Chapter XVII: Part 17

A deluge, quite of modern date, conveys a tolerably exact idea of this kind of phenomena. We recall the circumstances the better to comprehend the true nature of the ravages the deluge inflicted upon some Asiatic countries in the Quaternary period. At six days’ journey from the city of Mexico there existed, in 1759, a fertile and well-cultivated district, where grew abundance of rice, maize, and bananas. In the month of June frightful earthquakes shook the ground, and were continued unceasingly for two whole months. On the night of the 28th September the earth was violently convulsed, and a region of many leagues in extent was slowly raised until it attained a height of about 500 feet over a surface of many square leagues. The earth undulated like the waves of the sea in a tempest; thousands of small hills alternately rose and fell, and, finally, an immense gulf opened, from which smoke, fire, red-hot stones and ashes were violently discharged, and darted to prodigious heights. Six mountains emerged from this gaping gulf; among which the volcanic mountain Jorullo rises 2,890 feet above the ancient plain, to the height of 4,265 feet above the sea.

At the moment when the earthquake commenced the two rivers _Cuitimba_ and _San Pedro_ flowed backwards, inundating all the plain now occupied by Jorullo; but in the regions which continually rose, a gulf opened and swallowed up the rivers. They reappeared to the west, but at a point very distant from their former beds.

This inundation reminds us on a small scale of the phenomena which attended the deluge of Noah.

* * * * *

Besides the deposits resulting from the partial deluges which we have described as occurring in Europe and Asia during the Quaternary epoch there were produced in the same period many new formations resulting from the deposition of _alluvia_ thrown down by seas and rivers. These deposits are always few in number, and widely disseminated. Their stratification is as regular as that of any which belong to preceding periods; they are distinguished from those of the Tertiary epoch, with which they are most likely to be confounded, by their situation, which is very frequently upon the shores of the sea, and by the predominance of shells of a species identical with those now living in the adjacent seas.

A marine formation of this kind, which, after constituting the coast of Sicily, principally on the side of Girgenti, Syracuse, Catania, and Palermo, occupies the centre of the island, where it rises to the height of 3,000 feet, is amongst the most remarkable of the great Quaternary European productions. It is chiefly formed of two great beds; the lower a bluish argillaceous marl, the other a coarse but very compact limestone, both containing shells analogous to those of the present Mediterranean coast. The same formation is found in the neighbouring islands, especially in Sardinia and Malta. The great sandy deserts of Africa, as well as the argillo-arenaceous formation of the steppes of Eastern Russia, and the fertile Tchornozem, or “_black earth_” of its southern plains, have the same geological origin; so have the Travertines of Tuscany, Naples, and Rome, and the Tufas, which are an essential constituent of the Neapolitan soil.

The pampas of South America--which consist of an argillaceous soil of a deep reddish-brown colour, with horizontal beds of marly clay and calcareous tufa, containing shells either actually living now in the Atlantic, or identical with fresh-water shells of the country--ought surely to be considered as a Quaternary deposit, of even greater extent than the preceding.

We are now approaching so near to our own age, that we can, as it were, trace the hand of Nature in her works. Professor Ramsay shows, in the Memoirs of the Government Geological Survey, that beds nearly a mile in thickness have been removed by denudation from the summit of the Mendip Hills, and that broad areas in South Wales and the neighbouring counties have been denuded of their higher beds, the materials being transported elsewhere to form newer strata. Now, no combination of causes has been imagined which has not involved submersion during long periods, and subsequent elevation for periods of longer or shorter duration.

We can hardly walk any great distance along the coast, either of England or Scotland, without remarking some flat terrace of unequal breadth, and backed by a more or less steep escarpment--upon such a terrace many of the towns along the coast are built. No geologist now doubts that this fine platform, at the base of which is a deposit of loam or sandy gravel, with marine shells, had been, at some period, the line of coast against which the waves of the ocean once broke at high water. At that period the sea rose twenty, and thirty, and some places a hundred feet higher than it does now. The ancient sea-beaches in some places formed terraces of sand and gravel, with littoral shells, some broken, others entire, and corresponding with species in the seas below; in others they form bold projecting promontories or deep bays. In an historical point of view, this coast-line should be very ancient, though it may be only of yesterday in a geological sense--its origin ascending far beyond written tradition. The wall of Antoninus, raised by the Romans as a protection from the attacks of the Caledonians, was built, in the opinion of the best authorities, not in connection with the old, but with the new coast-line. We may, then, conclude that in A.D. 140, when the greater part of this wall was constructed, the zone of the ancient coast-line had attained its present elevation above the actual level of the sea.

The same proofs of a general and gradual elevation of the country are observable almost everywhere: in the estuary of the Clyde, canoes and other works of art have been exhumed, and assigned to a recent period. Near St. Austell, and at Carnon, in Cornwall, human skulls and other relics have been met with beneath marine strata, in which the bones of whales and still-existing species of land-quadrupeds were imbedded. But in the countries where hard limestone rocks prevail, in the ancient Peloponnesus, along the coast of Argolis and Arcadia, three and even four ranges of ancient sea-cliffs are well preserved, which Messrs. Boblaye and Verlet describe as rising one above the other, at different distances from the present coast, sometimes to the height of 1,000 feet, as if the upheaving force had been suspended for a time, leaving the waves and currents to throw down and shape the successive ranges of lofty cliffs. On the other hand, some well-known historical sites may be adduced as affording evidence of the subsidence of the coast-line of the Mediterranean in times comparatively modern. In the Bay of Baiæ, the celebrated temple of Serapis, at Puzzuoli, near Naples, which was originally built about 100 feet from the sea, and at or near its present level, exhibits proofs of having gradually sunk nineteen feet, and of a subsequent elevation of the ground on which the temple stands of nearly the same amount.

So, also, about half a mile along the sea-shore, and standing at some distance from it, in the sea, there are the remains of buildings and columns which bear the name of the Temples of the Nymphs and of Neptune. The tops of these broken columns are now nearly on a level with the surface of the water, which is about five feet deep.

With respect to the littoral deposits of the Quaternary period, they are of very limited extent, except in a few localities. They are found on the western coast of Norway, and on the coasts of England. In France, an extensive bed of Quaternary formation is seen on the shores of the ancient Guienne, and on other parts of the coast, where it is sometimes concealed by trees and shrubs, or by blown sand, as at Dax in the Landes, where a steep bank may be traced about twelve miles inland, and parallel with the present coast, which falls suddenly about fifty feet from a higher platform of the land, to a lower one extending to the sea. In making some excavations for the foundations of a building at Abesse, in 1830, it was discovered that this fall consisted of drift-sand, filling up a steep perpendicular cliff about fifty feet high, consisting of a bed of Tertiary clay extending to the sea, a bed of limestone with Tertiary shells and corals, and, at the summit, the Tertiary sand of the Landes. The marine beds, together with the alluvium of the rivers, have given rise to those deposits which occur more especially near the mouths of rivers and watercourses.

EPILOGUE.

Having considered the past history of the globe, we may now be permitted to bestow a glance upon the future which awaits it.

Can the actual state of the earth be considered as definitive? The revolutions which have fashioned its surface, and produced the Alps in Europe, Mount Ararat in Asia, the Cordilleras in the New World--are they to be the last? In a word, will the terrestrial sphere for ever preserve the form under which we know it--as it has been, so to speak, impressed on our memories by the maps of the geographers?

