Chapter XXIII (3)

In the Suina four toes are developed, and though in the Peccaries the third and fourth metatarsals are united, they are all distinct in most members of the group, as are all the tarsal bones. In the Hippopotami the four digits are of approximately equal size, and the middle ones do not have the contiguous faces of their ungual phalanges flattened.

In the Tragulina the cuboid, navicular, and two outer cuneiforms are united forming a single bone; all four metatarsals are complete and the two middle ones are united. In the Tylopoda and _Anoplotherium commune_ only the third and fourth digits are developed, their metatarsals are free distally, but are elsewhere united. In the Ruminantia the cuboid and navicular are always united and so are the second and third cuneiforms, while in _Cervulus_ all four bones are united together. The third and fourth metatarsals in Ruminants are always united in the same way as are the third and fourth metacarpals, while the second and fifth are always wanting. In Deer the second and fifth digits are usually each represented by three small phalanges, but in the Giraffe and most Bovidae the bones of these digits are wanting.

FIG. 110. _A._ LEFT PES OF A TAPIR (_Tapirus americanus_). × 1/6.
_B._ RIGHT PES OF A RHINOCEROS (_R. sumatrensis_). × 1/8.
_C._ (CAST OF) RIGHT PES OF _Hipparion gracile_. × 1/7.
_D._ RIGHT PES OF A HORSE (_Equus caballus_). × 1/10. (All Camb. Mus.)

1. calcaneum.
2. astragalus.
3. navicular.
4. cuboid.
5. external cuneiform.
6. middle cuneiform.
7. internal cuneiform.]

In the _PERISSODACTYLA_ the pes like the manus is symmetrical about a line drawn through the third digit; this line when continued passes through the external cuneiform, navicular and astragalus. The astragalus has its distal portion abruptly truncated, and the facet by which it articulates with the cuboid is much smaller than that by which it articulates with the navicular. The calcaneum does not articulate with the fibula. The tarsus in _Macrauchenia_ like the carpus differs from that of other Perissodactyles and resembles that of Subungulates in having the bones arranged in lines with little or no interlocking. The calcaneum resembles that of Artiodactyles in having a small facet for articulation with the fibula. _Tapirus_ (fig. 110, A), _Rhinoceros_ (fig. 110, B) and _Titanotherium_ have a short and broad foot with the usual tarsal bones and three well-developed digits,--a number never exceeded by any Perissodactyle. From this tridactylate limb a series of stages is exhibited by various extinct forms leading gradually to the condition met with in the Horse (fig. 110, D) in which the third toe is greatly developed, while the second and fourth are reduced to slender metatarsals attached to the proximal half of the third metatarsal.

In _Chalicotherium_ and _Agriochoerus_ the pes has the same abnormal characters as the manus, the digits being clawed and the ungual phalanges in _Chalicotherium_ deeply cleft.

In the SUBUNGULATA the pes is sometimes plantigrade and pentedactylate, the cuboid sometimes does not articulate with the astragalus, and the tarsal bones sometimes do not interlock.

In _Typotherium_ (_TOXODONTIA_) the hallux is absent and the other four digits are well developed; in _Toxodon_ and _Nesodon_ the pes is tridactylate. The tarsal bones have the regular Subungulate arrangement, the cuboid not articulating with the astragalus. The calcaneum articulates with the fibula as in Artiodactyles. The astragalus in most forms, but not in _Astrapotherium_, resembles that of the Ungulata vera in having a grooved proximal surface.

In _Phenacodus_ (_CONDYLARTHRA_) the tarsus is very little modified, five digits are present, the first and fifth being small and not reaching the ground.

In _Procavia_ only the three middle digits are present with a vestige of the fifth metacarpal.

In the _AMBLYPODA_ the pes (fig. 108) is very short and broad, all five digits are functional, and at any rate in _Coryphodon_ plantigrade, the hallux being the smallest. The astragalus is very flat, and the tarsals interlock to a slight extent, the cuboid articulating with both calcaneum and astragalus.

The pes in the _PROBOSCIDEA_ much resembles that in the Amblypoda, but differs in that the astragalus does not articulate with the cuboid, the tarsals not interlocking at all.

In the RODENTIA the structure of the foot is very variable. In Beavers the foot is very large, all five digits being well developed; the fifth metatarsal articulates with the outer side of the fourth metatarsal, and not with the cuboid, and there is a large sesamoid bone on the tibial side of the tarsus. In the Rats, Porcupines and Squirrels, there are five digits, in the Hares only four, and in the Capybara and some of its allies only three. In the Jerboa (_Dipus_) a curious condition of the pes is met with, as it consists of three very long metatarsals fused together and bearing three short toes, each formed of three phalanges. _Lophiomys_ differs from all other Rodents in having the hallux opposable.

CARNIVORA. In the Carnivora vera the pes is regular and shows little deviation from the normal condition. All the usual tarsal bones are present, but sometimes as in the Dogs, Cats, and Hyaenas, the hallux is vestigial. Sometimes as in the Bears the pes is plantigrade, sometimes as in the Cats and Dogs it is digitigrade. In this respect and in the character of the ungual phalanges, the pes closely corresponds with the manus. In the Sea Otter (_Latax_) the foot is large and flattened and approaches in character that of the Pinnipedia.

In the Pinnipedia the pes differs much from that in the Carnivora vera. In the Seals in which the foot cannot be used for walking, and is habitually directed backwards, the first and fifth digits are much longer and stouter than any of the others. In the Sea Lions which can use the pes for walking, the digits are all of nearly the same length, and in the Walrus the fifth is somewhat the longest.

In the INSECTIVORA the pes is almost always normal, and provided with five digits.

In the CHIROPTERA the pes is pentedactylate, and the digits are terminated by long curved ungual phalanges. In some genera the toes have only two phalanges. The calcaneum is sometimes produced into a long slender process which helps to support the membrane between the leg and the tail.

Among the PRIMATES Man has the simplest form of pes. In Man all five digits are well developed, the hallux being considerably the largest. Sesamoid bones occur only under the metatarso-phalangeal joint of the hallux.

In the other Primates the internal cuneiform has a saddle-shaped articulating surface for the hallux, which is obliquely directed to the side of the foot and opposable to the other digits. Two sesamoid bones are usually developed below each metatarso-phalangeal joint, and one below the cuboid. The second digit in Lemurs, and all except the hallux in _Chiromys_ have pointed ungual phalanges; in all other cases the ungual phalanges are flat. In some of the Lemuroidea, especially _Tarsius_, the tarsus is curiously modified by the elongation of the calcaneum and navicular.

FOOTNOTES:

[165] The figure was drawn from a photograph and the size of the jaws relatively to the cranium is exaggerated.

[166] See W.K. Parker, "On the Structure and Development of the Skull in the Pig." _Phil. Trans._ pp. 289-336, 1874.

[167] See W.H. Flower, "On the value of the characters of the base of the cranium in the classification of the order Carnivora." _P.Z.S._ 1869, p. 5.

[168] See W.K. Parker, _Monograph of the shoulder-girdle and sternum of the Vertebrata_, _Ray Soc._ 1868.

[169] See p. 405.

[170] See E. Lydekker, _P.Z.S._ 1895, p. 172.

[171] See H. Wincza, _Morph. Jahr._ XVI. p. 647, 1890.

[172] See K. Bardeleben, _P.Z.S._, 1889, p. 259.

[173] See E. Cope, "The origin of the foot structures of Ungulata," _Journ. of Philad. Acad._ 1874. H.F. Osborn, "The evolution of the Ungulate foot," _T. Amer. Phil. Soc._ 1889.

[174] See O.C. Marsh, various papers including "Fossil horses in America," _Amer. Natural._ 1874; "Polydactyl horses," _Amer. J. Sci._ 1879 and 1892. M. Pavlow, "Le développement des Equidés," _Bul. Soc. Moscou_, 1887, and subsequent papers in the same. Osborn and Wortman, "On the Perissodactyls of the White River beds," _Bull. Amer. Mus._ Dec. 23rd, 1895.

[175] See H.F. Osborn, _Chalicotherium and Macrotherium, Amer. Natural._ 1889--91--92.

[176] See p. 409.

[177] See p. 412.

LIST OF AUTHORS REFERRED TO.

Abbott, E.C., 112

Ameghino, F., 351, 424

Andrews, C.W., 299

Balfour, F.M., 16

Ballowitz, E., 424

Bardeleben, K., 504

Bateson, W., 50, 344

Baum, H., 374

Baur, G., 27, 189, 190, 344, 346

Beneden, P.J. van, 353

Benham, W.B., 51

Bettany, G.T., 16, 87, 154

Boulenger, G.A., 169

Brandt, J.F., 352

Bridge, T.W., 123

Brühl, C.B., 210

Burmeister, H., 351, 424

Cope, E.D., 135, 199, 204, 351, 359, 361, 363, 368

Credner, H., 135

Dean, B., 63, 104

Dobson, G.E., 369, 370

Earle, C., 432

Ecker, A., 151

Ellenberger, W., 374

Flower, W.H., 28, 42, 351, 420, 422, 434

Fritsch, A., 135

Fürbringer, M., 295

Gadow, H., 40, 112, 190, 295, 343, 350

Gegenbaur, C., 127

Gervais, P., 353

Günther, A.C.L.G., 70, 104

Haslam, G., 151

Hasse, C., 112, 113

Haswell, W.A., 127

Hertwig, O., 169

Hoffmann, C.K., 190, 202, 210

Howes, G.B., 164, 451

Hubrecht, A.A.W., 104

Hulke, J.W., 192, 204

Hurst, C.H., 71, 297

Hutton, F.W., 299

Huxley, T.H., 11, 13, 133, 135, 191, 210, 295, 297, 334, 343, 351,
374, 437

Kirkaldy, J.W., 51

Klein, E., 11

Kölliker, A., 9

Kükenthal, W., 349, 422

Lankester, E. Ray, 51

Leche, W., 344, 423

Lindsay, B., 336

Lydekker, R., 36, 42, 190, 195, 495

Macbride, E.W., 50

Marsh, O.C., 204, 209, 299, 348, 361, 364, 365, 508

Marshall, A.M., 71, 151

Masterman, A.T., 51

Meyer, H. v., 135

Miall, L.C., 135, 243

Mivart, St G., 369

Morgan, C. Lloyd, 11

Newton, E.T., 283

Osborn, H.F., 348, 420, 429, 508

Owen, R., 191, 204, 210, 297, 348, 351, 420

Parker, T.J., 83, 96, 299

Parker, W.K., 16, 24, 53, 87, 154, 173, 200, 243, 465, 489

Pavlow, M., 358, 508

Pollard, H.B., 119

Poulton, E.B., 422

Pycraft, W.P., 297

Ridewood, W.G., 106, 164

Röse, C., 422

Sagemehl, M., 104

Schäfer, E., 11

Scott, W.B., 368

Seeley, H.G., 191, 212

Selenka, E., 40, 295

Shufeldt, R., 123

Smith, E. Noble, 11

Stirling, E.C., 423

Swirski, G., 103

Taeker, J., 427

Thomas, O., 349, 362, 370, 422, 424, 425

Tomes, C.S., 420

Traquair, R.H., 55, 58

Vogt, C., 297

Wiedersheim, R., 25, 134, 136

Wincza, H., 358, 495

Woodward, A. Smith, 34, 54, 58, 62, 127, 210

Wortman, J.L., 508

Wray, R.S., 303

Zittel, K.A. v., 36, 205, 212

INDEX.

