To Mesopotamia and Kurdistan in disguise

Chapter XX: Appendix: Kurdish Tribes

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The following table includes the main tribes upon the Turkish and Persian frontier. Numbers 1 to 9 term themselves generally “Kurmanj,” “Kurdmang,” _i.e._, Kurds, while the rest use the designation “Kurd” to signify their race. Those using the first appellation are of the purest Kurd blood.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The undermentioned are the principal works which have been used for purposes of reference and comparison:--

The Bible.

_A Literary History of Persia_, Prof. Browne, M.A., M.B., F.B.A.
Unwin, 1906.

_A Year among the Persians_, Prof. Browne, M.A., M.B., F.B.A.
Murray.

_Bustan us Siaha_, Haji Zainu’l ’Abidin Shirwani.

_Haqaiqu’t Taraiq_, Haji Mirza Ma’sum Shirazi, Naibu’s Sadr.
Teheran, 1314 A.H.

_Treaties between Persia and Turkey_, Aitchison.

_Ghayyath ul Lugha._ Bombay.

_Dictionary of Islam_, Hughes. Allen, 1895.

_Athar-i’-Ajam_, Fursat Shirazi. Bombay, 1314 A.H.

_Persia, Past and Present_, Prof. T. Williams Jackson. MacMillan,
1906.

_Nineveh and its Remains_, Layard. Murray, 1850.

_Dabistanu’l Mazahib_, A.H. 1267.

The Qur’an.

_Commentary on the Quran_, Wherry. Paul Trench Trubner, 1896.

Sale’s _Quran_.

_Persia_, Lord Curzon.

_Assyria_, Ragozin. Unwin, 1898.

_Parthia_, Rawlinson. Unwin, 1893.

_Armenia_, H. F. B. Lynch. Longmans, 1901.

_Travels in Koordistan_, Fraser. Bentley, 1835.

_Residence in Koordistan_, Rich. Duncan, 1836.

_Armenia, Koordistan, etc._, Kinneir. Murray, 1818.

_Wild Life among the Koords_, Millingen. Hurst & Blackett, 1870.

_Au Kurdistan en Mesopotamie_, Binder. Paris, 1887.

_Travels in Persia, etc._, Wagner. Hurst & Blackett, 1856.

_Armenians, Koords, and Turks_, Creagh. Tinsley, 1887.

_History of Persia_, Malcolm (Persian translation).

_Assyrian Life and History_, Harkness. R. T. Soc.

MESOPOTAMIA AND KURDISTAN

_Route described_ ➖➖➖➖➖➖

_Parts of other journeys by the author at various times_ ------]

INDEX

Abaidulla, Shaikh, his invasion of Persia, 160

_Abba_ or cloak, 400

Abdul Aziz, Sultan, his death, 187

Abdul Hamid, Sultan, 10;
his accession, 187;
policy, 191

Abdul Qadir, 221

Abdulla ibn Saba, 385

Abdulla Pasha, 185

Abdurrahman Pasha, the Baban of Sulaimania, his revolt against the
Turks, 329, 371

Abgarus, King of Edessa, 48

Adiabene, 104, 106;
history, 111–113;
the see of a Chaldean bishopric, 112

Afshin, 362;
fate of, 363

Ahmad Bash Chaush, the muleteer, 325, 329

Ahmad Kulwan, 220

Ahmad Pasha, his revolt against the Turks, 185, 372

Ahmad, Shaikh, 284;
appointed Qaim Maqam of Chemchemal, 302

Ahmad Takhti, Shaik, his poems, 391

Ahmadi Khani, his literary works, 388;
method of instruction, 389

Ahwaz, Chaldean colony at, 158 _note_, 160

Al-i-Ayub tribe, 80 _note_

Al Ma’mun, 362

Al Musta’sim b’Illah, Khalifa, 360

Al Mu’tasim Khalifa, 150

Al Mutawakkil, Khalifa, 151;
his persecution of the Jews and Christians, 151;
murdered, 151

