Chapter LIX: Book 2: The Expedition of Captain JENS MUNK to Hudson’s Bay in search of (2)

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FOOTNOTES:

[1] Forming Book III of the Civil Wars of Peru.

[2] The official register of the _Casa de Contratacion_ at Seville, shows that the fleet of Blasco Nuñez consisted of 49 ships. The Viceroy took 50 servants. The total number of passengers was 915, among them 36 married men with their wives, and 87 single girls with their parents. The chief passengers were Agustin de Zarate, Accountant, the Licentiate Zarate with his wife, Rodrigo de Contreras and his son, Judge Lison de Tejada, the Licentiate Alvarez, and the Viceroy’s brother Francisco Velasquez de Vela Nuñez.

[3] _The new laws._

The new laws, advocated by Las Casas, but opposed by several experienced statesmen, some of them with much knowledge of the Indies, were signed by Charles V at Barcelona on November 20th, 1542.

The first Ordinance was that after the deaths of those who possessed grants of Indians, their wives or children were not to succeed to them[4], but that the Indians were to become vassals of the King, the children of the former owners receiving certain fruits of the labour of such Indians for their sustenance.

No Indian is to be made to carry loads without being paid, nor to be forced to work in mines or pearl fisheries, nor to be obliged to render personal service.

Bishops, Monasteries, and Hospitals to be deprived of Indians granted to them formerly, as well as all officials.

All who fought in the war between Pizarro and Almagro, on both sides, to be deprived of all grants of Indians. This would include all the settlers in Peru.

[4] The original grants were for two lives.

[5] It appears that over 300 Indians had been brought from Peru to Panama by their owners. The Viceroy ordered them to be released and sent back.

[6]

Blasco Nuñez Vela, native of Avila, then General Overseer of the
Guards of Castille, Viceroy and President of the Court of

Justice, selected because he would enforce the royal orders with
rigour.

1 Licentiate Diego de Cepeda, native of Tordesillas, then a Judge
in Gran Canaria--Judge.

2 Licentiate Lison de Tejada, a native of Logroño--Judge.

3 Licentiate Alvarez--Judge.

4 Licentiate Pedro Ortiz de Zarate, a native of Orduña, who was
then chief magistrate in Segovia--Judge.

Agustin de Zarate, then Secretary of the Royal Council, was,
appointed Accountant. He had been for 15 years Comptroller of
accounts for Castille. He took as little part as possible in
the troubles, confining his energies to his own department. On
his return the Emperor made him Superintendent of finances in
Flanders. He collected materials for a book which he wrote when he
had leisure in Spain. It was published at Antwerp in 1555, Seville
1577, and by Barcia. He writes as an eye-witness of the events
which led to the expulsion of the Viceroy, but as a prejudiced
partizan against Gonzalo Pizarro.

[7] People he afterwards put to death.

[8] Francisco de Carbajal was born in 1468 at a village called Ragana near Arevalo, in the diocese of Avila. His quotations and frequent references to ancient history show that he received a fairly good education. But he must have been young when he entered upon a military life. He served under the great Captain, Gonsalvo de Cordova, Colonna, Leyva, and other well-known warriors of the Italian wars. He was at the battle of Ravenna in 1512, when he was aged 44, and must already have seen much service. He fought at the battle of Pavia in 1525, and at the sack of Rome in 1527. At Rome he took for his share of the booty all the papers in a lawyer’s office. The ransom for them enabled him to go to Mexico with his wife Catalina Leyton, of a noble Portuguese family. In 1536, when he was 68, he first went to Peru. He was sent by the Viceroy of Mexico, Don Antonio de Mendoza, to assist Pizarro, at the time when he was besieged by the Indians in Lima. Pizarro sent him to settle in Charcas. Arriving at Arequipa on his way he knew no one, and was standing at the corner of a street with his wife and family, not knowing what to do. Miguel Cornejo, a citizen, saw them, heard their story, and took them to his house, treating them hospitably. At the battle of Huarina, ten years afterwards, Cornejo was taken prisoner, fighting against Carbajal, and expected to be put to death. Carbajal said to him--“I am not unmindful of what you did for me at Arequipa, with my wife and family, not knowing where to go. I give you liberty, and for your sake exempt your companions from all punishment. Go home and look to your safety with all quiet and content.” After the murder of the Marquis Pizarro, Carbajal joined Vaca de Castro and was appointed “Sargento-Mayor.” At the battle of Chupas he marshalled the royal army, and showed both military skill and extraordinary personal valour. The old veteran was very corpulent, and when a shot from young Almagro’s cannon mowed a space in the advancing troops of Vaca de Castro, Carbajal threw himself into the gap, telling the men that his size made him a bigger target than any one else. Then he took off his morion and breastplate, throwing them on the ground to be like the meanest soldier, so arousing the admiration of the troops that they carried all before them. The victory of Chupas was due to him.

