Chapter XXIV: Appendix (1)

_Les tics et leur traitement_, of which an English translation is here presented to the medical profession, was published at the close of the year 1902. In it our knowledge of the vexed subject of tics and spasms has been summarised and reviewed, and its reception in France, together with the fact of its having been translated into German without delay, prove that it has been regarded as the standard work on a topic the importance of which is being daily emphasised. At all the recent Congresses on the Continent the tics in one or other of their aspects have provided fruitful matter for discussion, whereas in England they have hitherto been greatly neglected. In the brief space of time that has elapsed since the book was produced there have been many and varying contributions to the subject, as a reference to the Bibliography herewith appended will show. Without doubt the reawakening of interest is in considerable measure due to the stimulus provided by the labours of MM. Meige and Feindel, yet it cannot be maintained that they have said the last word. In order that English readers may have before them the latest available information on the tics, various paragraphs from Meige's monograph (1905) have been incorporated, as has already been remarked in the Prefatory Note.

It is desirable, however, to indicate briefly certain points on which opinion is still divided, points on which the results of the most recent observations help to shed some light. Probably it has not escaped the reader's attention that the authors have with commendable wisdom refrained from dogmatising on some of these, although they are always able to give reasons for their adherence to one or other view. But in one respect at least the attitude which they have adopted has been unmistakable, and that is in regard to the fundamental importance of agreement in the matter of terminology.

The amount of misconception that exists about what constitutes a tic is almost beyond credence; indeed, only those who have had occasion to examine the literature can have any adequate idea of it. Discussions at neurological and other societies not infrequently reveal how vague are the notions of many who must have more than a passing acquaintance with the disease clinically. Now, a great deal of this misconception would disappear if the distinction between a tic and a spasm elaborated by Brissaud were adhered to, as the authors so strenuously advocate. It is quite unnecessary to insist further on this point, but, on the other hand, it is only fair to state that even in France the views of Brissaud, Meige, and Feindel do not command universal acceptance.

M. Cruchet, of Bordeaux, to whom frequent reference is made in this volume, has in several communications on tic expressed himself at some length, and some of these have made their appearance since the publication of _Les tics et leur traitement_. According to him, the original meaning of the word "tic" is a movement arising in a "bad habit," and there would never have been any confusion had the term "tic douloureux" not been introduced. We know well enough the exact significance of this term, but its use led to, the adoption of the cognate term "tic non-douloureux," and in the latter group two absolutely different conditions have been confused--viz. true tics, and spasms in Brissaud's sense. The difference between the two is now recognised everywhere in France; but in England and America, as Risien Russell points out in his article in Clifford Allbutt's _System of Medicine_, tic is still applied to such conditions as facial spasm and the involuntary movements of trigeminal neuralgia, whereas it should be reserved for what we usually call "habit spasm" and "habit chorea." The advantage of the word "tic" over these rather cumbrous terms must be patent to the unbiassed mind.

It is, however, in his persistent affirmation that a tic, to be a tic, must be clonic, that Cruchet disagrees with the tenets of Meige and Feindel. He has abandoned the use of the term "organic tic" in favour of spasm; and he maintains that "tonic tic" and "tic of attitude" should give place to "habit attitude" and "convulsive attitude," as the case may be. His definition of tic is in the following terms:

Tic consists in the execution--short, abrupt, sudden, irresistible,
involuntary, inapposite, and repeated at irregular but frequent
intervals--of a simple isolated or complex movement, which
represents objectively an act intended for a particular purpose.

Curiously enough, however much this definition emphasises the clonic element in tic, Cruchet makes a subdivision into habit tics and convulsive tics, of which the former "are exactly comparable to normal movements, except that they are involuntary at the moment of their execution, are performed for no reason or purpose, and their frequency is unusual." Their difference from convulsive tics is merely one of degree; a habit tic may become a convulsive tic, and some are convulsive from the beginning. A habit tic, if the movement be a slow one, is closely allied to the "attitude"; and it is not always practicable to draw a distinction between them.

Thus Cruchet himself admits that the clonic element in tic may be minimal, so that the differences between him and our authors are by no means so insuperable as might be imagined. What he calls a habit tic is equivalent to the stereotyped act of the others, who hold, it will be remembered, that the movement of tic differs from the normal movement not merely by being involuntary, irresistible, inapposite, and so on, but also by being exaggerated.

It cannot be denied that in many cases of tic this exaggeration of the normal movement is anything but obvious; many conform absolutely to the definition of Meige and Feindel, except that the movements are not violent, or grotesque, or "caricatures." To withhold the term "tic" on this account would be rather unfortunate, especially since no standard exists whereby to estimate exaggeration. Enough has been said, however, to demonstrate how insignificant are the discrepancies between the rival definitions.

Another question recently raised by Cruchet is the possibility of the persistence of tic during sleep.

The evidence he has adduced in favour of this has now been accepted, as far as tics of the neck are concerned, by Meige. They are leas abrupt and less frequent, it is true; otherwise, they are identical with the movements of the waking hours. A case of a hiccoughing tic persisting in sleep has come under my own observation within the last few months. Now, it is not difficult to understand that a movement such as tic, which occurs during the conscious state in spite of the will of the subject, may arise when consciousness is diminished. In fact, one wonders why they are not more frequently remarked, seeing that they are habitual movements, and habit movements are by no means uncommon in sleep. It is highly probable, of course, that the observation of the watcher is not minute enough, but there is another reason. The peculiarity of all, or almost all, of these habitual movements in sleep is that they are rhythmical--we may instance the head nodding and head rolling of children; but it is a noteworthy fact that they are often regulated by respiration. When it is recalled how respiratory drill is eminently calculated to diminish the frequency and lessen the severity of very many tics, it will be admitted that the regularity of the respiratory movement in sleep is the most likely explanation of the infrequency of tic during that period.

One other matter may be shortly alluded to. In Cruchet's terminology, a tic is an anomalous gesture, and cannot be applied to an anomalous attitude, since the latter is tonic rather than clonic. For an anomaly of attitude he suggests the use of the word "deformity." Hence "habit deformity" is comparable to habit tic, and "convulsive deformity" to convulsive tic. As a habit tic may develop into a convulsive tic, so a habit torticollis may degenerate into a convulsive torticollis. There is no reason why the operation of habit as a factor should not effect the latter transformation exactly as it does the former; and as habit is held to be a psychical phenomenon, it is easy to conceive why the term "mental torticollis" should have arisen, and been so widely accepted. But it will be readily understood that while Cruchet affirms that no mental torticollis can ever be a tic, in his sense of the word, this is due solely to his refusal to consider any movement which is tonic as partaking of the nature of tic. In all other respects, the description which he gives of mental torticollis shows that it is nought else than a tic in Meige's sense.

In an article on convulsive torticollis which has been contributed by Meige to the _Pratique medico-chirurgicale_ (1907) he emphasises afresh the distinction between torticollis-spasm and torticollis-tic. The former is provoked by an irritative lesion in the motor nerves supplying the muscles of the neck, or in their nuclei of origin, and the character of the contractions ("contracture frémissante" [Meige], "contractions parcellaires," "contractions paradoxales" [Babinski]) in a definite peripheral nerve area is not likely to be mistaken. In other cases the objective phenomena distinctive of spasm are awanting: the characteristics of tic, on the contrary, are conspicuously present, and among these cases, where psychical disturbance plays a preponderant rôle, are to be found those described by Brissaud as mental torticollis.

It is to be noted that these writers alike decry the surgical treatment of torticollis, and perhaps not without good reason. Nevertheless the method must not be condemned on theoretical grounds merely, and it is permissible to believe that their experience may have been unfortunate. The records of the National Hospital provide many instances of surgical interference in torticollis and allied conditions of the neck, the results of which make one hesitate in expressing a dogmatic opinion. It is, however, impossible to enlarge further on the subject in this place.

S. A. K. WILSON.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[In one or two instances, where the original paper has been
inaccessible, its title is reproduced as given in the French
edition, but in brackets. Through the kindness of M. Cruchet, of
Bordeaux, I have seen the proofs of his new volume of 800 pages on
_Les torticolis spasmodiques_, which is at present in the press
(Masson: Paris). It is a splendid monograph on the subject, and
contains many references to the literature.--S. A. K. W.]

ABADIE AND DUPUY-DUTEMPS, "Hémispasme facial guéri par une
injection profonde d'alcool," _Société de neurologie de Paris_,
February 1, 1906.

ABT, "Spasmus Nutans," _Journal of the American Medical
Association_, February 3, 1900, p. 269.

ACHARD AND SOUPAULT, "Tremblement héréditaire et tremblement
sénile," _Gazette hebdomadaire_, April 22, 1897, p. 373.

AIMÉ, "Un cas de tic élocutoire guéri par la méthode de rééducation
et d'entraînement," _Revue médicale de l'Est_, January 1, 1901, p.
25.

---- "Traitement de certains tics considérés comme des syndromes
émotionnels," _Revue de psychologie clinique et thérapeutique_,
September, 1901.

ALDRICH, "Tic," _Medical Record_, July 30, 1904, p. 169.

ALLARD, "Tics chez les aliénés," _Thèse de Lyon_, 1886.

D'ALLOCCO, "Parecchi casi di mioclonia, la maggior parte
familiari," _Riforma medica_, 1897, p. 223.

