Chapter D: H. M (6)

Napoleon entered the city September 14, 1812. That very night it was set on fire, and the conflagration continued until the whole place, outside the Kremlin, was practically a heap of bricks and ashes.

During the fire Napoleon was obliged to leave his quarters in the fortress and establish them in a suburb of the city, but later he returned to the Kremlin.

He evacuated Moscow on October 19, not quite five weeks after he entered it. He found it a great metropolis. He left it a mass of ruins, where nothing any longer existed to support life.

[131] =Serfs=: these serfs were slaves in all but name, and were bought and sold like cattle. They were emancipated by law in 1861, the whole number throughout Russia then being over 21,000,000.

[132] =Czar=: the correct Russian spelling of this word is said to be Tsar, which is now gradually coming into use in English. The title was first assumed by Ivan IV. (Ivan the Terrible) in 1533.

[133] =Ruble= (or Rouble): a Russian silver coin worth about seventy-five cents.

[134] =Smolensk=: see Introduction, "Napoleon."

[135] =Rostopchin=: (Ros-top-chen').

[136] =Kutusoff=: commander-in-chief of the Russian army.

[137] =Muscovite=: a native of Muscovy, an old name for Russia.

[138] Rostopchin denied, in a work which he published, that he set fire to the city. He insisted that it was done by the French, together with the rabble of Moscow. It is now thought that the governor began the work of destruction, which was completed partly by the Russians and partly by the French.

[139] =Cossacks=: a race of people inhabiting the south of Russia. On account of their great skill in horsemanship they are largely employed in the Russian army as cavalry.

[140] =Moskwa=: the French often spoke of the battle of Borodino as the Battle of the Moskwa, though it is not on that river, but on the Kologa, a tributary of it. The accounts of the number killed differ.

[141] =Kolomna gate=: a gate leading to Kolomna, a town on the Moskwa River.

[142] =Miloradovitch=: a Russian general.

[143] =Mazeppa=: a Pole, who having been detected in a crime was bound to the back of a wild horse and carried by the animal to the country of the Cossacks. There he became head of the Cossack forces, and when Peter the Great attempted to seize that country, Mazeppa formed an alliance with Charles XII. of Sweden for the independence of the Cossacks.

[144] =Dorogomilow=: the name of a quarter of the city.

[145] =Daru=: a distinguished French author and statesman who accompanied Napoleon in his Russian campaign.

[146] =Boyars=: nobles, or men of rank.

[147] =Bivouac= (biv-wak'): to encamp without tents or shelter.

[148] =Scythians=: a race of fierce barbarians, formerly inhabiting the country north and east of the Black Sea. Napoleon intimates that these men are their descendants.

[149] =Strelitzes=: a body of military guards that revolted under Peter the Great.

[150] =Postern-gate=: a small rear or side gate.

[151] =Lithuania=: a province of Russia bordering on the Niemen and hence near supplies.

[152] =Witepsk=: a point passed on the march to Moscow, about midway from the Niemen; here the Russian general, Wittgenstein, appears to have been stationed.

[153] =Old Guard=: the emperor's body-guard, composed of a large force of veterans.

[154] "Napoleon also took measures for relieving the unfortunate of all classes. He ordered lists to be made of all the citizens whom the conflagration had deprived of the means of subsistence, opened houses of refuge for them, and supplied them with food."

[155] =Tilsit and Erfurt=: at these places Napoleon had negotiated treaties, greatly in favor of the French, with the Czar of Russia.

[156] =Expresses=: messengers.

[157] =Armistice=: a temporary suspension of hostilities.

[158] =Partisans=: soldiers detached to intercept convoys of provisions and the like.

[159] =Invalides=: one of the great public buildings at Paris; a soldiers' home and hospital. Napoleon is buried here.

[160] =Aid-de-camp=: an officer who carries orders and directs movements for a general.

[161] =The viceroy=: Prince Eugene.