Every reference is to the page: words in italics are names of
genera or species; figures in italics indicate that the
reference relates to systematic position; figures in thick type
refer to an illustration; _f._ = and in following page or
pages; _n._ = note.

Aard Vark, _44_, _352_;
femur, 517;
sacrum, 452;
teeth, 425;
see _Orycteropus_

Aard wolf, _48_;
see _Proteles_

Abdominal ribs, crocodile, 260;
reptiles, 286

Abdominal shield, turtle, 215

_Acanthias_, _32_;
calcification of vertebrae, 114;
pectoral fins, 130

_Acanthodes_, _32_, _64_

Acanthodii, _32_;
general characters, 64;
spines, 106

_Acanthomys_, _47_;
spines, 417

Acanthopterygii, _34_

Accipitres, _41_

Acetabular bone, 25, 513;
dog, 409 f.;
frog, 165

Acetabulum, 25;
crocodile, 266;
dog, 409;
duck, 324;
frog, 165;
newt, 149;
turtle, 235

_Acipenser_, _32_, 117;
exoskeleton, 67;
distribution, 66;
pectoral fins, 131;
plates, 104;
skull, 121, =122=;
spinal column, 112

Acipenseridae, _32_

Acrodont, defined, 199;
teeth of reptiles, 273

_Acrodus_, _32_;
teeth, 109

Acromion, dog, 405

_Actinotrocha_, _30_;
organ regarded as double notochord, 51

Ad-digital quill, duck, 303

Adjutant, _41_;
clavicles, 338

Ægithognathous, 335

Æluroidea, _48_, _369_;
teeth, 437

Æpyornis, _40_;
tibio-tarsus, 341

Æpyornithes, _40_, _299_

Aftershaft, 328

_Agama_, _38_;
teeth, 273

Agamidae, _38_;
premaxillae, 284

Aglossa, _36_

Agouti, _48_;
see _Dasyprocta_

Agriochoeridae, _45_

_Agriochoerus_, _45_;
pes, 525

Ala spuria, duck, 304

Alcidae, _42_;
see Auks

Alisphenoid, 19;
crocodile, 247;
duck, 317;
dog, 386

_Alligator_, _39_, _210_, _212_;
hyoid, =285=;
limbs, =264=;
pectoral girdle, =262=;
pelvis and sacrum, =267=;
scutes, 271;
skull, =245=, =248=, =253=

Alligatoridae, 39

_Alytes_, _36_;
fronto-parietal fontanelle, 179;
vertebrae, 172

Amblypoda, _47_;
general characters, 363;
manus, 510;
pes, 525;
skull, 473;
teeth, 433;
thigh and shin, 519

_Amblystoma_, _35_;
skull, 175

American monkeys, _373_;
see _Cebidae_

American vultures, _41_;
vomers, 335

_Amia_, _33_;
distribution, 66;
exoskeleton, 67;
pectoral fin, 131;
scales, 105;
skull, 123;
tail, 115, 117;
vertebrae, 114

Amiidae, _33_

_Ammocoetes_, _31_, _55_

Amphibia, _35_;
anterior limb, 185;
exoskeleton, 168;
general characters, 133;
hyoid apparatus, 180;
pectoral girdle, 184;
pelvic girdle, 187;
posterior limb, 188;
ribs, 182;
skull, 173;
sternum, 182;
teeth, 169;
vertebral column, 170

Amphicoelous, defined, 14

_Amphioxus_, _30_;
skeleton, 51 f.;
spinal column, 112

_Amphisbaena_, _38_, 272;
loss of limbs, 289

Amphisbaenidae, _38_, _200_;
pectoral girdle, 288;
skull, 277;
vertebral column, 275

Amphitheriidae, _43_

_Amphiuma_, _35_, _135_;
manus, 187;
pes, 188;
skull, 174

Amphiumidae, _35_

Anacanthini, _33_

Anal shield, turtle, 215

_Anas_, _41_;
_A. boschas_, see Duck

Ankylosis, defined, 12

Angel fish, _32_

Angler, attachment of teeth, 107

Anguidae, _38_

_Anguilla_, _33_;
see Eel

_Anguis_, _38_;
loss of limbs, 289;
scutes, 271

Angular, 22;
cod, 100;
crocodile, 258;
duck, 319;
salmon, 94;
turtle, 231

Angulo-splenial, frog, 161

Ankle joint, duck, 327;
reptiles, 294

Anomodontia, _36_

Anoplotheriidae, _45_

_Anoplotherium_, _45_;
manus, 506;
pes, 523;
tail, 454;
teeth, 428

_Anser_, _41_

Anseres, _41_;
aftershaft, 329;
claws, 330

Anseriformes, _41_

Anteaters, _352_;
absence of teeth, 424;
manus, 505;
pectoral girdle, 495;
pelvis, 513;
skull, 458;
thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 447;
Spiny --, _43_;
Great and Two-toed --, _44_

Antelope, _359_;
manus, 507;
Four-horned A., _46_

Anterior limb, 26;
Amphibia, 185;
birds, 338;
crocodile, 263;
dog, 405;
duck, 322;
frog, 164;
newt, 147;
reptiles, 290;
turtle, 232

Anthropoid apes, _373_;
arm-bones, 503;
pelvis, 515

Anthropoidea, 49;
general characters, 372;
sacrum, 452;
skull, 482;
teeth, 441

_Anthropopithecus_, _49_;
ribs, 493

Antiarcha, _31_;
general characters, 55

Antibrachium, see fore-arm

_Antilocapra_, _46_;
horns, 417

Antilocapridae, _46_

Antitrochanter, duck, 325

Antlers, 8, 358;
Cervidae, 469

Antorbital process, 18

Anura, _36_;
general characters, 136;
hyoid apparatus, 180;
pelvis, 187;
posterior limb, 188;
skull, 179;
sternum, 182;
vertebrae, 172

_Apatornis_, _40_;
vertebrae, 332

Apteria, 328

Apteryges, _40_

_Apteryx_, _40_, _299_;
aftershaft, 329;
anterior nares, 333;
claws, 330;
foot, 342;
manus, 338;
pectineal process, 341;
pectoral girdle, 338;
pneumaticity of skeleton, 331;
_A. oweni_, pelvic girdle and sacrum, =340=

Aqueductus vestibuli, dogfish, 74

Arcade:
infratemporal--, crocodile, 255;
_Sphenodon_, 283;
inner --, duck, 318;
outer --, duck, 318;
supratemporal --, crocodile, 257;
reptiles, 281

Archaeoceti, _44_;
general characters, 356;
skull, 461;
teeth, 426

_Archaeopteryx_, _40_, _297_;
claws, 330;
fibula, 341;
mandible, 335;
metatarsals, 342;
pelvis, 341;
ribs, 336;
sacrum, 333;
skull, 333;
tail, 333;
teeth, 330;
wing, 338

Archaeornithes, _40_;
characters, 297

_Archegosaurus_, _35_, _136_;
palatines, 177

Archipterygium, _Ceratodus_, 127;
Ichthyotomi, 62

Arcifera, _36_, 185

Arctoidea, _48_, 369;
teeth, 438

_Ardea_, _41_;
see Heron

Ardeae, _41_

Arm, see fore-arm and upper arm

Armadillo, _44_, _352_;
cervical vertebrae, 443;
femur, 517;
humerus, 501;
lumbar vertebrae, 447;
manus, 505;
pectoral girdle, 495;
pelvis, 513;
ribs, 491;
sacrum, 452;
scales, 417;
scutes, 419;
skull, 459;
teeth, 424

Armour plates, 8

Arthrodira, _34_;
characters, 70

Articular, 22;
cod, 100;
crocodile, 258;
duck, 319;
newt, 144;
salmon, 94;
turtle, 231

Artiodactyla, _45_;
characters, 358;
manus, 506;
odontoid process, 445;
pes, 522;
ribs, 491;
skull, 465;
teeth, 427;
thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 448

Asses, _360_

_Asterolepis_, _31_, _55_

Asterospondyli, 114

Astragalus, 27;
crocodile, 268;
dog, 414;
mammals, 521

Astrapotheriidae, _46_

_Astrapotherium_, _46_, 361;
dental formula, 432;
femur, 519;
pes, 525

_Ateles_, _49_;
pollex, 512;
tail, 454

Atlantosauridae, _38_

Atlas, 15;
crocodile, 240;
dog, =379=, 380;
duck, 309;
ox, =445=;
turtle, 219

Attachment of teeth, 4;
in fish, 107

_Auchenia_, _45_;
see Llama

Auditory aperture or meatus:
external --, crocodile, 250;
dog, 402;
turtle, 228;
internal --, crocodile, 246, 251;
dog, 392;
turtle, 228

Auditory capsule, 20;
cod, 96;
crocodile, 250;
dog, 390;
dogfish, 74;
frog, 156;
newt, 143;
turtle, 227

Auditory ossicles, crocodile, 251;
dog, 393;
duck, 320;
mammals, 485 f.;
turtle, 228

Auks, _42_;
thoracic vertebrae, 332

Autostylic, 61, 119

Aves, _40_;
characters, 295;
see Birds

Axial skeletal rods, 50

Axial skeleton, crocodile, 239;
cod, 83;
dog, 377;
dogfish, 72;
duck, 307;
frog, 152;
newt, 138;
turtle, 218