The rumours respecting the New Laws convinced Carbajal that there was trouble ahead. He was long past 70, and was anxious to end his days at home and in peace. He got permission from Vaca de Castro to return to Spain, and went to Lima to obtain a passage home. General Mendiburu (_Diccionario Historico-Biografico del Peru_) thought, from Carbajal having lodged in the house of the Treasurer Riquelme on that occasion, that they were great friends. But Cieza de Leon implies that he was rather an unwelcome guest.

[9] Secretary also to the Marquis Pizarro. After the murder, he arranged about the burial and the care of the children.

[10] A native of Sahagun. He served with Belalcazar in the conquest of Quito, and with the Pizarros at the battle of Salinas. He was at the battle of Chupas on the side of Vaca de Castro. He afterwards joined Gonzalo Pizarro, plotted against him, and got his deserts.

[11] Of Diego Maldonado the rich there is much more further on.

[12] The Licentiate Carbajal was a brother of the Factor Illan Suarez de Carbajal.

[13] Antonio de Altamirano came to Peru with Alvarado. He was a citizen of Cuzco and had a part of the palace of Huayna Ceapac for his house, where he found a great treasure. His half-caste sons, very promising lads, were schoolfellows of the Inca Garcilasso, but they died young. Altamirano was put to death by order of Gonzalo Pizarro.

[14] Hernando Bachicao was a native of San Lucar de Barrameda. He is not mentioned until 1537 when he was at the Mala conference. He served at the battle of Salinas and at Chupas. Regidor of Cuzco, he was active against the Viceroy, and was at Añaquito. At Huarina he deserted to Centeno but was captured. Carbajal hung him. Bachicao was a cruel, faithless ruffian.

[15] Piura.

[16] Yllan Suarez de Carbajal was a native of Talavera. He came to Peru with Hernando Pizarro in 1534, then aged 31, as Factor. He was learned and accomplished. He strove to reconcile Pizarro and Almagro and was at the Mala conference. He was at Lima when Pizarro was murdered, and was imprisoned by the Almagro faction. His murder by the Viceroy finally destroyed the chances of that unfortunate man.

[17] Diego de Aguero was one of Pizarro’s original companions at Caxamarca, receiving 362 _marcs_ and 8880 _pesos_ of gold from the Atahualpa ransom. He was employed to negotiate with Alvarado for his departure. He was a citizen of Lima and had a _repartimiento_ at Lunahuana. He served at the battle of Chupas. He married a daughter of Nicolas de Ribera.

[18] Pablo Meneses was a native of Talavera. He was Camp Master at Lima 1544. He joined Gonzalo Pizarro but, going to Panama with Hinojosa, he changed sides and joined Gasca. He served against Giron.

[19] Or Llaches. See my translation of Xeres, p. 80, Hakluyt Society’s volume for 1872.

[20] They were perfectly true. There is a letter from Blasco Nuñez to the Emperor Charles V, dated at Panama on February 15th, 1544 (_Muñoz Coll._, t. 83, f. 246) in which he brings all sorts of accusations against Vaca de Castro before he could possibly have verified any of them, and which he had received from followers of Almagro at Panama.

[21] The Licentiate Antonio de la Gama was sent to Puerto Rico in 1517 to hold a _residencia_. He went thence to Panama where he planned improvements. Arriving in Peru he was employed to negotiate with Almagro. In 1539 Pizarro left him at Lima as his Lieutenant and Chief Judge. After the battle of Chupas he judged and condemned the rebels. Vaca de Castro sent him to Lima as his Lieutenant, but he left on the approach of the Viceroy and went to Cuzco. The Viceroy excepted him from pardon for having joined Gonzalo Pizarro. He remained at Cuzco, and was living in 1551.

[22] Ruy Lopez?.

[23] So thought the Viceroy who seized Solar and intended to hang him. This was prevented, but Solar was kept in prison until he was released by the Judges.

[24] The Licentiate Benito Suarez de Carbajal was a brother of Illan Suarez de Carbajal, the Factor. He came with his brother to Peru, and was at the battle of Chupas. He joined Gonzalo Pizarro against the Viceroy to avenge his brother’s death, and was at the battle of Añaquito where the Viceroy was killed. He then went over to Gasca and was at Sacsahuana, Gasca making him Alferez General. He was the Corregidor of Cuzco. The ladies called him “Galan” and “Buen Mozo.” On June 24th, 1549, he was climbing into a lady’s balcony at Cuzco, when the husband came out and cut the rope ladder; Carbajal fell 20 feet and was killed.

