Chapter XXVIII: Concluding Remarks (2)

When a well-marked breed has once been established, if not supplanted by still further improved sub-breeds, and if not exposed to greatly changed conditions of life inducing further variability or reversion to long-lost characters, it may apparently last for an enormous period. We may infer that this is the case from the high antiquity of certain races; but some caution is necessary on this head, for the same variation may appear independently after long intervals of time, or in distant places. We may safely assume that this has occurred with the turnspit-dog, of which one is figured on the ancient Egyptian monuments—with the solid-hoofed swine[11] mentioned by Aristotle—with five-toed fowls described by Columella—and certainly with the nectarine. The dogs represented on the Egyptian monuments, about 2000 B.C., show us that some of the chief breeds then existed, but it is extremely doubtful whether any are identically the same with our present breeds. A great mastiff sculptured on an Assyrian tomb, 640 B.C., is said to be the same with the dog still imported from Thibet into the same region. The true greyhound existed during the Roman classical period. Coming down to a later period, we have seen that, though most of the chief breeds of the pigeon existed between two and three centuries ago, they have not all retained exactly the same character to the present day; but this has occurred in certain cases in which no improvement was desired, for instance, in the case of the Spot and Indian ground-tumbler.

De Candolle[12] has fully discussed the antiquity of various races of plants; he states that the black seeded poppy was known in the time of Homer, the white-seeded sesamum by the ancient Egyptians, and almonds with sweet and bitter kernels by the Hebrews; but it does not seem improbable that some of these varieties may have been lost and reappeared. One variety of barley and apparently one of wheat, both of which were cultivated at an immensely remote period by the Lake-inhabitants of Switzerland, still exist. It is said[13] that “specimens of a small variety of gourd which is still common in the market of Lima were exhumed from an ancient cemetery in Peru.” De Candolle remarks that, in the books and drawings of the sixteenth century, the principal races of the cabbage, turnip, and gourd can be recognised: this might have been expected at so late a period, but whether any of these plants are absolutely identical with our present sub-varieties is not certain. It is, however, said that the Brussels sprout, a variety which in some places is liable to degeneration, has remained genuine for more than four centuries in the district where it is believed to have originated.[14]

In accordance with the views maintained by me in this work and elsewhere, not only the various domestic races, but the most distinct genera and orders within the same great class—for instance, mammals, birds, reptiles, and fishes—are all the descendants of one common progenitor, and we must admit that the whole vast amount of difference between these forms has primarily arisen from simple variability. To consider the subject under this point of view is enough to strike one dumb with amazement. But our amazement ought to be lessened when we reflect that beings almost infinite in number, during an almost infinite lapse of time, have often had their whole organisation rendered in some degree plastic, and that each slight modification of structure which was in any way beneficial under excessively complex conditions of life has been preserved, whilst each which was in any way injurious has been rigorously destroyed. And the long-continued accumulation of beneficial variations will infallibly have led to structures as diversified, as beautifully adapted for various purposes and as excellently co-ordinated, as we see in the animals and plants around us. Hence I have spoken of selection as the paramount power, whether applied by man to the formation of domestic breeds, or by nature to the production of species. I may recur to the metaphor given in a former chapter: if an architect were to rear a noble and commodious edifice, without the use of cut stone, by selecting from the fragments at the base of a precipice wedge-formed stones for his arches, elongated stones for his lintels, and flat stones for his roof, we should admire his skill and regard him as the paramount power. Now, the fragments of stone, though indispensable to the architect, bear to the edifice built by him the same relation which the fluctuating variations of organic beings bear to the varied and admirable structures ultimately acquired by their modified descendants.

Some authors have declared that natural selection explains nothing, unless the precise cause of each slight individual difference be made clear. If it were explained to a savage utterly ignorant of the art of building, how the edifice had been raised stone upon stone, and why wedge-formed fragments were used for the arches, flat stones for the roof, etc.; and if the use of each part and of the whole building were pointed out, it would be unreasonable if he declared that nothing had been made clear to him, because the precise cause of the shape of each fragment could not be told. But this is a nearly parallel case with the objection that selection explains nothing, because we know not the cause of each individual difference in the structure of each being.

The shape of the fragments of stone at the base of our precipice may be called accidental, but this is not strictly correct; for the shape of each depends on a long sequence of events, all obeying natural laws; on the nature of the rock, on the lines of deposition or cleavage, on the form of the mountain, which depends on its upheaval and subsequent denudation, and lastly on the storm or earthquake which throws down the fragments. But in regard to the use to which the fragments may be put, their shape may be strictly said to be accidental. And here we are led to face a great difficulty, in alluding to which I am aware that I am travelling beyond my proper province. An omniscient Creator must have foreseen every consequence which results from the laws imposed by Him. But can it be reasonably maintained that the Creator intentionally ordered, if we use the words in any ordinary sense, that certain fragments of rock should assume certain shapes so that the builder might erect his edifice? If the various laws which have determined the shape of each fragment were not predetermined for the builder’s sake, can it be maintained with any greater probability that He specially ordained for the sake of the breeder each of the innumerable variations in our domestic animals and plants;—many of these variations being of no service to man, and not beneficial, far more often injurious, to the creatures themselves? Did He ordain that the crop and tail-feathers of the pigeon should vary in order that the fancier might make his grotesque pouter and fantail breeds? Did He cause the frame and mental qualities of the dog to vary in order that a breed might be formed of indomitable ferocity, with jaws fitted to pin down the bull for man’s brutal sport? But if we give up the principle in one case,—if we do not admit that the variations of the primeval dog were intentionally guided in order that the greyhound, for instance, that perfect image of symmetry and vigour, might be formed,—no shadow of reason can be assigned for the belief that variations, alike in nature and the result of the same general laws, which have been the groundwork through natural selection of the formation of the most perfectly adapted animals in the world, man included, were intentionally and specially guided. However much we may wish it, we can hardly follow Professor Asa Gray in his belief “that variation has been led along certain beneficial lines,” like a stream “along definite and useful lines of irrigation.” If we assume that each particular variation was from the beginning of all time preordained, then that plasticity of organisation, which leads to many injurious deviations of structure, as well as the redundant power of reproduction which inevitably leads to a struggle for existence, and, as a consequence, to the natural selection or survival of the fittest, must appear to us superfluous laws of nature. On the other hand, an omnipotent and omniscient Creator ordains everything and foresees everything. Thus we are brought face to face with a difficulty as insoluble as is that of free will and predestination.

REFERENCES

[1] Godron, ‘De l’Espèce,’ 1859, tom. ii. p. 44, etc.

[2] ‘Journal Proc. Linn. Soc.,’ 1858, vol. iii. p. 60.

[3] ‘The Quarterly Journal of Science,’ Oct. 1867, p. 486.

[4] M. Rufz de Lavison, in ‘Bull. Soc. Imp. d’Acclimat.,’ Dec. 1862, p. 1009.

[5] ‘Races of Man,’ 1850, p. 315.

[6] ‘Travels in Peru,’ Eng. translat., p. 177.

[7] Youatt on Cattle, 1834, p. 200. On Pigs, _see_ ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1854, p. 410.

[8] ‘Die Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten,’ 1865.

[9] Morlot, ‘Soc. Vaud. des Scien. Nat.,’ Mars, 1860, p. 298.

[10] Rütimeyer, ‘Die Fauna der Pfahlbauten,’ 1861, s. 30.

[11] Godron,’De l’Espèce,’ tom. i., 1859, p. 368.

[12] ‘Geographie Botan.,’ 1855, p. 989.

[13] Pickering, ‘Races of Man,’ 1850, p. 318.

[14] ‘Journal of a Horticultural Tour,’ by a Deputation of the Caledonian Hist. Soc., 1823, p. 293.

INDEX

ABBAS PACHA, a fancier of fantailed pigeons, 6.

ABBEY, Mr., on grafting, 18 (2);

—on mignonette, 21.

ABBOTT, Mr. Keith, on the Persian tumbler pigeon, 5.

ABBREVIATION of the facial bones, 3.

ABORTION of organs, 24, 27.

ABSORPTION of minority in crossed races, 15, 19.

ABUTILON, graft hybridisation of, 11.

ACCLIMATISATION, 24;

—of maize, 9.

ACERBI, on the fertility of domestic animals in Lapland, 16.

_Achatinella,_ 13.

_Achillea millefolium,_ bud variation in, 11.