Al Qush, patriarchate at, 155

Al Wathiq, Khalifa, 151

Aleppo, 25;
history, 26;
manufacture of cotton cloth, 27

Ali Abu Taleb or Qasim ul Arzaq, 385

Ali bin Muhammad, 363

Ali Effendi, 242

Ali Illahi, cult of the, 382–386

Ali Shah, ruler of Aoram Castle, 378, 379

Altai Mountains, 152

Altun Keupri, 109, 113, 337, 349;
the “Golden Bridge,” 114

Amadia, 373

Amanullah Khan, 377, 378

Amin Effendi, his appearance, 240;
history, 241;
character, 242–247;
punishment, 249

Amrikani sect, 159

Anab, 254

Anti-Taurus or Hakkiari, 371

Antoine, the merchant, 281

Aoraman Mountain, 182, 184, 213, 254, 324;
province, 377, 379;
tribe, 171, 377;
their language, 171

Arabia, bishopric of, 150 _note_

Araq, the drink, 340

Ararat, Mount, 83, 388

Arbela or Erbil, 99, 104, 108;
history, 109–113;
meaning of the name, 110;
sacrilegious outrage, 112

Ardalan, province of, 160, 376;
history, 218;
the Khans of, 376

Ardashir Babakan, the Persian king, 359

Armenia or Urartu, 111, 368;
bishopric of, 150 _note_

Armenians, 3;
their mode of eating, 4;
of Diarbekr, 63

Arsaces I., founder of the Parthian empire, 111

Artaxerxes, the Persian, 112

Ashtoreth or Ashtaroth, 35

Asima Khan, 298, 322

Asshur, 89, 98

Asshurnazipal, 99, 110

Assyria, 54, 104, 106, 369;
bishopric of, 150 _note_

Assyrians or Chaldeans, 140, see Chaldeans

Atergatis, the worship of, 32, 34, 36

Azarbaijan, bishopric of, 150 _note_

Azmir Mountains, 184, 211, 228, 254

Baal, or Bel or Moloch, the Sun-god, or Dagon, 35

Baalbak, 24

Bāb, 29

Baba Murda, 325, 327

Baba Yadgar, 383, 384

Babak, the tenets of, 362;
crucifixion, 363

Babylonia, 140

Badar Khan Bey, revolution under, 156, 159, 372

Bagdad, 27, 217, 365;
railway, 37;
patriarchate transferred to, 150;
preparations for the passage to, 352–355;
journey, 355–365

Bahrum Gur, 382

Baji Raihan, her house, 269–271

Balkh, bishopric of, 150 _note_

Bana, 377, 378

Basra, bishopric of, 150 _note_

Bayazid, 179, 373, 388

Bazian, plain, 164, 170, 175;
range, 337;
valley, 326;
meaning of the word, 176 _note_

Bekr, Abu, 49

“Belit” or Ishtar, the worship of, 34

Beth Qurma, bishopric of, 150 _note_

Beyrouth, 21

Biara, 223;
pilgrimage to, 253–257

Bilbas tribe, 375

Binder, Henry, _Au Kurdistan_, extracts from, 395, 400

Birejiq, 32

“Birkh,” feast of, 384

Birtha, 359

Bishop, Mrs, 159

Bisitun, Mountain of, 221

Bitlis, 373;
power of the princes, 374

Bokht Yishu, director of Jund-i-Shapur College, banished, 151

Bosphorus, the, 2

Bread, method of making, 296

British Museum, collection of the works of Kurdish poets, 218 _note_

Brown, Rev. W., his missionary work among the Chaldeans, 159

Browne, Prof., _A Literary History of Persia_, 143 _note_, 145
_note_, 363

Buhtan Su, 80

_Bustan us Siaha_, 362 _note_, 364 _note_, 367

Canterbury, Archbishop of, his mission at Urumiah, 159

Caucasus, the, 103

Chaldeans, the, found the college at Edessa, 49;
character, 64, 122;
dress, 123, 156;
varied sects, 140;
adopt the tenets of Christianity, 142;
treaty with Muhammad, 149;
prosperity, 150;
number of bishoprics, 150;
persecutions, 151, 154, 157;
missionary campaign in Merv, 152;
in China, 152;
Mongolia, 153;
condition, 157;
attempts to regenerate the Church, 158;
the Archbishop’s mission, 159;
American mission, 159;
Creed, 161;
the Sacraments, 161;
orders of clergy, 162;
fasts and feasts, 162;
the new, 157