[25] Alonso Riquelme, the Treasurer, was appointed to that office by Charles V, and went out with Pizarro. He was in favour of murdering Atahualpa. He was at the founding of the city of the Kings (Lima) on Jan. 18, 1535. He was at Cuzco when Almagro arrived from Chile. When Pizarro was murdered he was at Lima where he continued to reside. He joined the Judges against the Viceroy, and was a very decided partisan of Gonzalo Pizarro. He was then an old man, but the date of his death is not known.

[26] Fray Geronimo de Loaysa, the first Archbishop of Lima, was born at Talavera. One of his brothers was Archbishop of Seville and President of the Council of the Indies. Fray Geronimo arrived at Lima as Bishop in 1543. He did what he could as a peacemaker. In 1546 he set out for Spain, at the request of Gonzalo Pizarro, to explain the state of affairs. But he found Gasca at Panama, and joined with him. He was at Sacsahuana and helped Gasca in the _repartimientos_. He held the first Council of Lima in 1551, having been promoted to Archbishop. In the insurrection of Giron he marched against the rebels. He befriended the two young daughters of the murdered Inca Tupac Amaru, taking them into his house. Archbishop Loaysa died on October 25, 1575.

[27] Diego de Mora was a native of Ciudad Real. He came to Peru with Almagro and settled at Truxillo, marrying Ana de Valverde, sister of the Bishop. He was granted the valleys of Chimu and Chicama. He was at the battle of Chupas. He joined Gonzalo Pizarro and was at Añaquito. Then he turned round and joined Gasca, being present at Sacsahuana. But he refused to join Giron’s rebellion continuing as Governor of Truxillo.

[28] Diego Centeno was a native of Ciudad Rodrigo. He came to Peru with Alvarado in 1534, and was at the battle of Salinas on the side of the Pizarros. He was also at Chupas. He then settled at Chuquisaca, and when the news of the new laws arrived, he and Hinojosa were appointed Procurators by the citizens. He seems to have wavered for some time, but eventually took up arms against Gonzalo Pizarro in Charcas. Old Carbajal went against him, defeated him, and hunted him until he was obliged to hide in a cave for nearly a year. He then collected forces again, surprised Cuzco, and marched southward. Gonzalo Pizarro and Carbajal encountered him at the battle of Huarina, where he was entirely defeated on October 20, 1547. He managed to escape to Gasca’s army, and was given charge of Gonzalo Pizarro when he surrendered. Centeno was much dissatisfied with Gasca’s distribution of the _repartimientos_. He went back to Chuquisaca where he was poisoned. He left two sons.

[29] Pedro Alonso Hinojosa was born at Truxillo in Estremadura and came to Peru with Hernando Pizarro in 1534. He was at the siege of Cuzco, escaped from Almagro, and was Standard Bearer for the Pizarros at the battle of Salinas, April 20, 1538. He was also at the battle of Chupas. He joined Gonzalo Pizarro and went to Arequipa to secure the services of Carbajal. Gonzalo Pizarro gave him command of his fleet and he took Panama. But he was talked over by Gasca and gave up the ships to him. Gasca made him Captain-General of his army, and he was at Sacsahuana. He received Gonzalo Pizarro’s estates and mines in Charcas, where he was murdered by the rebels under Sebastian de Castilla in 1553.

[30] Francisco de Almendras was one of Pizarro’s original followers, and at Caxamarca he received 181 _marcs_ and 4440 _pesos_ of gold as his share of the Atahualpa ransom. He became a Regidor or Magistrate at Chuquisaca, where he executed several enemies of Gonzalo Pizarro, whom he joined with his two nephews Diego and Martin on the road to Cuzco. He was a violent and very active partisan. Returning to Chuquisaca he was seized by Diego Centeno and put to death, in spite of his entreaties to be spared because of his large family, June 16, 1545. His nephew Diego served against Giron, but was murdered by a negro. The other nephew Martin was afterwards Alcalde of Chuquisaca.

[31] Alonso de Toro, another citizen of Cuzco, was Lieutenant-General to Gonzalo Pizarro. Diego Gonzalez, his father-in-law, killed him out of sheer alarm, owing to certain matrimonial quarrels.

[32] Francisco de Villacastin was one of the original conquerors in Panama and in Peru. He became a citizen of Cuzco, had a house there, and married Leonora Ccoya, an Inca princess, the widow of Juan Balsa who was hanged at Lima by Carbajal. Villacastin first served with Pedrarias on the isthmus, and was employed in making the road from Nombre de Dios to Panama. The monkeys threw stones at the workers, and one wounded Villacastin, who was then a cross-bow man, knocking out two of his front teeth. He had a good _repartimiento_ at Ayavire. He died in prison after Sacsahuana, being a staunch supporter of Gonzalo Pizarro. Garcilasso says that he was wounded in the face by an enemy after he had surrendered. “He was a good man and did much good to many people.”