[162] The indecisive battle of Malo-jaroslavetz, a town about fifty miles southwest of Moscow, compelled Napoleon to give up his original plan of retreat, which would have taken him through an unexhausted country to the southward, and forced him to go back to the north, retracing his steps by the route he came.

[163] =Wittgenstein=: commander of one division of the Russian forces, held a position on the Dwina River and later on the Berezina, a tributary of the Dnieper.

[164] =Vereia=: a village about twenty-five miles northwest of Malo-jaroslavetz.

[165] =Kremlin=: it was afterward found that the fortress was but slightly injured.

[166] =Mojaisk=: about ten miles northwest of Vereia and seventy west of Moscow.

[167] The battle-field of Borodino, which Napoleon had fought on his march to Moscow. See Introduction.

[168] =Viazma=: about fifty miles west of Borodino.

[169] =Dorogobouje=: a town about fifty miles west of Viazma and nearly two hundred west of Moscow. It is situated on the river Wop, a branch of the Dnieper.

[170] =Deployed=: formed a more extended front or line.

[171] =Dombrowna=: a town about fifty miles west of Smolensk and two hundred from Moscow.

[172] =Grenadiers=: these were men of long service and acknowledged bravery. Originally these soldiers threw hand grenades or small explosive shells. When these grenades went out of use the name grenadiers was still retained.

[173] =Borizoff=: a town on the Berezina River, about 320 miles southwest of Moscow, and about 75 west of Orcha.

[174] =Minsk=: a town on a tributary of the Berezina River, about 400 miles southwest of Moscow. Here Napoleon had immense stores of provisions, clothing, and ammunition. He was pushing forward to reach this place.

[175] Polish generals in Napoleon's Grand Army.

[176] =Malodeczno=: a town about seventy miles west of the Berezina River.

[177] =Smorgoni=: a village about thirty-five miles northwest of Malodeczno, and four hundred and fifty southwest of Moscow.

[178] =Silesia=: a province of southeastern Prussia.

[179] =Eagles=: Napoleon's colors were surmounted by the figure of an eagle.

[180] Marshal Ney, whom Napoleon called "the bravest of the brave," fought under the emperor in several subsequent battles. When Napoleon abdicated and was exiled to Elba, Ney supported the government of his successor and enemy, Louis XVIII. On the escape of Napoleon from Elba, in the spring of 1815, Ney was sent with an army against him, but instead of fighting for Louis XVIII., he took service under his old commander. At Waterloo he led the Old Guard, those men who could die but never surrender. After the final fall of Napoleon, Marshal Ney was tried and sentenced to be shot for treason to the government of Louis XVIII., whose cause he had deserted. Wellington tried to save his life, but in vain. If courage can expiate faults, then his are buried in his grave.

[181] On Napoleon's arrival in Paris he began at once to raise a fresh army. It has been said that it was "an army of boys," for France had lost most of her fighting men on the battle-field, or in Russia. In 1813 he was defeated at Leipsic, and obliged to retreat across the Rhine. The next year he abdicated and retired to Elba.

In the spring of 1815 he escaped from Elba, and raising an army fought and lost the battle of Waterloo.

After his second abdication he was sent an exile to St. Helena, where he died about six years later (1821). His remains were brought to Paris in 1840, and interred under the dome of the Hotel des Invalides, or Soldiers' Hospital. Above his tomb one reads these words: "I desire that my ashes shall repose on the banks of the Seine, among the French people, whom I have so greatly loved."

INDEX TO NOTES.

WITH PRONUNCIATION OF PROPER NAMES.[182]

A-chae'ans, 37.

A-ch[=a]'i-a.

Ad-ra-m[)y]t'ti-um.

[=AE]-n[=e]'as.

[=AE]-ni-[=a]'n[=e]s.

[=A]-g[=a]'si-as.

[=A]-g[)e]s-i-l[=a]'us.

[=A]'gi-[)a]s.

Aid-de-camp, 217.

Ajaccio (A-yat'ch[=o]).