Charmelik, 43

“Charukhia,” the, 402

Chasemgara, bishopric of, 150 _note_

Chemchemal, 180, 332;
raids of the Hamavands, 288

Chengiz Khan, first Mongol Emperor, 152;
his tolerance towards the Chaldeans, 153

China, bishopric of, 150 _note_;
Chaldean missionaries in, 152

Christians, their character, 64, 141;
persecutions, 65, 151, 154;
dress, 66;
freedom from persecution at Mosul, 93;
condition of the Church, 147

Cigarettes, Kurdish, 52

Cluzel, Father, 160

Cochrane, Dr, 160

Constantinople, 1;
three quarters or districts, 2;
the Golden Horn, 2;
Galata quarter, 3;
population, 3;
climate, 12;
power of the Majlis, 194

Cook, T., 5, 17

Crassus, Marcus Lucius, 32, 48

Creagh, _Armenians, Koords, and Turks_, extract from, 368

Dailam, bishopric of, 150 _note_

Dalahu Mountain, 384

Damascus, 26

Dar el Sayeda, 158

Dara Shamana, 184

Darband-i-Bazian, 327, 329

Darius the Mede, 377

Darnes, Father, 160

Darsim, 369, 372, 374

Darvish, his mode of chanting, 326

Daud Khan, leader of the Kalhur tribe, 386

Daur or Dura, 360

“Dayaukku, House of,” 370

Demavend, 377

Derghezeen, 328

Diarbekr, 27, 57, 60–72;
population, 60, 63;
curious stones, 62;
history, 63;
gates, 63;
sects, 64;
conquest, 373

Div, the, 403

Doctor, a quack, 299–302

“Du,” or curds and whey, 168, 214

Duaisa, the Vazirs of, 218

Dukkan-i-Daud, 384

Ecbatana, or Hamadan, 370

Edessa or Urfa, 45;
history, 47–50;
college, 49;
transferred to Jund-i-Shapur, 144;
massacre of Armenians, 50

Edrisi, the minister, 373, 388

Elam, 110;
bishopric of, 150 _note_

Elie, Bishop of Jazira ibn Umar, 158

Ephesus, General Council at, 143

Erbil, 108, 113

Esarhaddon, 99, 110

Euphrates, the, 32, 34, 53;
crossing the, 38;
valley, 39

Fakhr Ul Mulk, Governor of Shushtar, 379

Fath Ali Shah, 218, 375, 378

Fez, result of wearing a, 6, 18, 114

Fitz Gerald, his translation of _Omar Khayyam_, 382

Fleas, number of, 215 _note_

Flies, number of, 133

Fraser, David, _The Short Cut to India_, 89 _note_, 191 _note_;
on the character of the Kurds, 394;
_Travels in Koordistan_, 400 _note_

Fravartish, 371

Gahwara, 382

Galata, tower of, 3;
population, 3;
drainage, 3

Gavar, 51

Gavarnai, the, 51, 157

Ghafur Agha, 196, 203, 314

Ghafur, his character, 295;
behaviour, 295

Ghazan Khan, 154

Ghazar river, 104

Ghulam Husain, 131, 204, 242, 251;
his confession of identity, 316–318;
profession of faith, 330

Ghulam Shah Khan, 218, 378

Godarz, 111

Golden Bridge at Altun Keupri, 114

Golden Horn, 2, 12

“Gordyene,” or “Kurdian,” 54;
the Invincible, 369

Gozan, 99

Greeks, their costume, 3

Gulambar, “The Amber Flower,” 213, 220;
Mudir of, 208

Gulchin, her character, 297, 299, 322;
sad history, 298

Guran tribe, 217, 224, 381;
dialect, 218 _note_, 382;
professors of the cult of Ali Iliahi, 382