ALTHAUS, "Two Cases of Wryneck successfully treated by
Electricity," _Medical Times and Gazette_, May 25, 1861, p. 544.

AMUSSAT, "Torticolis datant de six ans; section du muscle
sternomastoïdien; guérison," _Gazette médicale_, 1834, p. 829.

ANDERSON, "Sternomastoid Torticollis," _Lancet_, January 7, 1893,
p. 9.

ANDRIANJAFY, "Le Ramanenojana à Madagascar (choréomanie d'origine
palustre)," _Thèse de Montpellier_, 1902.

ANNANDALE, "Case of Spasmodic Wryneck successfully treated by
Division of the Spinal Accessory, after Failure of Stretching,"
_Lancet_, April 19, 1879, p. 555.

(Contains references to early literature.)

APPLEYARD, "Spasmodic Torticollis treated by Neurectomy," _Lancet_,
January 2, 1892, p. 26.

ASTOLFONI. _See_ DOSE.

AUSCH, "Zur Casuistik des Spasmus Nutans," _Archiv f.
Kinderheilkunde_, Bd. 28, Hft. 3-4, 1899, p. 161.

BABES, "Myokymie in einem Falle von Bleilähmung," _Neurologisches
Centralblatt_, 1897, p. 684.

BABINSKI, "Contribution à l'étude du torticolis spasmodique,"
_Société de neurologie de Paris_, February 1, 1900.

---- "Hémispasme et torticolis spasmodique," _Société de neurologie
de Paris_, July 4, 1901.

---- "Sur la paralysie du mouvement associé de l'abaissement des
yeux," _Société de neurologie de Paris_, June 7, 1900.

---- "Hémispasme facial périphérique," _Société de neurologie de
Paris_, April 6, 1905.

---- "Spasme du trapèze droit et tic de la face," _Société de
neurologie de Paris_, July 6, 1905.

---- "Hémispasme facial périphérique," _Nouvelle iconographie de la
Salpêtrière_, July-August, 1905, p. 419.

BALLANCE, "A Case of Spasmodic Wryneck treated by Excision of a
Portion of the Spinal Accessory Nerve," _St. Thomas's Hospital
Reports_, vol. xiv. 1884, p. 95.

BALLET, "Tic non douloureux de la face datant de trente-sept ans,
guéri par une paralysie faciale," _Société de neurologie de Paris_,
July 4, 1901.

---- "L'écriture de Leonard de Vinci; contribution à l'étude de
l'écriture en miroir," _Nouvelle iconographie de la Salpêtrière_,
1900, p. 597.

BALLET AND ROSE, "Spasme fonctionnel chez un ciseleur," _Société de
neurologie de Paris_, June 2, 1904.

BALLET AND TAGUET, "Tic inhibitoire du langage articulé datant de
l'enfance," _Société de neurologie de Paris_, November 9, 1905.

BARR, "Some Notes on Echolalia, with the Report of an Extraordinary
Case," _Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease_, 1898, p. 20.

BASTIANELLI, "Sopra un tipo di mioclonia fibrillare," _Rivista di
psicologia, psichiatria e neuropatologia_, vol. i. fasc. 3, June,
1897. p. 33.

BATTELLI. _See_ PRÉVOST.

BAYLAC, "Un cas de torticolis mental ou tic du typographe,"
_Archives médicales de Toulouse_, November 1, 1903, p. 481.

BEARD, "Experiments with the 'Jumpers' or 'jumping Frenchmen' of
Maine," _Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease_, 1880, p. 487.

BECHTEREW, "Ueber die psychischen Schluckstörungen,"
_Neurologisches Centralblatt_, 1901, p. 642.

---- ["Sur deux cas de tic de la face,"] _Oborenje psychiatrii_,
1899, No. 12.

---- "Eine Neurose unter dem Bilde tonischer Intentionszuckungen,"
_Monatsschrift f. Psychiatric u. Neurologie_, May, 1905, p. 460.

BEDUSCHI AND BOSSI, "Sulla patogenesie del cosidetto torcicollo
mentale," _Archivio di ortopedia_, 1903, fasc. 2, p. 81.

BENEDIKT, "Zwei Fälle von Torticollis," _Wiener medicinische
Wochenschrift_, 1888, p. 1613.

---- "Ueber den Begriff 'Krampf,'" _Wiener medicinische
Wochenschrift_, 1895, p. 505.

BENNET, "Case in which attacks of Intermittent Tonic Muscular
Spasms, immediately followed by complete temporary Paralysis, have
frequently and periodically occurred during the entire Life of the
Patient, the Health in the Intervals being normal," _Brain_,
January, 1885, p. 492.

BERG, "Einige Reflexionen über die operative Behandlung des
Torticollis spasticus," _Nord. med. Archiv._, 1905, afd. 1, nr. 2,
p. 1.

BÉRILLON, "Le traitement psycho-mécanique de la chorée, des tics,
et des habitudes automatiques," _Société d'hypnologie et de
psychologie de Paris_, July 16, 1901.

BERLAND, "Traitement par le tartre stibié d'une forme de chorée
dite électrique," _Thèse de Paris_, 1880.

BERNARD, "Myoclonie du type Bergeron chez un dégénéré hystérique,"
_Nouvelle iconographie de la Salpêtrière_, July-August, 1901, p.
316.

BERNHARDT, "Ein ungewöhnlicher Fall von Facialiskrampf (Myokymie)
beschränkt auf das Gebiet des linken Facialis," _Neurologisches
Centralblatt_, 1902, p. 689.

BERTRAND, "Sur un cas de paramyoclonus multiplex," _Revue de
médecine_, November 10, 1902, p. 941.

BETTRÉMIEUX, "Contribution a l'étude des névralgies et des tics de
la face considérés dans leurs rapports avec un état pathologique
des voies lacrymales," _Archives d'ophtalmologie_, April, 1899, p.
246.

BÉZY, "Laryngospasme et signe du facial chez les enfants,"
_Archives médicales de Toulouse_, March 15, 1903, p. 121.

BIANCONE, "Contributo clinico allo studio della miokimia," _Rivista
sperimentale di freniatria_, 1898, p. 313.

BINETTI, "Contributo allo studio delle nevrosi professionali,"
_Gazzetta degli ospedali e delle cliniche_, July 7, 1901, p. 844.

BITTORF, "Ein Beitrag zur Lehre von den Beschäftigungsparesen,"
_Münchener medicinische Wochenschrift_, July 4, 1905, p. 1278.

BLACHE, "Chorées graves; guérison rapide par les massages et la
gymnastique méthodique appliqués," _Gazette hebdomadaire_, 1864, p.
787.

BOMPAIRE, "Du torticolis mental," _Thèse de Paris_, 1894.

BONNET DE MALHERBE, "Tic rotatoire de la tête et du cou," _Union
médicale_, 1876, p. 340.

BONNIOT. _See_ LEVI.

BONNUS, "Spasme fonctionnel du triceps sural gauche chez une
harpiste jouant de la harpe chromatique," _Société de neurologie de
Paris_, May 5, 1904.

---- "Crampe des écrivains et torticolis d'origine mentale,"
_Nouvelle iconographie de la Salpêtrière_, May-June, 1905, p. 285.

BOOTH, "Toxic Tremor and Hysteria in a Male," _New York
Neurological Society_, November, 1897.

BORCHARDT, _Der Schreibkrampf und die ihm verwandten
Bewegungsstörungen; ihr Entstehung, Bedeutung, und zwecktmässige
Behandlung_, Berlin, 1904.

BOSSI. _See_ BEDUSCHI.

BOUCARUT, "Observation de tremblement hystérique," _Revue de
médecine_, July, 1904, p. 601.

BOULENGER, "Tic clonique et tonique," _Journal de neurologie_,
1904, p. 132.

BOURNEVILLE AND NOIR, "Idiotie congénitale; atrophie cérébrale;
tics nombreux," _Archives de neurologie_, 1893, p. 228.

BREITMANN, "Contribution à l'étude de l'écholalie, de la coprolalie
et de l'imitation des gestes chez les dégénérés et les aliénés,"
_Thèse de Paris_, 1888.

VAN BRERO ["Le latah, névrose des Indes néerlandaises"],
_Allgemeine Zeitschrift f. Psychiatrie_, 1895, p. 939.

---- ["Observations sur les affections mentales des populations de
l'archipel malaisien"], _Allgemeine Zeitschrift f. Psychiatrie_,
1896, p. 24.

BRESLER, "Beitrag zur Lehre von der Maladie des Tics convulsifs
(mimische Krampfneurose)," _Neurologisches Centralblatt_, 1896, p.
965.

BRIAND, "Tics" (Congrès de Limoges), _Revue neurologique_, August
30, 1901, p. 790.

BRIGNONE, "Paramyoclonus multiplex," _Riforma medica_, 1886, p.
1155.

BRISSAUD, "Tics et spasmes cloniques de la face," _Journal de
médecine et de chirurgie pratiques_, January 25, 1894.

---- "Tics et spasmes cloniques de la face," _Leçons sur les
maladies nerveuses_, 1re série, 1895, p. 502.

---- "Contre le traitement chirurgical du torticolis mental," _Revue
neurologique_, January 30, 1897, p. 34.