Alexander the Great, 149.

[)A]l-ki-bi'a-d[=e]s.

Altar, 75.

Amnesty, 13.

Am-ph[=i]p'o-lis.

A-nab'a-sis, 150.

[)A]n-ax-[=i]b'i-[)u]s.

An-tal'ki-d[)a]s.

An-t[)a]n'dr[)u]s.

An-t[)i]l'e-[)o]n.

[)A]p-ol-l[)o]n'i-d[=e]s.

Arcadian, 27.

[=A]-ri-ae'us.

[)A]r-is-tar'chus.

A-r[)i]s'te-[)a]s.

A-ris'ton.

[)A]r-is-t[)o]n'y-m[)u]s.

Ar'me-n[=e].

Ar'mis-t[)i]ce, 211.

Array, 7.

Ar'te-m[)i]s.

Ar-te-m[)i]s-[)i]'[)o]n, 146.

Ar-tax-erx'[=e]s.

A-si'da-t[=e]s.

A-tar'ne[=u]s.

Athenian catastrophe, 38.

Augereau ([=O]zh-r[=o]').

Augury, 57.

Banished, 145.

Barbarians, 14.

Barras (Bar-rah').

Bas'i-as.

Beauharnais (B[=o]-ar-n[=a]').

Beranger (B[=a]-ron-zh[=a]').

Berthier (Ber-te-[=a]').

Bessieres (B[)e]s-s[=e]-air').

Billeted, 132.

Bi-san'the.

Bi-th[)y]n'i-a.

Bi'ton.

Bitumen (Be-tu'men), 15.

Bivouac (B[)i]v'wak), 60, 187.

Boe-o'ti-a.

Boeotian dialect, 31.

Bo-is'kus.

B[=o]'re-[)a]s, 62.

Borizoff, 271.

Borodino, 242.

Bo-r[)y]s'the-n[=e]s.

Bos'pho-r[)u]s.

Boulogne (Boo-l[=o]n').

Boyars, 179.

Br[)a]s'i-das.

Bras-i-di'as.

Brienne (Br[=i]-[)e]n').

Burial, 56.

By-zan'ti-um, 80, 116.

Carbines, 43.

Car-pae'an dance, 103.

Cashier, 31.

Caulaincourt (K[=o]-lan-koor').

Chal-k[=e]'don.

Chal'y-b[=e]s.

Char-m[=i]'nus.

Charpentier (Shar-pon-t[=e]-[=a]').

Cheir-is'o-ph[)u]s.

Cher-so-n[=e]'sus, 119.

Chry-s[)o]p'o-lis.

Cities, 113.

Claparede (Clap-ar-aid').

Compans (Con-pan').

Convention, 12.

Corn, 9.

Corselet, 52.

Cossacks, 171.

Covenant, 11.

Cubit, 52.

Cuirass, 48.

Cy-re'ian Greeks, 10.

Cy-re'ian Persians, 13.

Czar, 160.

Dance, Carpaean, 103.

Dance, Pyrrhic, 104.

Dar'da-n[)u]s.

D[)a]r'ic, 71.

Da-ri'us.

Daru', 179.

Davoust (Da-voo').

De-in'ar-chus.

D[)e]k-e-l[=i]'a.

Delta, 125.

Delzons (Del-zon').

Demagogues, 66.

D[)e]m-a-r[=a]'tus.

Democrat and Philosopher, 29.

De-mok'ra-t[=e]s.

Deployed, 265.

Der-k[)y]l'li-das.

Dex-ip'pus.

D[=i]-[=a]'si-a, 139.

D[=i]-o-d[=o]'rus.

Dnieper (Nee'per).

Dombrowna, 268.

Dorogobouje, 254.

Dorogomilow, 178.

Dra-kon'ti-[)u]s.

Dri'lae.

Dumas (Du-mah').

Duroc (Du-rok').

Eagles, 308.

Ears bored, 32.