Habib Badria, 205, 269, 276;
his appearance, 205;
appointed Mudir of Serajiq, 208

Habor river, 99

Hadra, 89

Hadrian, Emperor, 112

Haifa, 21

Haji Fattah, his office broken into, 314

Haji Vali, his journey in a kalak to Mosul, 67–88;
purchases, 68;
religious sentiments, 69;
dual personality, 70;
attack of rheumatism, 76;
passport, 85;
at Mosul, 88

Hakkari or Anti-Taurus, 371, 373;
tribe, 86, 102;
succession to the Khanate, 374 _note_;
dress, 400

Halabja or Alabja, 13, 213;
journey to, 210–215;
trade, 220;
gardens, 220;
bazaar, 220, 231

Halak, 99

Hama, 24

Hama, the servant, his appearance, 248;
wages, 249;
attacked and wounded, 256;
commercial transactions, 279, 294;
purchase of shoes, 280;
arrival with loads of “run,” 309;
denunciation of Shaikh ul Islam, 310;
loss of a load of “run,” 311, 320

Hama Ali, 274

Hama Beg, chief of the Hamavands, 176, 179

Hamadan (Ecbatana), 370

Hamavands, 44, 95, 119;
their dress, 98, 173;
protection against, 164;
raids, 164, 179–182, 287, 288;
custom at meeting, 172;
cleanliness, 173;
characteristics, 174;
claim Arab origin, 178;
dialect, 178;
attack on Turkish soldiers, 289;
on the Khan-i-Ajam, 291

Haoril or Haolir, 108 _note_

Harun al Rashid, Khalifa, 150, 361

Hasan Kaif, 79;
legend of, 79

Hasan Khan, Sultan of the Aorami, 379

Hasan, clerk or scribe to Tahir Beg, 236;
his flight to Halabja, 237;
falls in love, 237

Hasanabad, 377

Herat, bishopric of, 150 _note_

Herki of Oramar, Khan of, 395

Hierapolis, 36

Hittites, the, history, 34–37

Homs, 34

Hormuz, bishopric of, 150 _note_

Howley, Archbishop, 159

Hulagu Khan, 152;
his invasion, 153;
advance on Tekrit, 360

Hulvan, or Zuhab, bishopric of, 150 _note_

Hulwan, 221

Husain al Askari, 363

Ibn ul Athir, his birthplace, 86

Ibrahim Pasha, 27, 43, 185, 191

Imam Daur, 360

Indates, defeat of, 106

India, bishopric of, 150 _note_

Isfandabad, 377

Ishtar, the goddess, worship of, 35, 110;
temples, 35, 36;
ruins of the temple, 113

Islam, the creed of, 65;
revival, 154;
conversion to, 251

Isma’il Pasha, 185

Izates, the King of Adiabene, 107, 111

Izzat Pasha, 188;
exiled, 195

Jabal Hamrin Range, 356

Jackson, Prof. Williams, _Persia, Past and Present_, 376 _note_

Jaf tribe, 179, 379–381;
their dress, 98, 400;
encampments, 212;
coherency, 216;
history, 217–219, 223, 380;
number of people, 380

“Jamana” or coloured handkerchief, 402

Jawan Mir Khan, leader of the Hamavands, 179

Jazira or Jazira ibn Umar, 81, 373;
his history, 86

Jews, the, of Kirkuk, 123

Jinn, the, 403

Jonah, the prophet, theory on, 89–92

Juanru, 223, 377, 380

Julamark, 373;
patriarchate transferred to, 154

Jum’a, the Arab, 333

Jund-i-Shapur, medical college at, 144;
deprived of its rights, 151

Kalah, 89, 99

Kalak, or raft of skins and poles, 66;
construction, 72;
cargo, 73;
passengers, 73;
crew, 73;
mode of eating on board, 75;
effect of stormy weather, 75–78, 80;
change of crew, 81;
cast on a rock, 87