_Aconitum napellus,_ roots of, innocuous in cold climates, 23.

_Acorus calamus,_ sterility of, 18.

ACOSTA, on fowls in South America at its discovery, 7.

_Acropera,_ number of seeds in, 27.

ADAM, M., origin of _Cytisus adami,_ 11.

ADAM, W., on consanguineous marriages, 17.

ADAMS, on hereditary diseases, 12.

ADVANCEMENT in scale of organisation, Introduction.

_Ægilops triticoides,_ observations of Fabre and Godron on, 9;

—increasing fertility of hybrids of, with wheat, 16.

_Æsculus pavia,_ tendency of, to become double, 18.

_Æthusa cynapium,_ 25.

AFFINITY, sexual elective, 19.

AFRICA, white bull from, 3;

—feral cattle in, 3;

—food-plants of savages of, 9;

—South, diversity of breeds of cattle in, 3;

—West, change in fleece of sheep in, 3.

_Agave vivipara,_ seeding of, in poor soil, 18.

AGE, changes in trees, dependent on, 11.

——, as bearing on pangenesis, 27.

AGOUTI, fertility of, in captivity, 18.

AGRICULTURE, antiquity of, 21.

_Agrostis,_ seeds of, used as food, 9.

AGUARA, 1.

AINSWORTH, Mr., on the change in the hair of animals at Angora, 24.

AKBAR KHAN, his fondness for pigeons, 6; 20.

_Alauda arvensis,_ 18.

ALBIN, on “Golden Hamburgh” fowls, 7;

—figure of the hook-billed duck, 8.

ALBINISM, 4, 12.

ALBINO, negro, attacked by insects, 21.

ALBINOES, heredity of, 12.

ALBINUS, thickness of the epidermis on the palms of the hands in man, 24.

ALCO, 1, 15.

ALDROVANDI, on rabbits, 4;

—description of the nun pigeon, 5;

—on the fondness of the Dutch for pigeons in the seventeenth
century, 6;

—notice of several varieties of pigeons, 6;

—on the breeds of fowls, 7;

—on the origin of the domestic duck, 8.

ALEFIELD, Dr., on the varieties of peas and their specific unity, 9;

—on the varieties of beans, 9.

ALEXANDER the Great, his selection of Indian cattle, 20.

ALGÆ, retrogressive metamorphosis in, 27;

—division of zoospores of, 27.

ALLEN, J., birds in United States, 23.

ALLEN, W., on feral fowls, 7, 13.

ALLMAN, Professor, on a monstrous _Saxifraga geum,_ 18;

—on the Hydroida, 27 (2).

ALMOND, 10;

—antiquity of, 28;

—bitter, not eaten by mice, 21.

_Alnus glutinosa,_ and _incana,_ hybrids of, 17.

ALPACA, selection of, 20.

_Althæa rosea,_ 11, 16.

_Amaryllis,_ 17.

_Amaryllis vittata,_ effect of foreign pollen on, 5.

AMAUROSIS, hereditary, 12.

_Amblystoma lurida,_ 27.

AMERICA, limits within which no useful plants have been furnished by, 9;

—colours of feral horses in, 2;

—North, native cultivated plants of, 9;

—skin of feral pig from, 3;

—South, variations in cattle of, 3.

AMMON, on the persistency of colour in horses, 12.

_Amygdalus persica,_ 10, 11.

_Anagallis arvensis,_ 19.

ANALOGOUS variation, 5, 22;

—in horses, 5;

—in the horse and ass, 2;

—in fowls, 7.

_Anas boschas,_ 8, 13;

—skull of, figured, 8.

“ANCON” sheep of Massachusetts, 3, 15.

ANDALUSIAN fowls, 7.

ANDALUSIAN rabbits, 4.

ANDERSON, J., on the origin of British sheep, 4;

—on the selection of qualities in cattle, 20;

—on a one-eared breed of rabbits, 4;

—on the inheritance of characters from a one-eared rabbit, and
three-legged bitch, 12;

—on the persistency of varieties of peas, 9;

—on the production of early peas by selection, 20;

—on the varieties of the potato, 9;

—on crossing varieties of the melon, 11;

—on reversion in the barberry, 11.

ANDERSON, Mr., on the reproduction of the weeping ash by seed, 12.

—on the cultivation of the tree pæony in China, 20.

ANDERSSON, Mr., on the Damara, Bechuana, and Namaqua cattle, 3;

—on the cows of the Damaras, 24;

—selection practised by the Damaras and Namaquas, 20;

—on the use of grass-seeds and the roots of reeds as food in South
Africa, 9.

_Anemone coronaria,_ doubled by selection, 20.

ANGINA pectoris, hereditary, occurring at a certain age, 14.

ANGLESEA, cattle of, 3.

ANGOLA sheep, 3.

ANGORA, change in hair of animals at, 23;

—cats of, 1 (2);

—rabbits of, 4 (2).

ANIMALS, domestication of, facilitated by fearlessness of man, 1;

—refusal of wild, to breed in captivity, 18;

—compound, individual peculiarities of, reproduced by budding, 11;

—variation by selection in useful qualities of, 20.

ANNUAL plants, rarity of bud-variation in, 11.

ANOMALIES in the osteology of the horse, 2.

ANOMALOUS breeds of pigs, 3;

—of cattle, 3.

_Anser albifrons,_ characters of, reproduced in domestic geese, 8.

_Anser ægyptiacus,_ 8, 14.

_Anser canadensis,_ 18. _Anser ferus,_ the original of the domestic goose, 8;

—fertility of cross of, with domestic goose, 8.

ANSON, on feral fowls in the Ladrones, 7.

ANTAGONISM between growth and reproduction, 27.

_Anthemis nobilis,_ bud-variation in flowers of, 11;

—becomes single in poor soil, 18.

ANTHERS, contabescence of, 18.

ANTIGUA, cats of, 5;

—changed fleece of sheep in, 3.

_Antirrhinum majus,_ peloric, 10, 13 (2), 18;

—double-flowered, 18;

—bud-variation in, 11.

ANTS, individual recognition of, 22.

APHIDES, attacking pear-trees, 21;

—development of, 27.

APOPLEXY, hereditary, occurring at a certain age, 14.

APPLE, 10;

—fruit of, in Swiss lake-dwellings, 9;

—rendered fastigiate by heat in India, 10;

—bud-variation in the, 11;

—with dimidiate fruit, 11 (2);

—with two kinds of fruit on the same branch, 11;

—artificial fecundation of, 11;

—St. Valéry, 11, 18;

—reversion in seedlings of, 13;

—crossing of varieties of, 17;

—growth of the, in Ceylon, 21;

—winter majetin, not attacked by _ coccus,_ 21;

—flower-buds of, attacked by bullfinches, 21;

—American, change of, when grown in England, 23.

APRICOT, 10 (2);

—glands on the leaves of, 21;

—analogous variation in the, 26.

_Aquila fusca,_ copulating in captivity, 18.

_Aquilegia vulgaris,_ 10, 25.

ARAB boarhound, described by Harcourt, 1.

_Arabis blepharophylla_ and _A. soyeri,_ effects of crossing, 11.

_Aralia trifoliata,_ bud-variation in leaves of, 11.

ARAUCARIAS, young, variable resistance of, to frost, 24.

ARCHANGEL pigeon, 21.

ARCTIC regions, variability of plants and shells of, 22.

_Aria vestita,_ grafted on thorns, 11.

ARISTOPHANES, fowls mentioned by, 7.

ARISTOTLE, on solid-hoofed pigs, 3;

—domestic duck unknown to, 8;

—on the assumption of male characters by old hens, 13.

ARNI, domestication of the, 3.

ARNOLD, Mr., experiments of pollen on the maize, 11.

ARRESTS of development, 24.

ARTERIES, increase of anastomosing branches of, when tied, 24.

ARU Islands, wild pig of, 3.

ARUM, Polynesian varieties of, 22.

_Ascaris,_ number of eggs of, 27.

ASH, varieties of the, 10;

—weeping, 10;

—simple-leaved, 10;

—bud-variation in, 11;

—effects of graft upon the stock in the, 11;

—production of the blotched Breadalbane, 11;

—weeping, capricious reproduction of, by seed, 12.

_Asinus burchellii,_ 2.

_Asinus hemionus,_ 13.

_Asinus indicus,_ 13 (2).

_Asinus quagga,_ 2.