Axis vertebra, crocodile, 241;
dog, 380;
duck, 309;
turtle, 220

Axolotl, _35_;
see _Siredon_

Aye Aye, _49_;
see _Chiromys_

_Babirussa_, _45_;
dental formula, 428

Baboon, _49_;
see _Cynocephalus_

_Balanoglossus_, _30_, 50

_Balaena_, _44_, _357_;
scapula, 495;
_B. mysticetus_ baleen, 419

Balaenidae, _44_

Balaenoidea, _44_;
general characters, 356

_Balaenoptera_, _44_, 357;
manus, 506;
thoracic vertebrae, 448;
scapula, 495;
_B. musculus_, cervical vertebrae, =444=

Baleen, 3, 418

_Balistes_, _33_;
teeth, 111

Balistidae, _33_

Ball and socket joints, 13

Bandicoot, _43_

Barb, 302

Barbule, 303

Barramunda, _34_;
see _Ceratodus_

Basalia, dogfish, 79

Basibranchial, dogfish, 78;
cod, 101;
duck, 320;
newt, 145;
salmon, 95

Basi-branchiostegal, cod, 101;
salmon, 95

Basicranial axis, 19;
dog, 384

Basidorsalia, dogfish, 72

Basi-hyal, dogfish, 78;
dog, 399;
duck, 320

Basilar plate, 17

Basilingual plate, Anura, 180;
crocodile, 259;
frog, 161;
turtle, 231

Basi-occipital, 19;
crocodile, 246;
cod, 97;
dog, 386;
duck, 315;
salmon, 89;
turtle, 224

Basipterygium, cod, 103;
dogfish, 82

Basisphenoid, 19;
crocodile, 247;
dog, 386;
salmon, 91;
turtle, 225

Bastard wing, duck, 304

Bathyerginae, palate, 366

_Bathyergus_, _47_;
auditory ossicles, 488;
manus, 511

Batoidei, _32_, 64

_Batrachoseps_, _35_;
teeth, 169

Bats, claws, 418;
Horseshoe bats, _49_;
see Chiroptera

_Bdellostoma_, _31_, _55_;
teeth, 57

Beak, 3;
birds, 329;
duck, 302;
_Siren_, 168;
tadpoles of Anura, 168;
turtle, 215

Bears, _48_, _369_;
manus, 511;
pes, 526;
sacral vertebrae, 452;
skull, 479;
Isabelline -- mandible, =438=

Beaver, _47_;
fibula, 520;
humerus, 502;
pes, 526;
sacrum, 452;
tail, 454

_Belodon_, _39_, 211;
frontals, 277;
palate, 281;
vertebrae, 275

Bichir, _33_;
see _Polypterus_

Bicipital groove, dog, 405

Bilophodont, defined, 345;
teeth of Tapiridae, 429

_Bipes_, _38_;
limbs, 289

Birds, anterior limb, 338;
endoskeleton, 331 f.;
exoskeleton, 328 f.;
general characters, 295;
hyoid, 336;
pectoral girdle, 336;
pelvic girdle, 339;
posterior limb, 341;
ribs, 336;
skull, 333;
sternum, 336;
teeth, 330;
vertebral, 332

_Bison_, _46_;
occipital crest, 468

Blind snake, _38_;
see _Typhlops_

Blind worm, _38_;
see _Anguis_

Boidae, _38_

_Bombinator_, _36_;
vertebrae, 172

Bone, development of, 10 f.

Bone cells, 10

Bony Ganoids, fins, 105;
pelvic fin, 132;
ribs, 126;
skull, 123;
vertebral column, 114;
see _Holostei_

Border:
alveolar --, of dog's jaw, 398;
coracoid, glenoid, and suprascapular -- of dog's scapula, 405

_Bos_, _46_;
occipital crest, 468;
ribs, 491;
see Ox

Bottlenose, _44_;
see _Hyperoödon_

Bovidae, _46_;
pes, 523;
skull, 468

Bow-fin, _33_;
see _Amia_

Brachial ossicles, cod, 103

Brachium; see upper arm

Brachydont, defined, 345;
teeth of Ungulates, 429 f.

_Brachycephalus_, _36_;
bony plates of, 168

Brain case, crocodile, 245;
dog, 384;
duck, 314;
frog, 154;
newt, 140;
turtle, 224

Bradypodidae, _43_;
see Sloths

_Bradypus_, _43_;
cervical vertebrae, 443;
pectoral girdle, 495;
skull, 457;
thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 447

Branchial arches, Amphibia, 180 f.;
cod, 101;
dogfish, 78;
fish, 120 f.;
newt, 145;
salmon, 95;
-- basket, Marsipobranchii, 38;
-- skeleton, _Amphioxus_, 52;
Balanoglossus, 50

_Branchiosaurus_, _35_;
branchial arches, 180

Branchiostegal rays, cod, 100

_Brontops_, _46_;
see _Titanotherium_

_Brontosaurus_, _38_, _207_;
sternum, 288

_Bubalus_, _46_;
ribs, 491;
see Buffalo

Buccal skeleton, _Amphioxus_, 52

_Buceros_, _42_;
see Hornbill

Buckler, of Labyrinthodonts, 168, 184

Buffalo, _46_;
Cape --, skeleton of, =492=

_Bufo_, _36_;
hyoid, 182;
jaws, 169;
_B. viridis_, carpus, 186

Bufonidae, _36_

Bunodont, defined, 345;
teeth of Ungulata, 427 f.

Buno-selenodont, defined, 432

Caeciliidae, _35_

_Caiman_, _39_;
_C. latirostris_ hyoid, =285=,
limbs, =264=,
lateral view of skull, =248=,
palatal view of cranium and mandible, =245=,
longitudinal section of skull, =253=,
pectoral girdle, =262=,
pelvic girdle and sacrum, =267=;
_C. sclerops_, scutes, 271

Ca'ing whale, _45_;
see _Globicephalus_

_Calamoichthys_, _33_;
distribution, 66

Calamus, 302

Calcaneum, 27;
crocodile, 268;
dog, 414

Calcar, of frog, 167

_Callorhynchus_, _32_, _66_;
teeth, 110

Camel, _45_, _359_;
manus, 507;
teeth, 428

Camelidae, _45_

_Camelus_, _45_;
see Camel

Camptosauridae, _39_

Canal:
alisphenoid --, dog, 402;
carotid --, duck, 315;
Eustachian --, crocodile, 247;
dog, 402;
duck, 316;
interorbital --, dogfish, 76

Canaliculi, 10

Canidae, _48_;
humerus, 502;
skull, 479;
see Dog

Canine, 344;
dog, 376 f.

_Canis_, _48_;
thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 450;
see Dog

_Capitosaurus_, _35_;
skull, =176=

Capybara, _48_;
manus, 511;
pes, 526;
skull, 476;
tail, 454

Carapace, Chelonia, 271;
_Dermochelys_, 272;
Glyptodonts, 419;
Green turtle, 215;
Loggerhead turtle, =216=

Carcharidae, _32_

Carina sterni, duck, 321

Carinatae, _40_;
general characters, 300;
quadrate, 334

Carnassial teeth, 368;
carnivora, =436=;
dog, 376 f.

Carnivora, _48_;
arm bones, 502;
auditory ossicles, 488;
cervical vertebrae, 446;
general characters, 367;
manus, 511;
pelvis, 515;
pes, 526;
ribs, 493;
sacral vertebrae, 452;
skull, 478;
sternum, 490;
tail, 454;
teeth, 437;
thigh and shin, 520;
thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 450

Carnivora vera, _48_;
general characters, 368;
scapula, 497

Carp, _33_;
pharyngeal teeth, 111

Carpo-metacarpus, duck, 324

Carpus, 26;
crocodile, 265;
dog, 408;
duck, 323;
frog, 164;
newt, 147;
turtle, 233

Cartilage, structure of, 10

Cartilaginous ganoids, cranium, 121;
pelvic fin, 132;
spinal column, 112;
see Chondrostei

Cassowary, _40_, _299_;
aftershaft, 328;
bony crest, 334;
claws, 330;
pelvic girdle and sacrum, =340=;
secondaries, 329

_Castor_, _47_;
see Beaver

Castoridae, _47_

_Casuarius_, _40_;
see Cassowary

Cataphracti, _34_

Cat, _48_, _369_;
hallux, 526;
manus, 511;
skull, 479

Cat-fish, _33_

Cathartae, _41_

_Cathartes_, _41_;
see American vulture

Caudal fin, Cetacea, 453;
fish, 116;
-- vertebrae, crocodile, 243;
cod, 85;
dog, 383;
duck, 312;
general characters, 16;
newt, 140;
turtle, 222

_Cavia_, _48_;
tail, 454

Caviidae, _48_

Cebidae, _49_, _373_;
ribs, 493;
skull, 484;
teeth, 441

_Coenolestes_, _43_, 424

Cement, 5

_Centetes_, _49_;
caudal vertebrae, 454;
pelvic symphysis, 515;
spines, 417;
teeth, 440;
thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 450

Centetidae, _49_;
auditory ossicles, 488;
skull, 480

Centrale, 27;
see Carpus and Tarsus

Centre of motion, 448

Centrum, 14

_Cephalaspis_, _31_, _55_

Cephalic shield, armadillos, 419

_Cephalochordata_, _30_, 51

_Cephalodiscus_, _30_, 50

_Ceratodus_, _34_, _70_;
branchial arches, 124;
cranium, =125=;
skeleton, =128=;
skull, 117, 124;
spinal column, 113;
teeth, 111

Cerato-branchial, cod, 101;
dogfish, 78;
duck, 320;
salmon, 95

Cerato-hyal, 23;
cod, 100;
dog, 399;
dogfish, 78;
salmon, 95

_Ceratophrys_, _36_;
bony plates of, 168;
teeth, 170

_Ceratops_, _39_;
see _Polyonax_

Ceratopsia, _39_;
characters, 209;
premaxillae, 284

Ceratopsidae, _39_

_Ceratosaurus_, _38_, 208;
supratemporal fossae, 283;
_C. nasicornis_, skeleton, =206=

Cercopithecidae, _49_, _373_

Cervical ribs, crocodile, 260;
reptiles, 285

Cervical vertebrae, crocodile, 239;
dog, 380;
duck, 307;
general characters, 15;
mammals, 442;
turtle, 219

Cervidae, _46_;
skull, 469

_Cervulus_, _46_;
pes, 523

_Cervus_, 46;
_C. megaceros_, antlers, 469

_Cestracion 32_;
calcification of vertebrae 114;
external branchial arches 121;
pectoral fin 130;
skull =118=;
suspensorium 119;
teeth 109;
vertebral column 114

Cestraciontidae _32_

Cetacea _44_, 522;
arm bones 501;
auditory ossicles 487;
caudal vertebrae 453;
cervical vertebrae 444;
characters 353;
exoskeleton 416 f.;
hind limb 518;
manus 505;
pectoral girdle 495;
pelvis 514;
position of limbs 28;
ribs 491;
skull 461 f.;
sternum 489;
teeth 426;
thoraco-lumbar vertebrae 448

Cetiosauridae _38_

_Chalcides_ _38_;
limbs 289

Chalicotheriidae _46_;
femur 519;
manus 509

_Chalicotherium_ _46_;
femur 360;
pes =508=, 525;
teeth 432

_Chamaeleon_ _38_, 199 f.;
epipubis 293;
ilia 291;
manus 291;
skull 278

Chamaeleonidae _38_

Charadriidae _42_

Charadriiformes _42_

_Chauna_ _41_;
interorbital septum 333;
ribs 336;
_C. derbiana_, spurs 330

_Chelone_ _37_, _194_;
plastron 271, =218=;
see Turtle

Chelonia _37_;
beaks 271;
carapace 271;
general characters 193;
humerus 290;
limbs 290;
palate 281;
pectoral girdle 288;
pelvic girdle 291;
skull 277 f.;
tarsus 293;
vertebrae 275 f.

