Chapter XVIII: Part 18

No other thing can scratch or mar the polished facets and sharp corners of the diamond. It is the hardest of all known things. While all diamonds are of practically the same hardness, this is not, however, absolutely true, as stones from wet diggings or rivers are slightly harder than those from dry diggings. All diamonds are infusible and unaffected by acids or alkali. The heat of a burning building will not affect them, they can be raked from the ashes uninjured and can only be burned in oxygen under a scientifically produced intense heat of 4000° F. While the hardest known thing, the diamond is brittle and can be crushed to a powder. It is the only absolutely pure gem, being composed of crystallized carbon--all others are composed of two or more elements.

* * * * *

The term “Shibboleth” has come to mean a countersign or password of a secret society since the Biblical days, when the Ephraimites, who had been routed by Jephthah, tried to pass the Jordan. They were made to pronounce the word “Shibboleth” and were easily detected as enemies when they pronounced it “Sibboleth.”

Why do We Get Hungry?

Hunger is a sensation partly arising in the stomach, since it may be relieved temporarily by the introduction into the stomach of material which is incapable of yielding any nutriment to the body. It may be due to a condition of fulness of the vessels of the stomach, relieved by any stimulus which, acting on the lining membrane, induces a flow of fluid from the glands. But it also arises from a condition of the system, since the introduction of nutriment into the blood, apart altogether from the stomach, will relieve it. This is also evident from the fact that hunger may be experienced even when the stomach is full of food, and when food is supplied in abundance, if some disease prevents the absorption of the nourishment, or quickly drains it from the blood. Hunger may be partially allayed by sleep or by the use of narcotics, tobacco and alcohol, all of which tend to diminish the disintegration of tissues.

The Story in the Modern Lifting Magnet[72]

Nearly every boy has had among his treasured possessions a small horseshoe magnet, painted red, with bright ends, and has spent many happy hours picking up needles, steel pins or other small objects, and finally tired of it because of its small lifting capacity and dreamed of one which would lift a hammer, or possibly even the family flatiron. Little did he know at that time of the long and interesting history of magnetism, the many stories and superstitions based on its strange power; or of its intimate relation to the wonderful growth of electricity within the last hundred years. His wildest dreams of lifting power would be realized if he could see a modern electric lifting magnet which has only come into use within the last ten years and is meeting with instant approval in nearly every industry where iron and steel is handled in any quantity.

There are three primary kinds of magnets: the lodestone or natural magnets, the artificial or permanent steel magnet, and the electric magnet. At present the lodestone is little used. The permanent steel magnet is used for compass needles, as the familiar horseshoe magnet, and in certain types of electric machinery. The electric magnet forms a part of nearly every kind of electrical machinery and is by far the most useful form of the magnet. The modern high-duty lifting magnet is a form of the electric magnet.

The properties of the lodestone and the permanent magnet have been known for thousands of years, while the electric magnet is a comparatively recent discovery.

All magnets, whether natural, permanent or electric, possess the same magnetic properties. Every magnet has two poles commonly called a north pole and a south pole. It has also been found that when a magnet is broken in two each piece becomes a magnet in itself with its own north and south poles.

For practical purposes it has been found convenient to assume that magnetism consists of a series of “lines of force” running through the magnet from one end to the other and back again through the air. Each one of these lines is assumed to have a certain strength, and the power of any magnet is determined by the number of lines of force flowing through it. These lines are clearly shown in Fig. 1, which was made by sprinkling iron filings on a sheet of paper over a bar magnet, and tapping the paper slightly so that the filings could arrange themselves along the magnetic lines of force.

Since Oersted’s first electric magnet in 1820, electric magnets have been made in a variety of forms and for many different purposes. The simplest form of electric magnet is shown in Fig. 2. It consists of an iron bar with an insulated electric wire wound around it carrying an electric current.

Another form of the electric magnet is shown in cross-section in Fig. 3. This consists of a short steel cylinder with a groove in its face for the electric coil. The modern lifting magnet is a highly specialized form of this type of electric magnet.

Although the use of a magnet for lifting purposes seems to be a very simple idea and easily adopted, many difficulties had to be overcome and years of experimenting done before the lifting magnet was a commercial success. Nearly all electrical machinery may easily be protected from rough usage and moisture, but the lifting magnet must be so strongly designed that it will withstand the countless blows due to heavy pieces of iron flying against it, and the banging it must get against the sides of cars, ships, etc. All light parts must be placed inside of the magnet or in such a position that they can never be knocked off or broken. To moisture in some form or other nearly all lifting-magnet troubles can be traced. Hence the importance of an absolutely moisture-proof construction. The result of moisture in the interior of a magnet is to weaken the effectiveness of the installation, leading eventually to short circuits and burn-outs. It is necessary not only to guard against moisture in the form of rain, snow or dew, but precaution must also be taken against the entrance into the magnet of moisture-laden air, since moisture so introduced will presently be condensed in the form of drops of water.

A very natural question is, how much such a magnet will lift. For a given size of magnet, the lifting capacity varies greatly with the nature of the load handled. With a magnet sixty-two inches in diameter, this may vary from in the neighborhood of 1,000 pounds for light scrap, to from 4,000 to 5,000 pounds for pig iron, and as high as 60,000 pounds for a solid mass of steel or iron such as, for instance, a skull-cracker ball or a casting affording surface for good magnetic contact.

The lifting magnet has been adopted for the handling of materials in all branches of the steel and iron industry. It is used for handling pig iron, scrap, castings, billets, tubes, rails, plates, for loading and unloading cars and vessels, and for handling skull-cracker balls and miscellaneous magnetic material.

Probably one of the best illustrations of the saving accomplished by means of a lifting magnet is its use in unloading pig iron from steamers. By the old hand method it required twenty-eight men, two days and two nights, to unload a cargo of 4,000,000 pounds. When the lifting magnet was introduced, the total time for unloading was reduced to eleven hours, and was done by two men whose labor consisted in manipulating the controllers in the cages of the cranes. Thus two men and two magnets did the work of twenty-eight men in less than one-fourth of the time. Furthermore, the vessels were enabled to double their number of productive trips.

In railroad work, lifting magnets are at the present time used principally in scrap yards and around store-room platforms, where it is necessary to handle iron and steel rapidly and economically. For this class of work magnets are generally used in connection with a locomotive crane, making a self-contained, self-propelled unit which may be operated over the shop-yard tracks as required. The use of this combination has reduced very greatly the cost of handling both new and scrap material, both by reducing the actual expense of handling and by enabling the material to be handled much more rapidly than was before possible.

Probably the best possible endorsement of the waterproof construction of the modern lifting magnet is the fact that one of them was successfully operated seventy feet below the surface of the Mississippi River. At New Orleans a large load of kegged nails was raised from a depth of seventy feet. A load of steel cotton ties was raised near Natchez and a barge of iron wire near Pittsburgh. And these are only a few instances of such work.

The magnets used in this river work were three and one-half feet in diameter. They were dropped into the stream, the current turned on, and five or six kegs of nails or bundles of wire were raised each trip. The nails weighed 200 pounds to the keg, so there were lifted each time, from 1,000 to 1,200 pounds from the bed of the river.

The variety of uses to which these magnets may be put are shown by the accompanying illustrations and there are many industries handling iron and steel where the introduction of the modern, high-duty lifting magnet will effect a great saving in time and labor.

Note that there is no hoisting tackle to be adjusted.]

