, 181, 183

“Sick man of Europe,” 295-6

Sigismund, King, 46-9, 50, 66

Silistria, 39, 47, 218-19, 254, 273, 275, 303, 305, 367

Silvatorok, Treaty of, 158, 172

Sinope, Battle of, 303

Sistova, 49, 247, 254

Sivas, 48, 55, 57

Slatino, 226

Slavery, 24, 47, 66, 100, 109, 139, 241, 265, 373

Slavonia, 181, 189

Slavs, 16, 17, 201, 263, 314, 320, 342

Slivno, 276

Smith, Admiral Sir Sidney, 243

Smyrna, 45, 57, 62

Sobieski, 174-9, 375

Sofia, 37, 185, 328, 337, 342

Solyman I, 114-36

Solyman II, 183-5

Solyman, Shah, 13

Solyman, Prince, 25-7, 29

Sophia, St., 77, 82, 86-7, 182

Soudan, 146, 259, 298

Spahis, 131, 138, 154, 162-33, 166, 246, 248

Spain, 117, 124, 126-7, 140-1

Stephen Dushan, King of Serbia, 25, 27

Stephen (of Serbia), 44, 50, 56, 67

Stopford, Admiral, 290

Stratford de Redcliffe, Lord, 282, 287, 292-3, 298, 300, 307-9,
310

Strumnitza, 366

Styria, 52, 122, 171

Suez, 127, 138, 240, 243, 323

Sugut, 15

Sultan (title), 21, 31

Sultan (accession murders), 40, 65, 96, 104, 152

Sultana Validé, 151, 153, 157, 160-3, 166, 169, 182, 205

Sunnites, 105

Suvorov, 219, 226-8, 231, 375

Sweden, 192, 194, 230, 234

Syria, 100, 103, 109, 111-13, 242, 264, 281, 283-4, 288-9, 343,
377

Syrmia, 46, 52, 260, 262

Szegeddin, 68

Szigeth, 128

Tabriz, 106, 108, 123, 138, 203

Tahmasp, Shah, 115, 123, 204, 206

Tartars, 54-9, 138, 163, 174, 176, 178, 184, 217, 220, 223,
342, 379

Tchatalja, lines of, 362, 364

Tchorlu, 29, 33

Tekke, Emirate of, 38, 46

Temesvar, 184, 187-8, 194, 226

Teutonic Knights, 49, 67

Theodora, 26-7

Theodore Palæologus, 52

Theodosius, 78

Thermopylæ, 52

Thessaly, 278, 280, 330, 332, 336, 338-9

Thomas, Despot in Greece, 94

Thrace, 369, 370

Timurlane, 53-9, 62, 76

Tirnova, 39, 47, 182, 327

Torchan, Sultana, 167, 169

Tourman Bey, 111

Transylvania, 119, 155, 158, 172, 181, 185-6, 189

Trebizond, 14, 89, 90, 106, 276

Tripoli, 117, 124, 127, 130, 169, 201, 281, 283, 354, 356, 359

Tripolitza, 261-2

Tughra, 31

Tunis, 121, 124, 126, 144-5, 158, 160, 164-5, 201, 347, 354,
370, 374

Turk (the name), 17

Tzympe, 26-8

Ukraine, 174, 176, 272, 374

Ulemas, 162, 182, 265

Vacouf lands, 266

Valtetsi, 261

Varna, 69, 218-19, 271-3, 304, 369

Vascar, 172

Venezelos, M., 357

Venice, Venetians, 25, 35, 50, 62, 66-8, 71, 75, 78, 90-1, 93,
95, 98, 101, 124, 126-7, 141-2, 164, 170, 173, 180-1, 184, 189,
192, 196-7, 201, 238, 378

Vienna, 91, 116, 120-3, 126, 176-9, 182

Viziers, 17, 20, 58, 60, 73, 75, 92, 103, 115-16, 119, 133,
136, 147, 166, 168-91, 205, 253

Voivode, 95, 119, 181

Volga, 138

Wallachia, 33, 39, 46-7, 49, 50, 52-3, 59, 61, 67, 69, 72, 76,
90-1, 95-6, 155, 175, 192, 200-1, 207, 209, 217, 220-1, 236,
249, 253, 255, 266, 271-2, 278, 281, 300

Warardin, 184

Warsaw, 177

Wartersleben, General, 226

Warzen, 180

White, Sir W., 337

Widdin, 47, 49, 183, 185, 208, 239, 247, 255-6

Wlad, 95-6

Wolff, Sir Henry Drummond, 346

Yemen, 117, 127, 130, 138, 145

Young Turks, 349, 352-69, 379

Zante, 189

Zapolya, Count, 119, 120, 123

Zenta, Battle of, 187-8

Zriny, 128

Zurawna, Treaty of, 175, 193

_Printed in Great Britain by_

UNWIN BROTHERS, LIMITED, THE GRESHAM PRESS, WOKING AND LONDON

Comments

The Turkish Empire, Its Growth and DecayChapter XVIII: Appendix: Genealogy of the Ottoman Sultans

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