[33] Tomas Vasquez was one of the first conquerors. He had a house in Cuzco and mines in Caravaya. He was a turbulent soldier mixed up in all troubles. For this reason the Viceroy, Marquis of Cañete, ordered him to be beheaded as an undesirable person.

[34] Son of the Judge (Oidor) Zarate. He afterwards joined Centeno.

[35] He was then Bishop: not Archbishop until 1547.

[36] Friar Domingo de Santo Tomas was a native of Seville and professed a monk there. He was one of six Dominicans who first went to Peru, being the youngest. He studied the general language, which he called Quichua, and his grammar was published at Valladolid in 1560. He also studied the language of the coast, which is much more difficult. He founded the houses of his Order at Chincha, Chicama, and Truxillo. He won the affection of the Indians whom he tried to defend. In 1545 he was named Prior of the convent at Lima. He strove to induce Gonzalo Pizarro to submit and accept the offers of Gasca. He then joined Gasca and was present at Sacsahuana, 1552. Vicar-General, July 28, 1553. Provincial. He then visited Spain and was well received at Court, returning to Peru in 1561, and was made Bishop of Charcas. He built the first church at Paucar-colla. After a residence at Chuquisaca he went back to Lima in 1567 to attend the second Council of Lima; and returning to Chuquisaca the Bishop died about 1570. Portrait in a room of the University of San Marcos.

[37] The Licentiate Rodrigo Niño was the son of a Regidor of Toledo. He was faithful when the Viceroy sent him, with others, to intercept Puelles, but he afterwards sided with the Judges, and had the custody of the Viceroy at San Lorenzo and on the way to Huacho. He joined Gonzalo Pizarro and, on the march to Quito, he forged a letter to get Maldonado the rich into trouble, and put it under Pizarro’s pillow. He deserted Pizarro and joined Gasca who sent him to Spain in charge of convicts. Nearly all escaped in the West Indies, so when he arrived at San Lucar he was sent to prison in Oran. Released after two years he returned to Peru in 1554, and served against Giron. He married (third husband) Maria, sister of Bishop Valverde, whose first husband was Rodrigo Orgoñez. He was Alcalde of Lima 1555, 1558, 1564. His son Fernando was Alcalde 1597, 1603.

[38] Or Chuquisaca.

[39] In the valley of the Cauca, in the newly-discovered province of New Granada.

[40] Alonso de Mesa was a native of the Canary Islands. He was one of Pizarro’s original followers, was at Caxamarca and received 135 _marks_ and 3350 _pesos_ of gold as his share of the Atahualpa ransom. He was in the siege of Cuzco and served at the battle of Chupas. He concealed himself when Gonzalo Pizarro took up arms, and was at Sacsahuana with Gasca. He fled from Cuzco when Giron rose in rebellion and served against him. He was a citizen of Cuzco and had a house there. His son went to Spain to advocate the cause of the Incas.

[41] Herrara leaves out this and states it as a fact.

[42] Homily in S. Luc. c. xiv. _vv._ 25-33.

[43] See my book, the _Incas of Peru_, pp. 260-274.

[44] Lorenzo de Aldana came to Peru with Alvarado. He was appointed governor of Popayan, to supersede Belalcazar, by Pizarro. He was in the Chilian expedition with Almagro; but deserted the Almagro party, and was with Vaca de Castro at the battle of Chupas. He was Governor of Lima for Gonzalo Pizarro, who entrusted him with some ships to go to Panama. There he joined Hinojosa and both went over to Gasca, who again made him Governor of Lima. He served against Giron and was at Chuquinga. Aldana died very rich in 1571. He was conscience smitten on his death-bed at the treatment of the natives, and left all his wealth to be invested for the payment of the tribute imposed upon the natives in his _repartimiento_.

[45] Parmenion, Alexander’s very able general who served Philip and his son for a lifetime, and had reached the age of 70, was left in command in Media when Alexander went onwards in pursuit of Darius. A conspiracy was discovered in which Philotas, the son of Parmenion, was supposed to be implicated. He was tortured and then put to death. Polydamas was then sent into Media with orders for Cleander, the second in command, to assassinate Parmenion before he heard of his son’s death. The crime was perpetrated by Cleander with his own hand. Of Parmenion’s other two sons, Hector was accidentally drowned in the Nile, and Nicanor was carried off by a sudden illness during the march into Hyrcania.

The comparison of the Viceroy’s promulgation of the New Laws with the murder of Parmenion by order of Polydamas is rather far-fetched. The supposed point is that both felt bound implicitly to obey a royal order, however distasteful.