_Asinus tæniopus,_ the original of the domestic ass, 2.

ASPARAGUS, increased fertility of cultivated, 16.

ASS, early domestication of the, 2;

—breeds of, 2;

—small size of, in India, 2;

—stripes of, 2 (2);

—dislike of, to cross water, 6;

—reversion in, 13 (3);

—hybrid of the, with mare and zebra, 13;

—prepotency of the, over the horse, 14;

—crossed with wild ass, 20;

—variation and selection of the, 21.

ASSYRIAN sculpture of a mastiff, 1.

ASTERS, 12, 24.

ASTHMA, hereditary, 12, 14.

ATAVISM. _See_ Reversion.

ATHELSTAN, his care of horses, 20.

ATKINSON, Mr., on the sterility of the Tarroo silk-moth in confinement, 18.

AUBERGINE, 15.

AUDUBON, on feral hybrid ducks, 6, 13;

—on the domestication of wild ducks on the Mississippi, 8;

—on the wild cock turkey visiting domestic hens, 8;

—fertility of _Fringilla ciris_ in captivity, 18;

—fertility of _Columba migratoria_ and _leucocephala_ in captivity,
18;

—breeding of _Anser canadensis_ in captivity, 18.

AUDUBON and Bachman, on the change of coat in _Ovis montana,_ 3;

—sterility of _Sciurus cinerea_ in confinement, 18.

AURICULA, effect of seasonal conditions on the, 23;

—blooming of, 26.

AUSTRALIA, no generally useful plants derived from, 9;

—useful plants of, enumerated by Hooker, 9.

AUSTRIA, heredity of character in emperors of, 14.

AUTENRIETH, on persistency of colour in horses, 12.

AVA, horses of, 2.

_Avena fatua,_ cultivability of, 9.

‘AYEEN Akbery,’ pigeons mentioned in the, 5 (2), 6 (4).

AYRES, W. P., on bud-variation in pelargoniums, 11.

_Azalea indica,_ bud-variation in, 11.

AZARA, on the feral dogs of La Plata, 1;

—on the crossing of domestic with wild cats in Paraguay, 1;

—on hornlike processes in horses, 2;

—on curled hair in horses, 2;

—on the colours of feral horses, 2;

—on the cattle of Paraguay and La Plata, 3 (3), 22;

—on a hornless bull, 20;

—on the increase of cattle in South America, 17;

—on the growth of horns in the hornless cattle of Corrientes, 13;

—on the “Niata” cattle, 3;

—on naked quadrupeds, 23;

—on a race of black-skinned fowls in South America, 7, 20;

—on a variety of maize, 9.

BABINGTON, C. C., on the origin of the plum, 10;

—British species of the genus _ Rosa,_ 10;

—distinctness of _Viola lutea_ and _tricolor,_ 10.

BACHMANN, Mr., on the turkey, 22.

_See also_ Audubon. BADGER, breeding in confinement, 18.

“BAGADOTTEN-TAUBE,” 5.

BAILY, Mr., on the effect of selection on fowls, 20;

—on Dorking fowls, 21.

BAIRD, S., on the origin of the turkey, 8.

BAKER, Mr., on heredity in the horse, 12;

—on the degeneration of the horse by neglect, 21;

—orders of Henrys VII. and VIII. for the destruction of undersized
mares, 20.

BAKEWELL, change in the sheep effected by, 20.

BALANCEMENT, 26 (2);

—of growth, law of, 26.

BALDHEAD (pigeon), 5.

BALDNESS, in man, inherited, 25;

—with deficiency in teeth, 25 (2).

BALLANCE, Mr., on the effects of interbreeding on fowls, 17;

—on variation in the eggs of fowls, 7.

_Ballota nigra,_ transmission of variegated leaves in, 11.

BAMBOO, varieties of the, 22.

BANANA, variation of the, 10, 22;

—bud-variation in the, 11;

—sterility of the, 22.

BANTAM fowls, 7;

—Sebright, origin of, 15;

—sterility of, 16.

BARB (pigeon), 5 (2), 6, 21;

—figure of, 5;

—figure of lower jaw of, 5.

BARBS, of wheat, 9.

BARBERRY, dark or red-leaved variety, 10, 12;

—reversion in suckers of seedless variety, 11.

BARBUT, J., on the dogs of Guinea, 1;

—on the domestic pigeons in Guinea, 6;

—fowls not native in Guinea, 7.

BARKING, acquisition of the habit of, by various dogs, 1.

BARLEY, wild, 9;

—of the lake-dwellings, 9;

—ancient variety of, 28.

BARNES, Mr., production of early peas by selection, 20.

BARNET, Mr., on the intercrossing of strawberries, 10;

—diœciousness of the hautbois strawberry, 10;

—on the Scarlet American strawberry, 20.

BARTH, Dr., use of grass-seeds as food in Central Africa, 9.

BARTLETT, A. D., on the origin of “Himalayan” rabbits by intercrossing, 4;

—on the feral rabbits of Porto Santo, 4;

—on geese with reversed feathers on the head and neck, 8;

—on the young of the black-shouldered peacock, 8;

—on a variety of the turkey, 8;

—size of hybrids, 17;

—on the breeding of the Felidæ in captivity, 18;

—so-called hybrids, 25.

BARTRAM, on the black wolf-dog of Florida, 1.

BATES, H. W., refusal of wild animals to breed in captivity, 18 (2);

—sterility of American monkeys in captivity, 18;

—sterility of tamed guans, 18.

BATRACHIA, regeneration of lost parts in, 27.

BEACH, raised, in Peru, containing heads of maize, 9.

BEAK, variability of, in fowls, 7;

—individual differences of, in pigeons, 5;

—correlation of, with the feet in pigeons, 5.

BEALE, Lionel, on the contents of cells, 27;

—on the multiplication of infectious atoms, 27.

BEANS, 9;

—of Swiss lake-dwellings, 9;

—varieties of, produced by selection, 20;

—French and scarlet, variable resistance of, to frost, 24 (2);

—superiority of native seed of, 24;

—a symmetrical variation of scarlet, 27;

—experiments on kidney, 8;

—with monstrous stipules and abortive leaflets, 26.

BEARD pigeon, 5.

BEARS, breeding in captivity, 18.

BEASLEY, J., reversion in crossed cattle, 13.

BEATON, D., effect of soil upon strawberries, 10;

—on varieties of pelargonium, 10, 23 (2);

—bud-variation in _Gladiolus colvilii,_ 11;

—cross between Scotch kail and cabbage, 15;

—hybrid gladiolus, 17;

—constant occurrence of new forms among seedlings, 21;

—on the doubling of the Compositæ, 24.

BECHUANA cattle, 3.

BECHSTEIN, on the burrowing of wolves, 1;

—Spitz Dog, 1;

—origin of the Newfoundland dog, 1;

—crossing of domestic and wild swine, 3;

—on the Jacobin pigeon, 5, 6;

—notice of swallow-pigeons, 5;

—on a fork-tailed pigeon, 5;

—variations in the colour of the croup in pigeons, 6;

—on the German dovecot pigeon, 6;

—fertility of mongrel-pigeons, 6;

—on hybrid turtle-doves, 6;

—on crossing the pigeon with _ Columba œnas, C. palumbus, Turtur
risoria,_ and _T. vulgaris,_ 6;

—development of spurs in the silk hen, 7;

—on Polish fowls, 7 (2);

—on crested birds, 7;

—on the canary-bird, 8, 12, 18;

—German superstition about the turkey, 8;

—occurrence of horns in hornless breeds of sheep, 13;

—hybrids of the horse and ass, 14;

—crosses of tailless fowls, 15;

—difficulty of pairing dove-cot and fancy pigeons, 16;

—fertility of tame ferrets and rabbits, 16;

—fertility of wild sow, 16;

—difficulty of breeding caged birds, 18;

—comparative fertility of _ Psittacus erithacus_ in captivity, 18;

—on changes of plumage in captivity, 18;

—liability of light-coloured cattle to the attacks of flies, 21;

—want of exercise a cause of variability, 22;

—effect of privation of light upon the plumage of birds, 23;

—on a sub-variety of the monk-pigeon, 26.

BECK, Mr., constitutional differences in pelargoniums, 10.

BECKMANN, on changes in the odours of plants, 23.

BEDDOE, Dr., correlation of complexion with consumption, 25.

BEE, persistency of character of, 21, 22;

—intercrossing, 17;

—conveyance of pollen of peas by, 9.