Kalhur tribe, 382, 386;
origin, 386

Kandil Dagh, 336

Kandula tribe, 377 _note_

Karaja, 53

Karkhemish, 26, 32, 37

Kashgar, bishopric of, 150 _note_

Kasshu tribe, 370

Kauther brook, 99, 100

“Kawa” or long coat, 402

Kawad (Sasaman), the Persian leader, 63, 144

Kazemain, 364

Keraite tribe, 152

Kermānjī or Zaza tribes, 11

Kermanshah, 317, 372

Keui Sanjaq, 95

Keuwi Lash, or The Mountain of a Body, 102 _note_

Khabur, 99

Khan Baligh, bishopric of, 150 _note_

Khaniqin, 211, 294

Khanum, Lady Adela, of Halabja, 215;
her marriage, 219, 225, 380;
position, 219, 398;
appearance, 226;
dress, 226;
debts, 232;
reception, 233–236;
sons, 263;
defence of Ghulam Husain, 310

Kharput, 369, 372

Khayyam, Omar, his birthplace, 115

Khorsabad (Dar Sharrukin), 89, 99

Khosrova, mission at, 160

Khosru Khan, 377, 378

Khusrava, 51

“Khwolmur” “The Dead Land,” 213 _note_

Kileh Shergat, 98

Kirkuk, 109, 119, 164, 338;
population, 120, 124;
police, 120;
architecture, 120;
honesty and goodwill of the people, 121;
the Chaldeans, 122;
Jews, 123;
the Faili Lurs, 124;
the Persian Consul, 124–127;
climate, 133, 344;
flies, 133;
scarcity of water, 134;
price of vegetables, 138

Koyunjik, 99

Kuchuk Sulaiman Pasha of Bagdad, 329

Kufa, bishopric founded at, 150

Kurdistan, 164, 317, 372, 376

Kurdistan Mountains, 53, 54, 104, 118

Kurds, 3;
use of the “kursi,” 13;
hospitality, 40;
characteristics, 41, 55, 392–396, 398;
their form of cigarettes, 52;
derivation of the word, 54;
dress, 60, 399–402;
levity, 131;
freedom of the women, 168, 268, 396;
power of endurance, 177;
result of free intercourse between the sexes, 237, 397, 398;
repugnance to the system of government by representation, 239;
origin and history, 367;
legends, 368;
language, 369, 387;
tribes, 372, 406;
the Hakkari, 373;
the Zaza, 374;
the Mukri, 375;
the Beni Ardalan, 376–379;
the Jaf, 379–381;
the Guran, 381;
the Kalhur, 386;
dialects, 387;
literature, 388;
eminent men, 388;
poets, 389;
songs and poems, 390–392;
feudal spirit, 393;
faithfulness, 395;
violent temper, 395;
ignorance, 396;
appearance, 398;
costume of the women, 401;
belief in fairies, 402;
sub-tribes, 406

“Kursi,” meaning of the term, 13

Lahijan, 387

Lash, or the place of a body, 102

Layard, Sir H., _Nineveh_, 49 _note_, 100 _note_, 141, 150 _note_,
152 _note_, 153 _note_, 155 _note_, 161 _note_, 397 _note_, 399
_note_

Lazarists, French, their mission at Salmas, 160

Lettuces, price of, at Kirkuk, 138

Levantines, 3;
mode of eating, 4

Luristan, 381

Lutf Ali Khan Zend, 378

Lycus, the, 106

Mahmud Pasha, 217, 224, 380

Mahmud Pasha Jaf, his encampment, 215

Majid Beg, 215, 223;
his appearance, 233

Makha, the Jew, 279

Malabar, the Christians of St John of, 150 _note_

Ma’mum, Khalifa, 150

Mamuret ul Aziz, 38, 47

Mandali besieged by Hamavands, 179

Mansur, a native of Sina, 229, 265;
his room at Halabja, 230

Manubaz, King of Adiabene, 112

Mar Elias, patriarch of Al Qush, 155

Mar Shimun, patriarch at Julamark, 155

“Marhabba,” custom of, 116

Marwan, Abdullah ibn, defeated, 107

Masius, 53

Matti Tuma, 203, 269;
his office at Sulaimania, 204;
mode of living, 281, 283;
his grief at the murder of Mustafa Beg, 314;
wish to know the identity of Ghulam Husain, 316–319