An amusing incident occurred recently in a factory where a large lifting magnet is used in connection with a crane to carry pig iron through the shop. Just as the operator was bringing it across the shop unloaded, he saw two laborers ahead of him in altercation. One held a short pinch bar and the other a heavy shovel. As he approached, they both raised their tools like weapons. In a flash the operator switched on the current and the two men stood as if transfixed, hanging desperately to their weapons that were held aloft as by some giant’s hand. The laughter of everyone who saw the tableau ended the quarrel.

* * * * *

Why is the Thistle the Emblem of Scotland?

According to tradition, the Danes were attempting to surprise an encampment of the Scotch one night, and had come very near to it without being observed, when a Dane stepped on a thistle and its sharp points made him cry out with pain. The Scotch were then awakened and succeeded in defeating their assailants. Ever since that time the thistle has been made the insignia of Scotland.

How are Animals Identified on Cattle Ranges?

The question of how to mark animals started with the first stock raisers. In those days the main object was to provide some way animals could be identified as to ownerships, and many crude and more or less cruel methods were used, such as notching or lopping off part of the ear or branding with a hot iron, burning a letter or figure often ten or twelve inches high on the side of an animal. Branding in this way was used mostly by cattle raisers when large herds were grazed on the western plains. The large brand made it possible for cowboys on horseback to separate the cattle of different owners, as the brand could be seen at some distance.

BRANDS FOR IDENTIFICATION]

As the industry advanced the methods of marking improved. At the present time a mark in the ear made of metal is most commonly used. These are in many different styles such as narrow bands looped into the edge or in the form of a button fastened through the ear.

Tags are lettered with owner’s name and address and numbered, which serves not only as a mark for identification of ownership but as a means of keeping a record of each animal by number; also in making health tests before shipping from one point to another.

How is Glue Made?

The best quality of glue is obtained from fresh bones, freed from fat by previous boiling, the clippings and parings of ox hides, the older skins being preferred; but large quantities are also got from the skins of sheep, calves, cows, hares, dogs, cats, etc., from the refuse of tanneries and tanning works, from old gloves, from sinews, tendons and other offal of animal origin.

By a process of cleaning and boiling the albuminoid elements of the animal matter are changed into gelatine. This, in a soft, jelly-like state, constitutes “size;” dried into hard, brittle, glassy cakes, which, before use, must be melted in hot water, it forms the well-known glue of the joiner, etc.

When a solution is mixed with acetic or nitric acid it remains liquid, but still retains its power of cementing; in this state it is called liquid glue.

Marine glue is a cement made by dissolving India rubber in oil of turpentine or coal-naphtha, to which an equal quantity of shellac is added.

Why does a Hot Dish Crack if We Put Ice Cream in It?

If we take a hot dish and put ice cream in it, it cracks because the dish when hot has expanded. All the tiny particles that make up the dish have absorbed some heat and have expanded. When the ice cream is put in the particles composing the inside of the dish are cooled off and begin to contract, while the outside particles have not cooled and they pull away from each other, causing the dish to crack.

Footnotes

[1] Illustrations by courtesy of the Lake Torpedo Boat Co., unless otherwise indicated.

[2] The following information and statistics by courtesy of The Panama Canal, Washington office.

[3] Illustrations by courtesy of the Columbia Graphophone Co.

[4] Illustrations by courtesy of the Hendee Manufacturing Co.

[5] Courtesy of the Waltham Watch Company, and “The American Boy.”

[6] Illustrations by courtesy of the Remington Arms-Union Metallic Cartridge Company, unless otherwise indicated.

[7] Illustrations by courtesy of Plymouth Cordage Co.

[8] Illustrations by courtesy of Colt’s Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Co.

[9] Illustrations by courtesy of Consolidated Fireworks Company of America.

[10] Illustrations by courtesy of Eastman Kodak Company.

[11] Illustrations by courtesy of R. Hoe & Co.

[12] Illustrations by courtesy of the A. I. Root Co.

[13] Illustrations by courtesy of the Hotpoint Electric Heating Co.

[14] Illustrations by the courtesy of the American Telephone and Telegraph Co.

[15] Illustrations by courtesy of the Otis Elevator Co.

[16] Illustrations by courtesy of the International Silver Co.

[17] Illustrations by courtesy of the McClure Co.

[18] Illustrations by courtesy of New York Edison Co., unless otherwise indicated.

[19] Illustrations by courtesy of The Curtis Publishing Co.

[20] Courtesy of George A. Hormel & Co.

[21] Courtesy of The Field, New York City.

[22] Courtesy of The Field, New York City.

[23] Courtesy of the California Redwood Association.

[24] Illustrations by courtesy of The Brunswick-Balke-Collender Co.

[25] Illustrations by courtesy of the American Pin Company.

[26] Illustrations by courtesy of the Common Sense Gum Co. Story by courtesy of the American Chicle Co. and the Common Sense Gum Co.

[27] Illustrations by courtesy of The Brunswick-Balke-Collender Co.

[28] Illustrations by courtesy of the Addressograph Co.

[29] Illustrations by courtesy of the Pyrene Manufacturing Co.

[30] Illustrations by courtesy of Gatchel & Manning.

[31] Courtesy of Mr. Charles L. Trout.

[32] Illustrations by courtesy of the Bethlehem Steel Co.

[33] Illustrations by courtesy of the Bethlehem Steel Co.

[34] Illustrations by courtesy of the Bethlehem Steel Co.

[35] Illustrations by courtesy of the Bethlehem Steel Co.

[36] Illustrations by courtesy of the Bethlehem Steel Co.

[37] Illustrations by courtesy of the Bethlehem Steel Co.

[38] Illustrations by courtesy of the Bethlehem Steel Co.

[39] Illustrations by courtesy of the Bethlehem Steel Co.

[40] Illustrations by courtesy of the Bethlehem Steel Co.

[41] Illustrations by courtesy of the Bethlehem Steel Co.

[42] Illustrations by courtesy of the Bethlehem Steel Co.

[43] Illustrations by courtesy of the Bethlehem Steel Co.

[44] Illustrations by courtesy of the Bethlehem Steel Co.

[45] Illustrations by courtesy of the Bethlehem Steel Co.

[46] Illustrations by courtesy of United Shoe Machinery Co.

[47] Courtesy of James Boyd & Bro., Inc.

[48] Courtesy of American LaFrance Fire Engine Co.

[49] Courtesy of American LaFrance Fire Engine Co.

[50] Courtesy of American LaFrance Fire Engine Co.

[51] Courtesy of American LaFrance Fire Engine Co.

[52] Illustrations by courtesy of American Cyanamid Company.

[53] Courtesy of The Strauss Bascule Bridge Co.

[54] Courtesy of The American Magazine.

[55] _Illustrations by courtesy of the Railway Age Gazette and Standard Steel Car Co._

[56] Illustrations by courtesy of Diamond Crystal Salt Co.

[57] Illustrations by courtesy of the General Motors Truck Co.

[58] Illustrations by courtesy of Jacobs & Davies, Engineers.

[59] Illustrations by courtesy of Ford Motor Co.

[60] Courtesy of the Pennsylvania Railroad Co.

[61] Courtesy of the Pennsylvania Railroad Co.

[62] Courtesy of the Pennsylvania Railroad Co.

[63] Courtesy of the Pennsylvania Railroad Co.

[64] Courtesy of the Pennsylvania Railroad Co.

[65] Courtesy of the Pennsylvania Railroad Co.

[66] Courtesy of the General Electric Co.

[67] Courtesy of the Westinghouse Co.

[68] Illustrations by courtesy of International Harvester Company of America, unless otherwise indicated.

[69] Illustrations by courtesy of the Nicholas Power Co.

[70] Illustrations by courtesy of Endicott, Johnson & Co.

[71] Courtesy of Mr. Charles L. Trout.

