Chapter XXIII

General account of the skeleton in Mammalia (_continued_). The
skull and appendicular skeleton 455

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIG. PAGE

1 Diagrammatic sections of various forms of teeth 6

2 Cervical vertebrae of an Ox (_Bos taurus_) 15

3 Diagram of the skeleton of _Amphioxus lanceolatus_ 51

4 Dorsal, lateral, and ventral views of the skull of
_Petromyzon marinus_ 56

5 Skull of a male _Chimaera monstrosa_ 65

6 Lateral view of the skull of a Dogfish (_Scyllium canicula_) 75

7 Semidorsal view of the pectoral girdle and fins of a Dogfish
(_Scyllium canicula_) 80

8 Dorsal view of the pelvic girdle and fins of a male Dogfish
(_Scyllium canicula_) 81

9 Dorsal and ventral views of the cranium of a Salmon (_Salmo
salar_) from which most of the membrane bones have been
removed 88

10 Lateral view of the chondrocranium of a Salmon (_Salmo
salar_) 90

11 Lateral view of the skull of a Salmon (_Salmo salar_) 92

12 Mandibular and hyoid arches of a Cod (_Gadus morrhua_) 99

13 Right half of the pectoral girdle and right pectoral fin of
a Cod (_Gadus morrhua_) 102

14 Diagram of a section through the jaw of a Shark
(_Odontaspis americanus_) showing the succession of
teeth 107

15 Part of the lower jaw of a Shark (_Galeus_) 108

16 Skulls of _Notidanus_ and _Cestracion_ 118

17 Dorsal view of the branchial arches of _Heptanchus_ 120

18 Lateral view of the skull of a Sturgeon
(_Acipenser sturio_) 122

19 Dorsal and ventral views of the cranium of
_Ceratodus miolepis_ 125

20 Lateral view of the skeleton of _Ceratodus miolepis_ 128

21 Dorsal, ventral and lateral views of the skull of a Newt
(_Molge cristata_) 142

22 Ventral and lateral views of the shoulder-girdle and
sternum of an old male Crested Newt (_Molge cristata_) 146

23 Right posterior and anterior limbs of a Newt (_Molge
cristata_) 148

24 Dorsal and ventral views of the cranium of a Common Frog
(_Rana temporaria_) 155

25 Dorsal and ventral views of the cranium of a Common Frog
(_Rana temporaria_) from which the membrane bones have
mostly been removed 157

26 Lateral view of the skull and posterior view of the
cranium of a Common Frog (_Rana temporaria_) 159

27 Dorsal view of the skull of a Labyrinthodont (_Capitosaurus
nasutus_) 176

28 Ventral view of the cranium, and lateral view of the
cranium and mandible of _Siphonops annulatus_ 178

29 Visceral arches of Amphibia: A, _Molge cristata_; B, _Rana
temporaria_, adult; C, Tadpole of _Rana_; D, _Siredon
pisciformis_ 181

30 Shoulder-girdle and sternum of an adult male Common Frog
(_Rana temporaria_), and of an adult female
_Docidophryne gigantea_ 183

31 A, Right antibrachium and manus of a larval Salamander
(_Salamandra maculosa_); B, Right tarsus and adjoining
bones of _Molge sp._ 186

32 Lateral and dorsal views of the skull of an _Ichthyosaurus_ 196

33 Lateral view and longitudinal section of the skull of a
Lizard (_Varanus varius_) 201

34 Lateral view of the shoulder-girdle of a Lizard (_Varanus_) 202

35 Restored skeleton of _Ceratosaurus nasicornis_ 206

36 Dorsal and ventral views of the carapace of a Loggerhead
Turtle (_Thalassochelys caretta_) 216

37 Plastron of a Green Turtle (_Chelone midas_) 218

38 The skull of a Green Turtle (_Chelone midas_) 223

39 Longitudinal vertical section through the cranium of a
Green Turtle (_Chelone midas_) 226

40 Anterior limb of a young Hawksbill Turtle (_Chelone
imbricata_), and posterior limb of a large Green Turtle
(_Chelone midas_) 234

41 The first four cervical vertebrae of a Crocodile
(_Crocodilus vulgaris_) 239

42 Anterior view of a late thoracic and the first sacral
vertebrae of a Crocodile (_Crocodilus palustris_) 242

43 Palatal aspect of the cranium and mandible of an Alligator
(_Caiman latirostris_) 245

44 Lateral view of the skull of an Alligator (_Caiman
latirostris_) 248

45 Longitudinal section through the skull of an Alligator
(_Caiman latirostris_) 253

46 Sternum and associated membrane bones of a Crocodile
(_Crocodilus palustris_) 261

47 Left half of the pectoral girdle of an Alligator
(_Caiman latirostris_) 262

48 Right anterior and posterior limbs of an Alligator
(_Caiman latirostris_) 264

49 Pelvis and sacrum of an Alligator (_Caiman latirostris_) 267

50 Preparation of part of the right mandibular ramus of
_Crocodilus palustris_ 274

51 Dorsal and ventral views of the skull of a Common Snake
(_Tropidonotus natrix_) 279

52 Skull of Hatteria (_Sphenodon punctatus_) 282

53 Hyoids of an Alligator (_Caiman latirostris_), and of a
Green Turtle (_Chelone midas_) 285

54 Ventral view of the shoulder-girdle and sternum of
_Loemanctus longipes_ 287

55 Left half of the skeleton of a Common Fowl (_Gallus
bankiva_) 301
56 The wing of a Wild Duck (_Anas boschas_) 304

57 Wings of a Wild Duck with the coverts removed (_Anas
boschas_) 305

58 Dorsal and ventral views of the pelvis and sacrum of a Duck
(_Anas boschas_) 311

59 Skull of a Duck (_Anas boschas_) 312

60 A, Ventral view of the cranium of a Duck (_Anas boschas_);
B, Cranium and mandible seen from the left side 313

61 Lateral view of the pelvis and sacrum of a Duck (_Anas
boschas_) 325
62 Third cervical vertebra of an Ostrich (_Struthio camelus_) 331