Chelonidae _37_

Chelydae _37_

_Chelydra_ _37_;
carpus 26, 291

Chelydridae _37_

_Chelys_ _37_, _195_

Chersidae _37_

Chevron bones 16;
crocodile 243;
mammals 453 f.;
reptiles 276

Chevrotain _45_, _359_;
teeth 429

_Chimaera_ _32,_ _66_;
attachment of fins 130;
pelvic girdle 127;
skull =65=;
teeth 110

Chimaeridae _32_

Chimaeroidei, general characters 65

Chimpanzee _49_;
carpus 512;
ribs 493;
thoraco-lumbar vertebrae 450

_Chinchilla_ _47_;
auditory ossicles 488

Chinchillidae _47_

Chiromyidae _49_

_Chiromys_ _49,_ _372_;
manus 512;
pes 527;
teeth 441

Chiroptera _49_;
auditory ossicles 488;
arm bones 503;
cervical vertebrae 446;
general characters 370;
manus 512;
pelvis 515;
pes 527;
sacrum 452;
shoulder girdle 499;
skull 481;
sternum 490;
tail 454;
teeth 440;
thigh and shin 520;
thoraco-lumbar vertebrae 450

_Chirotes_ _38_;
limbs 289

_Chlamydophorus_ _44,_ _272_;
scutes 419;
skull 459

_Chlamydoselache_ _31_;
branchial arches 121

_Choeropus_ _43_;
manus 504;
pes 522

_Choloepus_ _43_;
ribs 491;
shifting of pelvis 451;
skull =458=;
sternum 489;
thoraco-lumbar vertebrae 447;
_C. hoffmanni_ cervical vertebrae 443

Chondrocranium, salmon 87

Chondroid tissue, _Balanoglossus_ 50

Chondrostei _32_;
fins 105;
general characters 67;
teeth 110;
see Cartilaginous ganoids

Chordal sheath, _Amphioxus_ 52

Chrysochloridae _49_

_Chrysochloris_ _49_;
auditory ossicles 488;
claws 418;
teeth 440

_Ciconia_ _41_;
see Stork

Ciconiiformes _41_

Cingulum 376

Civet _48,_ _369_;
teeth 437

_Cladoselache_ _31,_ _63_; fin 129

Clasper 132;
dogfish 82

Clavicle 25;
birds 338;
cod 102;
duck 322;
dog 405;
fish 126;
frog 163;
mammals 494 f.;
reptiles 289

Claws 3;
birds 330;
crocodile 237;
dog 374;
duck 302;
mammals 417;
turtle 215

Clupeidae, _33_

_Clupeus_, _33_

Cnemial crest, dog, 412;
duck, 326

_Coccosteus_, _34_, _70_

Coccyx, man, 454

Cochliodontidae, _31_

_Cochliodus_, _31_;
dental plates, 109

Cod, _33_;
appendicular skeleton, 101 f.;
cranium, 96;
mandibular and hyoid arches, =99=;
median fins, 86;
pectoral girdle and fin, =102=;
ribs, 86;
skull, 96 f.;
vertebral column, 83 f.

_Coelogenys_, _48_;
zygomatic arch, 477

_Coenolestes_, _43_, 424

Coffer-fish, _33_;
see, _Ostracion_

_Colobus_, _49_;
pollex, 512

Colubridae, _38_

Columbae, _42_

Columbidae, _42_

Columella, crocodile, 251;
duck, 320;
frog, 157;
turtle, 228

Columella cranii, 200 n;
see epipterygoid

Colymbi, _40_

Colymbiformes, _40_

Compsognathidae, _38_

_Compsognathus_, _38_, 208

Condylar ridge, duck, 326

Condyle of humerus, dog, 406;
of mandible, dog, 398

Condylarthra, _47_;
femur, 519;
general characters, 361;
manus, 509;
skull, 472;
teeth, 432

Contour feather, duck, 303

Copula, 23

_Coracias_, _42_;
see Roller

Coraciae, _42_

Coraciiformes, _42_

Coracoid, 25;
cod, 103;
crocodile, 263;
duck, 322;
frog, 163;
Monotremata, 493;
newt, 147;
reptiles, 288;
turtle, 232

Coracoid groove, duck, 321

Cormorant, _41_;
foot, 342;
skull, 335

Cornu, see hyoid

Cornua trabeculae, 18

_Coryphodon_, _47_;
femur, 519;
manus, 510;
pes, 525;
skull, 473;
teeth, 433;
_C. hamatus_, manus, =510=

Coryphodontidae, _47_

Costal plate, turtle, 215;
-- process, duck, 321;
-- shield, turtle, 214

Cotyloid bone, 25, 513;
see Acetabular bone

Cotylopidae, _45_

_Cotylops_, _45_;
pollex, 506;
skull, 468

Coverts, 306, 328

Cranium, 18;
cod, 96 f.;
crocodile, 244 f.;
development of, 16 f.;
dog, 384 f.;
dogfish, 73 f.;
duck, 314;
frog, 154 f.;
newt, 140 f.;
turtle, 222 f.

Cranio-facial axis, dog, 384

Creodonta, _48_;
carpus, 512;
femur, 520;
general characters, 368;
skull, 479;
teeth, 439

Cribriform plate, dog, 388, 400

Crocodile, _210_, _212_;
anterior limb, 263;
exoskeleton, 237;
pectoral girdle, 262;
pelvic girdle, 266;
posterior limb, 268;
ribs and sternum, 259;
skeleton, 237 f.;
skull, 243 f.;
tarsus, 293;
teeth, 238;
vacuities in surface of cranium, 256;
vertebral column, 239

Crocodilia, _39_;
general characters of, 210;
palate, 281;
skull, 277 f.;
succession of teeth, 274;
teeth, 273

Crocodilidae, _39_

_Crocodilus_, _39_;
_C. palustris_, sternum and associated bones, =261=;
late thoracic and first sacral vertebrae, =242=;
_C. vulgaris_, cervical vertebrae, =239=

Crossopterygii, _33_;
general characters, 68

Crotalidae, _38_

_Crotalus_, _38_;
jaws 280;
see Rattlesnake

Crows, _42_

Crura of stapes, dog, 393

Cruro-tarsal, ankle joint, 345

Crus, 26;
crocodile, 268;
dog, 412;
duck, 326;
frog, 166;
newt, 149;
turtle, 235

Crusta petrosa, 5

_Cryptobranchus_, _35_, 135;
skull, 175;
_C. lateralis_, sacral vertebrae, 171

Cryptodira, _37_;
characters, 194

Ctenoid scales, 8, 60, 105

Cubitals, 303 f.

Cuboid, 27;
dog, 415

Cuckoo, foot, 342

Cuculi, _42_

Cuculiformes, _42_

Cuneiform bones, 27;
dog, 414 f.

_Cyclodus_, _38_;
see _Tiliqua_

Cycloid scales, 8, 60, 105;
cod, 83

_Cyclopidius_, _45_;
skull, 468

Cyclospondyli, 114

Cyclostomata, _31_;
general characters, 53

_Cycloturus_, _44_;
hallux, 522;
manus, 505

_Cygnus_, _41_;
see Swan

_Cynocephalus_, _49_;
cervical vertebrae, 446;
skull, 482

Cynoidea, _48_, _369_;
dental formula, 437

_Cynognathus_, _36_;
occipital condyle, 277;
teeth, 273

Cyprinidae, _33_

_Cyprinus_, _33_;
see Carp

Cypseli, _42_

Cypselidae, _42_;
see Swifts

Cystignathidae, _36_

_Dactylopterus_, _34_;
pectoral fins, 131

Dasypodidae, _44_

_Dasyprocta_, _48_;
auditory ossicles, 488;
thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 450

Dasyproctidae, _48_

_Dasypus_, _44_;
manus, 505;
skull, 459;
stapes, 487;
teeth, 424

Dasyuridae, _43_, _350_;
dentition, 423;
pes, 521;
skull, 456

Deer, _359_;
manus, 507;
pes, 523;
Chinese water --, _46_,
see _Hydropotes_;
Musk --, _46_,
see _Moschus_;
Red -- fibula, 519

Delphinidae, _45_

_Delphinus_, _45_, 357;
lumbar vertebrae, 448;
skull, 462 f.