[72] Illustrations by courtesy of Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co.

Index

Abacus, 347
Acid, Nitric, 464
“Adam’s Apple,” 321
Adding Machines, 345
Addressograph, 364
Aerial Railway, 120
Aerials, 264
Aerial Trucks, 451
Aeroplane Bombs, 158
Aeroplanes, 505
Aestivation, 241
“After-damp,” 247
Agate, 49, 149
Agriculture, 461, 556
Air, Liquid, 461
Air Currents, 158, 231, 244, 263
Air-locks, 497
Air-mines, 390
Air-pressure, 411, 492
Airships, 505
Alcohol, 336, 478
Alloys, Gold, 448
“Almighty Dollar,” 355
Alternating Current, 363
Amazon, 98
“American Turtle,” 9
Amethysts, 149
Ammonia, 466
Ammunition, 75, 94, 158, 398
Animals, 51, 138, 146, 229, 241, 293, 297
Anthracite, 244
Anti-cyclones, 450
“A-1”, 136
Apaches, 147
Apartment-houses, First, 334
Apiaries, 183
Apples, 136
Aquarium, 378
Arack, 214
Arc Lamps, 577
Area of Oceans, 169
Armored Railway Car, 470
Armor-piercing Shells, 402
Armor Plate, 422, 435, 470, 478
Army Ambulances, 485
Arrows, 79
Artesian Wells, 96
Artificial Precious Stones, 361
Artillery, 386
Astronomical Observatory, 66
Atmospheric Conditions, Recording, 58
Atmospheric Nitrogen, 459
Atmospheric Pressure, 180
“Atmospherics,” 264
Atoms, 324
Austrian Guns, 388
Autographic Photography, 168
Automatic Bowling Pin Setters, 360
Automatic Machine Guns, 144, 391
Automatic Pistols, 143
Automatic Rakers, 565
Automatic Rifles, 89
Automobile Factory, 518
Automobile Guns, 145
Automobiles, 145, 223, 278, 290, 451, 481, 518, 557
Auxiliary Pumps, Fire, 455

Bacon, 300
Bacon, Roger, 83
Baggage Trucks, 545
Baking Clay under Water, 501
Balanced Rations, 298
Balance-wheels, 65
Balloons, Captive, 58, 515
Balloons, Fire, 157
Balloons, Military, 515
Balls, 309, 357
Bascule Bridges, 466
Battery Park, 378
Battle of Four Elements, 513
Battleship Aeroplanes, 506
Battleships, 22, 266, 480
Battleship Turrets, 425
Beaches, 149, 180
Bed Lasting Machines, 440
Beef, 297, 299, 458
Bees, 184
Beets, 464
“Before you can say Jack Robinson,” 119
Bell, Alexander Graham, 217
Belting, 118, 535
Benday Engravings, 382
Bending, Illusion, Stick in Water, 308
“Benedicts,” 149
Bicycles, 52
“Big Trees,” 304
Billiard Tables, 309
Binders, 562
Biplanes, 505
Birds, 303
Blackberries, White, 316
Blackfeet Indians, 148
Blast Furnaces, 417
Bleriot’s Monoplane, 509
Boats, Submarine, 9
Body Chute, Auto, 530
Bolters, Salt, 476
Bomb-dropping Device, 514
Bombs, 152
Boots, 436
Boots, Rubber, 111, 116
Boring Tool, 87
Bow and Arrow, 79
Bow-drill, 77
Bowling Alleys, 357
Box Kites, 59
“Breathing Bags,” 248
Breech-loaders, 85
Bridges, 467
Briquetting Machines, 249
Broadway, 274, 280, 308
Bud-grafting, 136
Buffing Machines, 444
Buildings, Large, 221, 234, 274, 280, 540
Bulbs, Rubber, 116
Bullets, 93
Bull-fights, 362
Burbank, Luther, 317
Bureau of Mines Rescue Crew, 247
Burnishing, Silverware, 260

Cabinet-making, 310
Cable, Hemp, 123
Cable, Wire, 132
Cactus, Spineless, 316
Caissons, 504
Calcium Carbide, 459
Calculating Machines, 345
Calendering, 109, 116
Calibers, Guns, 389
California, 49, 304, 332
“Calling-crabs,” 229
Cameras, 162
Canal Navigation, 39
“Canary-bird Test,” Mining, 250
Candles, 63
Cannel Coal, 251
Cannon, 386
Carats, 317
Carbide Furnaces, 460
Carbines, 87
Carbon Filament Lamps, 275
Carboniferous Strata, 247
Carburetors, 56
Carnelians, 149
Carrier Pigeons, 216
Cars, Armored Railway, 470
Cars, Freight, 545
Cars, Motor, 145, 223, 290, 451, 481, 518, 557
Cars, Pullman, 544
Cars, Sight-seeing, 482
Cars, Special Heavy Duty Freight, 424
Cars, Street, 215
Cartridges, 85, 94
Casting Gold Ingots, 449
Casting Machines, 414
Castings, 424, 531
Catenary Construction, 284
Cat’s-eye, 149
Cattle, 297, 458
Cattle Food, 298, 317
Cave Men, 75
Cellulose, 450
Cellulose Acetate, 168
Central Exchanges, Telephone, 218
Central Station, First Commercial, 273
Centrifugal Extractors, Honey, 190
Chafing Dishes, Electric, 210
Chain Rammers, 407
Channel Cementing Machines, 441
Chattering, Teeth, 182
Chemical Engines, 454
Chemical Fire Extinguishers, 375, 523
Chemicals, Photographic, 162
Chewing Gum, 337
Chicle, 337
Chimes, 260
Chimneys, 158
Chinese Firecrackers, 150
Chrome Leather, 582
Circuits, Telephone, 225
Citrus Fruits, 331
“Clam-shell Dredges,” 491
Clay, 247, 496
Clicking Machines, 438
Cliff Dwellings, 334
Clinking Glasses, 231
Clocks, 61, 344
Clothes, 252
Coal, 244, 543
Coast Defense Guns, 396
Cobbler Shop, 437
Cocoanuts, 132, 138, 214, 450
Cod, 216, 325
Coffee-machines, Electric, 207
Coining, 302, 449
Coir, 132
Coke, 251, 460
Cold Storage, 299, 466
Color-printing, 289, 382
Comb, Honey, 183, 197
Combination Engravings, 381
Combined Sweep Rake and Stacker, 567
Combustion, Spontaneous, 42
Combustion Engines, 12, 53
Compass, Gyro, 74
Compasses, 435
Composition Billiard Balls, 315
Compressed Air Construction, 492
Compressed Air Engines, 133
Conduits, 223
Conning Towers, 425
Continuous Core Ovens, 532
Conveyor Belts, 535
Conveyors, Spiral, 240
Cooking, 121
Cooking Appliances, 205
Co-operative Agriculturists, 333
Copper, 448, 450
Cordage, 121
Cork, 385
Corn Binders, 562
Cotton, 464
Counting, 345
Coursing, 377
“Court of Love,” 363
“Cowboys,” 374
“Cow-trees,” 383
Crabs, 138, 229
Cradles, 559
Cradle Springs, 55
Crane Neck Hand Fire Engine, 452
Cranes, Traveling, 536, 543
Crane way, 531
Crank-shafts, 435, 518, 535
Cravats, 270
Crops, 458, 556
Cross-bow, 82
Cross-section on Sixth Avenue at Thirty-third Street, New York, 503
Crowns, 384
Crude Rubber, 99
Cruisers, 478
Cucaracha Slide, 27
Cues, Billiard, 313
“Culebra Cut,” 25, 29
Culverins, 83
Curfew, 289
Curing, Fish, 329
Meat, 292, 300
Currying, 583
Cutlery, 333, 491
Cutting Shield Head, 495
Cyanamid, 458
Cyanide Gold Process, 448
Cyanometer, 199
Cyclones, 450
Cylinder Machining, 524
Cylinder Presses, 173
Cylindrical Valve Machines, 26