---- "Chorée variable," _Presse médicale_, February 15, 1899.

---- "La chorée variable des dégénérés," _Revue neurologique_, 1896,
p. 417.

---- "La chorée variable des dégénérés," _Leçons sur les maladies
nerveuses_, 2e série, 1899, p. 516.

BRISSAUD AND FEINDEL, "Sur le traitement du torticolis mental et
des tics similaires," _Journal de neurologie_, April 15, 1899.

BRISSAUD AND MEIGE, "Trois nouveaux cas de torticolis mental,"
_Revue neurologique_, December 10, 1894, p. 697.

---- ---- "Tics, stéréotypies, aërophagie, catatonisme," _Société de
neurologie de Paris_, January 15, 1903.

---- ---- "La discipline psycho-motrice," _Archives générales de
médecine_, May 26, 1903, p. 1319.

BRISSAUD, HALLION, AND MEIGE, "Acrocyanose et crampe des
écrivains," _Archives générales de médecine_, September 15, 1903,
P. 2305.

BRISSAUD, SICARD, AND TANON, "Essai de traitement de certains cas
de contractures, spasmes, et tremblements des membres par
l'alcoolisation locale des troncs nerveux," _Revue neurologique_,
July 30, 1906, p. 633.

BROUARDEL AND LORTAT-JACOB, "Aërophagie, hoquet hystérique,"
_Gazette des hôpitaux_, October 25, 1902, p. 1191.

BROWN (SANGER), "A Neurologic Clinic; Spasmodic Torticollis, etc.,"
_Medical Standard_, March, 1904.

BRUANDET, "Un cas d'hémispasme facial," _Revue neurologique_, 1900,
p. 658.

BRUEL, "Traitement des chorées et des tics de l'enfance," _Thèse de
Paris_, 1906.

BRUNON, "Tics et tiqueurs," _Normandie médicale_, 1892, p. 169.

BUCHANAN, "Two Cases of Spasmus Nutans," _Annals of Ophthalmology_,
July, 1905, p. 435.

BUCK, "Quelques réflexions sur un cas de spasme fonctionnel du cou;
torticolis spasmodique; tic rotatoire," _Belgique médicale_, 1897,
No. 51.

---- "A propos d'un tic," _Journal de neurologie_, 1903, No. 6.

BÜHRER, "Ueber einen Fall von Unverricht'scher Myoclonie,"
_Correspondenzblatt f. Schweizer Aerzte_, April 1, 1901, p. 201.

BURZIO, "Contributo clinico allo studio delle mioclonie," _Annali
di freniatria_, 1898, p. 165.

BUSS, "Beitrag zur Lehre von der Aetiologie des Tic convulsif,"
_Neurologisches Centralblatt_, 1886, p. 313.

BUZZARD, "Case of Clonic Spasms of Neck and Shoulders treated by
Liquor Arsenicalis," _British Medical Journal_, 1881, p. 937.

CABANNES AND TOULIÈRES, "Sur un cas de tic de la face à la suite
d'une paralysie faciale," _Journal de médecine de Bordeaux_,
January 15, 1905, p. 46.

CADE, "Myoclonie à type de chorée de Bergeron," _Revue
neurologique_, 1903, p. 80.

CADIOT, GILBERT, AND ROGER, "Note sur l'origine bulbaire du tic de
la face," _Revue de médecine_, 1890, p. 431.

CAHEN, "Contribution a l'étude des stéréotypies," _Archives de
neurologie_, December, 1901, p. 476.

(References to the literature on the subject.)

CAILLAUD, "Contribution a l'étude des torticolis convulsifs,"
_Thèse de Paris_, 1903.

CAILLÉ, "Two Cases of Nystagmus associated with Choreic Movements
of the Head in Rachitic Babies," _Archives of Pediatrics_, 1890, p.
171.

CALMETTE. _See_ SABRAZÈS.

CANTILENA, "Ecolalia, emiplegia destra, cerebrale, corticale," _Lo
sperimentale_, 1880, p. 274.

CANTONNET, "Deux cas de goitre exophtalmique fruste avec troubles
psychiques (torticolis mental et psychasthénie)," _Société de
neurologie de Paris_, June 2, 1904.

CARRIÈRE, "Le paramyoclonus multiplex," _Presse médicale_, August
7, 1901, p. 57.

---- "Sur un cas de paramyoclonus multiplex et de lordoscoliose
hystériques chez un enfant," _Nord médical_, May 1, 1902.

CARRIÈRE AND SONNEVILLE, "La chorée arythmique hystérique de
l'enfance," _Archives générales de médecine_, September, 1901, p.
257.

CATROU, "Étude sur la maladie des tics convulsifs," _Thèse de
Paris_, 1890.

CAUDMONT, _Le torticolis mental; état mental du tiqueur_, Morel,
Lille, 1904.

CHABBERT, "De la maladie des tics," _Archives de neurologie_,
January, 1893, p. 10.

CHARCOT, "Intorno ad alcuni casi di tic convulsive con coprolalia
ed echolalia," _Riforma medica_, 1885.

---- "Hystérie et tics; diagnostic," _Semaine médicale_, 1886, p.
363.

---- _Leçons du mardi_, 1887-8 and 1888-9.

---- "Toux et bruits laryngés chez les hystériques, les choréiques,
et les tiqueux," _Archives de neurologie_, 1892, p. 69.

CHATIN, "Note sur un cas de trismus mental," _Revue neurologique_,
May 15, 1900, p. 310.

CHAUFFARD, "Maladie de Friedreich avec attitudes athetoïdes,"
_Semaine médicale_, 1893, p. 409.

CHAUVREAU, "Tics coordonnés avec emission brusque et involontaire
de mots articulés," _Thèse de Bordeaux_, 1888.

CHERVIN, "Du bégaiement et de son traitement," _Congrès périodique
international des sciences médicales, Amsterdam_, 1879.

CHIPAULT, "Sur une série de trente-neuf cas de chirurgie du
sympathique cervical," _Travaux de neurologie chirurgicale_, 1901,
p. 220.

CHIPAULT AND LE FUR, "Névralgie des 8e, 9e, et 10e racines
dorsales avec tic abdominal; lésion méningée localisée; résection
radiculaire," _Gazette des hôpitaux_, March 20, 1902, p. 325.

CHOMEL. _See_ RUDLER.

CLARK AND PROUT, "Nature and Pathology of Myoclonus-Epilepsy,"
_American Journal of Insanity_, October, 1902, p. 185.

(Twenty-two references to the literature of myoclonus-epilepsy.)

CLAUS AND SANO, "Spasme bilatéral de la face et du cou," _Journal
de neurologie_, 1899, p. 51.

COHN, "Facialistic als Beschäftigungsneurose," _Neurologisches
Centralblatt_, 1897, p. 21.

COLLIER (MAYO), "Spasmodic Torticollis treated by Nerve Ligature,"
_Lancet_, June 21, 1890, p. 1354.

COLLINS, "The Clinical and Pathologic Interpretation of Tic, with
special Reference to its Treatment," _Medical News_, 1897, vol. ii.
p. 747.

CONTI, "Nota clinica sopra un caso di spasmo clonico nel distretto
dell' accessorio del Willis, da malaria," _Gazzetta degli ospedali
e delle cliniche_, January 7, 1906, p. 21.

(Twenty-eight references to the literature.)

CORNING, "Eleomyenchisis; or, the Treatment of Chronic Local Spasms
by the Injection and Congelation of Oils in the Affected Muscles,"
_New York Medical Journal_, April 14, 1894, p. 449.

COUDRAY, "Torticolis spasmodique; résection du spinal," _XIIe
Congrès de l'association française de chirurgie_, October 17-24,
1898.

CRAMER, "Tic de Guinon," _Deutsche medicinische Wochenschrift_,
September 14, 1899, p. 210.

CRISP, "Torticollis in the Common Fowl," _Transactions of the
Pathological Society_ (of London), vol. xxvi. p. 252.

CRONBACH, "Die Beschäftigungsneurose der Telegraphisten," _Archiv
f. Psychiatrie u. Nervenkrankheiten_, 1903, p. 243.

CROSS, "Spasmodic Action of the Sternomastoid Muscles," _British
Medical Journal_, March 13, 1880, p. 425.

CROUZON, "Tic d'élévation des deux yeux," _Société de neurologie de
Paris_, January 11, 1900.

CRUCHET, "Étude critique sur le tic convulsif et son traitement
gymnastique," _Thèse de Bordeaux_, 1902.

---- "Délimitation du tic" (Congrès de Grenoble), _Revue
neurologique_, 1902, p. 789.

---- "Formes cliniques des tics unilatéraux de la face," _Congrès de
Pau_, 1904.

---- "Sur un cas de tic de la tête et du tronc n'existant que
pendant le sommeil," _Gazette hebdomadaire des sciences médicales
de Bordeaux_, July 3, 1904, p. 319.

---- "Hémispasme facial périphérique postparalytique," _Revue
neurologique_, October 30, 1905, p. 985.

---- "Tics et sommeil," _Presse médicale_, January 18, 1905, p. 33.

---- "Sur deux cas de tics convulsifs persistant dans le sommeil,"
_Société de neurologie de Paris_, March 1, 1906.