Eble (Eb-l[=a]').

Eckmuehl (Ek'm[=i]l).

Ek-b[)a]t'a-na.

E-le'i-ans.

Ephesus, Temple of, 143.

E-pis'the-n[=e]s.

E-r[=e]'tri-a.

E-r[=e]'tri-an, 141.

Erfurt, 204.

Es-th[=o]'ni-a.

[=E]-te-o-n[=i]'kus.

E[=u]-klei'd[=e]s.

E[=u]-r[)y]l'o-chus.

Eve ([=A]-v[=a]').

Expresses, 205.

Festivals, Olympic, 145.

Fishery, Thunny, 76.

Friedland (Freed'land).

Gerard (Zh[=a]-rar').

Glus (Gloos).

Gods, The, 89.

Gon'gy-l[)u]s.

Gor'gi-[)o]n.

Gracious, Zeus The, 139.

Great King, The, 124.

Greaves, 69.

Grenadiers, 269.

Guard, The Old, 199.

Guilleminot (Gweel-me-n[=o]').

G[=y]-l[)i]p'pus.

Gym'ni-as.

Ha'lys.

Har'pa-s[)u]s.

Hek-a-ton'y-mus.

Hellas, 89.

Hellen'ic, 3.

H[)e]r-a-klei'd[=e]s.

H[)e]r-ak-l[=e]'ot-ic.

H[)e]r'a-kl[=e]s, 74.

Herald, 7.

Heralds, 2.

He-rod'o-tus.

Inflated skins, 19.

Invalides (An-val-eed'), 214.

I-[=o]'ni-a, 21.

Irrigation, 9.

Javelin, 43.

Jomini (Zho-me-ne').

Judges, 67.

Kae'nae.

Ka-[=i]'kus.

Kal'p[=e].

Kal-lim'a-chus.

Kar-du'ki-a.

Ken-tr[=i]'t[=e]s.

Ker'a-s[)u]s, 83.

Ki-lik'i-a, 32.

King, The Great, 124.

Kle-an'der.

Kle-[=a]'nor.

Kle-ar'chus.

Kle-ar'e-tus.

Kle-on'y-m[)u]s.

Knidus (N[=i]'dus).

Knight, 148.

Koe-ra'ti-das.

Kolomna gate, 173.

Kor-o-n[=e]'a.

Kor'y-las.

Ko-rys-the'ni-a.

K[=o]-ty-[)o]'ra.

Krasnoe (Kras-no'e).

Kretan, 56.

Kremlin, 238.

Ktesias (T[=e]'si-[)a]s).

Ku-nax'a, 1.

Kutusoff, 163.

Ky-nis'kus.

K[)y]z'i-k[)u]s.

Lac-e-dae'mon.

Lac-e-dae-mo'ni-ans.

Lamp'sa-k[)u]s.

La-ris'sa.

Latour-maubourg (La-toor'-m[=o]-boor').

Lebure'.

Ledru'.

Lefebvre (L[)e]-f[)e]v'vr).

Libations, 58.

Lithuania, 194.

Lobau (L[=o]-b[=o]').

Lon-ti'ni.

Lotos-eaters, 35.

Lyd'i-a.

Ly'kon.

Machiavel (Mak'i-a-vel).

Mae-sa'd[=e]s.

Mag-n[=e]'t[=e]s.

M[=a]-kr[=o]'-n[=e]s.

Malodeczno, 292.

Malo-jaro-slavetz, 233.

Man-ti-n[=e]'a.

Man-ti-nei'a.

Marchand (Mar-shon').

Ma-ri-an-d[=y]'n[=i].

Mar-o-nei'a.

Marshal Ney (Nay), 311.

Mazeppa, 178.

Media, Wall of, 15.

Me-dos'ar-des.

M[)e]g-a-b[=y]'zus.

Meg'a-ra.

Meg-a'rian, 76.

Mercenaries, 75.

Merchant ships, 80.

Mi-le'sians, 76.