Daguerreotypes, 164
Dates, 97
“Davids,” 10
“Death Valley,” 315
Deep Sea Monster, 469
Deer-stalking, 82
Delivery Trucks, 481
Denatured Alcohol, 478
Desk ’Phones, 223
Detonators, 85
“Deutschland,” 14
“Deviation of the Compass,” 435
Diamond Boring Machines, 97
Diamond Cutting, 584
Diamonds, Artificial, 361
Dictograph, 262
Diesel Engines, 12, 252
Die-sinking, 285
“Difference Engine,” 348
Dipper Dredges, 491
Direct Current, 363
Dirigibles, 516
Diving Bells, 489
Diving Equipment, 411, 490
“Divining Rods,” 199
“Dog-days,” 310
“Dog-towns,” 42
“Dog-watch,” 317
Dollar Sign, 450
Double Octuple Press, 179
Drawbridges, 467
Dreams, 182
Dredges, 23, 27, 490
Dredging, Submarine, 15
Drills, Steam, 19
Drinking, 231
Driving Shields, 494
Drop Forging, 419
Dry Docks, 159
“Dry Farming,” 372
Drying Machines, 372
Ducking Stools, 379
Ducks, 180
Ductility of Metals, 448, 450
Dumbwaiters, 237
Dumping Trucks, 486
Dynamo Room of First Edison Station, 276
Dynamos, 262, 274

Earth, 181, 379
“Earth-shine,” 356
Echoes, 574
Eclipses, 181
Edge Trimming Machines, 443
Efficiency Systems, 518
Electric Baggage Trucks, 545
Control Boards, 519
Delivery Wagons, 278
Eels, 472
Locomotives, 22, 24, 541
Magnets, 589
Sewing Machines, 279
Train Chart and Switch Control, 283
Transmission, 261
Electricity, Domestic Utensils, 200
Progress, 273
Electrification of Railroads, 284, 541
Electrode Regulators, 460
Electro-magnetic Waves, 263
Electro-plating, 257
Elevating Gears, Gun, 402
Elevators, 232
Emblem of Scotland, 593
Engines, Combustion, 12, 53
Compressed Air, 133
Diesel, 12, 252
Electric Railroad, 541
Fire, 451
Gasoline-electric, 214
Gas-steam, 518
Kerosene, 556
Steam Railroad, 541
English Guns, 398
Engraving, 380
Ensilage, 271
Ermine, 356
Escapements, 68
Exchanges, Telephone, 218
Explosions, 37, 231, 244, 333
Eyes, Impressions of Vision, 162
Eyeleting Machines, 438

Factory Hospitals, 521
Farming, 458, 556
Fast Express Trains, 541
Federal Government, Coal Lands, 251
Felspar, 539
“Fenian Ram,” 10
Ferris Wheel, 342
Fertilizers, 298, 458, 572
Fiber, Manila, 132
“Fiddler-crabs,” 229
Field Guns, 386
Field Ring Forgings, 425
“Fighting Fish,” 199
Figs, 198
Files, 138
Films, 162, 537, 578
Filters, Salt, 474
Finger-prints, 74
Finishing Shafts, 443
Fire Apparatus, 451, 523, 542
Fire-arms, 75, 139, 386
Fire-damp, 244
Fire Extinguishers, 375, 523
Fireflies, 161
Fire-making, Early, 121
Fireworks, 150
Firing Gears, 405
Fish, 99, 216, 325, 333, 377, 384, 468
Fixation of Nitrogen from the Air, 458
Flash Pans, 83
Flax, 132
Flight of Projectiles, 398
Flint, 149
Flint-lock, 84
Floating Docks, 159
Floating Islands, 504
Flowers, 317
Fluid Compression, 401
Flying, Birds, 303
“Flying Dutchman,” 180
Flying Machines, 505
Focus, Eye and Camera, 162
Fog Horns, 60
Folding Machines, 175, 288
Food, Cooking, 121
Food Crops, 458, 556
Foreign Exchange, 356
Forestry, 268
Forging Press, 418
Forgings, Quenching, 532
Forks, 254
“Forlorn Hope,” 306
“Fossil Forests,” 50
Foundry Methods, 531
Freckles, 412
Free Electric Current, 278
Freezing Points, 336
French Guns, 390
Fresco Painting, 336
Front Axles, Auto, 527
Front-drive Motor Trucks, 457
Fruits, 317, 331
Fuel Economy, 244
“Fundamental Development Plans,” 222
“Funditor,” 77
Fur, 356
Furnaces, Carbide, 460
Furnaces, Steel, 416, 534
Fuses, 405

Gaillard Cut, 25, 29
Galileo’s Swinging Chandelier, 63
Gamboa Dike, 37
Game Preserves, 270
Gas, Coal, 244
Gas Meters, 270
Gas, Nitrogen, 460
Gasoline-electric Cars, 215
Gas-steam Engines, 518
Gatling-guns, 145, 391, 470
Gatun Locks, 24, 31-2
Gear Wheels, 408
Gelatine Films, 152
Generators, 262, 465
German Guns, 398
“Get the Sack,” 169
Geysers, 41
Glacier National Park, 324
Glaciers, 322
Glass, 231, 450
“Glass Snakes,” 583
Glowworms, 161
Gold, 303, 317, 377, 448
Goldfish, 377
Gold Leaf, 377
“Goodyear Welt,” 437, 447
Grab-buckets, 245
Grade Crossing Elimination, 504
Grafting, Bud, 136
Grain Binders, 569
Grain Drills, 572
Granite, 540
Graphophones, 43
Graphotypes, 368
Gravity Conveyors, 240
“Great White Way,” 274
Greek-fire, 83, 377
Greyhound, 377
Grills, Electric, 209
Grinding Crank Shafts, 518
Groundnuts, 241
Guard Gates, 31-2
Gun-carriages, 141, 386
Gunpowder, 83
Guns, 75, 139, 386
Gyroscopes, 72