Deltoid ridge, crocodile, 263;
dog, 406;
frog, 164

_Dendrohyrax_, 363

Dental formula, regular, 344, 422;
Anthropoidea, 441;
_Astrapotherium_, 432;
_Babirussa_, 428;
Camel, 428;
_Chiromys_, 441;
Chiroptera (many), 440;
Cynoidea, 437;
_Dinotherium_, 434;
Dog, 376;
Duplicidentata, 435;
_Elephas_, 434;
_Erinaceus_, 440;
_Felis_, 437;
_Galeopithecus_, 440;
_Hippopotamus_, 427;
Horse, 430;
_Hydromys_, 436;
Hyracoidea, 362;
Macropodidae, 423;
_Manatus_, 425;
_Notoryctes_, 423;
_Otaria_, 439;
_Procavia_, 432;
_Pteropus_, 441;
Rodentia (most), 435;
Ruminantia, 429;
_Squalodon_, 427;
_Sus_, 428;
Tapiridae, 429;
_Thylacinus_, 423;
_Uintatherium_, 433;
_Ursus_, 439;
_Zeuglodon_, 426

Dentary, 22;
crocodile, 258;
cod, 100;
duck, 320;
frog, 161;
newt, 144;
salmon, 94;
turtle, 230

Dentine, 5

Derbian Screamer, spurs, 330

Dermal exoskeleton, crocodile, 237;
fish, 105;
mammals, 419;
reptiles, 271;
turtle, 215

Dermo-supra-occipital, Labyrinthodontia, 177;
_Polypterus_, 122

Dermochelydidae, _37_

_Dermochelys_, _37_, _194_, 214, 270;
carapace and plastron, 272

Dermoptera, _48_;
general characters, 370

Derotremata, _35_

_Desmodus_, _49_;
teeth, 441

Desmognathous, 319, 335

Development of bone, 10;
of cranium, 16;
of teeth, 7

_Dicynodon_, _36_, _192_;
beak, 271;
supratemporal fossa, 283;
teeth, 273

Didelphia, _43_;
general characters, 349

Didelphyidae, _43_, _350_;
auditory ossicles, 486;
pes, 521;
teeth, 423

_Didelphys_, _43_;
atlas, 443;
teeth, 422

_Didus_, _42_;
see Dodo

Digitigrade, defined, 358 n.

Digits, _26_;
see Manus and Pes

_Dimetrodon_, _36_;
thoracic vertebrae, 276

_Dinichthys_, _34_, _70_

Dinocerata, 364;
see Uintatheriidae

Dinornithes, _40_, _299_;
see Moas

Dinosauria, _38_;
general characters, 204;
humerus, 290;
ischium, 291;
pectoral girdle, 288;
pes, 293;
pre-orbital vacuity, 284;
ribs, 285;
vertebrae, 275 f.

Dinotheriidae, _47_

_Dinotherium_, _47_, 365;
dental formula, 434;
teeth, 345

_Diodon_, _33_;
beaks, 111;
_D. hystrix_, scales, 105

Diphycercal tail, 60, 116

Diphyodont, defined, 7, 344

_Diplacanthus_, _32_, _64_

Dipneumona, _34_

Dipnoi, _34_;
general characters, 69;
pelvic fins, 131;
skull, 124;
spinal column, 113;
tail, 116;
teeth, 111

Dipodidae, _47_

Diprotodont, 423

Diprotodontia, _43_;
characters, 350

Dipteridae, _34_, _70_;
cranium, 124;
tail, 117;
teeth, 111

_Dipus_, _47_;
cervical vertebrae, 446;
pes, 526

Discoglossidae, _36_

_Discoglossus_, _36_;
ribs, 182;
vertebrae, 172

Distal, defined, 23 n.

Divers, _40_;
thoracic vertebrae, 332

_Docidophryne_, _36_;
shoulder girdle and sternum, =183=

Dodo, _42_;
wing, 338

Dog, _48_;
arm bones, =407=;
anterior limb, 405;
atlas and axis, =379=;
cranium, 384, =389=, =396=;
dentition, =375=;
innominate bone, =410=;
leg bones, =411=;
manus, 408, =413=, 511;
pectoral girdle, 404;
pelvic girdle, 409;
pes, =413=, 414;
posterior limb, 412;
ribs, 402;
second lumbar vertebra, =382=;
second thoracic vertebra, =382=;
skull, 383, =387=;
sternum, =403=, 404;
vertebral column, 378

Dogfish, _64_;
cranium, 73;
exoskeleton, 71;
median fins, 79;
pectoral girdle and fin, 79;
pelvic girdle, 81;
pelvic fin, 81;
ribs, 73;
skull, 73, =75=;
vertebral column, 72;
visceral skeleton, 77;
Spotted and Spiny --, _32_

Dolphin, _45_, _357_;
lumbar vertebrae, 448;
Gangetic --, _45_,
see _Platanista_

Donkey, skull, =431=

_Dorcatherium_, _45_;
manus, 507

Dorsal vertebra, 16

Dorsal shield, crocodile, 238

Down feathers, 306

_Draco_, _38_;
ribs, 286

Dromaeognathous, 335

_Dromaeus_, _40_, _299_;
see Emeu

Duck, _41_, 334;
beak, 329;
claws, 330;
cranium, =313=;
exoskeleton, 302;
pectoral girdle, 321;
pelvic girdle, 324, =311=, =325=;
pes, 327;
posterior limb, 326;
ribs, 320;
skull, 312, =312=, =313=;
sternum, 321;
vertebral column, 307;
wing, 322, =304=, =305=

Duckbill, _43_;
see _Ornithorhynchus_

Dugong, _44_;
humerus, 501;
pelvis, 514;
thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 448;
see _Halicore_

Duplicidentata, _48_, 366;
dental formula, 435;
skull, 478

Eagles, 335

Eared Seals, _369_;
scapula, 498;
see Otariidae

_Echidna_, _43_;
caudal vertebrae, 453;
manus, 504;
pelvis, 513;
sacral vertebrae, 451;
shoulder-girdle and sternum, =494=;
skull, 455;
spines, 417;
spur, 418;
thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 447

Echidnidae, _43_;
pes, 521

Ectethmoid, 21 n.

Ectocondylar ridge, dog, 406

Edentata, _43_;
auditory ossicles, 487;
arm bones, 500;
caudal vertebrae, 453;
cervical vertebrae, 443;
manus, 504;
pectoral girdle, 495;
pes, 522;
pelvis, 513;
ribs, 491;
sacrum, 452;
skull, 457;
sternum, 489;
teeth, 424;
thigh and shin, 517;
thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 447

Eel, _33_;
scales, 105

Elasmobranchii, _31_;
cranium, 118 f.;
clasper, 132;
general characters, 61;
pelvic fins, 131;
ribs, 125;
teeth, 109;
vertebral column, 113 f.;
visceral arches, 120

_Elasmotherium_, _46_;
mesethmoid, 470

Elephant, _47_;
auditory ossicles, 487;
caudal vertebrae, 453;
ribs, 491;
skull, 473 f., =474= and =475=;
tusks, 420;
see also Proboscidea

Elephantidae, _47_

_Elephas_, _47_, _364_;
dental formula, 434;
_E. planifrons_, 435;
see Elephant

_Elginia_, _36_;
skull, 191, 283

Embolomerous, 172

Emeu, _40_, _299_;
aftershaft, 328;
claws, 330

Enamel, 4;
-- cap, 7;
-- organ, 7

Endochondral ossification, 11

Endoskeleton, Amphibia, 170;
birds, 331 f.;
cod, 83 f.;
crocodile 239, f.;
dog, 377 f.;
dogfish, 71 f.;
duck, 306 f.;
fish, 112 f.;
frog, 151 f.;
mammals, 442 f.;
newt, 138 f.;
reptiles, 275 f.;
turtle, 218 f.

Engystomatidae, _36_

Entoplastron, turtle, 217

Epanorthidae, _43_, _350_

Epi-branchial, cod, 101;
dogfish, 78;
salmon, 94

Epicoracoid, 25;
frog, 163;
turtle, 232;
Monotremes, 493;
vestiges of in Rodentia, 497

_Epicrium_, _35_;
orbit, 179

Epidermal exoskeleton, birds, 328;
crocodile, 237;
dog, 374;
duck, 302;
mammals, 416;
reptiles, 270;
turtle, 214

Epi-hyal, cod, 100;
dog, 399;
salmon, 94

Epi-otic, 20;
cod, 96;
crocodile, 250;
Labyrinthodontia, 177;
reptiles, 278;
salmon, 89;
turtle, 227

Epiphysis, 11

Epiplastron, turtle, 217

Epiprecoracoid, Amphibia, 184;
turtle, 232

Epipterygoid, Lacertilia, 200;
reptiles, 278

Epipubis, crocodile, 267;
newt, 149;
turtle, 235

Episternum, 217;
frog, 163

Equidae, _46_;
mane, 416;
scapula, 496;
skull, 471

_Equus_, _46_;
see Horse

Erinaceidae, _49_

_Erinaceus_, _49_;
dental formula, 440;
pelvic symphysis, 515;
presternum, 490;
see Hedgehog

Esocidae, _33_

Esox, _33_;
attachment of teeth, 107

Ethmoid, 394;
see median ethmoid

Ethmoidal plane, 390;
-- region, 21

Ethmo-palatine ligament, dogfish, 77

Ethmo-turbinal, dog, 395

_Euchirosaurus_, _35_;
vertebrae, 171

Eustachian canal, see Canal

Eusuchia, _39_;
general characters, 212

Eutheria, _43_;
general characters, 351

_Exocaetus_, _33_;
pectoral fins, 131

Exoccipital, 19;
cod, 97;
crocodile, 246;
dog, 386;
duck, 314;
frog, 154;
newt, 141;
salmon, 89;
turtle, 224

Exoskeleton, 2;
Amphibia, 168;
birds, 328;
crocodile, 237;
dog, 374;
dogfish, 71;
duck, 302;
fish, 104;
ganoids, 66;
mammals, 442;
reptiles, 270;
turtle, 214

Extensor side, defined, 29

Extra-branchial, dogfish, 79

Extra-columella, crocodile, 251;
turtle, 228

Fabella, dog, 412

_Falco_, _41_

Falcon _41_, 335

Falconiformes, _41_

Feathers, 3, 328;
duck, 302

Felidae, _48_;
claws, 418

_Felis_, _48_;
dental formula, 437;
thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 450

Femoral shield, turtle, 215

Femur, 26;
crocodile, 268;
dog, 412;
duck, 326;
frog, 166;
mammals, 517 f.;
newt, 149;
ox and rhinoceros, =518=;
turtle, 235

Fenestra ovalis, crocodile, 250 f.;
dog, 392;
duck, 316;
frog, 157;
turtle, 228;
-- rotunda, dog, 392;
duck, 316

Fenestral recess, duck, 316

Fibula, 26;
crocodile, 268;
dog, 412;
duck, 327;
frog, 166;
newt, 149;
turtle, 235

Fibulare, 27;
see Tarsus

File-fish, _33_;
see _Balistes_

Filoplume, 306

Finches, _42_

Fins, fish, 115;
caudal --, Cetacea, 453;
cod, 87;
fish, 116;
Ichthyosauria, 195;
median --, cod, 86;
dogfish, 79;
pectoral --, cod, 103;
dogfish, 79;
pelvic --, cod, 103;
dogfish, 81

Fin-rays, 105, 115;
cod, 83, 103;
dogfish, 79

Firmisternia, _36_, 185

Fish, appendicular skeleton, 126;
endoskeleton, 112 f.;
exoskeleton, 104;
general characters, 60 f.;
paired fins, 127 f.;
ribs, 125 f.;
skull, 117 f.;
spinal column, 112 f.;
teeth, 106 f.