---- "Contribution à l'étude des rythmies d'habitude du sommeil,"
_Gazette hebdomadaire des sciences médicales de Bordeaux_, February
18, 1906.

---- "Sur un cas de maladie des tics convulsifs," _Archives
générales de médecine_, May 8, 1906, p. 1180.

CRUCHET. _See_ PITRES.

CUGINI, "Un raro caso di policlonia," _Rivista sperimentale di
freniatria_, 1902, p. 112.

CUIGNET, "Des attitudes dans les maladies des yeux et du torticolis
oculaire," _Revue d'ophtalmologie_, April, 1874, p. 190.

CURCIO ["Paramyoclonus symptomatique"], _Annali di medicina
navale_, July, 1901, p. 86.

DALEY, "Primary Myokymia, with Report of a Case," _Medical News_,
July 2, 1904, p. 12.

DAMAIN. _See_ TOURETTE.

DANA, "Myoclonus Multiplex and the Myoclonias; Report of Cases and
an Attempt at Classification," _Journal of Nervous and Mental
Disease_, August, 1903, p. 449.

DEBOUT, "Torticolis par contracture des muscles splenius droit et
sterno-cléido-mastoïdien du côté gauche, guéri par l'électrisation
des muscles sains," _Bulletin de la société de chirurgie de Paris_,
1854.

DEBROU, "Sur le tic non douloureux de la face," _Archives générales
de médecine_, June, 1864, p. 641.

DECROLY, "Contribution à la symptomatologie du spasme salutatoire
(epilepsia nutans)," _Journal de neurologie_, October 20, 1904, p.
390.

DELVART, "Le paramyoclonus multiplex chez l'enfant," _Thèse de
Lille_, 1902.

DERCUM, "Spasmodic Torticollis and its Medical Relations," _Medical
and Surgical Report_, 1894, p. 39.

DERSCHEID-DELCOURT, "Un torticolis d'origine oculaire," _La
clinique belge_, December 23, 1897.

DESCROIZILLES, "De quelques cas de tics convulsifs," _Revue
mensuelle des maladies de l'enfance_, August, 1890, p. 337.

DESNOS, "Spasme du sternomastoïdien gauche," _Union médicale_,
March 16, 1880, p. 422.

DESTERAC, "Torticolis spasmodique et spasmes fonctionnels," _Revue
neurologique_, 1901, p. 591.

---- "Syndrome du torticolis spasmodique," _Congrès de Toulouse_,
April, 1902.

---- "Le syndrome du torticolis spasmodique," _Nouvelle iconographie
de la Salpêtrière_, Sept.-Oct. 1902, p. 385.

DIDE, "La myoclonie dans l'épilepsie," _Annales
medico-psychologiques_, Sept.-Oct. 1899, p. 270.

DONATH, "Beitrag zu den Clavier-u. Violinspielerneurosen," _Wiener
medicinische Wochenschrift_, 1902, p. 355.

DORNBLUTH, "Zur Behandlung gewissen spastischer Neurosen,"
_Münchener medicinische Wochenschrift_, February 11, 1896, p. 128.

DOSE AND ASTOLFONI, "Di un caso di miotonia essenziale," _Rivista
sperimentale di freniatria_, 1900, p. 420.

DREHER, "Tics im Kindesalter und ihre Behandlung," _Jahrbuch f.
Kinderheilkunde_, 1904, p. 253.

DROMARD, "Psychologie comparée de quelques manifestations motrices
communément désignées sous le nom de 'tics,'" _Journal de
psychologie normale et pathologique_, Jan.-Feb. 1905, p. 16.

DUBOIS, "Traitement des tics convulsifs par la rééducation des
centres moteurs," _Bulletin général de thérapeutique_, April 30,
1901, p. 617.

---- "Du trouble de l'attention chez les tiqueurs," _Bulletin de
l'institut psychologique_, 1902.

DUBREUIL, "Spasme fonctionnel du sternomastoïdien et du trapèze,"
_Gazette hebdomadaire des sciences médicales de Montpellier_, 1882.

DUFOUR, "A propos des tics et des troubles moteurs chez les
délirants chroniques; du syndrome musculaire comme signe
pronostic," _Revue neurologique_, 1901, p. 1069.

DUPRÉ, "Hémispasme tonique de la face," _Congrès de Bruxelles_,
1903.

DUPUY-DUTEMPS. _See_ ABADIE.

EHRET, "Ueber eine functionelle Lähmungsform der Peronealmuskeln
traumatischen Ursprunges," _Archiv f. Unfallheilkunde_, 1897, p.
32.

ELIOT, "The Surgical Treatment of Torticollis, with especial
Reference to the Spinal Accessory Nerve," _Annals of Surgery_,
1895, p. 493.

FALDELLA, "Paramyoclonus multiplex," _Rivista sperimentale di
freniatria_, 1888, p. 193.

FAURE, "Traitement de la paralysie faciale d'origine traumatique
par l'anastomose spino-faciale," _Presse médicale_, November 6,
1901, p. 259.

FEINDEL, "Le traitement médical de torticolis mental," _Nouvelle
iconographie de la Salpêtrière_, Nov.-Dec. 1897, p. 404.

FEINDEL, "Le torticolis mental, et son traitement," _Gazette
hebdomadaire_, February 20, 1898, p. 169.

---- "Spasmes grimaçants de la face datant de trois mois; traitement
et guérison en quatre jours," _Revue de psychologie clinique et
thérapeutique_, April, 1899.

---- "Le torticolis mental," _Gazette hebdomadaire_, August 28,
1903, p. 805.

---- _See_ BRISSAUD.

---- _See_ MEIGE.

FEINDEL AND MEIGE, "Tic ou spasme de la face," _Revue
neurologique_, March 15, 1898, p. 125.

---- "Revision iconographique du torticolis mental; trois cas
nouveaux; traitement," _XIIIe Congrès international de médecine,
section de neurologie, Paris_, August, 1900.

---- "Quatre cas de torticolis mental," _Archives générales de
médecine_, January, 1901, p. 60.

---- "Torticolis mental surajouté à des mouvements hémichoréiformes;
guérison du torticolis; amélioration générale," _Société de
neurologie de Paris_, November 7, 1901.

FÉRÉ, "Tic non douloureux de le face du côté gauche," _Archives de
physiologie_, 1876, p. 267.

---- "Tic de la face du côté gauche," _Comptes rendus de la société
de biologie de Paris_, 1876, p. 62.

---- "Le tic de salaam; les salutations névropathiques," _Progrès
médical_, December, 1883, p. 970.

(References to early literature.)

---- "Crampe fonctionnelle du cou," _Revue de médecine_, 1883, p.
769.

---- "Contribution à la pathologie des spasmes fonctionnels du cou,"
_Revue de médecine_, September, 1894, p. 755.

---- "Note sur un cas de chorée variable, avec contractions
fasciculaires des deltoïdes," _Nouvelle iconographie de la
Salpêtrière_, Nov.-Dec. 1898, p. 454.

---- "L'épilepsie choréique," _La médecine moderne_, 1899, p. 209.

---- "L'épilepsie et les tics," _Journal de neurologie_, September
5, 1900.

---- "L'influence sur le travail volontaire d'un muscle de
l'activité d'autres muscles," _Nouvelle iconographie de la
Salpêtrière_, Sept.-Oct. 1901, p. 432.

FÉRON, "Tic guéri par suggestion," _Journal de neurologie_, 1899,
p. 246.

FIERSINGER. _See_ HUCHARD.

FILIPPO, "Mioclono multiplex in un lattante," _Gazzetta degli
ospedali e delle cliniche_, March 12, 1905, p. 329.

FISCHER, "Les chorées électriques; paramyoclonus; myoclonie,"
_Gazette des hôpitaux_, May 2, 1903, p. 513.

FOLLET. _See_ RÉNON.

FORCHHEIMER, "Torticollis intermittens," _Archives of Pediatrics_,
1887, p. 96.

FORNACA ["Observations cliniques sur le torticolis mental"],
_Clinica medica italiana_, November, 1901, No. 15.

FOURNIER, "Quelques considérations sur le tic rotatoire," _Thèse de
Strasbourg_, 1870.

FRANCIS, "Case of spasmodic torticollis; section of spinal
accessory nerve; recovery," _Lancet_, November 11, 1893, p. 1184.

FRANÇOIS, "Essai sur les convulsions idiopathiques de la face,"
_Mémoire présenté à l'Académie royale de Belgique_, 1843.

FRENKEL, "De l'exercice cérébral appliqué au traitement de certains
troubles moteurs," _Semaine médicale_, 1896, p. 123.

---- "Spasme primitif du facial avec mouvements fibrillaires
continus ('myokymie')," _Revue neurologique_, 1903, p. 609.

FRIEDREICH, "Ueber coordinirte Erinnerungskrämpfe," _Virchow's
Archiv_, 1881, p. 430.

FUR (LE). _See_ CHIPAULT.

GALLAVARDIN AND SAVY, "Sur un cas de torticolis congénital avec
autopsie et examen histologique du système nerveux," _Lyon
médical_, November 22, 1903, p. 767.

GARDNER AND GILES, "Neurectomy in Spasmodic Torticollis and in
Retrocollic Spasm, or 'torticolis postérieur,'" _Australian Medical
Journal_, December 15, 1892, p. 613.