Halftone Engravings, 380
Ham, 292
Hammers, Steam, 533
Hand Bombards, 83
Hand Presses, Printing, 172
Hand-shaking, 308
Harvesting, 557
Hay Loaders, 568
Header Binders, 566
Hearth Furnaces, 416
Heat, 315
Heating Element, Electric, 208
Heating Pads, Electric, 211
Heat-treatment, 532
Heel-seat Rounding Machines, 443
Helmets, Diving, 41
Oxygen, 248
Hemp, 130
Henequen, 130
Hibernation, 241
Hides, 580
High Tension Currents, 262
Highlight Engravings, 382
Hives, Bee, 186
“Hob-nobbing,” 231
“Hobson’s Choice,” 169
Hogs, 293
“Holland” Under-sea Boats, 10
Honey, 183
Hopper Dredgers, 490
Hoppers, Coal, 246
Horizon, 121
Horse-drawn Fire Engines, 453
Horseshoe Curve, 547
Hose, 117
Reels, 456
Trucks, 451
Hour Glasses, 63
Household Appliances, 200, 556
How a Newspaper is Printed, 172
How are Artificial Precious Stones made? 361
Cannon made? 386
Chewing Gum tablets coated? 342
Cocoanuts Used to Help our Warships? 450
Composition bowling balls made? 360
Diamonds cut? 584
“Electric Eels” Caught? 472
Explosions guarded against in mines? 244
Files made? 138
Fireflies used as dress ornaments? 161
Fireworks made? 150
Glaciers Formed? 324
Harbors Dredged Out? 491
Magazines made? 286
Oranges Packed? 331
Rifles made? 75
Sand-dunes formed? 180
Sausages made? 301
Vessels handled while going through the Panama Canal? 39
Watches made? 61
we able to hear through Speaking Tubes? 308
we taking care of our forests now? 267
How big do Redwood Trees grow? 304
How big is the Largest Adding Machine in the world? 354
How can a factory make two Automobiles a minute? 518
How can we hear through the Walls of a Room? 251
How can we send Messages through the Air? 263
How can we travel in trains under water? 492
How cold is 372° below zero? 461
How could a large hole in a tunnel under water be repaired? 501
How deep is the deepest part of the Ocean? 169
How did Chemical Fire Extinguishers develop? 375
Men learn to count? 345
Men learn to eat pork? 292
Nodding the head up and down come to mean “yes”? 149
the cooking of food originate? 121
the Dollar Sign originate? 450
the expression “A-1” originate? 136
the expression “Before you can say Jack Robinson” originate? 119
the expression “Forlorn Hope” originate? 306
the fashion of wearing Cravats commence? 270
the Greyhound get his name? 377
the ringing of the Curfew originate? 289
the term “Cowboys” originate? 374
the term “Yankee” originate? 171
the wearing of crowns originate? 384
we learn to tell time? 61
your State get its Name? 243
How do bees make honey? 183
big buildings get their Granite? 539
Calculating Machines calculate? 345
“Carrier Pigeons” Carry Messages? 216
Chimes strike the Hour? 260
Elevators operate? 232
Fishes Swim? 384
Moving Pictures get on the Screen? 575
Peanuts get in the Ground? 241
Shoe Machines operate? 436
the Indians Live now? 146
they make Chewing Gum? 337
we know that the Earth is Round? 379
How does a Bird Fly? 303
a Camera take a Picture? 162
a Gasoline Motor run an Electric Street Car? 214
a Lifting Magnet lift? 589
a “Master Clock” control others by electricity? 344
a Monorail Gyroscope Railway operate? 72
a Siren Fog Horn Blow? 60
a Talking Machine talk? 43
an Artesian Well keep up its supply of Water? 96
Electricity help the Housewife? 200
Telephone Development in this country compare with that abroad? 222
the Addressograph operate? 364
the Beach get its Sand? 149
the Gas Meter measure your Gas? 270
the New York Stock Exchange operate? 374
the Poisonous Tarantula live? 146
How far away is the Sky-line? 121
How far can a powerful Searchlight send its Rays? 229
How has Electricity advanced? 273
How has man helped nature give us Apples? 136
How has the Motor Truck developed? 481
How is a Five Dollar Gold Piece made? 303, 449
a Newspaper printed? 172
a Paper of Pins filled? 321
a Pool Table made? 309
a Razor Blade made? 491
a Teaspoon Silver-plated? 253
Die-sinking done? 285
Electricity brought into a House? 262
Food taken from the air by Electricity? 458
Fresco Painting done? 336
Gold Leaf made? 377
Leather tanned? 580
Lime Juice used in Curing Rubber? 110
Photo-engraving done? 380
Pine Tar made? 129, 134
Rope made? 121
the exact color of the Sky determined? 199
the Weather Man able to predict tomorrow’s Weather? 58
Howitzers, 388
How large are Molecules? 324
How long does it take “Hello” to reach ’Frisco from New York on the
Transcontinental Line? 226
How many Post Offices are there in the U. S.? 218
How much Gold in a 14-carat Ring? 317
How much is a Duodecillion? 354
How much Salt do we each use a year? 478
How much silver is there in “Sterling” ware? 260
How the Self-loading Pistol developed, 139
How was Vulcanizing discovered? 105, 115
How were Motorcycles first made? 52
Hudson River Tubes, 493
Hunger, 588
Hunting, 75
Hybridization, 317
Hydraulic Compressors, 401
Forging Presses, 418
Jacks, 497
Swinging Arms, 494
Hydroaeroplanes, 507
Hydroelectric Station, 20
“Hypo,” 163

Ice, 322
Illumination, Electric, 273
Immersion Heaters, Electric, 211
Imperfections in Diamonds, 586
Incandescent Lamps, 275
Indians, 146, 336
Inner-tubes, 117
Inseam Trimming Machines, 440
Insole Tacking Machines, 437
Installing Motors, Auto, 528
Instruments, Range-finding, 403
Insulated Wire, 118
Interior Transverse Fissures, 344
Iron, 413
Irons, Electric, 200
Isinglass, 216
Istle, 132
Italian Guns, 389
Ivory, 314

Jaggery, 214
Jasper, 49, 149
“Jeweler’s Gold,” 448
Jewels, Synthetic, 361

Kerosene Engines, 556
Tractors, 561
“Kick the Bucket,” 171
“King can do no wrong,” 466
Knives, Table, 260, 333
Krupp Guns, 398

Lacing Machines, 438
Ladder Dredges, 23, 27, 490
Ladders, Fire, 451
“Lake” Submarines, 9
Land-crabs, 138
Lard, 301
Latten Spoons, 254
League Island Navy Yard, 160
Leather, 580
Lemons, 331
Lifting Magnets, 589
Lightning Bugs, 161
Lights, Electric, 273
Lignite, 251
Lilies, Violet-odored, 317
Limit Switches, 26
Line Engravings, 381
Liquid Air Plant, 461
“Liquid Fire,” 377
Listing Machines, 350
Lizards, 583
Llama, 99
Loading Platforms, 531
Lobsters, 384
Lock Gate Operating Machinery, 34
Locomotive Building, 543
Locomotives, 22, 24, 541
Long-bow, 80
Loose Nailing Machines, 443
Low Tension Currents, 262
Lumbering, 306
“Lump in the Throat,” 308
“Lynching,” 355

Machine Guns, 142, 391, 470
Magazines, 286
Magnets, 589
Mailing System, Magazines, 289
Manila Fiber, 132
Manure Spreaders, 572
Map, Tree-planting Regions of U. S., 269
Marsh-gas, 244
Masonic Signs, 262
“Master Clocks,” 344
Matchlock, 83
Matrix-drying Machines, 179
“Measurer of Blue,” 199
Meat, 292, 299
Mechanical Starter, Auto, 529
Megaphones, 308
Merchant Submarine Liners, 14
Mercury, 336
Mer de Glace, 322
Meters, Gas, 270
Mica, 203
Micrometric Regulators, 67
Military Air Tractors, 506
Milk, 383
Mine-planting Submarines, 11
“Mineralite” Balls, 360
Mining, Coal, 244
Mining, Gold, 448
Mining, Iron, 413
Mint, 302
Mobilization, 228
Molds, Steel, 431, 531
Molecules, 324
Monoplanes, 509
Monorail Railways, 73, 520
Moon, 181, 356
Mortars, 397
“Mother of Pearl,” 385
Motion Pictures, Assembling Films, 537
Projecting, 575
Taking, 536
Motor Assembling, Auto, 525
Motorcycles, 52
Motor Delivery Vans, 58
Fire Apparatus, 451
“Motor-paced Tandems,” 55
Motors, Electric, 262
Gasoline-Electric, 215
Motor Trucks, 223, 451, 481, 557
Mountain Guns, 390
Mt. Rainier, 323
Mt. Weather, 60
Moving-stairways, 238
Mowing Machines, 561
Multiple Switchboards, Telephone, 220
Muskets, 88
Muzzle-energy, Giant Guns, 398