Fissipedia, _48_;
general characters, 368

Flamingo, 335

Flexor side, defined, 29

Floating ribs, dog, 402;
mammals, 490

Flower, Sir W.H., on succession of teeth in elephants, 434

Flying-fish, _33_;
-- fox, _49_, _371_,
skull, 481,
see _Pteropus_;
-- gurnard, _34_,
see _Dactylopterus_;
-- lemur, _48_,
see _Galeopithecus_;
-- lizard, _38_,
see _Draco_

Fontanelle, salmon, 89;
anterior --, dogfish, 74;
frog, 154;
posterior --, frog, 154

Foot, crocodile, 269;
dog, 414;
frog, 167;
newt, 149 f.;
turtle, 236

Foramen:
anterior palatine --, dog, 401;
condylar --, dog, 401;
-- cordiforme, reptiles, 292;
ect-epicondylar --, _Sphenodon_, 290;
ent-epicondylar --, 191 n.;
Carnivora vera, 502;
Cebidae, 503;
_Choloepus_, 500;
Condylarthra, 362, 502;
Creodonta, 368;
Insectivora, 503;
Lemurs, 503;
Marsupials, 500;
reptiles, 290;
external mandibular --, crocodile, 258;
inferior dental --, dog, 399;
infra-orbital --, dog, 401;
Rodents, 477;
ilio-sciatic --, duck, 325;
internal mandibular --, crocodile, 258;
internal orbital --, dog, 401;
interparietal --, Labyrinthodontia, 173, 177;
reptiles, 277;
-- lacerum anterius, dog, 388, 400;
-- lacerum medium, dog, 402;
-- lacerum posterius, dog, 392, 401;
lachrymal --, dog, 394, 401;
-- magnum, cod, 97;
crocodile, 257;
dog, 386, 402;
dogfish, 76;
duck, 314;
frog, 154;
newt, 141;
salmon, 89;
turtle, 224;
mental --, dog, 399;
obturator --, duck, 326;
dog, 410;
ophthalmic --, dogfish, 74;
optic --, dog, 400;
dogfish, 74;
orbitonasal --, dogfish, 74;
-- ovale, crocodile, 249;
dog, 400;
pneumatic --, duck, 323;
pneumogastric --, dogfish, 76;
posterior palatine --, dog, 401;
postglenoid --, dog, 402;
pre-acetabular --, Chiroptera, 515;
-- rotundum, dog, 400;
stylomastoid --, dog, 392 f., 400;
thyroid --, dog, 410;
trigeminal --, duck, 316;
-- triosseum, duck, 322

Fore-arm, 26;
crocodile, 265;
dog, 406;
duck, 323;
frog, 164;
newt, 147;
turtle, 233

Fossa:
cerebellar --, dog, 392;
cerebral --, dog, 392;
digital --, dog, 412;
floccular --, dog, 392;
infratemporal --, see lateral temporal --;
lachrymal --, Ruminants, 469;
lateral temporal --, crocodile, 257;
_Sphenodon_, 283;
olecranon --, dog, 406;
prescapular --, dog, 405;
postscapular --, dog, 405;
post-temporal --, _Sphenodon_, 283;
pterygoid --, crocodile, 257;
suborbital --, Ruminants, 469;
supra-acetabular --, Ruminants, 514;
supratemporal --, crocodile, 249, 256;
reptiles, 283;
supra-trochlear --, dog, 406;
temporal --, dog, 398;
trochanteric --, dog, 412

Fowl, _41_, 335;
claws, 330;
skeleton, =301=

Fox, _48_

Frigate bird, _41_;
clavicles, 338

Frog, anterior limb, 164;
cranium, =155=, =157=;
hyoid apparatus, 161;
pelvic girdle, 165;
posterior limb, 166;
shoulder-girdle and sternum, =183=;
skull, 154 f., =155=, =159=;
teeth, 151;
vertebral column, 152;
Common --, Edible --, Fire-bellied --, Green-tree --,
Horned --, Midwife --, Painted -- and Toad --, _36_;

Frontal, 19;
cod, 96;
crocodile, 249;
dog, 388;
duck, 314;
newt, 141;
salmon, 91;
turtle, 225;
-- segment, crocodile, 249;
dog, 388;
turtle, 225

Fronto-parietal, frog, 156

Frugivorous bats, manus 512;
see Pteropidae

Fulcra 67;
_Polypterus_ 106

Furcula 296; duck 322

Gadidae _33_

_Gadus_ _33_;
see Cod

Galeopithecidae _48_

_Galeopithecus_ _48_, _370_;
dental formula 440;
inter centra 450;
pelvic symphysis 515;
skull 480

_Galesaurus_ _36_, _192_; teeth 273

_Galeus_, _32_;
occipital joint 118

Galli _41_

Galliformes _41_

_Gallus_ _41_;
_G. bankiva_ skeleton =301=

Gannet, _41_; wing =339=

Ganoid scales 8, 60, 104

Ganoidei _32_;
general characters and distribution 66;
pectoral girdle 126;
pelvic fins 132;
teeth 110;
skull 121 f.;
spinal column 112 and 114

Garialidae _39_

_Garialis_ _39_, _212_

Garial 210

Gar pike 33;
see _Lepidosteus_

_Gavialis_ _39_

_Gazella_ _46_

Gazelle _46_;
skull 468

Geckonidae _37_;
see Gecko

Gecko _37_;
epipubis 293;
parietals 277;
supratemporal fossa 283;
vertebrae 275

Gibbon _49_;
ribs 493;
skull 482

Gill-rays, dogfish 78;
salmon 95

_Giraffa_ _46_

Giraffe _46_, _359_;
cervical vertebrae 445;
manus 507;
pes 523;
ulna 501

Giraffidae _46_; skull 469

Girdle bone, frog 156

Glenoid cavity 25;
crocodile 263;
dog 405;
duck 322;
frog 162;
newt 146;
turtle 232;
--fossa, dog 394

Globe-fish _33_

_Globicephalus_ _45_;
cervical vertebrae 354;
manus 506;
skull 463

Gluteal surface of ilium, dog 410

_Glyptodon_ _44_;
carapace 419;
cervical vertebrae 443;
caudal vertebrae 453;
manus 505;
pelvis 513;
pes 522;
teeth 425;
thoraco-lumbar vertebrae 447

Glyptodontidae _44_, _352_;
skull 459;
see also _Glyptodon_

Gnathostomata _31_, _59_

Golden mole _49_;
see Chrysochloris

Goniopholidae _39_

_Goniopholis_ _39_;
vertebrae 275

Goose 334;
beak 329;
Spur-winged--41

_Gorilla_ _49_;
carpus 512;
ribs 493;
scapula 499;
skull =483=;
thoraco-lumbar vertebrae 450

Gruidae _41_;
see Cranes

Gruiformes _41_

Guinea-pig _48_;
tail 454

Gular shield, turtle 215

Gulls _42_, 335;
aftershaft 328

Gymnodontidae _33_;
beaks 111

Gymnophiona _35_;
branchial arches 180;
general characters 136;
ribs 182;
scales 168;
skull 177;
teeth 169;
vertebrae 172

_Gymnura_ _49_;
teeth 440;
zygomatic arch 481

_Gypogeranus_ _41_;
claws 330

_Gyrinophilus_ _35_;
vertebral column 171

Haddock _33_

Hadrosauridae _39_

_Hadrosaurus_ _39_;
skull 284

Hag or hag-fish _31_, 54 f.

Hair 3;
dog 374;
mammals 416

_Halicore_ _44_, _352_;
manus 505;
skull 460;
teeth 425;
see Dugong

Halicoridae _44_

Halitheriidae _44_

_Halitherium_ _44_, 352;
femur 518;
pelvis 514;
teeth 425

Hallux 26;
dog 415;
duck 327;
frog 167

Hamular process, dog 397

Hand, crocodile 266;
dog 408 f.;
duck 324;
frog 165;
newt 147;
turtle 233

_Hapale_ _49_

Hapalidae _49_, 372 f.;
teeth 441

Hare _48_, 366;
acetabular bone 515;
dental formula 435;
femur 520;
humerus 502;
pelvis 515;
scapula 497;
skull 476;
tail 454;
thoraco-lumbar vertebrae 449;
Cape jumping --, _47_;
see _Pedetes_

_Harpagus_, _41_;
serrated beak, 334

_Harriotta_, _32_, _66_

_Hatteria_, _37_, _197_;
see _Sphenodon_

Haversian canals, 10;
-- system, 10

Hawks, beak of, 330

Hedgehog, _49_, _370_;
auditory ossicles, 488;
humerus, 503;
presternum, 490;
skull, 480;
spines, 417;
see _Erinaceus_

Hemichordata, _30_, _50_

_Heptanchus_, _31_;
branchial arches, 63, =120=;
vertebrae, 114

Herbivorous dentition, 427, 430

Heron, _41_, 335;
interorbital septum, 333;
powder down feathers, 329

Herring, _33_

_Hesperornis_, _40_, _299_;
caudal vertebrae, 333;
clavicles, 338;
teeth, 330;
wing, 338

Heterocercal tail, 60, 116

Heterodont, 7

Heterostraci, _31_;
general character, 54

_Hexanchus_, _31_;
branchial arches, 63, 121

Hinge joint, 13

_Hipparion_, _46_;
manus, 508;
pes, =524=

Hippopotamidae, _45_

_Hippopotamus_, _45_, _359_;
dental formula, 427;
hair, 416;
mandible, 467;
manus, 506;
pes, 523;
scapula, 496;
skull, 467;
teeth, 345

Hoatzin, _41_;
see _Opisthocomus_

Holocephali, _32_, 65, 104;
clasper, 132;
spinal column, 113;
tail, 116;
teeth, 109

Holoptychiidae, _33_

_Holoptychius_, _33_;
scales, 105

Holostei, _33_;
general characters, 68;
teeth, 110;
see Bony Ganoids

Hominidae, _49_, _373_

_Homo_, _49_;
see Man

Homocercal tail, 60, 69, 117;
codfish, 87

Homodont, defined, 7

Hoofs, 3, 418

Hoopoe, _42_, 335

_Hoplopterus_, spur, 330

Hornbill, _42_, 331;
bony crest, 334;
interorbital septum, 333

Horns, 3, 417

Horny plates on palate, 418;
-- teeth, Lampreys, 4;
Myxinoids, 57;
_Ornithorhynchus_, 4

Horse, _46_, _360_;
fibula, 519;
malleus, 487;
manus, 507;
pes, =524=;
skull, 471;
teeth, 345, 430;
ulna, 501

Howling monkey, _49_;
see _Mycetes_

Humerals, duck, 303 f.