It is difficult to reply with any confidence to this question; nevertheless, our readers will not object to accompany us a step further, while we express an opinion, founded on analogy and scientific induction.

What are the causes which have produced the present inequalities of the globe--the mountain-ranges, continents, and waters? The primordial cause is, as we have had frequent occasion to repeat, the cooling of the earth, and the progressive solidification of the external crust, the nucleus of which still remains in a fluid or viscous state. These have produced the contortions, furrows, and fractures which have led to the elevation of the great mountain-ranges and the depression of the great valleys--which have caused some continents to emerge from the bed of ocean and have submerged others. The secondary causes which have contributed to the formation of a vast extent of dry land are due to the sedimentary deposits, which have resulted in the creation of new continents by filling up the basins of the ancient seas.

Now these two causes, although in a minor degree, continue in operation to the present day. The thickness of the terrestrial crust is only a small fraction compared to that of the internal liquid mass. The principal cause, then, of the great dislocations of the earth’s crust is, so to speak, at our gates; it threatens us unceasingly. Of this the earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, which are still frequent in our day, give us disastrous and incontestable proofs. On the other hand, our seas are continually forming new land: the bed of the Baltic Sea, for instance, is gradually rising, in consequence of the deposits which will obviously fill up its area entirely in an interval of time which it might not be impossible to calculate.

It is, then, probable that the actual condition of the surface and the respective limits of seas and continents have nothing fixed or definite in them--that they are, on the contrary, open to great modifications in the future.

There is another problem much more difficult of solution than the preceding, but for which neither induction nor analogy furnish us with any certain data--viz., the perpetuity of our species. Is man doomed to disappear from the earth some day, like all the races of animals which preceded him, and prepared the way for his advent? Will a new _glacial period_, analogous to that which, during the Quaternary period, was felt so rigorously, again come round to put an end to his existence? Like the Trilobites of the Silurian period, the great Reptiles of the Lias, the Mastodons of the Tertiary, and the Megatheriums of the Quaternary epoch, is the human species to be annihilated--to perish from the globe by a simple natural extinction? Or must we believe that man, gifted with the attribute of reason, marked, so to say, with the Divine seal, is to be the ultimate and supreme term of creation?

Science cannot pronounce upon these grave questions, which exceed the competence, and extend beyond the circle of human reasoning. It is not impossible that man should be only a step in the ascending and progressive scale of animated beings. The Divine Power which has lavished upon the earth life, sentiment, and thought; which has given organisation to plants; to animals, motion, sensation, and intelligence; to man, in addition to these multiple gifts, the faculty of reason, doubled in value by the ideal--reserves to Himself perhaps in His wisdom the privilege of creating alongside of man, or after him, a being still more perfect. This new being, religion and modern poesy would present in the ethereal and radiant type of the Christian angel, with moral qualities whose nature and essence would escape our perceptions--of which we could no more form a notion than one born blind could conceive of colour, or the deaf and dumb of sound. _Erunt æquales angelis Dei._ “They will be as the angels of God,” says Holy Scripture, speaking of man raised to the life eternal.

During the Metamorphic epoch the _mineral kingdom_ existed alone; the rocks, silent and solitary, were all that was yet formed of the burning earth. During the Primary epoch, the vegetable kingdom, newly created, extended itself over the whole globe, which it soon covered from pole to pole with an uninterrupted mass of verdure. During the Secondary and Tertiary epochs, the vegetable and animal kingdoms divided the earth between them. In the Quaternary epoch the _human kingdom_ appeared. Is it in the future destinies of our planet to receive yet another lord? And after the four kingdoms which now occupy it, is there to be a _new kingdom_ created, the attributes of which can never be anything but an impenetrable mystery, and which will differ from man in as great a degree as man differs from the other animals, and plants from rocks?

We must be contented with suggesting, without hoping to solve, this formidable problem. It is a great mystery, which, according to the fine expression of Pliny, “lies hidden in the majesty of Nature,” _latet in majestate naturæ_; or (to speak more in the spirit of Christian philosophy) it is known only to the Almighty Creator of the Universe.

TABLE
OF
BRITISH SEDIMENTARY AND FOSSILIFEROUS STRATA.

BY H. W. BRISTOW.

+-------------+---------------+-------------+--------------+--------------+
| | SUBDIVISIONS. | FOREIGN | ORIGIN. | COMMERCIAL |
| | | EQUIVALENTS.| | PRODUCTS. |
+-------------+---------------+-------------+--------------+--------------+
| | Blown Sand. | | | Peat. |
| | Raised | | | Amber. |
| | Beaches. | Mud of the | | Gold, Dia- |
|POST | Alluvium. | Nile. | | monds, and |
|PLIOCENE. | Brick Earth. |Loess of the | Various. | other Gems |
| | River Gravel. | Rhine. | | derived |
| | Cave Deposits.| | | from the |
| | Glacial De- | | | older de- |
| | posits. | | | posits. |
+-------------+---------------+-------------+--------------+--------------+
|PLIOCENE. | Crags. |Sub-Apennine | Marine | Phosphatic |
| | | Strata. | | Nodules. |
+-------------+---------------+-------------+--------------+--------------+
| | Leaf Beds and | Molasse. | | |
|MIOCENE. | Lignite. | Faluns of | and | Pipeclay. |
| | | Touraine. | | |
+-------------+---------------+-------------+--------------+--------------+
| | Upper Eocene. | Calcaire | Freshwater. | Sand, Brown |
| | Bagshot Beds. | Grossier. | | Coal, Pipe- |
|EOCENE. | London Clay. | Nummulitic | Estuarine | clay, Cement |
| | Reading Beds, | Limestones | and |Stone, Bricks,|
| | &c. |(European and| Marine. | and Pottery. |
| | | Asiatic). | | |
+-------------+---------------+-------------+--------------+--------------+
| | White and |{Maestricht | | Flints from |
|UPPER | Grey Chalk. |{Beds. | | Up. Chalk. |
|CRETACEOUS. | Upper Green- |{Senonien | | Phosphate of |
| | sand. |{Turonien. | Marine and | Lime. |
| | Gault. }| | Freshwater | Iron Pyrites.|
|LOWER | Lower Green- }|Albien. | (Wealden). | Sandy Iron- |
|CRETACEOUS. | sand. }|Aptien. | | stones. |
| | Wealden Beds,}|Neocomian. | | Building |
| | &c. }| | | Stone. |
+-------------+---------------+-------------+--------------+--------------+
|UPPER |{Purbeck. | |Estuarine and | |
|OOLITIC. |{Portland and | | Marine. | |
| |{Kimeridge. | | | Coal, Jet, |
|MIDDLE | Coral Rag & | | | Iron Ores, |
|OOLITIC. | Oxford Clay. | | | Roofing |
| |{Cornbrash. | | | Slates, |
| |{Forest Marble | Jura | | Building |
| |{and Great | Formation. | Marine. | Stones, and |
|LOWER |{Oolite. | | | Flags. |
|OOLITIC. |{Stonesfield | | | Alum Shales. |
| |{Slate. | | | Hydraulic |
| |{Inferior | | | Limestones. |
| |{Oolite. | | | |
| | Lias. | | | |
+-------------+---------------+-------------+--------------+--------------+
| | Rhætic. | | | |
| | New Red Marl, | | | Gypsum. |
|KEUPER. | Sandstone, | Muschelkalk | Inland Seas. | Rock Salt. |
| | and Conglom- | absent in | | Building |
|BUNTER. | erate. | British | Salt Lakes. | Stones. |
| | Sandstone & | Isles. | | |
| | Pebble Beds. | | | |
+-------------+---------------+-------------+--------------+--------------+
| | Red Marls and | | | |
|MAGNESIAN | Magnesian | | | |
|LIMESTONE. | Limestone. | Zechstein. | | |
| | Red Marl, | Kupfer- | Marine. | Building |
|LOWER | Sandstone, | schiefer. | | Stones. |
|PERMIAN. | and Conglom- |Rothliegende.| | |
| | erate. | | | |
+-------------+---------------+-------------+--------------+--------------+
| | Coal Measures.| Carboni- | | Coal, Anthra-|
| | Millstone | ferien. | | cite. |
|CARBONIFER- | Grit. | | Terrestrial | Iron and Lead|
|OUS. | Yoredale | | and | Ores. |
| | Rocks. | | Marine. | Bldng. Stone,|
| | Mountain Lime-| | | Marble. |
| | stone. | | | Oil Springs. |
+-------------+---------------+-------------+--------------+--------------+
| | | | | Ornamental |
|DEVONIAN | Devonian | | | Marbles. |
|AND | Slates and | Eifel | Marine And | Serpentine & |
|OLD RED SAND-| Limestones. | Limestone. | Freshwater. | Slates. |
|STONE. | Old Red Sand- | | | Tin, Copper, |
| | stone, &c. | | | Lead, Silver |
| | | | | Ores, &c. |
+-------------+---------------+-------------+--------------+--------------+
| {| Ludlow. | | | |
|UPPER SILU- {| Wenlock. | | | |
|RIAN. {| Upper | | | Roofing |
| {| Llandovery. | | | Slates. |
| |{Lower | | Marine. | Building |
| |{Llandovery. | | | Stones. |
|LOWER SILU- |{Bala and Cara-| | | Gold & other |
|RIAN. |{doc. | | | Metals. |
| |{Llandeilo. | | | |
| |{Lingula Flags.| Primordial | | |
| |{ | Zone. | | |
+-------------+---------------+-------------+--------------+--------------+
| | Harlech Grits.| | | Roofing |
|CAMBRIAN. | Llanberis | Huronian of | Marine. | Slates. |
| | Slates. | America. | | Gold & other |
| | | | | Metals. |
+-------------+---------------+-------------+--------------+--------------+
| | Gneiss | | | |
| | of the Outer | Labradorite | | Serpentine. |
|LAURENTIAN. | Hebrides, and | Series in | Marine. | Graphite. |
| | N.W. Coast of | Canada. | | |
| | Scotland. | | | |
+-------------+---------------+-------------+--------------+--------------+
| |
|METAMORPHIC ROCKS (_of all ages_):-- |
| Gneiss, Mica-schist, Quartzite, Talcose-schist, &c. (Serpentine |
| probably?) |
| |
|INTRUSIVE ROCKS (_of all ages_):-- |
| Lavas, Basalt, Trachyte, Pitchstone, &c. |
| Granite, Syenite, Greenstone, Felstone, Porphyrites, Melaphyres, |
| Mica-Traps, &c. &c. |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+