BEE OPHRYS, self-fertilisation of, 15.

BEECH, dark-leaved, 10, 12;

—fern-leaved, reversion of, 11;

—weeping, non-production of, by seed, 12.

BEECHEY, horses of Loochoo Islands, 2.

BEET, 9;

—increase of sugar in, by selection, 20.

_Begonia frigida,_ singular variety of, 10;

—sterility of, 18.

BELGIAN rabbit, 4.

BELL, T., statement that white cattle have coloured ears, 3.

BELL, W., bud-variation in _Paritium tricuspis,_ 11.

BELLINGERI, observations on gestation in the dog, 1

—on the fertility of dogs and cats, 16.

BELON, on high-flying pigeons in Paphlagonia, 6;

—varieties of the goose, 8.

BENGUELA, cattle of, 3.

BENNETT, Dr. G., pigs of the Pacific Islands, 3, 15;

—dogs of the Pacific Islands, 15;

—varieties of cultivated plants in Tahiti, 22.

BENNETT, Mr., on the fallow deer, 16.

BENTHAM, G., number and origin of cultivated plants, 9;

—on Phaseolus, 9;

—cereals all cultivated varieties, 9;

—species of the orange group, 10;

—distinctions of almond and peach, 10;

—British species of _Rosa,_ 10;

—identity of _Viola lutea_ and _tricolor,_ 10.

_Berberis vulgaris,_ 11, 12.

_Berberis wallichii,_ indifference of, to climate, 18.

BERJEAU, on the history of the dog, 1 (2).

BERKELEY, G. F., production of hen-cocks in a strain of game-fowls, 7.

BERKELEY, M. J., crossing of varieties of the pea, 11;

—effect of foreign pollen on grapes, 11;

—on hybrid plants, 17;

—analogy between pollen of highly-cultivated plants and hybrids,
22;

—on Hungarian kidney-beans, 23;

—failure of Indian wheat in England, 24.

BERNARD, inheritance of disease in the horse, 12.

BERNARD, C., independence of the organs of the body, 27;

—special affinities of the tissues, 27.

BERNHARDI, varieties of plants with laciniated leaves, 26.

_Bernicla antarctica,_ 8.

BERTERO, on feral pigeons in Juan Fernandez, 6.

_Betula alba,_ 12.

BEWICK, on the British wild cattle, 3.

BIANCONI, Prof., on the skulls of dogs, 1.

BIBLE, reference to breeding studs of horses in, 2;

—references to domestic pigeons in the, 6;

—indications of selection of sheep in the, 20;

—notice of mules in the, 20.

BIDWELL, Mr., on self-impotence in _Amaryllis,_ 17.

_Bignonia,_ self-sterility of, 17.

BIRCH, weeping, 11, 12.

BIRCH, Dr. S., on the ancient domestication of the pigeon in Egypt, 6;

—notice of bantam fowls in a Japanese encyclopædia, 7 (2).

BIRCH, WYRLEY, on silver-grey rabbits, 4 (2).

BIRDS, sterility caused in, by change of conditions, 18.

BLADDER-NUT, tendency of the, to become double, 18.

BLAINE, Mr., on wry-legged terriers, 21.

BLAINVILLE, origin and history of the dog, 1;

—variations in the number of teeth in dogs, 1;

—variations in the number of toes in dogs, 1;

—on mummies of cats, 1;

—on the osteology of solid-hoofed pigs, 3;

—on feral Patagonian and N. American pigs, 3.

“BLASS-TAUBE,” 5

BLEEDING, hereditary, 12;

—sexual limitation of excessive, 14.

BLENDING of crossed races, time occupied by the, 15.

BLINDNESS, hereditary, 12;

—at a certain age, 14;

—associated with colour of hair, 25.

BLOODHOUNDS, degeneration of, caused by interbreeding, 17.

BLUMENBACH, on the protuberance of the skull in Polish fowls, 7;

—on the effect of circumcision, 12;

—inheritance of a crooked finger, 12;

—on badger-dogs and other varieties of the dog, 20;

—on _Hydra,_ 24;

—on the “nisus formativus,” 24.

BLYTH, E., on the pariah dog, 1;

—hybrids of dog and jackal, 1;

—early domestication of cats in India, 1;

—origin of domestic cat, 1;

—crossing of domestic and wild cats, 1;

—on Indian cats resembling _Felis chaus,_ 1;

—on striped Burmese ponies, 2;

—on the stripes of the ass, 2;

—on Indian wild pigs, 3;

—on humped cattle, 3;

—occurrence of _Bos frontosus_ in Irish crannoges, 3;

—fertile crossing of zebus and common cattle, 3;

—on the species of sheep, 3;

—on the fat-tailed Indian sheep, 3;

—origin of the goat, 3;

—on rabbits breeding in India, 4;

—number of tail-feathers in fantails, 5;

—Lotan tumbler pigeons, 5;

—number of tail-feathers in _ Ectopistes,_ 2;

—on _Columba affinis,_ 6;

—pigeons roosting in trees, 6;

—on _Columba leuconota,_ 6;

—on _Columba intermedia_ of Strickland, 6;

—variation in colour of croup in pigeons, 6 (3);

—voluntary domestication of rock-pigeons in India, 6;

—feral pigeons on the Hudson, 6;

—occurrence of sub-species of pigeons, 6;

—notice of pigeon-fanciers in Delhi, etc., 6;

—hybrids of _Gallus sonneratii_ and the domestic hen, 7;

—supposed hybridity of _Gallus temminckii,_ 7;

—variations and domestication of _ Gallus bankiva,_ 7 (2);

—crossing of wild and tame fowls in Burmah, 7;

—restricted range of the larger gallinaceous birds, 7;

—feral fowls in the Nicobar Islands, 7;

—black-skinned fowls occurring near Calcutta, 7;

—weight of _Gallus bankiva,_ 7;

—degeneration of the turkey in India, 8, 23;

—on the colour of gold-fish, 8;

—reversion from a cross, 13;

—on the Ghor-Khur (_Asinus indicus_), 13;

—on _Asinus hemionus,_ 13;

—number of eggs of _Gallus bankiva,_ 16;

—on the breeding of birds in captivity, 18;

—co-existence of large and small breeds in the same country, 23;

—on the drooping ears of the elephant, 24;

—homology of leg and wing feathers, 25.

BOETHIUS on Scotch wild cattle, 3.

BOITARD and Corbié, on the breeds of pigeons, 5;

—Lille pouter pigeon, 5;

—notice of a gliding pigeon, 5;

—variety of the pouter pigeon, 5;

—dove-cot pigeon, 6;

—crossing pigeons, 6, 15, 17;

—sterility of hybrids of turtle-doves, 6;

—reversion of crossed pigeons, 6, 13;

—on the fantail, 6, 14;

—on the trumpeter, 14;

—prepotency of transmission in silky fantail, 14 (2);

—secondary sexual characters in pigeons, 14;

—crossing of white and coloured turtle-doves, 15;

—fertility of pigeons, 16.

BOMBYCIDÆ, wingless females of, 24.

_Bombyx hesperus,_ 24.

_Bombyx huttoni,_ 8.

_Bombyx mori,_ 8.

BONAFOUS, on maize, 9. BONAPARTE, number of species of Columbidæ, 5;

—number of tail-feathers in pigeons, 5;

—size of the feet in Columbidæ, 5;

—on _Columba guinea,_ 6;

—_Columba turricola, rupestris_ and _schimperi,_ 6.

_Bonatea speciosa,_ development of ovary of, 11.

BONAVIA, Dr., growth of cauliflowers in India, 24.

BONER, Mr., semi-feral sheep, 13.

BONES, removal of portions of, 24;

—regeneration of, 24;

—growth and repair of, 27.

BONIZZI, on pigeons, 5 (2).

BONNET, on the salamander, 27;

—theory of reproduction, 27 (2).

BORCHMEYER, experiments with the seeds of the weeping ash, 12.

BORECOLE, 9.

BORELLI, on Polish fowls, 7.

BORNEO, fowls of, with tail-bands, 7.

BORNET, E., condition of the ovary in hybrid _Cisti,_ 11;

—self-impotence of hybrid _ Cisti,_ 17.

BORROW, G., on pointers, 1.

BORY DE SAINT-VINCENT, on gold-fish, 8.

_Bos,_ probable origin of European domestic cattle from three species of, 3.