Humeral shield, turtle, 215

Humerus, 26;
crocodile, 263;
dog, 405;
duck, 323;
frog, 164;
newt, 147;
turtle, 232;
wombat, =500=

Humming-birds, _42_, 335

Humpbacked whale, _44_, _357_

_Hyaena_, _48_, _369_;
hallux, 526;
pollex, 511;
sacral vertebrae, 452;
teeth, 437

Hyaenidae, _48_;
humerus, 502

_Hyaenodon_, _48_, _368_

Hyaenodontidae, _48_

Hyaline cartilage, 10

_Hydrochaerus_, _48_;
teeth, 437;
see Capybara

_Hydromys_, _47_;
dental formula, 436

Hydrophidae, _38_;
scales, 270

_Hydropotes_, _46_;
canines, 429

_Hyla_, _36_;
fronto-parietal fontanelle, 179;
sternum, 184

Hylidae, _36_

_Hylobates_, _49_;
ribs, 493;
skull, 482

Hyoid, 21;
alligator, =285=;
Amphibia, 180;
birds, 336;
cod, 100;
crocodile, 259;
dogfish, 77;
dog, 399;
duck, 320;
frog, 161;
newt, 144;
reptiles, 284;
salmon, 94;
turtle, 231, =285=

Hyomandibular, 23;
cod, 100;
dogfish, 78;
salmon, 94

_Hyomoschus_, _45_

Hyoplastron, turtle, 217

Hyostylic, 61, 119

_Hyotherium_, _45_;
teeth, 427

_Hyperodapedon_, _37_, _198_;
premaxillae, 284

_Hyperoödon_, _44_;
skull, 464;
sternum, 489;
thoracic vertebrae, 448

Hypo-branchial, cod, 101;
dogfish, 78

Hypo-hyal, cod, 100;
salmon, 95

Hypo-ischium, Lacertilia, 292

Hypoplastron, turtle, 217

Hyporachis, 328

_Hypsilophodon_, _39_;
predentary bone, 284

Hypsodont, defined, 345, 429

Hypural bone, cod, 85

Hyracidae, _47_

Hyracoidea, _47_;
femur, 519;
general characters, 362;
manus, 510;
nails, 418;
skull, 472;
teeth, 432

_Hyracotherium_, _46_;
manus, 508;
scapula, 496

_Hyrax_, _47_, _363_;
see _Procavia_

Hystricidae, _47_

Hystricomorpha, _47_;
auditory ossicles, 488

_Hystrix_, _47_;
auditory ossicles, 488;
see Porcupine

Ichthyodorulites, 106

Ichthyoidea, _35_;
general characters, 134

Ichthyopsida, _31_;
general characters, 59

Ichthyopterygium, 130

_Ichthyornis_, _40_;
mandible, 335;
pelvis, 341;
teeth, 330;
vertebrae, 332

Ichthyornithiformes, _40_, 300

Ichthyosauria, _37_;
general characters, 195;
ribs, 285

Ichthyosauridae, _37_

_Ichthyosaurus_, _37_, _197_;
limbs, 290;
palatines, 281;
pectoral girdle, 288;
position of limbs, 28;
skull, =196=;
teeth, 273;
vertebral column, 275

Ichthyotomi, _31_;
general characters, 62;
fins, 130 f.;
tail, 116

_Iguana_, _38_;
teeth, 273

Iguanidae, _38_;
zygosphenes, 200, 276

_Iguanodon_, _39_, 208 f.;
jaws, 292;
predentary, 284;
sternum, 288;
teeth, 272 f.;
vertebrae, 275

Iguanodontidae, _39_

Iliac surface of ilium, dog, 410

Ilium, 25;
crocodile, 266;
dog, 409;
duck, 325;
frog, 165;
mammals, 513 f.;
newt, 149;
reptiles, 291;
turtle, 235

Incisors, dog, 376 f.;
mammals, 344

Incus, dog, 393;
man, dog and rabbit, =485=

Infra-marginal shield, turtle, 215

Infra-pharyngeal bone, cod, 101

_Inia_, _45_;
cervical vertebrae, 444;
lumbar vertebrae, 448

Innominate bone, dog, 409;
mammals, 513

Insectivora, _48_;
arm bones, 503;
auditory ossicles, 488;
cervical vertebrae, 446;
general characters, 369 f.;
manus, 512;
pelvis, 515;
pes, 527;
sacrum, 452;
shoulder-girdle, 499;
skull, 480;
sternum, 490;
tail, 454;
teeth, 440;
thigh and shin, 520;
thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 450

Insectivora vera, _49_;
general characters, 370

inter centra, 15;
_Galeopithecus_, 370;
Ichthyosauria, 195;
Labyrinthodontia, 172;
_Sphenodon_, 198;
_Talpa_, 450

Interclavicle, 25;
crocodile, 263;
Monotremata, 494;
reptiles, 289

Intercondylar notch, dog, 412

Intergular shield, turtle, 215

Interhyal, cod, 100

Intermedium, 27;
see Carpus and Tarsus

Intermuscular bones, cod, 86

Internasal septum, dogfish, 76

Interorbital septum, birds, 333;
crocodile, 247;
duck, 317;
reptiles, 277

Interspinous bones, cod, 86

Intertarsal ankle joint, 190

Intervertebral discs, 15, 378

Ischial tuberosity, dog, 411

Ischium, 25;
crocodile, 266;
dog, 410;
duck, 325;
frog, 165;
newt, 149;
turtle, 235

_Ischyodus_, _32_, _66_

Ivory, 5

Jacana, _42_;
see _Parra_

_Jacare_, _39_;
scutes, 271

Jaws, 21;
cod, 98 f.;
crocodile, 252 f.;
dog, 395 f.;
dogfish, 77;
duck, 317 f.;
frog, 158 f.;
newt, 143 f.;
salmon, 93 f.;
turtle, 229 f.

Jerboa, _47_;
cervical vertebrae, 446;
pes, 526

Joints, kinds of, 13

Jugal, 22;
crocodile, 255;
dog, 398;
duck, 318;
turtle, 229

Jugulares, 132

Kangaroo, _43_;
dental formula, 423;
lumbar vertebrae, 447;
pectineal process, 513;
pes, 522;
tail, 453;
teeth, 345

Kestrel, claws, 330

Killer, _45_;
see _Orca_

Kiwi, _40_;
see _Apteryx_

Knee-cap, see patella

Koala, _43_;
lumbar vertebrae, 447;
pes, 522;
tail, 453

Kükenthal, W., on teeth of Cetacea, 426;
on teeth of Marsupials, 422

Labial cartilage, dogfish, 77;
_Squatina_, 119

Labridae, _33_

_Labrus_, _33_;
see Wrasse

Labyrinthodontia, _35_;
buckler, 168;
general characters, 135;
interparietal foramen, 173;
pelvis, 187;
ribs, 182;
skull, 176;
teeth, 169

Lacertilia, _37_;
general characters, 199;
pectoral girdle, 288;
skull, 277;
vertebrae, 275

Lachrymal, 20;
cod, 97;
crocodile, 251;
dog, 394;
duck, 317;
salmon, 93

Lacunae, 10

_Lagenorhynchus_, _45_;
skull, 462

_Lagostomus_, _47_;
maxillae, 477

Lambdoidal crest, duck, 315

Lamella of malleus, dog, 393

Lamnidae, _32_

Lamprey, _31_, 55 f.

Lancelet, _30_;
see _Amphioxus_

Laridae, _42_;
see Gulls

Larks, _42_

Larvacea, _30_;
notochord, 51

_Latax_, _48_;
pes, 526

Lateral ethmoid, 21;
cod, 97;
salmon, 89 f.

Leathery turtle, _37_;
see _Dermochelys_

Lemuroidea, _49_;
caudal vertebrae, 454;
general characters, 372;
nails, 418;
ribs, 493;
sacrum, 452;
skull, 482;
thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 450;
see Lemurs

Lemurs, carpus, 512;
pes, 527;
teeth, 441;
see Lemuroidea

Lenticular, 485;
dog, 393

_Lepidosiren_, _34_, _70_;
branchial arches, 125;
fins, 130

Lepidosteidae, _33_

_Lepidosteus_, _33_;
attachment of teeth, 108;
distribution, 66;
pectoral fins, 131;
scales, 67, 104;
skull, 123;
tail, 117;
vertebrae, 68

_Lepidotus_, _33_;
teeth, 110

Leporidae, _48_

Lepospondyli, _35_

_Lepus_, _48_;
see Hare

_Leptoptilus_, _41_;
see Adjutant

_Lialis_, _37_, 289

Limbs, general account, 26;
modifications in position of, 28;
reptiles, 289

Llama, _45_, 359;
cervical vertebrae, 445;
skeleton, =496=;
teeth, 428

Limicolae, _42_

Lingual apparatus, lampreys, 58;
myxinoids, 57

Lion, _48_

_Loemanctus longipes_, shoulder girdle and sternum, =287=

Loggerhead turtle, carapace, =216=

_Lophiodon_, _46_;
teeth, 345, 429

Lophiodontidae, _46_

Lophiomyidae, _47_

_Lophiomys_, _47_;
pes, 526;
skull, 476

_Lophius_, attachment of teeth, 107

Lower jaw, see Mandible

Lumbar vertebrae, 16;
crocodile, 242;
dog, 378 f.;
duck, 311

Lunar, 27;
dog, 408

_Macacus_, _49_;
cervical vertebrae, 446

_Machaerodus_, _48_;
upper canines, 437

_Macrauchenia_, _46_, 358;
calcaneum, 360;
cervical vertebrae, 445;
fibula, 519;
tarsus, 523;
ulna, 501

Macraucheniidae, _46_, 509

Macropodidae, _43_, _350_;
dental formula, 423;
pes, 522

_Macropus_, _43_;
see Kangaroo

Macroscelidae, _49_

_Macroscelides_, _49_;
skull, 480

Magnum, 27;
see Carpus

Malar, 22;
see jugal

Malleus, dog, 393;
man, dog and rabbit, =485=

Mammalia, _42_;
auditory ossicles, 485;
cervical vertebrae, 442;
exoskeleton, 416;
general characters, 343;
manus, 503;
Mesozoic --, 348;
pectoral girdle, 493;
pelvic girdle, 512;
pes, 521;
ribs, 490;
sacral and caudal vertebrae, 451;
skull, 455;
sternum, 489;
thigh and shin, 517;
thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 447