Nailing Machines, 441
Names of States, 243
“Napier’s Rod,” 348
“Nautilus,” 10, 491
Naval Guns, 387
Navy Yards, 161
Neckties, 270
Negatives, 163
Nets, Fish, 328
Newspapers, 121, 172, 282
New York Sky-line, 493
New Zealand Flax, 132
Niagara Falls, 463
“Nine-pins,” 357
Nitrate of Soda, 459
Nitric Acid, 464
Nitrogen, 458
Nitrogen Fixation Ovens, 462
“No,” 149
Nuts, Cocoanuts, 214

Oats, 569
Observation Balloons, 515
Oceans, 169
Oil, Cod-liver, 216
Oil Cushion Buffers, 235
“Old Moon in the New Moon’s Arms,” 356
On-tempering, 420
Onyx, 149
Opals, 49, 149
Open-hearth Furnaces, 416
Oranges, 332
Ordnance, 386
Outsole Rapid Lockstitch Machines, 446
Ovens, Continuous Core, 532
Drying Painted Cars, 547
Electric, 210
Overhead Monorail Systems, 520
Oxygen Reviving Apparatus, 248
Oyster Dredging Apparatus, 16

Painting, Fresco, 336
Palms, 97, 214
Panama Canal, 17
Panama City, 35
Panama-Pacific Exposition, 230
Patent Leather, 583
Peanuts, 242
Pearl Fishing Equipment, 16
Pearls, 385
Imitation, 361
“Pebble Board,” 345
Pedro Miguel Locks, 22
Penetrating Powers of Projectiles, 398
Pennsylvania Station, 546
Percolators, Electric, 206
Percussion Fuses, 405
Periscopes, 13
Petrified Forests, 50
Phantom Circuits, 225
Philippine Carts, 131
Photo-engraving, 380
Photography, 162, 536
Pigeons, 216
Pig Iron, 429
Pigs, 293
Pike’s Peak, 557
Pine Tar, 129, 134
Pins, 318
Pirates, 150
Pistols, 139
Piston Machining, 522
Plants, 317
Plating, Electro, 257
“Plumcot,” 317
Pole Lathes, 87
Poles, Telephone, 222
Pool, 309
Pork, 292
Potato-diggers, 242
Power House, Niagara Falls, 465
Power Stations, 278, 519
Prairie Dogs, 42
Predictors, Range, 403
Printing, Color, 289
Printing-presses, 172, 282, 286
Projectile Forging, 419
Projectiles, 158, 398
Projecting Machines, 576
Proving Grounds, 399
Prunes, Stoneless, 317
Pulling-over Machines, 439
Pullman Cars, 544
Pyro, 163
Pyrometers, 534
Pyrotechnics, 150

Quarry, 540
Quenching Steel Forgings, 532

Radio Telephone and Telegraph, 263
Railroads, 344, 424, 470, 492, 541
Rails, Steel, 343
Railways, Aerial, 120
Monorail, 73, 520
Rakes, 567
Rammers, Gun, 407
Range Finders, 403
Ranges, Electric, 213
Rapid-fire Guns, 144, 391, 470
Rasps, 138
Razor Blades, 491
Reapers, 562
Reaping Hooks, 557
Rear Axle Assembling, Auto, 523
Record Making, Graphophone, 44, 47
Redwood, 272, 305
Refraction, 308
Refrigerating Machinery, 296
Return Chutes, Bowling Ball, 357
Revolvers, 139
Rifles, 75
Rock-boring, 97
Rock-crystal, 49, 149, 539
Rockets, 151
Rock Salt, 474
Roentgen Rays, 169
Rolling Bridges, 466
Roman Candles, 156
Rope, 121
Rounding and Channeling Machines, 444
Rubber, 98

Safe Deposit Vaults, 428
Safety Crew, Mines, 248
Salt, 473
Salt Fish, 330
Sand, 149, 180, 247
Sand-dunes, 180
Sandwiches, 119
Sausages, 292
Scythes, 558
Searchlight Projectiles, 158
Searchlights, 229
Self-binding Harvesters, 568
Semi-submersible Wrecking Apparatus, 16
Set Pieces, Pyrotechnic, 154
Sewing Machines, 279
Shaking Hands, 308
Sheep-growing, 252
Sheffield Plate, 256
Shells, 409
“Shibboleth,” 588
Shoes, 436
Shoes, Rubber, 115
Shoe Treeing Machines, 446
Shot-guns, 92
“Showing the White Feather,” 231
Shutters, Motion Picture Machine, 578
“Side-cars,” 56
Siege-howitzers, 388
Sight-seeing Cars, 482
Silhouettes, 163
Silica, 149
Silos, 271
Silver Plating, 253
Sinking of the “Bluecher,” 479
Siren Horns, 60
Sisal, 130
Skins, 580
Skiving Machines, 437
Sky, 180, 199
Sky-line, 121
Sky-rockets, 150
Slaughter-houses, 295
Sling-shot, 78
Smiling, 412
Smoking, Meat, 292
Snakes, “Glass,” 583
Soap, 298
Sole Laying Machines, 441
Sole Leather, 580
Sole Leveling Machines, 441
Soroban, 345
Sound, 47, 251, 333, 574
Speaking Tubes, 308
Spiders, 51, 146
Spineless Cactus, 317
Spinning, Hemp, 124
Spiral Chutes, 240
Spontaneous Combustion, 42
Spoons, 253
Sprinkler Systems, 523
Stabilizers, 74
Stamping Machines, 444
“Standard Gold,” 448
“Standard Yard,” 61
States, 243
Stations, Railroad, 546
Statue of Liberty, 378
Steam Drills, 19
Dynamos, 275
Fire Engines, 452
Hammers, 533
Harvesters, 560
Shovels, 28, 30, 38
Velocipedes, 52
Steel, 333, 343, 413, 470, 491, 532
“Sterling,” 260
Sting, Bee, 187
Stitch and Upper Cleaning Machines, 445
Stitch Separating Machines, 443
Stoat, 356
Stock Exchanges, 373
Stockyards, 297
Stoneless Prunes, 317
Story in a Billiard Table, 309
Bowling Alley, 357
Box of California Oranges, 331
Chemical Fire Extinguisher, 375
Giant Cannon, 386
Honey-comb, 183
Pin, 318
Rifle, 75
Sausage, 292
Silver Teaspoon, 253
Watch, 61
Story in Diamond-cutting, 584
Elevators and Escalators, 232
Firecrackers and Sky-rockets, 150
Photo-engraving, 380
Story in the making of a Pair of Shoes, 436
making of a Magazine, 286
making of a Picture, 162
Modern Lifting Magnet, 589
Printing of a Newspaper, 172
Talking Machine, 43
Telephone, 217
Story of a Deep Sea Monster, 468
a Piece of Chewing Gum, 337
America’s First Horseless Carriage, 290
an Automobile Factory, 518
an Up-to-date Farm, 556
Coal Mining, 244
Electricity in the Home, 200
Leather, 580
Rope, 121
Rubber, 98
Salt, 473
Self-loading Pistols, 139
the Addressograph, 364
the Advance of Electricity, 273
the Big Redwood Trees, 304
the Building of a Silo, 271
the Calculating Machine, 345
the Growth of the Motor Truck, 481
the Motion Picture-Projecting Machine, 575
the Motorcycle, 52
the Panama Canal, 17
the Submarine, 9
the Taking of Food from the Air, 458
the Tunnels Under the Hudson River, 492
the Wireless Telegraph, 263
Stoves, Electric, 208
Straightening Crank Shafts, 533
Street Cars, Gasoline, Electric, 215
Submarines, 9
Subway Construction, 283
Suction Dredges, 23, 27
Sugar Beets, 464
Sugar Cane, 459
Sugar-coating Machines, 338
Sulphuric Ether, 336
Sun, 181
Sun Dials, 61
Swine, 293
Swing Bridges, 466
Switchboards, 519
Synthetic Precious Stones, 361