GAUSSEL, "Spasme bilatéral des muscles du cou et de la face,"
_Nouvelle iconographie de la Salpêtrière_, Sept.-Oct. 1904, p. 337.

GAUTHIER, "Des mouvements automatiques rythmiques," _Thèse de
Paris_, 1898.

GAUTIEZ, "Contribution a l'étude des spasmes du cou," _Thèse de
Paris_, 1884.

GEHUCHTEN (VAN), "Mouvements spasmodiques du membre supérieur droit
propagés au sterno-cléido-mastoïdien du même côté," _Société belge
de neurologie_, October 29, 1898.

---- "Un curieux cas de tic," _Journal de neurologie_, 1899, No. 3.

GELLÉ, "Du torticolis ab aure laesa," _Tribune médicale_, 1894,
Nos. 50 and 51.

GERHARDT, "Accessoriuskrampf mit Stimmbandbeteiligung," _Münchener
medicinische Wochenschrift_, 1894, p. 181.

GIGLIOLI, "Del torcicolle mentale," _Rivista critica di clinica
medicina_, February 13, 1904, p. 104.

GILBERT. _See_ CADIOT.

GILES. _See_ GARDNER.

GILLET, "Tic douloureux de la face," _Thèse de Paris_, 1903.

GILMOUR, "'Latah' among South African Natives," _Scottish Medical
and Surgical Journal_, January, 1902, p. 18.

GONZALES. See ROSSI.

GOWERS, "On Saltatoric Spasm," _Lancet_, July 14, 1877, p. 42.

GRAFF, "Ein Fall von spastischen Krampfen der Halsmuskulatur,"
_Deutsche medicinische Wochenschrift_, March 22, 1900, p. 66.

GRASSET, "Un cas de maladie des tics et un cas de tremblement
singulier de la tête et des membres gauches," _Leçons de clinique
médicale_, 1891, p. 466.

---- "Tic du colporteur (spasme polygonal post-professionnel),"
_Nouvelle iconographie de la Salpêtrière_, July-August, 1897, p.
217.

---- "Pathogénie du tic" (Congrès de Grenoble), _Revue
neurologique_, 1902, p. 782.

GROLHOUX, "Le spasme facial," _Thèse de Paris_, 1904.

GUERTIN, "D'une névrose convulsive et rythmique déjà nommée; forme
de chorée dite électrique," _Thèse de Paris_, 1881.

GUIBERT, "Crampe fonctionnelle du cou," _Revue de médecine_, 1892,
p. 317.

GUILLAIN. _See_ MARIE.

GUINON, "Maladie des tics convulsifs," _Revue de médecine_, 1886,
p. 50.

---- "Tics convulsifs et hystérie," _Revue de médecine_, 1887, p.
509.

HABEL, "Ueber Fortbestehen von Tic convulsif bei gleichseitiger
Hemiplegie," _Deutsche medicinische Wochenschrift_, March 24, 1898,
p. 189.

HADDEN, "On Head-nodding and Head-jerking in Children, commonly
associated with Nystagmus," _Lancet_, June 14, 1890, p. 1293.

HAJOS, "Ein Fall von Myospasmia Spinalis," _Ungarische medicinische
Presse_, 1898, No. 34.

HALLION. _See_ BRISSAUD.

HAMMOND, "Myriachit, nova malattia del sistema nervoso," _La
medicina contemporanea_, March, 1884.

HANKE, "Ein Beitrag zur Aetiologie des Caput obstipum musculare,"
_Inaugural Dissertation, Kiel_, 1900.

HARTENBERG, "Traitement et guérison d'un cas de tic sans angoisse,"
_Revue de psychologie clinique et thérapeutique_, January, 1899, p.
17.

---- "Tic de déglutition chez un hystérique; traitement et guérison;
considérations," _Revue de psychologie clinique et thérapeutique_,
June, 1899, p. 175.

---- "La psycho-thérapie nouvelle," _Revue de psychologie clinique
et thérapeutique_, February, 1901.

HASSLAUER, "Ueber phonischen Stimmritzenkrampf," _Deutsche
militär-ärtzliche Zeitschrift_, 1900, p. 417.

HAUSER AND LORTAT-JACOB, "Contribution à l'étude des paralysies
psychiques," _Revue de médecine_, November, 1901, p. 995.

HEATON, "Involuntary Rotation of the Head cured by continued
Pressure on the Neck," _British Medical Journal_, February 17,
1879, p. 228.

HELDENBERGH, "Myoclonus fonctionnel intermittent et paradoxal,"
_Semaine médicale_, June 7, 1899, p. 194.

---- "Un cas de tremblement fonctionnel de la main droite," _Journal
de neurologie_, November 5, 1901.

---- "Spasme tonique involontaire et intermittent du cou," _Belgique
médicale_, 1902, No. 23.

HELMICH, _Ueber Wesen u. Behandlung des Schreibkrampfes u.
verwandter Krankheiten_, Bielefeld, 1902.

HENOCH, "Ueber Chorea," _Berliner klinische Wochenschrift_,
December 24, 1883, p. 801.

HERMANN, "Myoclonische Zuckungen bei progressiver Paralyse,"
_Neurologisches Centralblatt_, 1901, p. 498.

HEVEROCH, "Paramyoclonie de Friedreich, combinée avec l'épilepsie,"
_Revue neurologique_, 1902, p. 198 (reference).

HIRSCHFELD, _Ueber die Maladie des Tics convulsifs_, Berlin, 1891.

HUCHARD AND FIERSINGER, "Le syndrome myoclonique," _Revue de
médecine_, October, 1905, p. 741.

(Thirty-four references to the literature of myoclonus.)

HUYGHE, "Du traitement de la chorée hystérique par
l'immobilisation," _Nord médical_, August 1, 1901, p. 173.

---- "Chorée arythmique hystérique unilatérale droite; torticolis
mental," _Nord médical_, December 15, 1903, p. 283.

INGELRANS, "Les spasmes de la face," _Écho médical du nord_, June
11, 1905, p. 277.

INNFELD, "Ein chronische, progressive Fall von Muskelkrämpfen,"
_Wiener klinische Wochenschrift_, 1898, p. 17.

IOTEYKO, "Un cas de tics de la face guéri par suggestion," _Journal
de neurologie_, January, 1906, p. 1.

ISCOVESCO. _See_ ROUILLARD.

ISIDOR, "Étude du torticolis spasmodique, et son traitement
chirurgical," _Thèse de Paris_, 1895.

ITARD, "Mémoire sur quelques fonctions involontaires des appareils
de la locomotion, de la préhension, et de la voix," _Archives
générales de médecine_, July, 1825, p. 385.

JACCOUD, "Des impulsions locomotrices systematisées; spasmes
rythmiques," _Gazette des hôpitaux_, 1886, p. 1185.

JACQUET, "Le tic de salaam," _Thèse de Paris_, 1903.

JANET. _See_ RAYMOND.

JANKE, "Sur les mouvements musculaires conscients et inconscients
dans le bégaiement," _IIIe Congrès des médecins tchèques à
Prague_, 1901.

JANOWITZ, "Tic convulsif, paramyoclonus multiplex, et chorée
électrique," _Thèse de Paris_, 1891.

JANTZEN, "Tonisch-klonische Krämpfe in Gefolge einer
Zahnextraktion," _Deutsche zahnärtz. Wochenschrift_, 1900, p. 1399.

JAROCHEVSKY, "Sur l'étiologie et la thérapie de la chorée
rythmique," _Revue (russe) de psychiatrie_, 1902, p. 736.

JOFFROY, "Des myopsychies," _Revue neurologique_, April 15, 1902,
p. 289.

JOLLY, "Ueber die sogenannte Maladie des Tics convulsifs," _Charité
Annalen_, vol. xii. 1892, p. 740.

KEEN, "A New Operation for Spasmodic Wryneck," _Annals of Surgery_,
January, 1891, p. 44.

KENNEDY, "On the Restoration of Co-ordinated Movements after
Nerve-crossing, with Interchange of Function of the Cerebral
Cortical Centres," _Proceedings of the Royal Society_, 1900, p.
431.

KNAPP, "Functionelle Contractur der Halsmuskeln," _Archiv f.
Psychiatrie u. Nervenkrankheiten_, 1905, p. 1263.

KNY, "Ueber ein dem Paramyoclonus Multiplex (Friedreich)
nahestehendes Krankheitsbild," _Archiv f. Psychiatrie u.
Nervenkrankheiten_, 1888, p. 577.

KODYM, "Une nouvelle espèce de spasme fonctionnel," _Revue
neurologique_, 1895, p. 155 (reference).

KOPCZINSKI, "Un cas de névrose motrice sous forme du tic
convulsif," _Revue neurologique_, 1902, p. 582 (reference).

KOPPEN, _Ueber das psychische Moment bei der
Beschäftigungsneurosen, im besonderen beim Schreibekrampf_,
Göttingen, 1903.

KÖSTER, "Ueber die Maladie des Tics impulsifs," _Deutsche
Zeitschrift f. Nervenkeilkunde_, 1899, Hft. 3-4, p. 147.

LABBÉ, "Débilité mentale et tremblement," _Presse médicale_, 1897,
p. 185.

LAGRANGE, _La médication par l'exercice_, Paris, 1894.