Mi-l[=e]'tus, 24.

Miloradovitch, 177.

Mil-t[=i]'a-d[=e]s.

Mil-to-ky'th[=e]s.

Mi'nae, 99.

Minsk, 277.

Mith-ri-d[=a]'t[=e]s.

Mojaisk, 241.

Mortier (Mor-t[=e]-[=a]').

Moscow, 157.

Moskwa, 171.

M[)o]s-y-noe'k[=i].

Munich (Mu'nik).

Murat (Mu-rah').

Muscovite, 163.

M[)y]'si-a.

Mysian, 104.

Mysians, 35.

Ne'on.

Neufchatel (N[=u]f-shah-t[)e]l').

Ney, Marshal (Nay), 311.

Niemen (Nee'men).

N[=i]-kar'chus.

N[=i]'ki-as.

Ni-kom'a-ch[)u]s.

Nineveh, 44.

[)O]d'ry-sae.

[)O]d-rys'ian, 135.

O-dys'seus, 80.

Old Guard, 199.

Olympic Festivals, 145.

O-l[)y]m'pi-a, Temple of, 147.

O-neir'us, 29.

Oph-ry-n[=e]'um.

O'pis.

O-ron'tas.

Oudinot (Oo-de-n[=o]').

Pae'an, 34.

Paphlagonian horse, 87

P[=a]'ri-um.

Partisans, 211.

Partouneaux (Par-too-n[=o]').

Pa-rys'a-tis.

P[)e]l-o-pon-n[=e]'si-ans, 37.

P[)e]l-o-pon-n[=e]'sus.

Per'ga-m[)u]s, 140.

Peraldi (Per-al'd[)i]).

Pe-rin'thus.

Per'i-kl[=e]s, 39.

Phalanx, 8.

Pha-li'nus.

Phar-na-b[=a]'zus.

Pha-si-[=a]'ni.

Pha'sis, 93.

Ph[=e]'rae.

Phi-l[=e]'si-us.

Phil-hellen'ic, 22.

Philo-Laco'ni-an, 113.

Phli-a'si-an, 139.

Ph[)o]l'o-[=e].

Phry-nis'k[)u]s.

Phys'kus.

Pino (P[=e]no').

Pipe, 103.

Pi-sid'i-a.

Pisid'ians, 35.

Pol-y-ae'n[)u]s.

Po-l[)y]k'ra-t[=e]s.

P[)o]l-y-n[=i]'kus.

Poniatowski (P[=o]-ni-a-tow'ski).

Pontoons, 18.

Postern-gate, 190.

Pr[=o]k'l[=e]s.

Pro-pon'tis, 125.

Pr[)o]x'e-n[)u]s.

Pyrrhic Dance, 104.

Reggio (Red'j[=o]).

Regnier (R[=a]-ne-[=a]).

Reins, 52.

Rhodian, 43.

Rostopchin, 163, 164.

Ru'ble, 162.

Sacrifice, 2, 91.

Sacrificed, 50.

St. Cyr (San Seer').

Sam'o-las.

Sar'dis.

Sa'trap, 10.

Scu-ta'ri.

Scythians, 188.

Segur (S[=a]gur').

Se-l[=i]'nus.

Se-l[=y]m'bri-a.

Serfs, 160.

Ses'a-me, 61.

Se[=u]'th[=e]s.

Sikon'yan.

S[=i]-l[=a]'nus.

S[=i]-l[=e]'si-a, 296.

S[=i]-n[=o]'pe.

S[=i]t'ta-k[=e].

Skil'lus.

Skins, Inflated, 19.

Sky-thi'ni.

Smorgoni, 293.

Sneeze, 34.

Sok'ra-t[=e]s, 143.

So-phaen'e-t[)u]s.

Sophists, 40.

So-t[)e]r'i-das.

St[=a]t'ers, 107.

Strelitzes, 190.

Strike our tents, 14.

Sy-ko'ni-ans.