Table Appliances, 205
Table-ware, 253, 333
Tack-pulling and Resetting Machines, 440
Taking Food from the Air, 458
Talking Machines, 43
Tanning, 580
Tar, Pine, 129, 134
Tarantulas, 146
Tawing, 583
Teeth, Chattering, 182
Telegraph, Wireless, 263
Telephone, 217
Telephone, Wireless, 226
Temperature, 315
Temperature Regulation, Foundry Furnaces, 534
Tension Spokes, 342
Third Rails, 283
Thistle, 593
Threshers, 560
Throat, 308
Time, 61
“Times Square,” 274
Tip-punching Machines, 439
Tires, Automobile, 117
“Tirth’s Stainless Steel,” 333
Toasters, Electric, 205
Tobacco, 458
Torpedo Guns, 404
Torpedoes, Gyroscope Equipment, 74
Torpedoes, Toys, 153
Tortoises, 171
Totem Poles, 149
“Touching Glasses,” 231
Towline, 126
Traction Elevators, 233
Tractors, Kerosene, 561
Train Chart, 283
Trains, 541
Trans-Atlantic Submarine Navigation, 14
Transcontinental Line, 225
Transmission, Electric, 261, 363
Transmission Covers, Auto, 526
Traveling Belt Conveyors, 535
Traveling Cranes, 536
Trawls, 327
Trees, Apple, 136
Buried, 247
Cocoanut, 214
Cow, 383
Date, 97
Fig, 198
Forestry, 267
Petrified, 49
Redwood, 304
Rubber, 108
Trench Artillery, 390
Tri-cars, 55
Trinity Church, 308
Trucks, Electric, 278
Electric Baggage, 545
Fire, 451
Motor, 223, 451, 481, 557
“Tune the old cow died of,” 539
Tunneling Shields, 494
Tunnels, 492, 520
Turbine Generators, 465
Turrets, 426
Twine Binders, 570
Twin Edge Setting Machines, 445
Type, 172

Under-water Boats, 9
Under-water Construction, 492
U. S. Battleship “Arizona,” also “Nevada” and “Oklahoma” Type, 266
U. S. Battleship “Mississippi,” 160
U. S. Battleship “Ohio,” 22
U. S. Guns, 386
U. S. Mint, Philadelphia, 449
Upper-trimming Machines, 439

Vacuum Cleaners, Electric, 212
Vacuum Dryers, 107, 112
Vamp Creasing Machines, 446
Vanadium Steel, 533
Vats, Tanning, 581
Vaults, 427
Ventilating Systems, 221, 247, 298, 520
Vessels, Fishing, 325
Veterinarians, Government, 298
Vulcanizing, 105, 115

Wall Street, 307
Washington Union Station, 546
Watches, 61
Watches, Nautical, 317
Water, 308, 333, 336, 411
Water Bottles, 118
Water Clocks, 63
“Water-finders,” 199
Water Fireworks, 158
Water-power, 461
Waterproofing, 106
Water-towers, 457
Weather Bureau, 58
Weight of Projectiles, 398
Wells, 96, 199
Wells, Salt, 473
Welt and Turn Machines, 445
Welt Lasting Machines, 440
Wetterhorn Mountain, 120
What Animals are the best Architects? 51
What are Cyclones? 450
Dreams? 182
Dry Docks like? 159
“Fighting Fish”? 199
Petrified Forests? 49
White Blackberries like? 317
What causes a Lump in a Person’s Throat? 308
an Echo? 574
Floating Islands? 504
What do we mean by an “Eclipse”? 181
“Deviation of the Compass”? 435
“Hobson’s Choice”? 169
the “Flying Dutchman”? 180
“The Old Moon in the New Moon’s Arms”? 356
What does the biggest Fish ever caught look like? 468
expression “Showing the White Feather” come from? 231
Sheep-Grower get for the wool in a Suit of Clothes? 252
What Family has over 9,000,000 members? 216
What happens when Animals Hibernate? 241
What is a Deep Sea Diver’s Dress like? 411
Dictagraph? 262
Diesel Engine like? 252
Diving Bell? 489
“Divining Rod”? 199
Drawbridge like Today? 466
“Drying Machine” like? 372
Game Preserve? 270
Geyser? 40
“Glass Snake”? 583
Mexican Bull-fight like? 363
Silo? 271
What is an Aerial Railway like? 120
Armored Railway Car like? 370
“Electric Eel”? 472
Electro-magnet? 317
up-to-date Farm like? 556
What is Cork? 385
“Dry Farming”? 372
Forestry Work, 267
Rubber? 98
Spontaneous Combustion? 42
“Standard Gold”? 448
What is the difference between a Cruiser and a Battleship? 478
difference between “Alternating” and “Direct” Current? 363
Greatest Discovery of the last twenty-five years? 458
Hottest place in the U. S.? 315
Natural Color of Goldfish? 377
principle of “Foreign Exchange”? 356
What kind of a Crab Climbs Trees? 138
Dogs are Prairie Dogs? 42
Steel Knives do not Stain or Rust? 333
What makes a Chimney Smoke? 158
a Stick seem to Bend in Water? 308
our Teeth Chatter? 182
What Metals can be Drawn into Wire best? 450
What Progress has been made toward Universal Service since the opening
of the Transcontinental Telephone Line? 226
What started the habit of Touching Glasses before drinking? 231
What was the “Court of Love”? 363
the origin of Masonic Signs? 262
What were “Ducking Stools”? 379
Hour Glasses originally used for? 63
the First Apartment Houses in this country? 336
When does a Tortoise move quickly? 171
When is Exchange at Par? 356
When was “Liquid Fire” first used in Warfare? 377
New York the Capital of this Country? 379
Where are Fireflies used for Domestic Lighting? 161
Milk-pails filled from Trees? 383
Where did the Ferris Wheel get its name? 342
Where do Dates come from? 97
Figs come from? 199
Pearls come from? 385
Where does Ermine come from? 356
Rubber come from? 98
White Blackberries, 316
“White Elephant,” 435
Who discovered Rubber? 98
the Slide Rule Principle? 348
Who invented Arms and Ammunition? 76
Who made the first American Automobile? 290
the first practical Talking Machine? 43
Why are Finger-prints used for Identification? 74
Why are they called “Newspapers”? 121
Why are Windows broken by Explosions? 231
Why do Lobsters Change Colors? 384
some of us have Freckles? 412
Why do they call it “Shibboleth”? 588
call them “Fiddler-crabs”? 229
have a Dog-watch on Shipboard? 317
say “The King can do no Wrong”? 466
Why do we always shake Hands with our Right Hand? 308
Why do we call a Man “A Benedict” when he Marries? 149
Why do we call it “Denatured Alcohol”? 478
“Hob-Nobbing”? 231
the “Adam’s Apple”? 321
the “Almighty Dollar”? 355
Why do we call them “Artesian Wells”? 96
“Cravats”? 270
“Dog-days”? 301
“Sandwiches”? 119
“X-Rays”? 169
Why do we call 32° above Zero “Freezing”? 336
Why do we Count in Tens? 345
Why do we Dream? 182
get Hungry? 588
say “a White Elephant”? 435
say “Get the Sack”? 169
say “Kick the Bucket”? 171
say “the Tune that the Old Cow Died of”? 539
Smile when we are Pleased? 412
Why does a Duck’s Back shed Water? 180
Why does a Lightning Bug light her Light? 161
rope cling together? 136
shaking the head mean “No”? 149
Why doesn’t the sky ever Fall Down? 180
Why is it called “Battery Park”? 379
“Death Valley”? 315
“Lynching”? 355
Why is it necessary to keep unusually quiet when fishing? 333
Why is the Thistle the Emblem of Scotland? 593
Why is there always a soft spot in a cocoanut shell? 214
Why is “Wall Street” known round the World? 308
Why were rubber trees called “Siphonia”? 108
Windows, 231
Wire, 118, 132
Wire-drawing, 450
Wireless Telephone and Telegraph, 263
Wire Stitching Machines, Magazines, 287
Wood, Apple, 136
Cocoanut, 214
Redwood, 272, 304
Wool, 252
Woolworth Building, 234
Wrapper, Leaf Tobacco, 458
Wrecking Apparatus, 16