EXTENSION OF THE PREVIOUS TABLE.

/ / / / Blown Sand and Shingle.
| | | | Alluvium and River Deltas.
| | | | Burtle Beds of Somerset.
| | | RECENT AND | Clay, with Scrobicularia of Pagham,
| | | PRE- < Morecombe, &c.
| | | HISTORIC. | Submerged Forests of Bristol
| | | | Channel, &c.
| | | | Peat Bogs of Ireland and Peat Beds
| P | | \ of England.
| O | |
| S | | / Raised Beaches.
| T | | | / Cave Earth and Loam.
| | PLEIS- | | Cave Deposits< Stalagmite and Bone-
| T | TOCENE, | | \ breccia.
| E < OR < | River Gravels, Brick Earths, and
| R | QUATER- | Post < Freshwater Clays, with Mammalian
| T | NARY. | Glacial | Remains.
| I | | | Gravels of Bedford Levels, Salisbury,
| A | | | and other Old Valley Gravels and
| R | | | Alluvia.
| Y | | \ Tufa and Shell-marl.
| . | |
| | | / Kaimes or Kames of Scotland.
| | | | Eskers or Escars of Ireland.
| | | Glacial < Drift (Upper Boulder Clay or Till,
| | | | Marine Gravels, Lower Till and
A | | | | Moraines), Scotch and Welsh,
G | | | \ Loess of the Rhine, &c.
E | | |
| \ \ Pre-glacial Forest Bed of Norfolk Shore.
O |
F | / \ / \ _Norwich and_
| | | | Mammaliferous | _Chillesford_
M < | | | Crag > _Crag_
A | | PLIOCENE. > Crag < Red Crag | (Newer
M | | | | / Pliocene).
M | | | | Coralline Crag (_Suffolk Crag_)
A | | / \ (Older Pliocene).
L | K |
S | A | / Leaf Bed of Mull.
. | I | MIOCENE. < Lignite of Antrim.
| N | \ Bovey Beds, with Lignite.
| O |
| Z | / / / Corbula Beds. \ F
| O | | | Hempstead < Upper \ Freshwater and | l
| I | | | Beds | Middle > Estuary | u
| O | | UPPER < \ Lower / Marls. | v S
| , | | EO- | | i e
| | | CENE. | Bembridge / Bembridge Marls. | o r
| O < | \ Beds \ „ Limestone. > - i
| R | | | M e
| | | / Osborne / St. Helen’s Sands. | a s
| T | | | Beds \ Nettlestone Grits. | r .
| E | E | | | i
| R | O | | / Upper \ | n
| T | C | | Headon < Middle > Headon Beds. | e
| I | E < MIDDLE< Beds \ Lower / /
| A | N | EO- |
| R | E | CENE. | / Upper Bagshot Sand.
| Y | . | | | Middle „ / Barton Clay.
| . | | | Bagshot < \ Bracklesham Beds.
| | | | Beds | Lower „ Sand and Pipeclay,
| | | \ \ with Plants.
| | |
| | | / / London Clay and Bognor Beds (Upper
| | | | | London Tertiaries).
| | | LOWER < London < Oldhaven Beds. \
| | | EO- | Tertiaries | Woolwich and Reading Beds |
| | | CENE. | | (Plastic Clay). > Lower
\ \ \ \ \ Thanet Beds. / do.