Man, _49_;
arm bones, 503;
auditory ossicles, 488;
caudal vertebrae, 454;
cervical vertebrae 446;
pelvis, 515;
pes, 527;
ribs, 493;
scapula, 499;
skull, 483;
sternum, 490;
teeth, 441

Manatee, _44_;
see _Manatus_

Manatidae, _44_

_Manatus_, _44_;
cervical vertebrae, 444;
dental formula, 425;
humerus, 501;
manus, 505;
pelvis, 514;
skull, 460;
sternum, 489;
teeth, 345;
thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 448

Mandible, birds, 335;
cod, 100;
crocodile, 258;
dog, 398;
duck, 319;
frog, 160;
Hippopotamus, =467=;
Isabelline bear, =438=;
newt, 144;
salmon, 94;
turtle, 230

Manidae, _44_;
see _Manis_

_Manis_, _44_;
auditory ossicles, 487;
manus, 504;
scales, 3, 417;
skull, 459;
_M. macrura_ xiphisternum, 489;
see Pangolin

Manubrium of malleus 486;
dog, 393;
-- sterni, dog 404

Manus, 26;
crocodile, 265;
dog, 408, =413=;
duck, 323;
frog, 164;
mammalia, 503;
newt, 147;
Perissodactyles, =508=;
turtle, 233

Marginal plate, turtle 216;
-- ray, 131;
-- shield, turtle, 214

Marmoset, _49_, 372 f.

Marmot, frontals, 476

Marsipobranchii, _31_, _53_;
spinal column, 56

Marsupial bones, 513

Marsupial mole, 43;
see _Notoryctes_

Marsupialia, _43_;
arm bones, 499;
auditory ossicles, 486;
cervical vertebrae, 443;
caudal vertebrae, 453;
general characters, 349;
manus, 504;
pectoral girdle, 494;
pelvis, 513;
pes, 521;
ribs, 491;
sacral vertebrae, 451;
skull, 456;
teeth, 422;
thigh and shin, 517;
thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 447

_Mastodon_, _47_, _365_;
teeth, 434

_Mastodonsaurus_, _35_, _136_;
pelvis, 187

Mastoid portion of periotic, dog, 391

Maxilla, 22;
cod, 98;
crocodile, 254;
dog, 397;
duck, 318;
frog, 159;
newt, 144;
turtle, 229

Maxillo-mandibular arch, 21

Maxillo-palatine, duck, 318

Maxillo-turbinal, dog, 395

Meatus, external auditory --, crocodile, 250;
dog, 393;
turtle, 228;
internal auditory --, crocodile, 251;
dog, 392, 400;
turtle, 228

Meckel's cartilage, 22;
cod, 100;
dogfish, 77;
salmon, 94

Median ethmoid, 21;
cod, 98;
Gymnophiona, 179;
salmon, 91;
-- fin, Amphibia, 52;
cod, 86;
dogfish, 79

Megachiroptera, _49_;
general characters, 371

_Megalobatrachus_, _35_, _135_;
carpus, 186;
skull, 175

Megalosauridae, _38_

_Megalosaurus_, _38_, _208_

_Megapodius_, spur, 330

_Megaptera_, _44_, _357_

Megatheriidae, _44_, 352;
humerus, 501;
leg bones, 517;
pelvis, 513;
sacrum, 452;
teeth, 424;
thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 447

_Megatherium_, _44_;
femur, 517;
manus, 505;
pectoral girdle, 495;
pes, 522;
skull, 458

Megistanes, _40_, _299_

Membranous cranium, 17

Menobranchidae, _35_

_Menobranchus_, _35_, _135_;
carpus, 185;
pes, 188;
skull, 174;
teeth, 169

_Menopoma_, _35_;
see _Cryptobranchus_

Mento-meckelian, 22;
frog, 161;
reptiles, 284

Merganser, _41_;
beak, 329

_Mergus_, _41_

Merrythought, duck, 322

Mesethmoid, 20;
dog, 390;
duck, 317

_Mesoplodon_, _44_;
teeth, 427

Mesopterygium, 79

Mesosauridae, _37_

_Mesosaurus_, _37_

Mesosternum, dog, 404

Metacarpal quill, duck, 303

Metacarpo-digital, duck, 303

Metacarpus, 26;
see Manus

Metacromion, hares and rabbits, 497

Meta-pterygium, 79

Metatarsus 26;
see Pes

Metatheria, _43_;
general characters, 349

_Metriorhynchus_, _39_, 278

Microchiroptera, _49_;
general characters, 371

_Microgale_, _49_;
caudal vertebrae, 454

Mid-digital quill, duck, 303

Milk-teeth, 344;
dog, 377;
horse, 430

Moa, _40_, _299_;
aftershaft, 328;
pectoral girdle, 336;
wing, 338

Molar teeth, 344;
dog, 376 f.

Mole, _49_, _370_;
auditory ossicles, 488;
cervical vertebrae, 446;
humerus, 503;
manus, 512;
presternum, 490;
shoulder girdle, 499;
skull, 481;
teeth, 440;
Golden --, _49_;
see _Chrysochloris_;
Marsupial --, _43_;
see _Notoryctes_

_Molge_, _35_, _135_;
see Newt

Monitor, _38_;
see _Varanus_

Monkey, _49_, _373_;
see under Primates

Monodelphia, _43_;
characters of, 351

_Monodon_, _45_, _357_;
see Narwhal

Monophyodont, defined, 7, 344

Monopneumona, _34_

Monotremata, _42_;
arm bones, 499;
auditory ossicles, 486;
caudal vertebrae, 453;
cervical vertebrae, 443;
general characters, 346;
manus, 504;
pectoral girdle, 493;
pelvis, 513;
pes, 521;
ribs, 490;
sacral vertebrae, 451;
skull, 455;
sternum, 489;
teeth, 422;
thigh and shin, 517;
thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 447

_Morosaurus_, _38_, _207_;
pes, 294

_Mosasaurus_, _38_, _204_

_Moschus_, _46_;
canines, 429

Mouse, _47_;
teeth, 437;
see _Mus_

Mud-fish, _34_

Multituberculata, _43_, _348_

Muntjac, _46_;
see _Cervulus_

Muraenidae, _33_

Muridae _47_

_Mus_, _47_;
_M. musculus_, teeth, 437;
_M. sylvaticus_, sternum and shoulder girdle, 498

Musk deer, _46_;
canines, 429

Mustelidae, _48_;
teeth 439

_Mycetes_, 49;
hyoid, 485;
mandible, 484;
skull, 482

Myliobatidae, _32_;
teeth, 109

Myomorpha, _47_

_Myrmecobius_, teeth, 423

_Myrmecophaga_, _44_;
manus 505;
pectoral girdle, 495;
skull, 458

Myrmecophagidae, _44_, 424;
see Anteaters

Mystacoceti, _44_;
general characters, 356;
hind limb, 518;
manus, 505;
pectoral girdle, 495;
skull, 461;
teeth, 426

_Myxine_, _31_, 55;
fins, 115;
notochordal sheath, 9

Myxinoidei, _31_, 55

Nails, 3;
Amphibia, 168;
mammals, 417

Nares:
anterior --, crocodile, 252, 257;
dog, 401;
duck, 317;
newt, 143;
turtle, 225, 229;
posterior --, crocodile, 257;
dog, 402;
duck, 318;
frog, 158;
newt, 143;
turtle, 230

Narial cavity, salmon, 89;
-- passage, crocodile, 254;
dog, 395;
-- septum, dog, 401

Narwhal, _45_, _357_;
teeth, 427

Nasal 21;
crocodile, 252;
dog, 394;
duck, 317;
frog, 158;
newt, 143;
turtle, 228;
-- capsule, 20;
cod, 97;
crocodile, 252;
dog, 394;
dogfish, 74;
frog, 158;
newt, 143;
turtle, 228;
-- cavity, dog, 388;
-- fossae, salmon, 89;
-- horns, rhinoceros, 3

Navicular, 27;
dog, 414

Neornithes, _40_;
general characters, 298

_Nesodon_, _46_, _361_;
pes, 525;
teeth, 432

Nesodontidae, _46_

Neural arch, 14;
-- plate, turtle, 215;
-- spine, 14

Neuromere, defined, 112

Newt, _35_;
anterior limb, 147;
hyoid apparatus or visceral arches, 144, =181=;
pelvic girdle, 149;
ribs, 145;
shoulder girdle, =146=;
skull, 140;
sternum, 145;
vertebral column, 138

Notidanidae, _31_;
calcification of vertebrae, 114;
pectoral fins, 130;
vertebral column, 113;
visceral arches, 63, 119 f.

Notochord, _Amphioxus_ 52;
Balanoglossus, 50;
dogfish, 72;
Tunicates, 51

_Nothosaurus_, _37_, _193_;
supratemporal fossae, 283

Nothosauridae, _37_

_Notoryctes_, _43_;
arm bones, 500;
caudal vertebrae, 453;
cervical vertebrae, 443;
claws, 418;
dental formula, 423;
manus, 504;
pelvis, 513;
pectoral girdle, 494;
pes, 521;
ribs, 491;
sacrum, 452;
skull, 457;
sternum, 489;
thigh and shin, 517

Notoryctidae, _43_, _350_

Nuchal plate, turtle, 215;
-- shield, crocodile, 238;
turtle, 214

_Nyrania_, _35_;
palatines, 177

Occipital condyle, crocodile, 246;
dog, 386;
duck, 315;
frog, 154;
turtle, 224;
-- crest, dog, 386;
-- segment, crocodile, 246;
dog, 384;
turtle, 224

_Odontaspis_, _32_;
succession of teeth, =107=

Odontoblast, 7

Odontoceti, _44_;
general characters, 357;
manus, 505;
pectoral girdle, 495;
skull, 462;
sternum, 489;
teeth, 426

Odontolcae, _40_;
general characters, 299

_Odontopteryx_, _40_;
jaws, 334

_Ogmorhinus_, _48_;
mandibular ramus, =439=

Olecranon process, dog, 406;
duck, 323;
frog, 164

Olfactory capsule, see nasal capsule;
-- cavity, dog, 388;
-- chamber, dog, 395;
-- fossa, dog, 390

Olm, _35_

_Omosaurus_, exoskeleton, 272