[46] Francisco de Ampuero was a citizen of Lima, a friend and strong partisan of the Marquis Pizarro. After the murder he joined Vaca de Castro and was at the battle of Chupas. He joined Gonzalo Pizarro and was Alferez General at the battle of Añaquito. He married the Princess Inez Yupanqui Ñusta, after she had had a daughter by the Marquis Pizarro. He took his young daughter Francesca to Spain where she eventually married her uncle Hernando Pizarro in prison, and had children. Ampuero also made a home for two unfortunate orphans, grandsons of Inca Manco. He was Alcalde of Lima 1571-1574.

[47] In the action which the Camp Master Francisco de Carbajal took against Gaspar Rodriguez de Camporedondo and the others at Pucara on Sept. 28, 1544, Loaysa made a confession. He said that he came from Lima and lodged in the house of Gaspar Rodriguez all the time that he was in Cuzco, hearing all the doubts he raised. One night, the 23rd of August, in the lodgings of Luis Suarez and the licentiate Leon they began to discuss the ordinances. Then Diego Maldonado the rich came in, and Leon said that, if he had a safe conduct, he would go to Lima and argue with the Judges that the King was ill-advised in approving the new laws. Loaysa said he would go if he had the means. Diego Maldonado the rich heard him and said, “What is wanting, Father?” He replied that he had no horse. Maldonado said that he would provide a mount for him to go to Lima and negotiate with the Judges. Thus supplied Loaysa left Cuzco with many letters, and attended only by four Yanaconas.

Loaysa arrived in Lima when the Viceroy had just finished his dinner and, after making his report, he went to his lodgings in the house of the Accountant Juan de Caceres where he was visited by Pablo de Meneses, Don Alonso and Martin de Robles, Diego de Silva and several others. They asked for the news, and Loaysa said that Gonzalo Pizarro had 550 men. A provision of the Judges was obtained pardoning Gaspar Rodriguez, Gumiel, Guevara, Alonso de Toro, Tomas Vasquez, Villacastin, Portocarrero and Altamirano if they came over to the Viceroy in 15 days. The confession was taken down by the scrivener Pedro Gonzalez del Castillo.

[48] Friar Tomas de San Martin, Regent or Principal of the Dominicans. He left Lima before the Bishop, overtaking Pero Lopez and Ampuero at Vilcas. He was authorized to negotiate with Gonzalo Pizarro, to offer him certain terms, and to try to alienate his officers from him. These negotiations came to an end in January, 1544. The Regent was also empowered by the Judges to ascertain in what light they were looked upon by Pizarro. He was assured that the rebels desired that the Judges and their court should remain in accordance with the King’s orders. Pizarro sent a letter to the Judges by the Regent.

[49] The husband of the Countess Matilda of Tuscany was Guelpone or Welphone, to whom the Milanese confided the defence of their liberties in the early times of the Lombard Republic.

[50] A.D. 1160.

[51] St Jerome never wrote any special treatise on the instruction of virgins. He treats of the subject in his _Epistolae ad Eustachium_, _Le custodia virginitatis_, and in other places. But in none of these does the passage quoted by Cieza occur. It is in an anonymous letter entitled _Virginitatis laus_ which has been attributed, without any reason, to St Jerome.

[52] I.e. the province of Santander.

[53] Pedro de Puelles came to Peru with Alvarado in 1534, and was Lieutenant-Governor of Quito during the expedition of Gonzalo Pizarro into Quijos. He was at the battle of Chupas, and in 1544 was appointed Governor of Huanuco by Vaca de Castro. He was confirmed in this office by the Viceroy and was well received by him. Yet he joined Gonzalo Pizarro, went in chase of the Viceroy, and when Carbajal turned back owing to Centeno’s proceedings, Puelles was made Camp Master. At Añaquito he ordered the Viceroy to be killed. Puelles was again Governor of Quito. Returning to Lima he urged Gonzalo Pizarro to declare himself King. Then he resolved to betray Pizarro and join Gasca, but he was assassinated by his own officers.

[54] The Father Provincial San Martin left Lima for Cuzco before the Bishop, though we are not told by Cieza de Leon when he set out or of the arrangements for his mission. It appears, from MS. letters, that San Martin was sent by the Viceroy to make certain proposals to Gonzalo Pizarro and, meanwhile, if possible to seduce his chief followers. Pizarro’s detailed reply to the Viceroy was dated August 2, 1544. The conduct of San Martin fully accounts for the refusal to receive the Bishop or Pero Lopez.

[55] Herrera calls him Juan, and adds that he was a son of the Licentiate Vadillo who led the expedition from Uraba to Popayan, Dec. vii, Lib. viii, cap. iii.