/ / C / / Upper Chalk, with Layers of Flint
| | R | | (Maestricht and Faxoe Beds).
| | E | Chalk. < Lower Chalk, without Flints.
| | U T | | Chalk Marl.
| | P A< \ Chloritic Marl.
| | P C |
| | E E | Upper Greensand (Fire-stone of
| | R O | Surrey, Malm-rock), &c.
| | U |
| C | S \ Gault.
| R | .
| E | L / / / / Folkestone Beds (Sand).
| T | O | | | Lower | Sandgate Beds (with Fullers’
| A | W O | | | Green-< Earth).
| C < E R | | | sand. | Hythe Beds (with Kentish Rag and
| E | R | | N | | Bargate Stone).
| O | N | | e | \ Atherfield Clay.
| U | C E | | o |
| S | R O | W | c | / Weald Clay (with Sussex or Bethers-
| . | E C< e | o< \ den Marble and Horsham Stone).
| | T O | a | m |
| | A M | l< i | / Upper Tunbridge Wells \
| | C I | d | a | | Sand. | Tunbridge
| | E A | e | n | Has- | Grinstead Clay. > Wells
| | O N | n | . | tings < Lower Tunbridge Wells | Beds.
| | U . | . | | Sands. | Sand. /
| | S | | | | Wadhurst Clay (with Iron Ore).
| | , | | | | Ashdown Sands.
| \ \ | \ \ Ashburnham Beds.
| |
| / / O / | Pur- / Upper (with Purbeck Marble).\ Pur-
| | | U O | | beck. < Middle. >beck
| | | P L | \ \ Lower (with Dirt Beds). / Beds.
| | | P I<
| | | E T | / Portland Stone.
| | | R E | Portland. < Portland Sand.
| | | . | | Kimeridge Clay (with Bituminous
| | | \ \ Shale).
| | |
| | | M O / Coralline / Upper Calcareous Grit.
M | | | I O | Oolite. < Coral Rag (with Iron Ore).
E | | | D L< \ Lower Calcareous Grit.
S | | | D I |
O | | O | L T | Oxford Clay. / Oxford Clay and
Z | | O | E E \ \ Kellaways Rock.
O | | L | .
I | | I | / / Cornbrash.
C | J | T | | Forest Marble. < Forest Marble and Bradford Clay
, | U | I | | \ (with Encrinites).
| R | C | |
O | A | < | / Great or Bath Oolite (with “Ful-
R< S | S | | | lers’ Earth” at base, in S. of
| S | E | | Great Oolite. < England).
S | I | R | | | Stonesfield Slate, near the base,
E | C< I | L | \ in part of S. of England.
C | | E | O |
O | S | S | W | / Upper Fullers’ Earth (Clay).
N | E | . | E | Fullers’ Earth.< Fullers’ Earth Rock (Limestone).
D | R | | R | \ Lower Fullers’ Earth (Clay).
A | I | | |
R | E | | O < / Northampton Sand (with Iron Ore,
Y | S | | O | | in N. Oxfordshire and S.
. | . | | L | | Northamptonshire).
| | | I | | Ragstone and Clypeus Bed.\ Chel-
| | | T | | Upper Freestone. | ten-
| | | E | Inferior < Oolite Marl. > ham
| | | . | Oolite. | Lower Freestone. | Sec-
| | | | | Pea Grit. / tions.
| | | | | (Colleyweston Slate, at the base
| | | | | of the Limestone, in Lincoln-
| | | | | shire).
| | \ | \ Sands.
| | AGE OF / | L /
| |REPTILES, | | i | Upper Lias. Clay and Shale.
| |OR SAURO-< | a < Middle Lias, or Marlstone (Rock Bed, with Iron
| | ZOIC | | s | Ore, Sand, &c.).
| \ EPOCH. \ \ . \ Lower Lias. Clay, Shale, and Limestone.
|
| / T / / / “White Lias,” Avicula contorta
| | R | | Rhætic, or < Beds, with Koessen Beds.
| | I | | Penarth Beds. | Bone Beds of Aust, &c.
| | A | | \ _St. Cassian and Hallstadt Beds._
| | S | U T |
| P | , | P R | / Red variegated Marl and Upper
| O | | P I < | Keuper Sandstone (with Gypsum and
| I | O | E A | | Rock Salt).
| K | R | R S | Keuper. < Lower Keuper Sandstone and Marl
| I | | . | | (Waterstones).
| L | N | | | Dolomitic Conglomerate (of Keuper
| I | E | | | Age, Somerset, Gloucester, and S.
| T | W | \ \ Wales).
| I< <
| C | R | M T /
| | E | I R |
| S | D | D I < _Muschelkalk, absent in Britain._
| E | | D A |
| R | S | L S |
| I | A | E . \
| E | N |
| S | D | L T /
| . | S | O R | / Upper Red and Mottled Sandstone.
| | T | W I < Bunter. < Pebble Beds, Calcareous Con-
| | O | E A | | glomerate, and Breccia.
| | N | R S | \ Lower Red and Mottled Sandstone.
| | E | . \
\ \ . \

GERMANY.
/ A / P /Upper, or / Upper Red Marl and Sandstone. \
| G | E |Magnesian< Upper Magnesian Limestone. > Zechstein.
| E | R |Limestone | Lower Red Marl and Sandstone. |
| | M < Series. \ Lower Magnesian Limestone. /
| O | I |
| F | A |Lower, or / Red Marl, Sandstone, Breccia, Röthe-liegende,
| | N | Rothlie-< and Conglomerate.
| F | . \ gende. \
| I |
|U S |C / ENGLAND. SCOTLAND.
|P H |A |
|P E |R A P | / Upper Coal Measures. \
|E S |B G H | Coal | Middle Coal Measures. }| Upper Coal
|R , |O E Y | Measures.< Pennant Grit. } > Measures.
| |N T | | Lower Coal Measures. |
|P O |I O O | \ Gannister Beds. /
|A R< F F Z |
|L |E O | / Millstone Grit or \ Moor
|Æ I |R P I< \ Farewell Rock. / Rock.
|O C |O L C |
|Z H |U A | / Upper Limestone Shale \ Upper Limestones.
|O T |S N E | | (Yoredale Rocks). > Edge Coals Series.
|I H | T P | | Carboniferous Lime- | Lower Limestones.
|C Y |S S O | Carboni- | stone. /
|. O |E , C | ferous, |
| Z |R H | or < \ Sandstones, Shales,
| O |I O . | Mountain | Lower Limestone Shale. > and Burdie House
| I |E R | Limestone.| / Limestone.
| C |S | |
| |. \ \
P | E |
A | P |OLD RED / Old Red / Upper Devonian or Barnstaple and Marwood Beds,
L | O | SAND- | Sand- | with Petherwin Limestone, in N. E. Cornwall.
Æ | C | STONE < stone, or< Middle Devonian or Ilfracombe Beds, with
O | H | AND |Devonian | Fossiliferous Limestones and Cornstones.
Z | . | DEVONI-| Beds. \ Lower Devonian, or Lynton Beds.
O | \ AN. \
I | WALES AND CENTRAL LAKE DISTRICT.
C | ENGLAND.
, |L / / / Tilestones (Passage \
|O A | | | Beds). |
O < W N | | | > Kirkby Moor
R |E D | | | / Upper Ludlow Beds (with | Flags.
|R | | U | Ludlow < Bone Bed). /
P | M | | P | Beds. | Aymestry Limestone. \
R |P O | | P | \ Lower Ludlow Beds. |
I |A L | | E | > Bannisdale Beds.
M |L L | | R | / Wenlock Limestone. |
A |Æ U | | | | Wenlock Shale, Sand- |
R |O S | | S | | stone, and Flags. /
Y |Z C | | I < Wenlock < Woolhope Limestone and \ Coniston Grits
. |O S |S | L | Beds. | Shale. | and Flags.
|I , |I | U | | Denbighshire Grits, > Stockdale
|C |L | R | | Shales, Slates, and | Slates.
|. O |U | I | \ Flags. /
| R< R < A |
|A |I | N | Tarannon Shale (Pale Slates).
|G M |A | . |
|E A |N | | / Upper Llandovery Rocks.
| L |. | | Llando- | (May Hill Sandstone).
|O A | | | very < (Pentamerus Beds).
|F C | | | Beds. |
| O | | \ \ Lower Llandovery Rocks.
|C Z | |
|R O | | S / Caradoc, / Caradoc and Bala Beds. \
|U I | | I | or Bala < (Sandstones often shelly,| Coniston Lime-
|S C | | L L | Beds. | with Bala Limestone, | stone, Bala
|T | | O U | \ Shale, and Slate). > (Limestone and
|A E | | W R | | Shale).
|C P | | E I< Llan- / Llandeilo Flags and | Skiddaw Slates.
|E O | | R A | deilo. < Limestone, &c. /
|A C | | N | \ Tremadoc Slates.
|N H | | . |
|S . | | | Lingula Lingula Flags. (Primordial Zone of
| \ \ \ Beds. Barrande).
|
| / / / Harlech Grits, &c.
| | | | Purple Slates and Grits (St. David’s).
| E |CAMBRIAN.< Cambrian.< Llanberis Grits and Slates.
| O | | | Longmynd Rocks.
| Z | | \ Red Sandstone and Conglomerate (Scotland).
| O < \
| I |
| C | / Fundamental Gneiss of the Outer Hebrides
| . |LAURENTIAN. < and of the N. W. coast of Scotland, &c.,
| | | containing the oldest known fossil,
\ \ \ _Eozoon Canadense_.