---- _Les mouvements méthodiques et la mécanothérapie_, Paris,
1899.

LAMBRANZI, "Due casi di policlonie nella demenza precoce," _Rivista
di patologia nervosa e mentale_, 1901, p. 241.

---- "Su le policlonie nella demenza paralitica," _Rivista di
patologia nervosa e mentale_, August, 1902, p. 360.

LAMY, "Myoclonie avec hémianesthésie sensitivo-sensorielle chez un
sujet atteint de monoplégie infantile du membre inférieur,"
_Société de neurologie de Paris_, May 5, 1904.

---- "Hémispasme clonique facial; spasmes cloniques chez l'homme et
chez le chien," _Société de neurologie de Paris_, July 6, 1905.

LANDOLT, "Torticolis oculaire," _Bulletin médical_, 1890, p. 573.

LANNOIS AND POROT, "Sur les hémispasmes de la face; hémispasme
facial vrai, hémispasme hystérique," _Lyon médical_, February 7,
1904, p. 234.

LASÈGUE, "De la toux hystérique," _Société médicale des hôpitaux de
Paris_, 1855, p. 269.

LEGRAIN, "Du délire des dégénérés," _Thèse de Paris_, 1885.

LEMAIRE. _See_ LEMOINE.

LEMBO, "Paramyoclonus multiplex di Friedreich," _Giornale di
neuropatologia_, 1887, p. 261.

LEMOINE, "Note sur un cas de paramyoclonus multiplex suivi de
troubles psychiques et de l'écholalie," _Revue de médecine_,
November, 1892, p. 882.

LEMOINE AND LEMAIRE, "Étude clinique et séméiologique du
paramyoclonus multiplex," _Revue de médecine_, December, 1889, p.
1018.

(Thirty-nine references to the literature of paramyoclonus
multiplex.)

LENTZ, "Rotation permanente de la tête à droite," _Journal de
neurologie_, 1897, p. 502.

LERCH ["Tics convulsifs"], _American Medicine_, November 2, 1901.

LEROUX, "Du tic post-choréique," _Revue mensuelle des maladies de
l'enfance_, June, 1891, p. 251.

LESZYNSKY, "Spasmodic Wryneck and its Treatment; Report of two
Cases with Recovery," _Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease_,
February, 1901, p. 103.

LETULLE, "Note à propos d'un cas de bégaiement compliqué de tics
coordinés multiples," _Gazette médicale de Paris_, 1883, p. 536.

LEVI AND BONNIOT, "Un cas de myospasme clonique et tonique
(myoclonotonie acquise)," _Société de neurologie de Paris_, May 11,
1905.

---- "Myoclonotonie acquise," _Revue d'hygiène et de médecine
infantile_, 1905, p. 569.

LEVY, "Ererbte Mitbewegungen," _Neurologisches Centralblatt_, July,
1901, p. 605.

---- "Angeborenen Mitbewegungen bei willkürlichen Bewegungen,"
_Archiv f. Psychiatrie u. Nervenkrankheiten_, 1903, p. 927.

LEWIN, "Phosphaturie mit Tic convulsif bei einem 3-1/2-jahrigen
Kinde," _Archiv f. phys.-diat. Therapie_, 1900, p. 281.

LINZ, "Ueber spastische Torticollis," _Inaugural Dissertation_,
Bonn, 1897.

LONDE. _See_ ROBIN.

LORENZETTI, "A proposito di alcuni casi di tic convulsivo,"
_Gazzetta degli ospedali e delle cliniche_, November 22, 1903, p.
1478.

LORTAT-JACOB. _See_ HAUSER.

LUGARO, "Sulla mioclonia," _Rivista di patologia nervosa e
mentale_, 1896, p. 389.

LUNDBORG, _Die progressive Myoklonus-Epilepsie (Unverricht's
Myoklonie)_, Upsala, 1903.

---- "Ist Unverricht's sogenannte familiäre Myoklonie eine klinische
Entität?" _Neurologisches Centralblatt_, February 15, 1904, p. 162.

LUZENBERGER, _Tic muscolari simplici, tic emotivi, e malattia di
Gilles de la Tourette_, Naples, 1897.

---- "'Absences' psichichi in isterici," _Rivista sperimentale di
freniatria_, December, 1900, p. 822.

LYMAN, "Torticollis and Nodding Spasm," _International Medical
Magazine_, vol. ii. 1894, p. 741.

MADER, "Myoklonie in der Art eines expiratorischen Singultus,"
_Wiener med. Blätter_, 1899, No. 30.

MALM ["Tic rotatoire"], _Allgemeine medicinische Centralzeitung_,
1899, No. 64.

MANNINI, "Policlonia ed epilessia," _Gazzetta degli ospedali e
delle cliniche_, September 30, 1900, p. 1220.

---- "Coree, policlonie, tic e malattia dei tic," _Riforma medica_,
July, 1902, p. 137.

MARÉCHAL, "Un cas de torticolis spasmodique," _Journal de
neurologie_, May 20, 1899, p. 206.

MARIE (PIERRE), "Spasme névropathique d'élévation des yeux,"
_Société de neurologie de Paris_, April 18, 1901.

MARIE AND GUILLAIN, "Mouvements athetoïdes de nature indéterminée,"
_Société de neurologie de Paris_, April 17, 1902.

MARINA, "Delle miospasie in generale e della miospasia atetosica in
particolare," _Il policlinico, sezione pratica_, 1902, p. 577.

MARROTTE, "Tic non douloureux de nature hystérique reparaissant
sous le type quotidien," _Société médicale des hôpitaux de Paris_,
1851.

MARTAUD, "Étude sur le tic convulsif simple," _Thèse de Bordeaux_,
1897.

MARTIN (CLAUDE), "Tic congénital associé à du bégaiement," _Journal
de médecine de Bordeaux_, 1900, p. 172.

---- _See_ DAVESAC.

---- (ÉTIENNE), "Deux cas de torticolis mental chez les aliénés:
observations relatives au traitement de cette affection," _Écho
médical de Lyon_, September 15, 1901.

MASSALONGO, "Corea elettrica o mioclonia elettroide di origine
gastrica," _Riforma medica_, vol. iii. 1892, p. 471.

(References to the literature of electric chorea.)

---- "Contribution à l'origine corticale des tremblements," _Revue
neurologique_, 1903, p. 455.

MASSARO ["Vingt-six cas de géniospasme en cinq générations"], _Il
pisani_, 1894, fasc. I.

MASSARY AND TESSIER, "Torticolis mental ou torticolis spasmodique
(torticolis-tic ou torticolis-spasme)," _Revue neurologique_,
December 30, 1904, p. 1204.

MAYER ["Tic convulsif remplaçant une névralgie sus-orbitaire"],
_Alienist and Neurologist_, July, 1897.

MEIGE, "Tics variables; tics d'attitude," _Société de neurologie de
Paris_, July 4, 1901.

MEIGE, "Les mouvements en miroir; leurs applications pratiques et
thérapeutiques," _Revue neurologique_, 1901, p. 280.

---- "Histoire d'un tiqueur; tics variables; tics d'attitude,"
_Journal de médecine et de chirurgie pratiques_, August 25, 1901,
p. 609.

---- "Sur les tics," _Gazette hebdomadaire_, May 1, 1902.

---- "Spasme facial franc," _Société de neurologie de Paris_, April
17, 1902.

---- "Tic et fonction," _Revue neurologique_, 1902, p. 383.

---- "Tic et écriture," _Gazette hebdomadaire_, June 12, 1902, p.
541.

---- "La genèse des tics," _Journal de neurologie_, June 5, 1902.

---- "La correction des tics par le contrôle du miroir," _Journal de
médecine et de chirurgie pratiques_, October 25, 1903, p. 769.

---- "Micropsie chez un tiqueur bègue," _Société de neurologie de
Paris_, January 15, 1903.

---- "L'aptitude catatonique et l'aptitude échopraxique des
tiqueurs; les exercices thérapeutiques de détente," _Congrès de
Madrid_, April, 1903.

---- "Tics des yeux," _Annales d'oculistique_, 1903, p 167.

---- "Neue Beiträge zur Prognose und Behandlung des Tic; die
psycho-motorische Selbsterziehung unter Spiegelkontrolle," _Journal
f. Psychologie u. Neurologie_, 1903, p. 53.

---- "Le phénomène de la chute du bras," _Revue neurologique_,
August 30, 1903.

---- "Tics des lèvres; cheilophagie, cheilophobie," _Journal de
neurologie_, October 20, 1903, p. 481.

---- "Le spasme facial; ses caractères cliniques distinctifs,"
_Revue neurologique_, October 30, 1903.

---- "Les tics," _Revue scientifique_, May 15, 1904.

---- "Migraine ophtalmique; hémianopsie et aphasie transitoires;
hémiface succulente; photophobie et tic de clignement," _Revue
neurologique_, September 30, 1904, p. 961.

---- "Génio-tics et génio-spasmes," _Société de neurologie de
Paris_, April 6, 1905.

---- "Tics de sphincters," _Congrès de Rennes_, August, 1905.

---- _See_ BRISSAUD.

---- _See_ FEINDEL.

MEIGE AND FEINDEL, "Traitement des tics; traitement par
l'immobilisation des mouvements et les mouvements
d'immobilisation," _Presse médicale_, March 16, 1901, p. 125.