[56] Gonzalo Diaz de Pineda came with Belalcazar to the conquest of Quito. In 1536 he was sent to explore Quijos and Canelos, and his report led Gonzalo Pizarro to undertake his expedition. Pineda accompanied Pizarro, and went in search of Orellana. In 1544 he offered his services to the Viceroy, and went with Vela Nuñez to intercept Puelles with 35 mules, which cost 12,000 ducats. He turned traitor, tried to murder Vela Nuñez, and joined Gonzalo Pizarro. In 1545 Gonzalo Pizarro sent him to Piura to collect men, when the Viceroy suddenly arrived. Pineda was surprised and fled into the mountains, where he died of hunger.

[57] Doña Brianda de Acuña. The Viceroy left three sons in Spain, Antonio, Juan and Cristobal, the two eldest being pages of the Empress, with the habits of Santiago and Alcantara. Antonio died when appointed Ambassador to France. Juan de Acuña Vela was Captain-General of Artillery and on the Council of War. Cristobal was Bishop of Canary, afterwards of Burgos.

[58] The true story was told by one of the Inca’s sons named Titu Cusi Yupanqui, who was an eye-witness. The story in the text is quite wrong. See page 164.

[59] Friar Juan Solano, born 1507, a Dominican monk, was a native of Archidona and belonged to the monastery of San Estevan at Seville. On March 1, 1543, the King made him Bishop of Cuzco, to succeed Valverde. He did not reach Cuzco until Nov. 3, 1545. He placed the first stone of the cathedral on March 13, 1560, and created the parishes of San Cristoval, San Sebastian, San Blas, and Santa Ana.

He signed the agreement to appoint Gonzalo Pizarro Governor of Peru when in Lima. He went over to the other side and accompanied Diego Centeno to Huarina; but escaped from the battlefield or Carbajal would certainly have hung him. Carbajal did hang his brother Jimenes. He joined Gasca at Xauxa. He was at Sacsahuana and then resided at Cuzco. He returned to Spain and went to Rome, where he lived for many years in the convent of La Minerva, and died on Jan. 14, 1580, aged 76.

[60] Guillan.

[61] As many as 25 mounted men deserted the Viceroy and rode out of Lima in the night. These were Baltasar de Castilla, Lorenzo Sebastian and Baltasar de Castilla were the brother and son of the Conde de Gomera. The family was closely connected with the Canary Islands by the marriage of Don Diego Ayala y Herrera with Inez, daughter and princess of Fernan Perasa, Lord of the Canary Islands. Their grandson Guillen Perasa de Ayala was created Count of Gomera by Charles V. He married Maria de Castilla and these younger sons used the surname of Castilla. Sebastian, the youngest, was the murderer of Hinojosa and was soon afterwards murdered, in his turn, by his own men. Baltasar joined the Almagro party, after the assassination of Pizarro, and was on that side at the battle of Chupas, Sept. 15, Mexia, Rodrigo de Salazar el Corcovedo, Francisco de Escobedo, Francisco de Carbajal, Pedro Martin de Sicilia (or de Don Benito), and Diego and Jeronimo de Carbajal, nephews of the Factor. Salazar was the man who had apprehended the younger Almagro at Cuzco. They seized some papers in charge of the priest Loaysa, whom they overtook. These letters made it clear that there was correspondence with the Viceroy and treachery in the camp of Gonzalo Pizarro. It was thought necessary to make examples of the traitors. Gaspar de Rojas, Felipe Gutierrez, and a Galician named Arias de Maldonado were at Guamanga. Pedro de Puelles, by Gonzalo’s order, arrested and beheaded them. Gaspar Rodriguez de Camporedondo was a double-dyed traitor. He was in Gonzalo’s camp at the head of 200 pikemen. Carbajal arrested him and he was beheaded without delay.

1542. With Gonzalo at Añaquito, and sent with Hinojosa to Panama. A captain of infantry at Sacsahuana, April 9, 1548. Received the _repartimiento_ of Parinocochas. He gave the supper at Cuzco when his niece married Alonso de Loaysa, Nov. 13, 1553. Giron broke in and killed one or two of the supper party. He put Castilla to death for trying to escape to Lima. Castilla was a chief citizen of Cuzco, and there are descendants.

[62] His mad resolution was to sack Lima and retreat to Truxillo, sending all the women and children by sea and the men by land.

[63] The Viceroy had assembled 400 men to defend his house. The Judges were frightened and shut themselves up in the lodgings of Cepeda. Then one Francisco de Escobar said, “Gentlemen, let us come out and die fighting like men, rather than shut ourselves up like chickens.” So they came out and, marching to the square, were joined by many citizens as they went. Then things fell out as the Bishop describes.