INDEX.

⁂ ITALICS ARE WOODCUT ILLUSTRATIONS.

Abbeville, 475.
„ Peat-beds and Flint-tools of, 476.
Abietinæ, 193.
Acacia, 318.
_Acanthodes_, 126.
Acephala of the Oolite, 246.
Acephalous or headless Molluscs, 288.
Acerites cretaceæ, 283.
Acrodus nobilis, 217.
Acrogens, 123.
Adams, Mr., discoveries of, 391.
Adapis, 325.
Adelsberg Cave, 430.
_Adeona folifera_, 247.
Adhémar’s Glacial Hypothesis, 436.
Adiantites, 120.
Agassiz on Glaciers, 439.
Age of Angiosperms, 300.
„ Formations, how ascertained, 5.
Ailsa Craig, 49.
Air Volcano at Turbaco, 61, 63.
Albien of D’Orbigny, 300.
Albite, 96.
Aleutian Isles, 70.
Algæ, 103, 114, 123, 309, 336.
Alkaline Waters of Plombières, 64.
Alleghany Mountains, 75.
Alluvial Deposits, 485.
Almites Frescii, 203.
Alps, upheaval of, 427.
Alveolites, 333.
Amber, 310, 316, 355.
Amblypterus, 146.
Amiens, Peat-beds of, 475.
_Ammonite, a perfect_, 260.
„ _restoration of an_, 216.
Ammonites, 11, 12, 207, 212, 214, 246.
„ _rostratus_, 292, 294.
„ _Turneri_, 215.
„ of Jurassic Period, 215.
„ rotundus, 263.
„ Herveyii, 246.
„ Danicus, 311.
Amorphozoa, 301.
Ancient Glaciers of the Rhine, Linth, and the Reus, 449.
Ancient Granite, 31.
Ancyloceras, 288.
_Andrias Scheuchzeri_, 368.
Angiosperms, Age of, 300.
„ Seeds, in a Seed-vessel, 283, 300.
Animal of the Ohio, 343.
„ of Paraguay, 401.
Annelides, 126.
Anning, Mary, 219, 225.
Annularia, 137, 154.
„ _orifolia_, 158.
Anodon, 120, 334.
Anomopteris, 193.
Anoplotherium, 319, 323.
„ _commune_, 323.
Anorthite, 96.
Antediluvian Glaciers, 449.
„ Man, 367.
Anthracite, 72.
Antiquity of Man, 469.
Antwerp Crag, 373.
Ape, 360.
Ape, First Appearance of, 349.
_Apiocrinites liliiformis_, 261.
„ _rotundus_, 261.
_Aploceras_, 146.
Aptien (Greensand of Apt) Fossils of Havre, of the Isle of Wight, 297.
Apuan Alps, 76.
_Arborescent Ferns_, 130.
Arbroath Paving-stone, 129.
Archæopteryx, 265.
_Archegosaurus minor_, 154, 158.
Arctocyon primævus, 332.
Arenicolites, 101.
Argile de Dives, 264.
„ plastique, 332.
Armentaceæ, 297.
Arran, Granite of, 38.
Artesian Wells, 16, 88.
Artificially-formed Coal, 164.
_Asaphus caudatus_, 103.
Ashburnham Sands, 286.
Ashdown Sands, 286.
Ashes, Showers of Volcanic, 58.
Asiatic Deluge, 423; caused by upheaval of Caucasian Range, 480.
Asplenium, 315.
Asteracanthus, 266.
Asterias lombricalis, 213.
Asterophyllites, 120, 154, 158, 173, 177.
„ _foliosa_, 157.
Atherfield Series of Rocks, 287.
Atlantis of Plato, 118, 281.
_Atrypa reticularis_, 127.
Auchenaspis, 129.
Aucolin, 299.
Augite, 44.
Auvergne, Mountains of, 62.
„ Acidulated Springs in, 64.
„ Extinct Volcanoes of, 51.
Aveyron Savage, 469.
Avicula, 189, 205, 252, 272.
„ contorta, 207.
„ contorta zone, 207.
Azores, New Islands formed in the, 70.

Baculites, 289.
Bagshot Beds, 332.
Bajocien Formation, 249.
Bala Beds, 109.
Balæna of Monte Pulgnasco, 370.
Balænodon Lamanoni, 370.
Balistes, or Silurus, 218.
Baltic Sea filling up, 282, 490.
_Banksia_, 318.
Barmouth Sandstone, 101.
_Basalt in Prismatic Columns_, 47.
Basalt, 44.
„ Action of, upon Limestone, 72.
„ of Ireland, 48.
„ Prismatic Structure of, 49.
Basaltic Formations, 44.
„ Causeways, 48, 49.
„ _Plateau, theoretical view of_, 47.
„ Cavern of Staffa, 50.
Bat, 326, 338.
Bath Oolite, 243, 250.
Bathonian Formation, 249.
Batrachian Reptiles of Pliocene, 358.
Baumann’s Hohl, 429.
Bay of Fundy, 159.
Beaver, Disappearance of, 184.
„ of Post-Pliocene Period, 379.
Beds of Coal, Formation of, 159.
Bees, 255.
_Belemnite restored_, 216.
„ of Liassic Period, 217.
Belemnites, 212, 215, 260.
„ _acutus_, 217.
Bellerophon, 108.
„ _costatus_, 145.
„ _hiulcus_, 145.
_Beloptera Sepioidea_, 181, 434.
Bembridge Series, 330, 332.
Ben Nevis, 90, 182.
Bernese Alps, 427.
_Beryx Lewesiensis_, 294.
Biblical Account of Noachian Deluge, 480.
Bidiastopora cervicornis, 246.
Bigsby, Dr. J. T., on Silurian Fauna and Flora, 104.
Binney, Edw., on Boulder Clay of Lancashire, 462.
_Bird of Solenhofen_, 265.
„ of Montmartre, 326.
Birds, First Appearance of, 193.
„ of Eocene Period, 326.
„ of Miocene Period, 369.
Bison primigenius, 399.
„ priscus, 399.
Bituminous Fountains, 60.
Black Down Beds, 310.
Boccaccio’s Giant, 284.
Bogs of Denmark, 477.
Bone-beds of Rhætic, or Penarth Series, 207.
Bone-breccias, 429.
Bone Caves, 429.
„ „ H. W. Bristow on formation of, 475.
_Bos_, 379, 414.
„ Pallasii, 399.
„ Primigenius, 184.
Bracheux Sands, 332.
Brachiopoda, 109.
„ Abundance of, in Devonian Period, 126.
„ in Upper Cretaceous Period, 300.
„ Reign of, 126.
Brachyphyllum, 249.
Bracklesham Beds, 332.
Bradford Clay, 250.
„ Encrinites, 252.
_Branch of Banksia_, 318.
„ _Eucalyptus_, 317.
Bray Head, 101.
Breccia, Ossiferous, 432.
Brecciated Limestone, 174, 176.
Bridlington Beds, 460.
Bristow, H. W., on Formation of Bone Caves, 475.
„ on Brixham Bone-cave, 473.
„ on Penarth or Rhætic Beds, 207.
British Islands at close of Jurassic Period, 274.
_British Strata_, Section of, 244.
„ Table of, 493-499.
Brixham Bone-cave, 473.
Brongniart, Ad., on Upper Cretaceous Fauna, 301.
Bronze Age, 478.
Brumberg Cavern, 432.
Buckland, Dr., on Kirkdale Cave, 380.
Buffon and Voltaire, 6.
„ on Man, 470.
„ on Fossils, 6.
Bunter Sandstone, 187.
Burrh Stone, 355.
Butterflies, 255.