Mazdak, sect of, doctrines, 145;
persecuted, 146;
execution, 146

Mazyar, the rebel, 363

Mecca, pilgrims returning from, 23, 45, 51, 67

Medes, the, 55, 370, 398

Media, 369

Meherdates, a Parthian prince, 48;
at Jazira, 86;
defeated, 111

Membich, 32, 36

Merivan, 239, 377, 378

Merv, bishopric of, 150 _note_;
missionary campaign in, 152

Mesopotamia, 47

Milli Kurds, 40, 42, 372

Millingen, _Wild Life among the Koords_, 397 _note_

Mirza Hasan Khan, 6

Mithridates conquers Adiabene, 111

Mitylene, 18

Mongols, their treatment of the Chaldeans, 153;
cruelty, 154 _note_

Mosul, 27, 89, 92;
trade, 93;
language, 93;
squalid condition, 93;
feud with Sulaimania, 94;
result of the Valis’ visit of investigation, 193;
amount of his bribe, 194

Muan tribe, 214

Muhammad Ali Beg, 224

Muhammad Ali Mirza, his invasion of Shahr-i-Zur, 222

Muhammad Ali Shah, 7, 10;
eulogium on, 126

Muhammad Husain Isfahani, Zaka ul Mulk, 386

Muhammad Mustafa, “The Prophet,” his birth, 147;
compiles the Quran, 147, 149;
his treatment of the Chaldeans, 149

Muhammad Pasha, 371;
character of his rule, 372;
murdered by the Turks, 372

Muhammad “as Saghir,” 363

Mukri tribe, their dialect, 375, 376, 387;
song, 392;
dress, 399, 401

Mules, mode of loading, 167

Mulla Ahmad, 184

Muradi tribe, 223

Musafiru’ Zahid, 102

Mustafa Beg, 208, 283, 292;
his mode of life at Sulaimania, 196, 209, 275;
various appointments, 206, 312;
his avariciousness, 275;
purchases, 275;
murdered, 313–315;
his last words, 313;
interment, 319

Mu’tamid, Khalifa, 361

Mu’tamed ud Douleh, 218, 379

Mu’tasim, Khalifa of Bagdad, 361;
his fanatical nature, 362

Mutawakkil, accession of, 363

Muzaffar ud Dim Shah, 10

Naaman, Kas Jacob, Archbishop of Bagdad, 157

Nadir Shah, 375

Nairi, the lands of, 47, 54, 368

Nali, his poems, 389

Namiq Pasha, 185

Nasir ud Din, Shah of Persia, 218, 378

Nebi Yunis, “The Prophet Jonah,” shrine of, 89, 99, 100

Neo-Syriacor Aramaic language, 52

Nestorians, the new sect, 143;
Church, 144;
character of the doctrines, 148

Nestorius, Patriarch of Constantinople, 143;
his doctrines, 144

Nicolai founds the village of Khusrava, 51

Nimrud or Kalah, ruins of, 99

Nineveh, 86, 89, 99;
battle of, 111

Niphates, Mount, 53, 54, 369

Nishapur, 115

Nisibis, bishopric of, 150 _note_

Nurullah Bey, 156

Nushirvan, the Just, Shah of Persia, 145;
his relations with the Christians, 145;
persecution of the Mazdaks, 145, 146;
death, 147