[64] San Lorenzo.

[65] Party of Almagro.

[66] Huacho.

[67] As the army of Gonzalo Pizarro approached the Judges became more and more alarmed. They sent an embassy to him, consisting of the Accountant Agustin de Zarate and a prominent citizen named Antonio de Ribera. They found Gonzalo at Xauxa. Ribera was allowed to proceed but Zarate was arrested, and was kept a prisoner for ten days in the bitter cold of the heights of Pariacaca until Gonzalo’s forces came there on the way to Lima. Antonio de Ribera was a sort of brother-in-law of Gonzalo, as he had married the widow of his half brother Francisco Martin de Alcantara. Gonzalo’s answer to the Judges was that it was for the common good that he should be Governor and if that was granted he would comply with what the Judges asked. If not he would enter by force. Those who had left Cuzco to join the Viceroy were hiding in different houses. Others fled into the montaña. When Gonzalo Pizarro was within a league of Lima, he sent Carbajal in advance with 30 arquebusiers, who seized 28 of the fugitives, among them Gabriel de Rojas, Garcilasso de la Vega who escaped and hid in the Dominican Convent, Melchor Verdugo, the Licentiate Carbajal, Pedro del Barco, Martin de Florencia, Alonso de Caceres, Pedro de Manjarves, Luis de Leon, Anton Ruiz de Guevara. Carbajal locked them up in the prison and took the key. The Judges did not interfere. All their troops had gone over to Gonzalo Pizarro. The Judges were then asked to proclaim Pizarro as Governor. They said they had not the power. Upon which Carbajal took three of the prisoners and hanged them on a tree outside the town. These were Pedro del Barco, Martin de Florencia, and Juan de Saavedra. Carbajal was so witty and amusing during the executions that they must have found it quite a pleasure to be hanged by him. Luis de Leon was begged off by his brother, who was one of Carbajal’s soldiers. Carbajal told the Judges that unless they signed the document at once recognizing Gonzalo Pizarro as Governor, he would hang all the rest and sack the town. The Judges saw that the Camp Master was in earnest. The document was signed, and Gonzalo Pizarro entered Lima as Governor of Peru, promising that there should be no more executions. Bachicao led the vanguard with the artillery, then 200 pikemen followed by 150 arquebusiers led by Guevara and 200 under Pedro Cermeño. Next rode Gonzalo Pizarro himself in a coat of mail covered by a brocade surtout. Behind him were three captains abreast, Puerto Carrero with the standard of Castille, Antonio Altamirano with the standard of Cuzco, Pedro de Puelles with the standard of Pizarro’s arms. Then followed the cavalry. In this order the procession went to the house of the Licentiate Zarate where the Judges were assembled. Pizarro received their submission and then went to the municipal buildings where the assembled Magistrates received him with great ceremony. Pizarro then took possession of his brother’s house, lately occupied by the Viceroy, and the troops were taken to their quarters. This took place in the end of October, 1544, forty days after the arrest of the Viceroy. Gonzalo only occupied himself with military matters, the Judges exercising their authority as a Court of Justice, with sittings in the house of the Treasurer Riquelme. Alonso de Toro was sent to Cuzco, Pedro de Fuentes to Arequipa, Francisco de Almendras to Chuquisaca as Lieutenants of the Governor. There was one more execution of an opponent who talked too much, one Diego Gumiel.

_Escape of Garcilasso de la Vega._

Carbajal did not succeed in arresting Garcilasso de la Vega, who fled from Cuzco. When the Camp Master knocked at his door that night, it was opened by a soldier named Hernando Perez Tablero, a native of Almendral in the dukedom of Feria, and foster-brother of Alonso de Vargas the brother of Garcilasso de la Vega. He was an old servant of the family. As soon as he saw the dreaded Camp Master he ran to Garcilasso and warned him. The knight got out by a back way and escaped into the convent of Santo Domingo. He was received by the monks and concealed in a vault, where he remained for more than four months. Old Carbajal searched for him several times in the convent until, through the intercession of friends, he was at last pardoned. But Gonzalo Pizarro always kept him a prisoner, living in Gonzalo’s tent and never being allowed to go out of his sight, until Sacsahuana. So that he was unwillingly at the battle of Huarina.

[68] _sic._

[69] One witness said that, after the first blow, Cueto said, embracing the Viceroy, “_no more, Sir, for the love of God_,” yet he was killed by the servants with many stabs. Ribadeneira, Tapia, Vela (a relation) and other attendants were present.

[70] By order of Alonso de Lerma, Ensign to the General Vela Nuñez, two negroes took the body of the Factor to bury it secretly. Afterwards the body was ordered to be disinterred, and the numerous deep poniard wounds were seen and noted. Finally it was again buried very honourably.