Caithness Flags, 128.
Calamary, 215, 259.
_Calamite restored_, 135.
Calamites, 134, 152, 177, 193, 202.
„ arenaceus, 194.
„ _cannæformis_, 154.
„ _Trunk of_, 136.
Calcaire de la Beauce, 355.
„ Grossier, 325, 332.
Calceola Sandalina, 127.
Calderas, 70.
_Calymene Blumenbachii_, 110.
Cambrian Period, 101.
„ Fauna, 101.
Camper, Pierre, on the Mosasaurus, 304.
„ „ „ Œningen Skeleton, 368.
Camptopteris crenata, 239.
Canstadt Excavations, 386, 396.
Cantal Group of Mountains, 43.
„ „ „ _a peak of_, 40.
Cape Wrath, Granite and Gneiss of, 32.
Capitosaurus, 190.
Caradoc Beds, 109.
Carboniferous Flora, 151.
„ „ compared with that of Islands in the Pacific, 151.
Carboniferous Limestone, 130, 140.
„ Period, 130.
„ Vegetation of, 130.
„ Climate of, 133.
„ Foraminifera of, 143, 146.
„ of France, 150.
„ Crustaceans of, 141.
„ Rocks, 149.
„ Seas, 146.
Cardiocarpon, 177.
Cardium Rhæticum, 207.
„ striatulum, 269.
Carpinites arenaceus, 283.
Carrara Marble, 65, 73, 76, 377.
_Caryophylla cyathus_, 356.
Causeways, Basaltic, 49.
Cave Bear, 395, 473.
„ Deposits, 468, 472.
„ Hyæna, 398.
„ Lion, 398.
Caverns, their Origin, 129.
Cellaria loriculata, 247.
Central Heat of the Earth, 15.
„ Increase of in Depth, 16.
Central France, Puys of, 51.
_Cephalaspis_, 125.
Cephalopoda, 108, 127, 215, 301.
Ceratites, 189.
_Ceratites nodosus_, 189.
Cerithium, 333, 334.
_Cerithium plicatum_, 350.
„ _telescopium_, 335.
Cervus megaceros, 184, 400.
Cestracion, 218.
Cetaceans of Pliocene Period, 369.
Cetiosaurus, 256, 265.
Chæropotamus, 325.
Chætetes, 146.
Chalk Formation, 275, 309.
„ _Foraminifera of_, 146.
Chalk Marl, 309.
„ White, 309.
„ _of Cattolica, Sicily_, 280.
„ _of Gravesend_, 278.
„ _of Isle of Moën_, 279.
„ _of Meudon_, 277.
Chara, 315.
Cheirotherium, 13, 21, 190.
Chemical Theory of the Earth, 15.
Chesil Bank, 270.
Chillesford Beds, 372.
Chimæra, 218.
Chloë, Isle of, 151.
Chondrites, 309.
Chorda-filum, 124.
Christiana Granite and Syenite, 38.
Cinder Bed of Purbeck, 272.
Cipoline Marble, 76.
Cirripedes, 260.
Clermont-Ferrand, 51.
Climate of the Coal Period, 151.
„ Permian Period, 174.
_Climatius_, 126.
Clinkstone, 43.
_Clymenia Sedgwickii_, 127.
Coal, 132.
„ Formation of, 159.
„ Origin of, 159.
„ Theories Respecting Formation of, 159.
„ _Stratification of Beds of_, 165.
„ Quantities annually raised in different Countries, 166.
„ Quantity of, in United Kingdom, 167.
Coal Measures, 130, 150.
„ Composition of, 164.
„ Extent of, 166.
„ Flora of, 150.
„ of Scotland, 167.
„ of South Wales, 167.
„ of Belgium, 167.
„ of France, 167.
„ Time of Formation, 132.
„ Composition of, 132.
_Coal Mines of Treuil_, 160.
_Coccosteus_, 125, 142.
Cœlacanthus, 175.
Composition of Air in Carboniferous Period, 133.
Comptonia, 283.
Confervæ of the Chalk, 309.
Conglomerates, 129.
Conifers of Jurassic Period, 249, 269.
„ of Cretaceous Period, 283.
„ of Eocene Period, 316.
„ of Miocene Period, 336.
„ of Pliocene Period, 358.
_Contortions of Coal Beds_, 167.
Conybeare’s Account of Plesiosaurus, 229.
Copper Slate, Fossils of, 177.
„ „ of Thuringia, 178.
Coprolites, Petrified Excrements of Antediluvian Animals, 12, 207, 373.
„ _of Ichthyosaurus, enclosing Bones_, 225.
„ _of Ichthyosaurus, showing Cast of Intestines_, 225.
„ Bed of Cambridge, 309.
Coral Rag, 243, 264, 301.
Coralline Crag, Corals of, 372.
Corals, 141, 205, 240, 247, 263, 266, 301.
Cornbrash, 243, 250, 252.
Cornstone, 129.
Cornwall, Granite of, 38.
Coryphodon, 332.
Cotham Marble, 208.
_Coupe, la, d’Ayzac_, 46, 47.
Crag, 372.
Creation of Man, 464.
„ „ Evidences of, 469.
„ World, Scriptural Account of, Defended, 18.
Credneria, 283, 297-300.
Crematopteris, 163.
Cretaceous Period, 275, 306.
„ Fauna of, 282, 285, 300.
„ Flora of, 282, 300.
„ Reptiles of, 285.
„ Fishes of, 285, 294.
Crinoidea, 127.
Crioceras, 288, 297.
„ _Duvallii_, 274.
Crocodile of Maestricht, 184, 303, 326.
Crocodilus Toliapicus, 326.
Croll, J., on Till, 457.
Crust of the Earth, Composition of, 96.
„ Thickness of, 87, 89.
„ Temperature of, 88.
Crustaceans, 107, 110, 141, 286.
„ Predominance of, in Lower Silurian Seas, 107.
„ Rarity of in Carboniferous Period, 141.
„ of Eocene Period, 326.
„ of Miocene Period, 350.
Cryptogamia, 187, 194, 203.
Crystalline Action, 71.
„ Limestone, 174, 176.
„ Rocks Defined, 28.
Cucumites, 315.
Cupanioides, 315.
_Cupressocrinus crassus_, 128.
Cuvier’s Account of Plesiosaurus, 233.
„ Account of Pterodactyle, 33.
„ on the Restoration of Extinct Animals, 7.
„ on the Destruction of Species, 381.
„ on the Mammoth, 396.
Cyathophyllum, 146.
Cycadeaceæ, 266.
Cycads, 239, 249, 270, 283.
_Cycas circinalis_, 168.
Cypress, 240, 249.
Cypris, 272.
„ fasciculata, 272.
„ _spinigera and C. Valdensis_, 298.
_Cyrtoceras depressum_, 176.