63 Shoulder-girdle and sternum of A, Black Vulture (_Vultur
cinereus_); B, Peacock (_Pavo cristatus_); C, Pelican
(_Pelicanus conspicillatus_) 337

64 Bones of the right wing of A, a Penguin; B, an Ostrich
(_Struthio camelus_) and C, a Gannet (_Sula alba_) 339

65 Pelvic girdle and sacrum of A, Cassowary (_Casuarius
galeatus_); B, Owen's Apteryx (_A. oweni_); C,
Broad-billed Rhea (_R. macrorhyncha_); D, Ostrich
(_Struthio camelus_) 340

66 Ventral view of the shoulder-girdle and sternum of a
Duckbill (_Ornithorhynchus paradoxus_) 347

67 Cervical vertebrae of a Ca'ing Whale (_Globicephalus
melas_) 354

68 Dentition of a Dog (_Canis familiaris_) 375

69 Atlas and axis vertebrae of a Dog (_Canis familiaris_) 379

70 Second thoracic and second lumbar vertebrae of a Dog
(_Canis familiaris_) 382

71 Diagram of the relations of the principal bones in the
Mammalian skull 385

72 Vertical longitudinal section through skull of a Dog
(_Canis familiaris_) 387

73 Dorsal view of the cranium of a Dog (_Canis familiaris_) 389

74 Diagram of the mammalian tympanic cavity and associated
bones 391

75 Ventral view of the cranium of a Dog (_Canis familiaris_) 396

76 Sternum and sternal ribs of a Dog (_Canis familiaris_) 403

77 Bones of the left upper arm and fore-arm of a Dog (_Canis
familiaris_) 407

78 Right innominate bone, A, of a full-grown Terrier; B, of a
Collie Puppy 410

79 Left leg bones of a Dog (_Canis familiaris_) 411

80 A, Right manus; B, Right pes of a Dog (_Canis familiaris_) 413

81 Skull of a young Indian Rhinoceros (_R. unicornis_) showing
the change of the dentition 421

82 Palatal aspect of the cranium and mandible of a Donkey
(_Equus asinus_) 431

83 Skull of _Procavia (Dendrohyrax) dorsalis_ 433

84 Carnassial or sectorial teeth of Carnivora 436

85 Mandible of Isabelline Bear (_Ursus isabellinus_) 438

86 Left mandibular ramus of the Sea Leopard (_Ogmorhinus
leptonyx_) 439

87 Cervical vertebrae of a young Fin Whale (_Balaenoptera
musculus_) 444

88 Atlas and axis vertebrae of an Ox (_Bos taurus_) 445

89 First and second thoracic vertebrae of an Ox (_Bos taurus_) 449

90 Skulls of Tasmanian Wolf (_Thylacinus cynocephalus_) and
Hairy-nosed Wombat (_Phascolomys latifrons_) 456

91 Skull of Two-fingered Sloth (_Choloepus didactylus_) 458

92 Skull of _Rhytina stelleri_ 460

93 Lateral view and longitudinal section of the skull of a
young Ca'ing Whale (_Globicephalus melas_) 463

94 Cranium and mandible of a Pig (_Sus scrofa_) 466

95 Mandible of a Hippopotamus (_Hippopotamus amphibius_) 467

96 Skull of a young Indian Elephant (_Elephas indicus_) 474

97 Longitudinal section of the skull of a young Indian
Elephant (_Elephas indicus_) 475

98 Half-front view of the skull of a Porcupine (_Hystrix
cristata_) 477
99 Skulls of an old and of a young Gorilla (_Gorilla savagei_) 483

100 Malleus, stapes, and incus of Man, Dog, and Rabbit 485

101 Skeleton of a Cape Buffalo (_Bubalus caffer_) 492

102 Lateral and dorsal views of the shoulder-girdle and part
of the sternum of the Spiny Anteater (_Echidna
aculeata_) 494

103 Skeleton of a Llama (_Auchenia glama_) 496

104 Dorsal view of the sternum and right half of the shoulder
girdle of _Mus sylvaticus_ 498

105 Anterior surface of the right humerus of a Wombat
(_Phascolomys latifrons_) 500

106 Manus of Perissodactyles: A, Left manus of _Tapirus_; B,
Right manus of _Titanotherium_; C, Left manus of
_Chalicotherium giganteum_ 508

107 Left manus of A, _Coryphodon hamatus_; B, _Phenacodus
primaevus_; C, _Procavia (Dendrohyrax) arboreus_ 510

108 Left anterior and posterior limbs and limb girdles of
_Uintatherium mirabile_ 516

109 Left femur of an Ox (_Bos taurus_) and of a Sumatran
Rhinoceros (_Rhinoceros sumatrensis_) 518

110 Pes of A, a Tapir (_Tapirus americanus_); B, a Rhinoceros
(_Rhinoceros sumatrensis_); C, _Hipparion gracile_; D,
a Horse (_Equus caballus_) 524

ERRATA.

p. 172, note, _for_ 14 _read_ 15.

p. 279, description of figure, _for_ Tropidinotus _read_
Tropidonotus.

p. 287, description of figure, _for_ shoulder-girdle of sternum
_read_ shoulder-girdle and sternum.

p. 393, middle of page, _for_ VIII _read_ VII.

p. 427, line 2, _for_ Grampus _read_ Killer.