MEIGE AND FEINDEL, "Les causes provocatrices et la pathogénie des
tics de la face et du cou," _Société de neurologie de Paris_, April
18, 1901.

---- ---- "Sur la curabilité des tics," _Gazette des hôpitaux_, June
20, 1901, p. 673.

---- ---- "L'état mental des tiqueurs," _Progrès medical_, September
7, 1901, p. 146.

---- ---- "Les associations du torticolis mental," _Archives
générales de médecine_, February, 1902, p. 168.

---- ---- "Remarques cliniques et thérapeutiques sur quelques tics de
l'enfance," _Journal de neurologie_, September 20, 1904, p. 341.

MEINERTZ, "Zur Casuistik der Myokimie," _Neurologisches
Centralblatt_, February 1, 1904, p. 101.

MEIROWITZ, "A Case of Habit Spasm," _The Post-graduate_, 1900, p.
643.

METTLER, "Occupation Neuroses," _Clinical Review_, October, 1904.

MEYER, "Zur Casuistik des Tic rotatoire," _Deutsche medicinische
Wochenschrift_, December 30, 1897, p. 849.

MILLER, "Three Cases of Head-nodding and Head-rotation in Rachitic
Infants," _Archives of Pediatrics_, August, 1900, p. 561.

(Twenty-one references to the literature.)

MITCHELL (JOHN), "An Instance of Spasmodic Affection of the Tongue
and Mouth successfully treated," _Transactions of the
Medicochirurgical Society_, 1813, p. 25.

---- (WEIR), "On Functional Spasms," _American Journal of the
Medical Sciences_, October, 1876, p. 321.

MOTT, "Tremors," _Practitioner_, September, 1904, p. 293.

MOURIER, "L'hémispasme vrai, non douloureux," _Thèse de Lyon_,
1903.

MOUSSOUS, "A propos de la chorée des dégénérés," _Revue
neurologique_, 1902, p. 517 (reference).

MURRI, "Policlonie e coree," _Il policlinico_, November, 1899, p.
487.

NEFF, "Report of a Case of Myoclonus Epilepsy," _American Journal
of Insanity_, January, 1904, p. 467.

NÈGRE, "Du torticolis fonctionnel," _Thèse de Montpellier_, 1883.

NEGRO ["Sur un cas de blépharospasme unilatéral, probablement de
nature épileptique"], _Archivio di psichiatria_, 1904, p. 84.

NEWMARK, "Ein Fall von primaerem tonischen Gesichtskrampf mit
Muskelwogen," _Neurologisches Centralblatt_, 1903, p. 461.

NOGUÈS, "Torticolis mental," _Revue de psychologie clinique et
thérapeutique_, July, 1899, p. 215 (reference).

---- "Des tics en général" (Congrès de Grenoble), _Revue
neurologique_, 1902, p. 766.

NOGUÈS AND SIROL, "Torticolis mental," _Nouvelle iconographie de la
Salpêtrière_, Nov.-Dec. 1899, p. 483.

---- ---- "Un cas de paralysie associée des muscles droits supérieurs
de nature hystérique," _Société de neurologie de Paris_, March 7,
1901.

NOIR, "Étude sur les tics chez les dégénérés, les idiots, et les
imbéciles," _Thèse de Paris_, 1893.

---- _See_ BOURNEVILLE.

NONNE, "Zwei Fälle von Maladie des Tics," _Neurologisches
Centralblatt_, 1898, p. 327 (reference).

NORSTROM, "A Study of the Affection 'Writers' Cramp,'" _New York
Medical Journal_, March 12, 1904, p. 491.

NOVÉ-JOSSERAND, "Torticolis spasmodique," _Lyon médical_, September
4, 1898, p. 12.

ODDO, "Le diagnostic différentiel de la maladie des tics et de la
chorée de Sydenham," _Presse médicale_, September 30, 1899.

---- "Tic de la génuflexion," _Marseille Médical_, March 15, 1902.

OETTINGER, "The Disease of Convulsive Tic," _American Journal of
the Medical Sciences_, September, 1899, p. 303.

OLIVIER, "Le bégaiement dans la littérature médicale," _La parole_,
1899, No. 10.

OPPENHEIM, "Bemerkungen zur Lehre vom Tic," _Journal f. Psychologie
u. Neurologie_, 1902, p. 139.

OPPOLZER, "Krampf des Gesichtsnerven; Tic convulsif," _Allgemeine
wiener medicinische Zeitung_, 1861, p. 73.

OWEN, "Spasmodic Wryneck treated by Resection of the Spinal
Accessory Nerve," _Lancet_, June 18, 1892, p. 1361.

OZENNE, "Tic non douloureux de la face datant de trois ans chez un
hérédo-syphilitique; guérison par le traitement hydrargyrique,"
_Société de médecine et de chirurgie pratiques de Paris_, February
6, 1902.

PAGET, "Cases of Morbid Rhythmical Movements, with Observations,"
_Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal_, January, 1847, p. 60.

(Contains many interesting references to the early literature.)

PARANT, "Les tics chez les aliénés," _Congrès de Grenoble_, 1902.

PARRY, "Cases of Spasmodic Torticollis," _British Medical Journal_,
November 5, 1898, p. 1403.

PATELLA, "Studio anatomo, patologico e clinico sul policlono," _Il
policlinico_, November, 1901, p. 535.

PATRICK, "Imperative Conceptions," _New York Medical Journal_,
September 7, 1901, p. 445.

---- "Convulsive Tic," _Journal of the American Medical
Association_, February 11, 1905.

PATRY, "De la chorée variable ou polymorphe, chorée des dégénérés,"
_Thèse de Paris_, 1897.

PAULY, "Spasmes fonctionnels du cou," _Semaine médicale_, 1894, p.
486.

---- "Théorie réflexe du torticolis spasmodique," _Revue de
médecine_, February, 1897, p. 130.

PECKHAM, "Rhythmical Myoclonus," _Archives of Medicine_, April,
1883, p. 97.

PELI, "Lo stato mentale dei pazienti di tic," _Rivista sperimentale
di freniatria_, May 25, 1903, p. 377.

PERRODY, "De l'aérophagie," _Thèse de Paris_, 1901.

PERSONALI ["La crampe idiopathique de la langue"], _Clinica medica
italiana_, January 1, 1898.

PETERSON, "Gyrospasm of the Head in Infants," _Medical News_,
October 1, 1892, p. 374.

PETIT, "Traitement du torticolis spasmodique par la résection du
nerf spinal," _Union médicale_, 1891, p. 37.

PHOCAS, "Torticolis musculaire aigu; son traitement," _Revue
mensuelle des maladies de l'enfance_, 1891, p. 448.

PICK, "Beiträge zur Lehre von der Echolalie," _Jahrbücher f.
Psychiatrie u. Neurologie_, 1902, p. 283.

PITRES, "Spasmes rythmiques hystériques," _Gazette médicale_, 1888,
p. 145, &c.

(Many references to the literature.)

---- "Tics convulsifs généralisés, traités et guéris par la
gymnastique respiratoire," _Journal de médecine de Bordeaux_,
February 17, 1901, p. 106.

---- "Étiologie et symptomatologie des tics," _Congrès de Grenoble_,
1902.

---- "Sur un cas de torticolis mental, traité sans succès par
plusieurs médecins, et guéri à la suite des manOEuvres d'un
rébouteur," _Journal de médecine de Bordeaux_, September 11, 1904,
p. 665.

PITRES, "Note sur quelques cas de torticolis spasmodique," _Journal
de médecine de Bordeaux_, August 13, 1905, p. 589.

PITRES AND CRUCHET, "Traitement des tics," _Congrès de Grenoble_,
1902.

PITRES AND TISSIÉ, "Tic oculaire," _Journal de médecine de
Bordeaux_, July 9, 1899, p. 330.

PLAVEC, "Tic convulsif," _Weiner medicinische Presse_, 1904, p.
1622.

POGGIO, "Ricerche isto-patologiche sul paramioclono molteplice,"
_Rivista di patologia nervosa e mentale_, 1905, p. 175.

POLIDORI, "Un caso di 'chorea laryngea' in un' istero-coreica," _Il
policlinico_, June 29, 1901, p. 1103.

POPOFF, "Contraction de longue durée des masseters," _Revue
neurologique_, 1899, p. 611 (reference).

POROT. _See_ LANNOIS.

PRÉVOST AND BATTELLI, "De la production des convulsions toniques et
cloniques chez les différentes espèces animales," _La
policlinique_, October 15, 1904.

PRINCE, "Case of Multiform Tic, including Automatic Speech and
Purposive Movements," _Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease_,
January, 1906, p. 29.

PROUT. _See_ CLARK.

POWER (D'ARCY), "Cases to illustrate the Relationship which exists
between Wryneck and Congenital Hæmatoma of the Sterno-Mastoid
Muscle," _Medico-chirurgical Transactions_, vol. lxxvi. 1893, p.
137.

(Thirty-four references to the subject.)

QUERVAIN (DE), "Le traitement chirurgical du torticolis spasmodique
d'après le méthode de Kocher," _Semaine médicale_, 1896, p. 405.

RABOT, "La myoclonie épileptique," _Thèse de Paris_, 1899.