Damara, 194.
Danian Beds, 309, 311.
Danish Peat Mosses and Kjökken Mödden, 477.
Dartmoor, Granite of, 36, 37, 79.
Darwin, C., on Coral Formations, 263.
„ Volcanoes of Quito, 55.
Daubeny on Basalt, 44.
Davidsonia Verneuilli, 127.
Dawkins, W. B., Discoverer of Microlestes, 207.
De la Beche on the Plesiosaurus, 229.
De Rance, C. E., on Glacial Deposits, 458.
Deer, 399.
Deluge confirmed by traditions of all Ancient Races, 482.
Denudation, 28.
Descartes, 15.
Destruction of Successive Creations, 184.
Devon and Cornwall, Granite of, 38.
Devonian Period, 119.
„ System, 170.
„ Flora, 120.
„ _Fishes_, 125.
Diameter of the Earth, 87.
Diceras Limestone, 265.
Dicotyledons, 182, 282.
Diluvium, 422, 423.
Dinornis, 134, 382.
_Dinornis_, 414, 417.
Dinotherium, 339, 356.
„ _restored_, 340.
Diorite, 35.
_Diplacanthus_, 126.
Dirt-bed, Fossils of, 271.
Dodo, 184.
Dolomite, 178.
Domite, 43.
Donati on Fossil Shells, 6.
Downs, North and South, 278.
Downton Sandstone, 112.
_Draco volans_, 238.
Draconidæ, 237.
Dragon Fly, 243, 255.
Dragons of Mythology, 237, 361.
Drifted Rocks, 27.
Drôme, the, 299.
Dryopithecus, 350, 353.
Dykes, 27.

Early Geologists, 5.
Earth, Cooling of the, 80.
„ Theories of the Origin of the, 6.
„ _in a Gaseous State_, 81.
Earth’s Crust, Thickness of, 89.
„ Surface, Changes of, 3.
Earthy Limestone, 281.
Ebur Fossile, 386.
Echinoderms, 189, 213, 247, 261, 297, 300, 301, 326.
Edentates, 382, 400, 407.
Ehrenberg’s Microscopic Investigations, 277.
Electric Currents, Action of, 79.
Elephant of the Ohio, 343, 347.
Elephants, Fossil, 386.
Elephants’ Cemetery at Canstadt, 386.
Elephas meridionalis, 372.
„ primigenius, 347, 382, 383.
Emys, 265, 319.
Encrinites, 127, 173, 181, 196, 252.
„ Abundance of during Devonian Period, 120.
_Encrinus liliiformis_, 190, 261.
Entalophora cellarioides, 246.
Eocene Strata of France and England, 329.
Eocene, 314.
„ Period, 315.
„ Vegetation, 315.
„ Fauna, Seas, 319, 329.
„ Characters of, 330.
„ Table of Strata, 330.
Epilogue, 489.
Epiornis, 184, 382, 417.
Equiseta (Horse-tails), 134, 202, 203, 239, 315.
Erratic Blocks, 424.
„ _of the Alps_, 448.
_Eruption of Granite_, 92.
Eruptive Rocks, 4, 27, 30, 31.
„ Plutonic Eruptions, 31.
„ Volcanic „ 51.
_Eryon arctiformis_, 260.
Erymanthean Boar, 184.
Estimated Coal Measures of the World, 166.
Etheridge, R., on Devonian and Old Red Sandstone, 129.
Etna, Volcano of Mount, 56, 68.
_Eucalyptus_, 317.
Eunomia radiata, 247, 252.
Europe at Close of Cretaceous Period, 311.
„ „ Pliocene Period, 377.
European Deluge, 378, 422.
Eurypterus, 110.
„ _remipes_, 111.
_Exogyra conica_, 294, 311.
Expansion of the Earth at the Equator, 84.
Extinct Volcanoes of Auvergne, 51.
Eye of Ichthyosaurus, 220.

Falconer, Dr., on Brixham Cave, 473.
Faluns, 355.
„ of Paris Basin, 356.
Fans, of Brecon, 128.
Fault, a Dislocation of Strata, 71.
Fauna, Definition of Term, 4.
„ Devonian, 129.
„ Neocomian, 287.
„ of Permian Period, 183.
„ of the Middle Oolite, 255.
„ of the Upper Oolite, 265.
„ of Cretaceous Period, 285, 294.
„ of Eocene Period, 319.
„ of Pliocene Period, 358.
„ of Miocene Period, 339.
Faxoe Beds, 309.
Felis spelæa, 398.
Felspar, composition of, 96.
Fenestrella retiformis, 175.
Ferns, 130, 134, 140, 176, 193, 239, 248, 282, 315.
Fingal’s Cave, Staffa, 49, 50.
Fisher, Rev. O., on Chillesford Clay, 372.
„ on Warp and Trail, 461.
Fishes, Silurian, 107.
„ Bones of, 112.
„ of Devonian Period, 125.
„ of Carboniferous Period, 146.
„ of Oolitic Seas, 266.
„ of Cretaceous Seas, 285, 294.
„ of Eocene Period, 326.
„ of Miocene Period, 339.
_Fissurella nembosa_, 463.
_Fissures near Locarno_, 57.
Flabellaria, 315, 329, 336.
„ Chamæropifolia, 288.
Flint-tools in peat-beds, 475.
Flints, 281.
Flora of Upper Cretaceous Period, 309.
„ of Devonian Period, 120.
„ of Cretaceous Period, 282.
„ of Tertiary Period, 313.
„ of Eocene Period, 329.
„ of Triassic Period, 194.
„ of Miocene Period, 326, 353, 381.
„ of Carboniferous Period, 135.
„ of Permian Period, 174, 183.
„ of Pliocene Period, 381.
„ of Upper Oolite Period, 266.
Fluvio-marine Crag, 372.
Foliation, Cause of, 77.
Footprints in Rocks, 121, 173, 190, 196, 269.
„ at Corncockle Moor, 13.
Foraminifera, 146, 313, 326.
„ _of the Chalk_, 146, 276, 286.
„ _of the Mountain Limestone_, 146.
Forbes (Professor Ed.) on the Pliocene Marine Fauna, 374.
Forest-bed of Norfolk, 372, 418.
Forest Marble, 243, 250, 252.
_Formation of Primitive Granite_, 90.
Fossil, Term Defined, 4.
„ Bones, 4, 5.
„ Uses of, 5.
„ Condition of, 11.
„ Footprints, 13.
„ Species, relations of, to existing Species, 11.
„ Ivory of Siberia, 388.
„ _Palms restored_, 284.
„ Shells, 4.
„ Fishes, 175.
„ Leeches, 217.
„ Licorn, 398.
„ Unicorn, 386.
Fossils of Permian Formation, 173.
„ of Keuper Formation, 201.
„ of Upper Oolite, 265.
„ of Neocomian Beds, 297.
„ of Orgonian Beds, 297.
„ of Aptien Beds, 297.
„ of the Glauconie, 300.
„ of Calcaire Grossier, 332.
„ of Muschelkalk, 189.
„ of New Red Sandstone, 187.
„ of Argile Plastique, 332.
Fournet on the Drôme, 299.
„ on Eruptions of Granite, &c., 36.
„ on Eruptions of Gas and Water, 64.
Fox of Œningen, 338.
_Fucoids_, 123.
Fuller’s Earth, 243, 250.
_Fusulina cylindrica_, 143.
Future of the Earth and Man considered, 489.