[71] The Viceroy’s wild scheme was to abandon Lima, taking all the inhabitants to Truxillo, men by land, women and children by sea.

[72] Juan de Acosta was a native of Barcarrota near Badajos. He served under Gonzalo Pizarro in the Quijos expedition as “Alferez General,” and displayed great valour, endurance, and energy. He returned with Gonzalo, and commanded the vanguard at the battle of Añaquito. He was wounded, but he was in the procession when Pizarro entered Lima in triumph. When Aldana betrayed his benefactor and declared for Gasca with Pizarro’s ships, Acosta went up the coast to prevent them from getting water. He served actively the cause of his master and was wounded at the battle of Huarina, being a captain of infantry. Before Sacsahuana Juan de Acosta, with 30 men, went to destroy Gasca’s bridge at Cotabamba, but his plan was betrayed by a soldier named Juan Nuñez del Prado. When all hope was gone, he proposed to Gonzalo Pizarro to dash into the enemy’s ranks and die like heroes. Gonzalo said, “better to die like Christians” and rode over to surrender. Acosta followed him (April 9, 1548). He was put to death by Gasca, and his head, in an iron cage, was exposed for a long time at Cuzco. When nearly all deserted their chief, Juan de Acosta remained faithful to the last. Nearly all the public men in Peru had acted treacherously or changed sides. The few honourable men deserve to be placed on record. Besides old Carbajal and Juan de Acosta, there remained faithful to Pizarro, and were ruthlessly put to death by Gasca, the Captains Francisco Maldonado, Juan Velez de Guevara, Dionisio de Bobadilla, and Gonzalo de los Nidos, whose tongue was cut out before execution by order of the cruel Gasca. Many others were hanged or tortured.

[73] Almendras had befriended Centeno in many ways, and had treated him as his own son.

[74] Killed in the battle.

[75] Killed in the battle.

[76] Wounded.

[77] Wounded.

[78] Francisco de Oñate, one of the first conquerors, had the house at Cuzco which was afterwards occupied by Garcilasso de la Vega, facing what is now the Plaza del Cabildo, on the west side. Oñate was slain at the battle of Chupas.

[79] The Editor omits them, and all the rest, and merely gives the last few words of the narrative, and some testimonies.

[80] The Appendix only consists of these extracts. Evidently the most important part of the narrative is omitted. Unfortunately Jimenes de la Espada gives no clue to the title of the document he copied from, nor to its whereabouts, he merely ends by saying: “I am somewhat prolix in giving these details because all or nearly all respecting the life of Titu Cusi Yupanqui, the penultimate native monarch of Peru, is completely unknown.”

The Mission to Titu Cusi Yupanqui was in the time of the President Lope Garcia de Castro, 1564-69.

[81] Inca Manco had been murdered by a Spaniard in 1545. He had established himself in the mountainous region of Vilcapampa, which Rodriguez calls “the land of war of Manco” between the rivers Apurimac and Vilcamayu. His eldest son Sayri Tupac came out and surrendered to the Spaniards. He died in 1560. The next brother Titu Cusi Yupanqui continued to reign in Vilcapampa.

[82] Don Diego de Zuñiga y Velasco, Count of Nieva, was Viceroy of Peru from 1559 to 1564, when he was assassinated by a jealous husband.

[83] Petacas de _mani_ (_Arachis hypogæa_).

[84] Diego Mendez de Sotomayor fought at the battle of Chupas on the side of Almagro the lad, Sept. 16, 1542, and escaped to Cuzco where he was made prisoner. He escaped and took refuge with Manco Inca, who received him hospitably.

Titu Cusi Yupanqui gave an account of the murder of his father, written Feb. 6, 1570. He describes how they tried to kill him also, and how he escaped.

[85] “Intip churin ceam-mi sapalla, punchaupi churin canqui.”

[86] Perhaps Martin Hurtado de Arbieto, who afterwards commanded the force sent against Tupac Amaro.

[87] The Viceroy Count of Nieva.

[88] _Sent to press, April 15th, 1913._

Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:

Peru in their rovolt=> Peru in their rovolt {pg 14}

Rabdona and Santa Cruz were=> Rebdona and Santa Cruz were {pg 122}

Nunez de Segura=> Nuñez de Segura {pg 156}

consents to Franciso de Carbajal’s return to Spain, 8;=> consents to Francisco de Carbajal’s return to Spain, 8; {pg 303}

Martin de, visits Beltasar de Loaysa, 92 (_n._);=> Martin de, visits Baltasar de Loaysa, 92 (_n._); {pg 210}

Segura, Hernan Nunez de, 156=> Segura, Hernan Nuñez de, 156 {pg 211}