_Bos frontosus,_ 3.

_Bos indicus,_ 3.

_Bos longifrons,_ 3 (3).

_Bos primigenius,_ 3 (2), 17. _Bos sondaicus,_ 20.

_Bos taurus,_ 3.

_Bos trochoceros,_ 3.

BOSC, heredity in foliage-varieties of the elm, 10.

BOSSE, production of double flowers from old seed, 18.

BOSSI, on breeding dark-coloured silkworms, 8.

BOSMAN, on dogs of Guinea, 1.

BOUCHARDAT, on the vine disease, 10.

BOUDIN, on local diseases, 23;

—resistance to cold of dark-complexioned men, 25.

“BOULANS,” 5.

“BOUTON d’Alep,” 23.

BOWEN, Prof., doubts as to the importance of inheritance, 12.

BOWMAN, Mr., hereditary peculiarities in the human eye, 12;

—hereditary cataract, 14.

BRACE, Mr., on Hungarian cattle, 3.

_Brachycome iberidifolia,_ 22.

BRACTS, unusual development of, in gooseberries, 10.

BRADLEY, Mr., effect of grafts upon the stock in the ash, 11;

—effect of foreign pollen upon apples, 11;

—on change of soil, 18.

“BRAHMA Pootras,” a new breed of fowls, 7.

BRAIN, proportion of, in hares and rabbits, 4.

BRANDT, Dr., origin of the goat, 3;

—correlation of teeth and hair, 25.

_Brassica,_ varieties of, with enlarged stems, 26.

_Brassica asperifolia,_ 26.

_Brassica napus,_ 9.

_Brassica oleracea,_ 9.

_Brassica rapa,_ 9, 18.

BRAUN, A., bud-variation in the vine, 11;

—in the currant, 11;

—in _Mirabilis jalapa_, 11;

—in _Cytisus adami,_ 11;

—on reversion in the foliage of trees, 11;

—spontaneous production of _Cytisus purpureo-elongatus,_ 11;

—reversion of flowers by stripes and blotches, 13;

—excess of nourishment a source of variability, 22.

BRAZIL, cattle of, 3.

BREAD-FRUIT, varieties of, 22;

—sterility and variability of, 22.

BREE, W. T., bud-variation in _Geranium pratense_ and _ Centaurea cyanus,_ 11;

—by tubers in the dahlia, 11;

—on the deafness of white cats with blue eyes, 25.

BREEDING, high, dependent on inheritance, 12 (2).

BREEDS, domestic, persistency of, 21;

—artificial and natural, 28 (2);

—extinction of, 28;

—of domestic cats, 1;

—of pigs produced by crossing, 3;

—of cattle, 3 (2);

—of goats, 3.

BREHM, on _Columba amaliæ,_ 6.

BRENT, B. P., number of mammæ in rabbits, 4;

—habits of the tumbler pigeon, 5;

—Laugher pigeon, 5;

—colouring of the kite tumbler, 5;

—crossing of the pigeon with _ Columba œnas,_ 6;

—mongrels of the trumpeter pigeon, 14;

—close interbreeding of pigeons, 17;

—opinion on Aldrovandi’s fowls, 7;

—on stripes in chickens, 7;

—on the combs of fowls, 7;

—double-spurred Dorking fowls, 7;

—effect of crossing on colour of plumage in fowls, 7;

—-incubatory instinct of mongrels between non-setting varieties of
fowls, 13;

—origin of the domestic duck, 8;

—fertility of the hook-billed duck, 8;

—occurrence of the plumage of the wild duck in domestic breeds, 8;

—voice of ducks, 8;

—occurrence of a short upper mandible in crosses of hook-billed and
common ducks, 8;

—reversion in ducks produced by crossing, 13;

—variation of the canary-bird, 8;

—fashion in the canary, 21;

—hybrids of canary and finches, 13.

BRICKELL, on raising nectarines from seed, 4;

—on the horses of North Carolina, 24.

BRIDGES, Mr., on the dogs of Tierra del Fuego, 1;

—on the selection of dogs by the Fuegians, 20.

BRIDGMAN, W. K., reproduction of abnormal ferns, 11.

BROCA, P., on the intercrossing of dogs, 1 (2);

—on hybrids of hare and rabbit, 4;

—on the rumpless fowl, 7;

—on the character of half-castes, 13;

—degree of fertility of mongrels, 16;

—sterility of descendants of wild animals bred in captivity, 18.

BROCCOLI, 9;

—rudimentary flowers in, 24;

—tenderness of, 24.

BROMEHEAD, W., doubling of the Canterbury Bell by selection, 20.

BROOMFIELD, Dr., sterility of the ivy and _Acorus calamus,_ 18.

_Bromus secalinus,_ 9.

BRONN, H. G., bud variation in _Anthemis,_ 11;

—effects of cross-breeding on the female, 11;

—on heredity in a one-horned cow, 12;

—propagation of a pendulous peach by seed, 12;

—absorption of the minority in crossed races, 15;

—on the crossing of horses, 15;

—fertility of tame rabbits and sheep, 16;

—changes of plumage in captivity, 18;

—on the dahlia, 22.

BRONZE period, dog of, 1.

BROWN, C. M., prepotency of a greyhound, 14.

BROWN, G., variations in the dentition of the horse, 2.

BROWN-SÉQUARD, Dr., inheritance of artificially-produced epilepsy in the guinea-pig, 12;

—inherited effects of injuries, 12.

_Brunswigia,_ 17.

BRUSSELS sprouts, 9, 28.

_Bubo maximus,_ 18.

BUCKLAND, F., on oysters, 23;

—number of eggs in a codfish, 27.

BUCKLE, Mr., doubts as to the importance of inheritance, 12.

BUCKLEY, Miss, carrier-pigeons roosting in trees, 6.

BUCKMAN, Prof., cultivation of _Avena fatua,_ 9;

—cultivation of the wild parsnip, 9, 20, 23;

—reversion in the parsnip, 13.

BUCKWHEAT, injurious when in flower to white pigs, 25.

BUD and seed, close analogy of, 11.

BUD-REVERSION, 13.

BUDS, adventitious, 27.

BUD-VARIATION, 11, 22, 23 (3);

—contrasted with seminal reproduction, 11;

—peculiar to plants, 11;

—in the peach, 10;

—in plums, 11;

—in the cherry, 11;

—in grapes, 11;

—in the gooseberry and currant, 11;

—pear and apple, 11;

—and in the banana, camellia, hawthorn, _Azalea indica,_ and
_Paritium tricuspis,_ 11;

—in the hollyhock and pelargonium, 11;

—in _Geranium pratense_ and the chrysanthemum, 11;

—in roses, 10, 11;

—in sweet williams, carnations, pinks, stocks, and snapdragons, 11
(2);

—in wall-flowers, cyclamen, _ Œnothera biennis, Gladiolus
colvillii,_ fuchsias, and _ Mirabilis jalapa,_ 11;

—in foliage of various trees, 11;

—cryptogamic plants, 11;

—by suckers in _Phlox_ and barberry, 11;

—by tubers in the potato, 11;

—in the dahlia, 11;

—by bulbs in hyacinths, _ Imatophyllum miniatum,_ and tulips, 11;

—in _Tigridia conchiflora,_ 11;

—in _Hemerocallis,_ 11;

—doubtful cases, 11;

—in _Cytisus adami,_ 11;

—summary of observations on, 11.

BUFFON, on crossing the wolf and dog, 1;

—increase of fertility by domestication, 16;

—improvement of plants by unconscious selection, 20;

—theory of reproduction, 27.

_Bulimus,_ 13.

BULL, apparent influence of, on offspring, 14.

BULLACE, 10.

BULLDOG, degeneration of, in India, 1;

—recent modifications of, 1.

BULLFINCH, breeding in captivity, 18;

—attacking flower-buds, 21.

BULT, Mr., on the length of pouter pigeons, 6.

“BUNDTNERSCHWEIN,” 3.

BUNTING, reed, in captivity, 18.

BURDACH, crossing of domestic and wild animals, 3;

—aversion of the wild boar to barley, 24.

BURKE, Mr., inheritance in the horse, 12.

_Burlingtonia,_ 17.

BURMAH, cats of, 1.

BURMESE ponies, striped, 2.

BURNES, Sir A., on the Karakool sheep, 3, 23;

—varieties of the vine in Cabool, 10;

—hawks, trained in Scinde, 18;

—pomegranates producing seed, 18.