“X”-Rays, 169
X-Ray View of a New York Street Crossing, 503
X-Ray View of Underground Tunnel Construction, 502

“Yankee,” 171
Yard Measure, 61
“Yes,” 149

“Zeppelins,” 511

Acknowledgment

The Editor wishes to express his gratitude and appreciation to the following, to whom he is indebted for much valuable assistance in the form of illustrations and special information:

ADDRESSOGRAPH CO.
“THE AMERICAN BOY.”
AMERICAN CHICLE CO.
AMERICAN CYANAMID CO.
AMERICAN LAFRANCE FIRE ENGINE CO.
AMERICAN LOCOMOTIVE CO.
“AMERICAN MAGAZINE.”
AMERICAN PIN CO.
AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH CO.
ARMOUR & CO.
BALDWIN LOCOMOTIVE WORKS.
“BALTIMORE AMERICAN.”
BETHLEHEM STEEL CO.
JAMES BOYD & BROTHER, INC.
BRUNSWICK-BALKE-COLLENDER CO.
BURROUGHS ADDING MACHINE CO.
CALIFORNIA FRUIT GROWERS’ EXCHANGE.
CALIFORNIA REDWOOD ASSOCIATION.
CHESAPEAKE AND POTOMAC TELEPHONE CO.
COLT’S PATENT FIRE ARMS MANUFACTURING CO.
COLUMBIA GRAPHOPHONE CO.
COLUMBIAN ROPE CO.
COMMON SENSE GUM CO.
CONSOLIDATED FIRE WORKS COMPANY OF AMERICA.
CURTIS AEROPLANE CO.
CURTIS PUBLISHING CO.
CUTLER-HAMMER MANUFACTURING CO.
DIAMOND CRYSTAL SALT CO.
G. M. DODGE CO.
EASTMAN KODAK CO.
ENDICOTT, JOHNSON & CO.
“THE FIELD.”
“FIRE AND WATER ENGINEERING.”
FORD MOTOR CO.
GATCHEL & MANNING.
GENERAL ELECTRIC CO.
GENERAL MOTORS TRUCK CO.
GLOUCESTER (MASS.) BOARD OF TRADE.
B. F. GOODRICH CO.
HAYNES AUTO CO.
HENDEE MANUFACTURING CO.
R. HOE & CO.
GEORGE A. HORMEL & CO.
HOTPOINT ELECTRIC HEATING CO.
HUDSON AND MANHATTAN RAILROAD CO.
INDIANA STEEL CO.
INGERSOLL-RAND CO.
INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA.
INTERNATIONAL SILVER CO.
JACOBS & DAVIES, ENGINEERS.
LAKE TORPEDO BOAT CO.
MCCLURE CO.
MERGANTHALER LINOTYPE CO.
MONROE CALCULATING MACHINE CO.
NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD CO.
NEW YORK EDISON CO.
NIAGARA FALLS POWER CO.
OTIS ELEVATOR CO.
THE PANAMA CANAL, WASHINGTON OFFICE.
PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD CO.
THE PHILADELPHIA MUSEUMS.
PLYMOUTH CORDAGE CO.
NICHOLAS POWER CO.
PYRENE MANUFACTURING CO.
“RAILWAY AGE GAZETTE.”
MR. GEORGE A. READING.
REMINGTON ARMS-UNION METALLIC CARTRIDGE CO.
A. I. ROOT CO.
“SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.”
“SCRIBNER’S MAGAZINE.”
STANDARD STEEL CAR CO.
CAPT. CHARLES H. THOMPSON.
MR. CHARLES L. TROUT.
MR. HAROLD L. TUERS.
UNITED SHOE MACHINERY CO.
UNITED STATES RUBBER CO.
WALTHAM WATCH CO.
WESTINGHOUSE CO.
WINCHESTER REPEATING ARMS CO.
WILCOX & HARVEY MFG. CO.
“WINSTON’S CUMULATIVE ENCYCLOPEDIA.”

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| TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES |
| |
| This e-book uses the text of the original printed work, including |
| all inconsistencies in spelling, capitalisation, lay-out, |
| hyphenation, etc. Examples are can not, cannot; æstivation, |
| Aestivation; ax, axe; Buenos Aires, Ayres; Hong Kong, Hongkong; |
| saltpeter, saltpetre, etc. The spelling of non-English words (Abbe,|
| Lumiere, Cinematograph) has not been corrected. |
| |
| Remarks on the text: |
| Page 17: Bremenhaven is possibly a typographical error for |
| Bremerhaven. |
| Page 172: Blaew is more commonly spelled Blaeu. |
| Page 317: The accompanying illustrations: there is only one |
| illustration on white blackberries. |
| Page 321: as shown in the illustrations: there is only one |
| illustration with pin sizes. |
| Page 394: reference to A in illustration: this is invisible in the |
| original work. |
| Page 450: the original work uses the $ sign with two vertical |
| strokes, which is not supported in many fonts, and has therefore |
| been replaced with the symbol with the single stroke. |
| Page 505-517: The table of contents calls this chapter Pictorial |
| Story of the Airship; the page headings are Views of Airships or |
| Views of Air Ships. The former has been used as chapter title for |
| this e-book. |
| Page 561: reference to illustration of roughly reconstructed Gallic|
| reaper: this illustration is not present in the original work. |
| |
| Changes made to the text: |
| Chapter headings have been inserted for the Pictorial Stories |
| (Fishing Industry, Steel Industry, Fire Apparatus, Airship, |
| Railroad Scenes from Shop and Road) to replace the page headers |
| used in the original work. |
| Footnotes have been moved to the end of text. |
| Some obvious minor typographical errors and punctuation errors have|
| been corrected silently. |
| Page 14: become changed to became |
| Page 40: simple changed to simply; there about changed to there are|
| about |
| Page 45: to-day changed to today as elsewhere |
| Page 74: finger prints changed to finger-prints as elsewhere |
| Page 108: become hard changed to became hard |
| Page 149: snaking changed to shaking |
| Page 150: flintlock changed to flint-lock as elsewhere |
| Page 185: counter his changed to counter, his |
| Page 207: percolater changed to percolator as elsewhere |
| Page 224: Aboard changed to Abroad |
| Page 324: lormed changed to formed |
| Page 357: footnote anchor [27] added |
| Page 411: eyeholes changed to eye-holes as elsewhere |
| Page 415: uneffected changed to unaffected |
| Page 421: counter-weights changed to counterweights as elsewhere |
| Page 504: cropped changed to dropped |
| Page 518: sky-scraper changed to skyscraper as elsewhere |
| Page 601: Oynx changed to Onyx (and moved to proper place) |
| Index: several entries moved to proper alphabetical order. |
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