RAILTON, "Note on a Case of Involuntary Muscular Movements
accompanied with Coprolalia," _Manchester Medical Chronicle_,
April, 1886.

RAUDNITZ, "Zur Lehre vom Spasmus Nutans," _Jahrbuch f.
Kinderheilkunde_, October, 1897, p. 145.

(Sixty-three references to the literature of spasmus nutans and
eclampsia nutans, with analysis of recorded cases.)

RAYMOND, "Crampe des écrivains," _Journal de médecine et de
chirurgie pratiques_, June 10, 1895.

RAYMOND, "Des myoclonies," _Clinique des maladies du système
nerveux, Ire série_, 1896, p. 551.

---- "Exemple de spasmes hystériques et example de tics," _Journal
de médecine interne_, September 1, 1902, p. 169.

RAYMOND AND JANET, _Névroses et idées fixes_, vols. i. and ii.
_passim_.

----- ---"Note sur deux tics du pied," _Nouvelle iconographie de la
Salpêtrière_, Sept.-Oct. 1899, p. 353.

RÉDARD, _Le torticolis et son traitement_, Paris, 1898.

REMAK, "Ueber localisirte Krämpfe," _Deutsches Klinik_, 1905, p.
775.

RENDU, "Hystérie chez un saturnin; hémispasme facial," _Bulletin de
la société médicale des hôpitaux de Paris_, 1891, p. 618.

RÉNON AND FOLLET, "Hémispasme facial total d'une extrême
intermittence chez une hystérique," _Bulletin de la société
médicale des hôpitaux de Paris_, December 23, 1898, p. 920.

RENTERGHEM (VAN), "Un cas de tic rotatoire guéri par la
psycho-thérapie," _Journal de neurologie_, May 20, 1898, p. 213.

REYNOLDS, "Paramyoclonus epilepticus," _Review of Neurology and
Psychiatry_, January, 1906, p. 19.

RHODES, "Spasm of the Tensors of the Vocal Cords," _New York
Medical Journal_, 1899, p. 267.

RICKLIN, "Sur le paramyoclonus multiplex," _Gazette médicale de
Paris_, 1888, p. 19.

ROBIN AND LONDE, "Torticolis et lumbago d'origine articulaire et
rhumatismale," _Revue de médecine_, 1894, p. 837.

ROGER. _See_ CADIOT.

ROSE. _See_ BALLET.

ROSSI AND GONZALES ["Autopsie d'un cas d'épilepsie avec
myoclonie"], _Annali di nevrologia_, 1900, fasc. 4.

ROSSOLIMO, "Ueber Dysphagia amyotactica," _Neurologisches
Centralblatt_, 1901, p. 146.

ROTH, _Histoire de la musculation irrésistible ou de la chorée
anormale_, Paris, 1850.

ROUILLARD AND ISCOVESCO, "L'obsession en pathologie mentale,"
_Gazette des hôpitaux_, 1896, p. 503.

(References to the literature on the psychical side of the
subject.)

RUDLER, "Tic tonique du membre supérieur droit," _Nouvelle
iconographie de la Salpêtrière_, July-Aug. 1903, p. 218.

RUDLER AND CHOMEL, "Tic de l'ours chez le cheval, et les tics
d'imitation chez l'homme," _Revue neurologique_, June 15, 1903, p.
541.

RUDLER AND CHOMEL, "Analogies entre les ties et stéréotypies de
léchage chez l'homme et chez le cheval." _Société de neurologie de
Paris_, January 7, 1904.

---- ---- "Des stigmates anatomiques, physiologiques, et psychiques
de la dégénérescence chez l'animal, en particulier chez le cheval,"
_Nouvelle iconographie de la Salpêtrière_, Nov.-Dec. 1904, p. 471.

---- ---- "Une observation de 'tic du chiqueur,'" _Société de
neurologie de Paris_, January 7, 1904.

RUSSELL (RISIEN), "An Experimental Investigation of the Cervical
and Thoracic Nerve-roots in relation to the Subject of Wryneck,"
_Brain_, 1897, p. 35.

SABRAZÈS, "Mouvements involontaires stéréotypés des doigts
s'organisant en tics dans le tabes," _Congrès de Rennes_, 1905.

SABRAZÈS AND CALMETTE, "Tics de doigts et mouvements athetoïdes des
tabétiques," _Gazette hebdomadaire des sciences médicales de
Bordeaux_, July 2, 1905, p. 315.

---- ---- "Tic d'attitude chez un aveugle," _Gazette hebdomadaire des
sciences médicales de Bordeaux_, June 4, 1905, p. 271.

SACHS, "The Educational Treatment of Tics," _Medical News_, July 1,
1905, p. 3.

SAMAJA, "Le siège des convulsions épileptiformes toniques et
cloniques," _Revue médicale de la Suisse romande_, February 20,
1903, p. 77.

SANO, "Tic de la face et du cou," _Société belge de neurologie_,
November 26, 1898.

---- _See_ CLAUS.

SARBO, "Ein Fall von clonischen Masseterkrampf," _Monatsschrift f.
Psychiatrie u. Neurologie_, June, 1900, p. 493.

SAVILL, "De la crampe des écrivains et des autres affections
nerveuses professionnelles," _Nouvelle iconographie de la
Salpêtrière_, March-April, 1901, p. 149.

SAVY. _See_ GALLAVARDIN.

SCHAPRINGER, "Zur Pathologie des Spasmus Nutans," _Centralblatt f.
praktischen Augenheilkunde_, August, 1905, p. 225.

SCHEIBER, "Ueber einen Fall von durch Spleniuskrampf bedingten
Torticollis," _Wiener medicinische Wochenschrift_, 1900, p. 261.

SCHELATOW, "Ein Fall von Paramyoclonus Multiplex," _Münchener
medicinische Wochenschrift_, 1895, p. 696.

SCHERB, "Hémispasme tonique du côté droit constituant un tic mental
professionnel; tic de la mendiante," _Société de neurologie de
Paris_, May 3, 1900.

---- "Un nouveau cas de torticolis mental," _Revue neurologique_,
September 15, 1902, p. 841.

SCHULTZE, "Ueber Poly-Para-und Monoclonien," _Deutsche Zeitschrift
f. Nervenheilkunde_, 1898, p. 409.

---- "Ueber Chorea, Poly-and Monoklonie," _Neurologisches
Centralblatt_, 1897, p. 611.

---- "Beiträge zur Muskelpathologie," _Deutsche Zeitschrift f.
Nervenheilkunde_, 1895, p. 65.

SCHUPFER, "Sulle mioclonie," _Il policlinico_, 1901, p. 1.

(One hundred and sixteen references to the literature of
myoclonus.)

SCHUSTER, "Tonische und klonische Krampf des ganzen rechten
Facialis," _Archiv f. Psychiatrie u. Nervenkrankheiten_, 1904, p.
288.

SEE, "Des pseudo-chorées rythmiques, spasmes toniques et tics,"
_Semaine médicale_, March 26, 1884.

SEELIGMÜLLER, "Ueber Myoclonie (Paramyoclonus Multiplex) und
Convulsibilität (Spasmophilie)," _Deutsche medicinische
Wochenschrift_, 1887, p. 1117.

SÉGLAS, "Tic aérophagique et paralysie générale," _Semaine
médicale_, January 11, 1899, p. 9.

---- "Un cas de torticolis mental," _Revue neurologique_, 1901, p.
114.

SÉRIEUX, "Les hallucinations motrices verbales dans la paralysie
générale," _Gazette hebdomadaire_, June 19, 1898, p. 577.

SEVESTRE, "Un cas de spasme fonctionnel du sternomastoïdien,"
_Union médicale_, September 1, 1882, p. 383.

SGOBBO, "Un caso di torcicollo mentale," _Il manicomio moderno_,
1898, p. 424.

SICARD. _See_ BRISSAUD.

SICCARDI, "Considerazioni su la fisiopatologia e su la teoria del
tic," _Annuario del manicomio provinciale di Ancona, Anno II_,
1904.

(Eighty-eight references to the literature, chiefly Italian.)

SICURIANI, "Contributo allo studio del tonomioclono," _Riforma
medica_, January 20, 1904, p. 57.

SILVESTRINI, "Spasmo clonico diffuso," _Medicina contemporanea_,
1884, p. 83.

SIMON, "Une nouvelle variété de spasmes musculaires fonctionnels,"
_Thèse de Paris_, 1875.

SINKLER, "Habit Chorea," _American Journal of the Medical
Sciences_, May, 1897, p. 559.

SMITH (NOBLE), "Spasmodic Torticollis: its Cure by Operation,"
_International Medical Congress_, Rome, 1894, _Section of Surgery_,
p. 273.

---- "A Case of Spasmodic Torticollis associated with Chorea,"
_Clinical Journal_, May 10, 1899, p. 41.

---- "Spasmodic Torticollis," _British Medical Journal_, vol. i.
1899, p. 908.

SOLGER. _See_ STEYERTHAL.

SOMA, "Contributo allo studio delle mioclonie," _Gazetta degli
ospedali e delle cliniche_, December 18, 1904, p. 1596.

SONNEVILLE. _See_ CARRIÈRE.

SORGO, "Ueber subcorticale Entstehung isolirter Muskelkrämpfe,"
_Neurologisches Centralblatt_, July, 1902, p. 642.