BURR, FEARING, potato-grafting, 11.

BURTON CONSTABLE, wild cattle at, 3.

“BURZEL-TAUBEN,” 5.

BUSSORAH carrier, 5.

_Buteo vulgaris,_ copulation of, in captivity, 18.

BUTTERFLIES, polymorphic, 27.

BUXTON, Mr., parrots breeding in Norfolk, 18.

BUZAREINGUES, GIROU DE, inheritance of tricks, 12.

CABANIS, pears grafted on the quince, 22.

CABBAGE, 9;

—varieties of, 9;

—unity of character in flowers and seeds of, 9;

—cultivated by ancient Celts, 9;

—classification of varieties of, 9;

—ready crossing of, 9, 15 (2), 17;

—origin of, 9;

—increased fertility of, when cultivated, 16;

—growth of, in tropical countries, 23.

CABOOL, vines of, 10.

CABRAL, on early cultivation in Brazil, 9.

CACTUS, growth of cochineal on, in India, 23.

CÆSAR, _Bos primigenius_ wild in Europe in the time of, 3;

—notice of fowls in Britain, 7;

—notice of the importation of horses by the Celts, 20.

CAFFRE fowls, 7.

CAFFRES, different kinds of cattle possessed by the, 3.

“CÁGIAS” a breed of sheep, 3.

_Cairina moschata,_ 6.

CALCEOLARIAS, 10, 18;

—effects of seasonal conditions on, 23;

—peloric flowers in, 26.

CALDWELL, J., sporting of sugar-cane, 11.

“CALONGOS,” a Columbian breed of cattle, 3.

CALVER, Mr., on a seedling peach producing both peaches and nectarines, 10.

CALYX, segments of the, converted into carpels, 27.

CAMEL, its dislike to crossing water, 6.

_Camellia,_ bud-variations in, 11;

—recognition of varieties of, 22;

—variety in, hardiness of, 24.

CAMERON, D, on the cultivation of Alpine plants, 18.

CAMERONN, Baron, value of English blood in racehorses, 12.

_Campanula medium,_ 20.

CANARY-BIRD, 8;

—conditions of inheritance in, 12;

—hybrids of, 13;

—period of perfect plumage in, 14;

—diminished fertility of, 18;

—standard of perfection in, 20;

—analogous variation in, 26.

CANCER, heredity of, 12, 14.

CANFIELD, Dr., on horses with curled hair, 2;

—on feral horses in North America, 2.

CANINE teeth, development of the, in mares, 24.

_Canis alopex,_ 1.

_Canis antarcticus,_ 1.

_Canis argentatus,_ 18.

_Canis aureus,_ 1.

_Canis cancrivorus,_ domesticated and crossed in Guiana, 1.

_Canis cinereo-variegatus,_ 1.

_Canis fulvus,_ 1.

_Canis ingæ,_ the naked Peruvian dog, 1.

_Canis latrans,_ 1;

—resemblance of, to the Hare Indian dog, 1;

—one of the original stocks, 1.

_Canis lupaster,_ 1.

_Canis lupus,_ var. _occidentalis,_ resemblance of, to North American dogs, 1;

—crossed with dogs, 1;

—one of the original stocks, 1.

_Canis mesomelas,_ 1 (2).

_Canis primævus,_ tamed by Mr. Hodgson, 1.

_Canis sabbar,_ 1.

_Canis simensis,_ possible original of greyhounds, 1.

_Canis thaleb,_ 1.

_Canis variegatus,_ 1.

CANNING, A. S. G., the japanned peacock, 8.

CANTERBURY Bell, doubled by selection, 20.

CAPE of Good Hope, different kinds of cattle at the, 3;

—no useful plants derived from the, 9.

CAPERCAILZIE, breeding in captivity, 18.

_Capra ægagrus_ and _C. falconeri,_ probable parents of domestic goat, 3.

CAPSICUM, 10.

CARDAN, on a variety of the walnut, 10;

—on grafted walnuts, 22.

CARDOON, 13.

_Carex rigida,_ local sterility of the, 18.

CARLIER, early selection of sheep, 20.

CARLISLE, Sir A., inheritance of peculiarities, 12 (2).

—of polydactylism, 12.

“CARME” pigeon, 5.

CARNATION, bud-variation in, 11;

—variability of, 10;

—striped, produced by crossing red and white, 12;

—effect of conditions of life on the, 23.

CARNIVORA, general fertility of, in captivity, 18.

CAROLINE Archipelago, cats of, 1.

CARP, 21.

CARPELS, variation of, in cultivated Cucurbitaceæ, 10.

CARPENTER, W. B., regeneration of bone, 24;

—number of eggs in an _Ascaris,_ 27.

_Carpinus betulus,_ 27.

_Carpophaga oceanica,_ 28.

CARR, Mr., effect of changed conditions, 17.

CARRIER pigeon, 5;

—English, 5;

—figured, 5;

—skull figured, 5;

—history of the, 6;

—Persian, 5;

—Bussorah, 5;

—Bagadotten, skull figured, 5;

—lower jaw figured, 5.

CARRIÈRE, origin of radish, 9;

—intermediate form between the almond and the peach, 10;

—glands of peach-leaves, 10;

—bud-variation in the vine, 11;

—bud-variation in the rose, 11;

—inheritance in purple-leaved trees, 12;

—on variation, 11 (3);

—grafts of _Aria vestita_ upon thorns, 11;

—variability of hybrids of _ Erythrina,_ 22.

CARROT, wild, effects of cultivation on the, 9;

—reversion in the, 13;

—run wild, 13;

—increased fertility of cultivated, 16;

—experiments on the, 23;

—acclimatisation of the, in India, 24.

_Carthamus,_ abortion of the pappus in, 24.

CARTIER, cultivation of native plants in Canada, 9.

CARYOPHYLLACEÆ, frequency of contabescence in the, 18.

CASPARY, bud-variation in the moss-rose, 11;

—on the ovules and pollen of _ Cytisus,_ 11;

—crossing of _Cytisus purpureus_ and _C. laburnum,_ 11;

—trifacial orange, 11;

—differently-coloured flowers in the wild _Viola lutea,_ 11;

—sterility of the horse-radish, 18.

CASTELNAU, on Brazilian cattle, 3.

CASTRATION, assumption of female characters caused by, 13 (2).

_Casuarius bennettii,_ 18.

CAT, domestic, 1;

—early domestication and probable origin of the, 1 (2);

—intercrossing of, with wild species, 1 (2);

—variations of, 1;

—feral, 1, 13;

—anomalous, 1;

—polydactylism in, 12;

—black, indications of stripes in young, 13;

—tortoiseshell, 14;

—effects of crossing in, 15;

—fertility of, 16;

—difficulty of selection in, 21 (2);

—length of intestines in, 24;

—white with blue eyes, deafness of, 25;

—with tufted ears, 26.

CATARACT, hereditary, 12, 14.

CATERPILLARS, effect of changed food on, 23.

_Catleya leopoldii,_ 11.

CATLIN, G., colour of feral horses in North America, 2.

CATON, Judge, wild turkey, 16.

CATTLE, European, their probable origin from three original species, 3;

—humped, or zebus, 3;

—intercrossing of, 3 (3);

—wild, of Chillingham, Hamilton, Chartley, Burton Constable, and
Gisburne, 1, 17;

—colour of feral, 3, 20;

—British breeds of, 3 (2);

—South African breeds of, 3;

—South American breeds of, 3, 20;

—Niata, 3 (2), 20 (2), 25;

—effects of food and climate on, 3;

—effects of selection on, 3 (2);

—Dutch-buttocked, 12;

—hornless, production of horns in, 25;

—reversion in, when crossed, 13;

—wildness of hybrid, 13;

—short-horned, prepotency of, 14;

—wild, influence of crossing and segregation on, 15;

—crosses of, 15, 16, 17;

—of Falkland Islands, 16;

—mutual fertility of all varieties of, 16;

—effects of interbreeding on, 17 (2);

—shorthorn, sterility of, 17;

—effects of careful selection on, 20 (2);

—naked, of Columbia, 20;

—crossed with wild banteng in Java, 20;

—with reversed hair in Banda Oriental, 20;

—selection of trifling characters in, 20;

—fashion in, 20;

—similarity of best races of, 21;

—unconscious selection in, 20;

—effects of natural selection on anomalous breeds of, 21 (2);

—light-coloured, attacked by flies, 21, 25;

—Jersey, rapid improvement of, 21;

—effects of disuse of parts in, 24;

—rudimentary horns in, 24;

—supposed influence of humidity on the hair of, 25;

—white spots of, liable to disease, 25;

—supposed analogous variation in, 26;

—displacement of long-horned by short-horned, 28.