Talent, 7.

T[=a]'o-chi.

Targeteers, 83.

Tchitchakoff (Chich'a-k[)o]f).

Te-l[)e]b'o-[)a]s.

Temple of Ephesus, 143.

Temple of Olympia, 147.

Th[=e]'b[=e].

Th[=e]'ch[=e]s.

Ther-m[=o]'don.

Tho'rax.

Thra'ki-on, 123.

Thunny fishery, 76.

Thu-ri'an, 79.

Ti-[=a]'ra, 21.

T[)i]b-a-r[=e]'n[=i].

Til'sit, 204.

T[=i]-m[=a]'si-[)o]n.

Ti-me-sil-a'[)u]s.

T[)i]m-e-s[=i]th'e-[)u]s.

T[=i]r-i-b[=a]'zus.

Tis-sa-pher'n[=e]s.

Tra-p[=e]'zus.

Traverse, 90.

Tribute, 13.

Tri-ph[)y]l'i-a.

Tr[=i]'r[=e]me, 105.

Tr[=o]'ad, 140.

Tuileries (Tweel're).

Turrets, 84.

Twer (Wer).

Ve-re'i-a, 238.

Viazma, 243.

Viceroy, 229.

Wall of Media, 15.

War, The, 39.

Witepsk, 194.

Wittgenstein, 237.

Xan'thi-kl[=e]s.

X[)e]n'o-ph[)o]n.

Z[)a]b'a-t[)u]s.

Za-kyn'thus.

Ze[=u]s, 29.

Ze[=u]s, The Gracious, 139.

FOOTNOTES:

[182] In the classical names _ch_ has the sound of _k_, e.g. Achaia (A-k[=a]'i-a); the diphthong _ae_ has the sound of long _[=e]_, e.g. AEneas ([=E]-n[=e]'as), Kaenae (K[=e]'n[=e]); _[=e]s_ at the end of a word has the sound of _eez_, e.g. Apollonid[=e]s ([)A]p-ol-l[)o]n'i-deez); _ti_ in Boeotia has the sound of _she_, e.g. (B[=e]-[=o]'she-ah). The Russian names may be pronounced as English.

CLASSICS FOR CHILDREN.

_In forming the mind and taste of the young, is it not better to use authors who have already lived long enough to afford some guaranty that they may survive the next twenty years?_

="Children derive impulses of a wonderful and important kind from hearing things that they cannot entirely comprehend."=--SIR WALTER SCOTT.

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Choice Literature; Full Notes; Large Type; Firm Binding; Low Prices.

_=Hans Andersen's Fairy Tales.=_ *FIRST SERIES: Supplementary to the Third Reader. *SECOND SERIES: Supplementary to the Fourth Reader.

*_=AEsop's Fables,=_ with selections from Krilof and La Fontaine.

*_=Kingsley's Water-Babies:=_ A Story for a Land-Baby.

*_=Ruskin's King of the Golden River:=_ A Legend of Stiria.

*_=The Swiss Family Robinson.=_ Abridged.

_=Robinson Crusoe.=_ Concluding with his departure from the island.

*_=Kingsley's Greek Heroes.=_

*_=Martineau's Peasant and Prince.=_

_=Lamb's Tales from Shakespeare.=_ "Meas. for Meas." omitted.

_=Scott's Tales of a Grandfather.=_

_=Scott's Lady of the Lake.=_

_=Scott's Lay of the Last Minstrel.=_

_=Lamb's Adventures of Ulysses.=_

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| Transcriber's Note: |
| |
| Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the |
| original document have been preserved. |
| |
| Typographical errors corrected in the text: |
| |
| Page 180 soltitude changed to solitude |
| Page 192 Echmuehl changed to Eckmuehl |
| Page 212 Winkowo changed to Vinkowo |
| Page 296 Maret changed to Murat |
| Page 315 Augerau changed to Augereau |
| Page 315 Charpontier changed to Charpentier |
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