Gabian, Bituminous Springs of, 60.
Gailenreuth, Caves of, 429, 430.
Galacynus Œningensis, 339.
Ganoid Fishes, 181, 217, 246.
Garonne Valley, 428.
Gastornis, 332.
Gault, 281, 300, 309.
Gavials of India, 259, 291.
Geikie, Prof., on Till, 457.
Gemerelli on Fossils, 6.
_Geological humus_, 271.
„ Inferences, Hypothetical Nature of, 3.
Geological Record, Complexity of, 30.
Geology, Objects of, 2, 3.
„ a Recent Science, 3.
„ its Influence on other Sciences, 3.
„ How to be Studied, 3.
Geosaurus, 256.
Geoteuthis, 259.
Gerilea protea, 318.
_Geysers of Iceland_, 16, 67.
Giants’ Causeways, 49.
„ „ _in the Ardèche_, 48.
„ Legends of, accounted for, 5.
Gigantology, 384.
Glacial Action during Permian Period, 174.
„ Deposits of Northern England and Wales, 457.
„ Period, 372, 378, 435.
„ Evidences of, 463.
„ Regions of Europe, 451.
„ Theory of Martins, 462.
Glacier System of Wales, 106.
„ Systems, 440.
Glaciers of Scotland, 454.
„ of Switzerland, 449.
„ of the British Isles, 457.
Glauconie, or Glauconite, 300.
Glaucous Chalk, 300, 310.
Glenroy, Parallel Roads of, 456.
Globe, Modification of Surface of, 26.
Glyptodon, the, 401.
Glyptolepis, 120.
Gneiss of Cape Wrath, 32.
„ Laurentian, 74.
„ Composition of, 96.
Goniatites, 127.
_Goniatites evolutus_, 145.
Goulet, Great and Little, 299.
Granite, 182.
„ Mineral Composition of, 32, 96.
„ How Formed, 33.
„ of St. Austell, 39.
„ of Christiana, 36.
„ of Dartmoor, 79.
„ of Cornwall and Devon, 36, 38.
„ Eruptions of, 90, 92, 98.
„ Stratified or Foliated, 97.
„ Qualities of, 32.
„ How Formed, 33.
„ _Veins of, at Cape Wrath_, 32.
_Granitic Eruptions_, 92.
Gran Seco, 410.
Graptolites, 107.
_Gravesend Chalk, under Microscope_, 278.
Great Animal of Maestricht, 304.
Great Oolite, 243, 250.
„ Reptiles of, 250.
Great Year, the, 436.
Green, A. H., on Glacial Deposits, 458.
Greensand, Upper and Lower, 275, 281, 297, 309.
Greenstone, 35.
Grès Bigarré, 37, 185.
Grès de Beauchamp, 333.
Grès des Vosges, 178.
Grotta del Cane, 64.
_Grotto des Demoiselles_, 433.
Grotto of Cheeses, Trèves, 50.
Gryphæa dilatata, 264.
„ virgula, 269.
„ _incurva_, 212.
Gulf Stream, 435.
Gymnogens, Plants with Naked Ovary, 152.
Gymnosperms, 193, 283, 300.
Gypseous Formation, 333.
Gypsum Quarries of Montmartre, Fossils in, 73, 325.
Gyroceras, 108.

Haidingera speciosa, 194.
Hakea, 318.
Hallstadt Beds, 205.
_Halysites catenularius_, 113.
_Hamites_, 288, 297.
Hannibal’s Elephants, 387.
Harkness, Prof., on Glacial Deposits, 458.
Harlech Sandstones, 101.
Hastings Sands, 287.
Hawaii, Volcanoes of, 59, 69.
_Head of Cave-bear_, 398.
„ _of Cave-hyæna_, 399.
„ _of Mosasaurus Camperi_, 306.
„ _of Rhinoceros tichorhinus_, 360.
Headon Beds, 330, 332.
_Hemicosmites pyriformis_, 108.
Hennessey, on the Earth’s Crust, 89.
Hepaticas, 315.
_Herbaceous ferns_, 131.
Herbivora, Eocene, 325.
Heterocercal, 175.
Hippopotamus, 360, 379.
Hippurites, 301, 310.
Holl, Dr., on Malvern Rocks, 78.
Holoptychius, 154.
Homo diluvii testis, 367.
Homocercal, 175.
Hopkins, Evan, on Earth’s Antiquity, 20.
„ „ on Terrestrial Magnetism, 22.
„ W., Theory of Central Heat, 17.
„ „ on the Earth’s Crust, 88.
Horse, 379, 399, 417.
Horse-tails, 134, 202.
Hot Springs, 64.
Hughes, T. McK., Discovery of Glutton by, 431.
Hull, Prof., on Trias, 185.
„ on Glacial Deposits, 458.
Human Jaw, 472.
„ Period, 474.
Hunt, Rob., Electric Experiments of, 79.
„ Prof. Sterry, on Formation of Crystalline Schists, 96.
Hutton’s Theory of the Earth, 3.
Hyæna Spelæa, 398, 417.
„ _head of_, 399, 417.
Hyænodon, 396.
Hybodus, 217.
Hyera, Island of, 70.
Hylæosaurus, Lizard of the Woods, 205, 207, 225, 290.
Hymenoptera, 225.

Iceland, Geysers of, 16, 65, 67.
„ Lava Streams in, 60.
„ Volcanoes of, 60, 67.
Ichthyodorulites, 217.
Ichthyosaurus, 218, 229, 255, 256.
Ichthyosaurus, Coprolites of, 12.
_Ichthyosaurus communis_, 218.
„ _platydon_, 219, 222.
Igneous Rocks, 31, 182.
Iguana, 293.
Iguanodon, 292.
„ Mantelli, 285.
„ _Teeth of_, 293.
_Illænus Barriensis_, 112.
Incandescence of the Globe, 17.
„ of the Sun, 17.
Indian Traditions of the Father of the Ox, 347.
Inferior Oolite, 249.
Infra-Lias, 209.
_Injected Veins of Granite_, 32.
Insects, 157, 225, 334.
„ of Coal-measures, 151.
„ of Oolites, 255, 266.
Iron Age, 478.
„ Ore in Coal-measures, 165.
„ „ in Orgonian Beds, 298.
_Ischadites Kœnigii_, 118.
Islands, Sudden Appearance of, 70.
Isle of Bones, 388.
„ Lächow, 388.
„ Portland, 270.
„ Purbeck, 271.
„ Wight Alligator, 326.