CAULIFLOWER, 9;

—free-seeding of, in India, 21;

—rudimentary flowers in, 24.

CAVALIER pigeon, 15.

_Cavia aperea,_ 18.

CAY (_Cebus azaræ_), sterility of, in confinement, 18.

_Cebus azaræ,_ 18.

_Cecidomyia,_ larval development of, 23, 27 (2);

—and _Misocampus,_ Introduction.

CEDARS of Lebanon and Atlas, 10.

CELERY, turnip-rooted, 9;

—run wild, 13.

CELL-THEORY, 27.

_Celosia cristata,_ 10.

CELSUS, on the selection of seed-corn, 9, 20.

CELTS, early cultivation of the cabbage by the, 9;

—selection of cattle and horses by the, 20.

_Cenchrus,_ seeds of a, used as food, 9.

_Centaurea cyanus,_ bud-variation in, 11.

CEPHALOPODA, spermatophores of, 27.

_Cerasus padus,_ yellow-fruited, 12.

_Cercoleptes,_ sterility of, in captivity, 18.

_Cercopithecus,_ breeding of a species of, in captivity, 18.

CEREALS, 9 (2);

—of the Neolithic period in Switzerland, 9;

—adaptation of, to soils, 24.

_Cereus,_ 13.

_Cereus speciosissimus_ and _phyllanthus,_ reversion in hybrids of, 11.

_Cervus canadensis,_ 18.

_Cervus dama,_ 17.

CETACEA, correlation of dermal system and teeth in the, 25.

CEYLON, cats of, 1;

—pigeon-fancying in, 6.

CHAMISSO, on seeding bread-fruit, 18.

CHANNEL Islands, breeds of cattle in, 3.

CHAPMAN, Professor, peach-trees producing nectarines, 10.

CHAPUIS, F., sexual peculiarities in pigeons, 5;

—effect produced by first male upon the subsequent progeny of the
female, 11;

—sterility of the union of some pigeons, 18.

CHARACTERS, fixity of, 21;

—latent, 13, 27 (2);

—continued divergence of, 21;

—antagonistic, 27.

CHARDIN, abundance of pigeons in Persia, 6.

CHARLEMAGNE, orders as to the selection of stallions, 20.

CHARTLEY, wild cattle of, 3.

CHATÉ, reversion of the upper seeds in the pods of stocks, 26.

CHAUNDY, Mr., crossed varieties of cabbage, 17.

CHEETAH, general sterility of, in captivity, 18.

_Cheiranthus cheiri,_ 11.

CHERRIES, 10 (2);

—bud-variation in, 11;

—white Tartarian, 21;

—variety of, with curled petals, 21;

—period of vegetation of, changed by forcing, 24.

CHEVREUL, on crossing fruit-trees, 17.

CHICKENS, differences in characters of, 7 (2);

—white, liable to gapes, 21, 25.

CHIGOE, 23.

CHILE, sheep of, 3.

CHILLINGHAM cattle, identical with _Bos primigenius,_ 3;

—characters of, 3.

CHILOE, half-castes of, 13.

CHINA, cats of, with drooping ears, 1;

—horses of, 2;

—striped ponies of, 2;

—asses of, 2;

—notice of rabbits in, by Confucius, 4;

—breeds of pigeons reared in, 6;

—breeds of fowls of, in fifteenth century, 7 (2).

CHINCHILLA, fertility of, in captivity, 18.

CHINESE, selection practised by the, 20;

—preference of the, for hornless rams, 20;

—recognition of the value of native breeds by the, 24.

CHINESE, or Himalayan rabbit, 4.

“CHIVOS,” a breed of cattle in Paraguay, 3.

CHOUX-RAVES, 9.

CHRIST, H., on the plants of the Swiss Lake-dwellings, 9 (2);

—intermediate forms between _Pinus sylvestris_ and _montana,_ 10.

CHRYSANTHEMUM, 11.

_Chrysotis festiva,_ 23.

CINERARIA, effects of selection on the, 20.

CIRCASSIA, horses of, 16.

CIRCUMCISION, 12.

CIRRIPEDES, metagenesis in, 27.

_Cistus,_ intercrossing and hybrids of, 10, 12, 17.

CITRONS, 10 (2).

“_Citrus aurantium fructu variabili,_” 10 _Citrus decumana,_ 10.

_Citrus lemonum,_ 10.

_Citrus medica,_ 10 (2).

CLAPHAM, A., bud-variation in the hawthorn, 11.

“CLAQUANT” (pigeons), 5.

“CLAQUERS” (pigeons), 5.

CLARK, G., on the wild dogs of Juan de Nova, 1;

—on striped Burmese and Javanese ponies, 2;

—breeds of goats imported into the Mauritius, 3;

—variations in the mammæ of goats, 3;

—bilobed scrotum of Muscat goat, 3.

CLARK, H. J., on fission and gemmation, 27.

CLARKE, R. T., intercrossing of strawberries, 10.

CLARKE, T., hybridisation of stocks, 11, 15.

CLARKSON, Mr., prize-cultivation of the gooseberry, 10.

CLASSIFICATION, explained by the theory of natural selection, Introduction.

CLEFT palate, inheritance of, 12.

CLEMENTE, on wild vines in Spain, 10.

CLERMONT-TONNERRE, on the St. Valéry apple, 11.

CLIMATE, effect of, upon breeds of dogs, 1;

—on horses, 2 (2);

—on cattle, 3 (2);

—on the fleece of sheep, 3 (2);

—on seeds of wheat, 9;

—on cultivated cabbages, 9;

—adaptation of maize to, 9.

CLIMATE and pasture, adaptation of breeds of sheep to, 3 (2).

CLIMATE and soil, effects of, upon strawberries, 10.

CLINE, Mr., on the skull in horned and hornless rams, 25.

CLOS, on sterility in _Ranunculus ficaria,_ 18.

CLOTZSCH, hybrids of various trees, 17.

CLOVER, pelorism in, 26.

COATE, Mr., on interbreeding pigs, 17.

COCCUS of apple-trees, 21.

COCHIN fowls, 7 (5);

—occipital foramen of, figured, 7;

—section of skull of, figured, 7;

—cervical vertebra of, figured, 7.

COCHINEAL, persistence of, 21;

—preference of, for a particular cactus, 23.

_Cochlearia armoracia,_ 18.

COCK, game, natural selection in, 21;

—spur of, grafted on the comb, 24;

—spur of, inserted into the ear of an ox, 27;

—effect of castration upon the, 13.

COCK’S-COMB, varieties of the, 10.

COCOONS of silkworms, variations in, 8.

CODFISH, bulldog, 3;

—number of eggs in the, 27.

_Coelogenys paca,_ 18.

COLIN, prepotency of the ass over the horse, 14;

—on cross-breeding, 15;

—on change of diet, 24.

COLLINSON, PETER, peach-tree producing a nectarine, 10.

COLORATION in pigeons, an evidence of unity of descent, 6.

COLOUR, correlation of, in dogs, 1;

—persistence of, in horses, 2;

—inheritance and diversity of, in horses, 2;

—variations of, in the ass, 5;

—of wild or feral cattle, 5;

—transmission of, in rabbits, 4;

—peculiarities of, in Himalayan rabbits, 4;

—influence of, 21;

—correlation of, in head and limbs, 25;

—correlated with constitutional peculiarities, 25.

COLOUR and odour, correlation of, 25.

COLOUR-BLINDNESS, hereditary, 12;

—more common in men than in women, 14 (2);

—associated with inability to distinguish musical sounds, 25.

COLOURS, sometimes not blended by crossing, 15.

_Columba affinis,_ Blyth, a variety of _C. livia,_ 6.

_Columba amaliæ,_ Brehm, a variety of _C. livia,_ 6.

_Columba guinea,_ 6.

_Columba gymnocyclus,_ Gray, a form of _C. livia,_ 6.

_Columba gymnophthalmos,_ hybrids of, with _C. œnas,_ 6;

—with _C. maculosa,_ 6.

_Columba intermedia,_ Strickland, a variety of _C. livia,_ 6.

_Columba leucocephala,_ 18.

_Columba leuconota,_ 6 (2).

_Columba littoralis,_ 6.

_Columba livia,_ 13 (2);

—the parent of domestic breeds of pigeons, 6;

—measurements of, 5;

—figured, 5;

—skull figured, 5;

—lower jaw figured, 5;

—scapula figured, 5.

_Columba luctuosa,_ 6.

_Columba migratoria_ and _leucocephala,_ diminished fertility of, in captivity, 18.

_Columba œnas,_ 6;

—crossed with common pigeon and _C. gymnophthalmos,_ 6.

_Columba palumbus,_ 6, 26.

_Columba rupestris,_ 6 (3).

_Columba schimperi,_ 6.

_Columba torquatrix,_ 26.

_Columba turricola,_ 6.

COLUMBIA, cattle of, 6. COLUMBINE, double, 10, 25.

COLUMBUS, on West Indian dogs, 1.

COLUMELLA, on Italian shepherd dogs, 1;

—on domestic fowls, 7 (2), 20, 28;

—on the keeping of ducks, 8;

—on the selection of seed-corn, 9;

—on the benefits of change of soil to plants, 18;

—on the value of native breeds, 24.

COLZA, 9.

COMB, in fowls, variations of, 7;

—sometimes rudimentary, 24.

COMPENSATION, law of, 7.

COMPENSATION of growth, 26.

COMPLEXION, connection of, with constitution, 25.

COMPOSITÆ, double flowers of, 10, 18, 24.

CONCEPTION, earlier in Alderney and Zetland cows than in other breeds, 3.

CONDITIONS of life, changed, effect of, 28;

—on horses, 2;

—upon variation in pigeons, 6;

—upon wheat, 9;

—upon trees, 10;

—in producing bud-variation, 11;

—advantages of, 18;

—sterility caused by, 18;

—conducive to variability, 22;

—accumulative action of, 22;

—direct action of, 23.

CONDOR, breeding in captivity, 18.

CONFINEMENT, effect of, upon the cock, 17.

CONFUCIUS, on the breeding of rabbits in China, 4.

CONOLLY, Mr., on Angora goats, 25.

CONSTITUTIONAL differences in sheep, 3;

—in varieties of apples, 10;

—in pelargoniums, 10;

—in dahlias, 10.

CONSTITUTIONAL peculiarities in strawberries, 10;

—in roses, 10.

CONSUMPTION, hereditary, 12;

—period of appearance of, 14;

—correlated with complexion, 25.

CONTABESCENCE, 18 (2).

_Convolvulus batatas,_ 18, 24.

_Convolvulus tricolor,_ bud-variation in, 11.

COOPER, Mr., improvement of vegetables by selection, 20.

COOPER, WHITE, hereditary peculiarities of vision, 12;

—association of affections of the eyes with those of other systems,
25.

CORALS, bud-variation in, 11;

—non-diffusion of cell-gemmules in, 27.

CORBIÉ, _See_ Boitard.

CORDEMOZ, Dr., seedless plants, 18.

CORNEA, opacity of, inherited, 12.

_Cornus mascula,_ yellow-fruited, 12.

CORRELATION, 25;

—of neighbouring parts, 25;

—of change in the whole body, and in some of its parts, 25;

—of homologous parts, 25;

—inexplicable, 25, 26, 27;

—commingling of, with the effects of other agencies, 25.

CORRELATION of skull and limbs in swine, 3;

—of tusks and bristles in swine, 3;

—of multiplicity of horns and coarseness of wool in sheep, 3;

—of beak and feet in pigeons, 5 (2);

—between nestling down and colour of plumage in pigeons, 6;

—of changes in silkworms, 8;

—in plants, 20;

—in maize, 9;

—in pigeons, 5;

—in fowls, 7.

CORRESPONDING periods, inheritance at, 14.

CORRIENTES, dwarf cattle of, 3.

CORRINGHAM, Mr., influence of selection on pigs, 20.

CORSICA, ponies of, 2.

“CORTBECK” (pigeon) of Aldrovandi, 6.

_Corvus corone,_ and _C. cornix,_ hybrids of, 15.

_Corydalis,_ flower of, 26.

_Corydalis cava,_ 17 (2).

_Corydalis solida,_ sterile when peloric, 18.

_Corydalis tuberosa,_ peloric by reversion, 13.

_Corylus avellana,_ 10.

COSTA, A., on shells transferred from England to the Mediterranean, 23.

COUES, Dr. E., on a monstrous chicken, 27.

COWPER, Mr. WHITE, defective development of the dental system, 25.

“COUVE TRONCHUDA,” 9 COW, inheritance of loss of one horn in the, 12;

—amount of milk furnished by the, 24;

—development of six mammæ in, 24.

COWSLIP, 12.

CRACIDÆ, sterility of the, in captivity, 18.

CRANES, fertility of, in captivity, 18.

_Cratægus oxyacantha,_ 10, 11, 21, 22, 12.

_Cratægus monogyna,_ 10.

_Cratægus sibirica,_ 10.

CRAWFURD, J., Malasian cats, 1;

—horses of the Malay Archipelago, 2;

—horses of Japan, 2;

—occurrence of stripes in young wild pigs of Malacca, 3;

—on a Burmese hairy family with deficient teeth, 14, 25;

—Japanese origin of the bantam, 7;

—game fowls of the Philippine Islands, 22;

—hybrids of _Gallus varius_ and domestic fowl, 7;

—domestication of _Gallus bankiva,_ 7;

—feral fowls in the Pellew Islands, 7;

—history of the fowl, 7;

—history of the domestic duck, 8;

—domestication of the goose, 8;

—cultivated plants of New Zealand, 9;

—breeding of tame elephants in Ava, 18;

—sterility of _Goura coronata_ in confinement, 18;

—geese of the Philippine Islands, 18.

CREEPERS, a breed of fowls, 7.

CRESTED fowl, 7;

—figured, 7.

“CRÈVE-CŒUR,” a French sub-breed of fowls, 7.

CRISP, Dr., on the brains of the hare and rabbit, 4.

CROCKER, C. W., singular form of _Begonia frigida,_ 10, 18;

—sterility in _Ranunculus ficaria,_ 18.

CROCUS, 18.

CROSS-BREEDING, permanent effect of, on the female, 11.

CROSSING, 15, 16, 17, 19;

—a cause of uniformity, 15;

—occurs in all organised beings, 15;

—some characters not blended by, 15, 19;

—modifications and new races produced by, 15;

—causes which check, 16;

—domestication and cultivation favourable to, 16, 19;

—beneficial effects of, 17, 19;

—necessary in some plants, 17, 19;

—summary of subject of, 17;

—of dogs with wolves in North America, 1 (2);

—with _Canis cancrivorus_ in Guiana, 1;

—of dog with wolf, described by Pliny and others, 1;

—characters furnished by, brought out by reversion in the progeny,
13;

—a direct cause of reversion, 13 (2);

—a cause of variability, 22.

CRUSTACEA, macrourous, differences in the development of the, 27.

CRUSTACEAN with an antenna-like development of the eye-peduncle, 27.

CRYPTOGAMIC plants, bud-variation in, 11.

CUBA, wild dogs of, 1.

“CUCKOO,” sub-breeds of fowls, 7.

CUCUMBER, variation in number of carpels of, 10;

—supposed crossing of varieties of the, 11.

_Cucumis momordica,_ 10.

_Cucumis sativa,_ 10.

_Cucurbita,_ dwarf, correlation of leaves in, 25.

_Cucurbita maxima,_ 10 (2).

_Cucurbita moschata,_ 10 (2).

_Cucurbita pepo_ 10;

—varieties of, 10;

—relation in size and number of fruit of, 26.

CUCURBITACEÆ, 10;

—supposed crossing of, 11;

—Naudin’s observations on hybrids of, 18;

—acclimatisation of, 24.

“CULBUTANTS” (pigeons), 5.

CULTIVATION of plants, origin of, among savages, 9 (2);

—fertility increased by, 16.

CUNIER, on hereditary night-blindness, 12.

CUPPLES, Mr., pairing of deer-hounds, 17.

CURRANTS, of Tierra del Fuego, 9;

—bud-variation in, 11.

CURTIS, Mr., bud-variation in the rose, 11.

CUVIER, on the gestation of the wolf, 1;