Osman Pasha, 156

Osrhœne, 47

Panjwin, 223, 239

Parthia, 32, 48

Parthians, the, 360 _note_

Passport, procuring a, 16;
police enquiries, 292, 302–307

Pera, 2, 4;
Palace Hotel, 5

Peri, the, 403

Persia, first Constitution granted, 10;
condition of roads, 44;
bishopric of, 150 _note_;
invasion, 160

Persians, their attitude towards the inauguration of the Turkish
Parliament, 8;
treatment at Rayak, 23;
dual personality, 70;
language, 115, 387;
doggerel, 117;
treatment of Chaldeans, 143, 146

Pir or saint, origin of, 402

Pir-i-Mugurun Mountain, 169, 336

Piruz, her house, 268

Piruza, 237

Pishdr, 184

Prester John, Khan of Tartary, 152

“Pushin,” the, 402

Pushtamala section, 223;
sub-tribes, 224

“Qaba,” or short tunic, 401

Qadir, Shaikh, 187, 192, 195

Qajar tribe, 378

Qalà-i-Chwalan or Qara Chulan, 184

Qara Chulan, 184

Qarakorum, 152

Qasr-i-Shirin, 179, 221, 372;
Old Concession at, 396

Qizil Rubat, 217, 223, 224

“Quffa,” or round bitumen-covered coracle, 365

Quietus, Lucius, 48

Quran, mode of compiling the, 147, 149

Quria, 348

Ragozin, Prof., _Assyria_, 91 _note_, 107 _note_, 110 _note_, 369, 370

“Rashaba,” or north-east wind, 272, 319

Rashid, the muleteer, 97, 132, 136

Rasul Ahmad, 266

Rasul Haji, 126, 128;
his cats, 129;
wanderings, 130;
characteristics, 130;
fanaticism, 130;
meditations, 131

Rasul Qawl, 80 _note_

Rawanduz, 118, 373

Rawlinson, _Parthia_, 32 _note_

Rayak, 22

Reza, Shaikh, 134;
his fanaticism, 135

Rhodes, 18

Rich, J. C., _Travels in Kurdistan_, 328, 329;
_Residence in Kurdistan_, 400

Roman Catholics, 153;
their persecution of the Chaldeans, 155;
unscrupulousness, 155;
result of the Bull of Papal Infallibility, 157;
clauses, 158

Ronkus, Thomas, 157

“Run” or clarified butter, 253;
mode of transporting, 265;
theft of a load, 311, 320

Rustam, the Persian hero, 377

Sabbah, Hasan, 49

_Saghalien_, the, 17

Sagirma, 176

Sa’id, Shaikh, his system of administration at Sulaimania, 187–191;
tyranny, 189;
relations with the Hamavands, 190;
murdered, 192

S’airt, massacre of Chaldeans at, 157

Saladin, 376, 388

Salim, Khaja, 338

Salmas, 52;
French Lazarists at, 160

“Salta” or zouave jacket, 401

Samarqand, bishopric of, 150 _note_

Samarra, “Surra-man-ra,” 150, 361;
history, 361–364

Saqiz, 377

“Sardari,” or plaited frock-coat, 401

Sasan, 221

Sauch Bulaq, 375, 387

Sauj Bulaq, 116

Sayce, Prof. E. G., his researches into the history of the Hittites,
34, 36

Sayyid Nuri, 299;
at Sulaimania, 284;
his appearance, 284;
inquisitiveness, 285;
use of a pistol, 285;
miserable existence, 286;
at Kirkuk, 345

Sayyid Rustam, head of the sect Ali Illahi, 383 _note_

Scorpion bites, remedy for, 61

Se-gan-fu, tablet at, 152

Senjabi tribe, 386

Sennacherib, King, 99, 110, 370

Serajiq, Mudir of, 208

Sert, 51

Severik, 53

Severus, Emperor, 49;
his invasion of Adiabene, 112

Shah Abbas, 375

Shahr-i-Bazar, 220;
meaning of the name, 221

Shahr-i-Zur or Sharizur, 186, 220, 254;
plain of, 212;
meaning of the name, 221;
population, 221;
dialect, 222

Shaikh Ali, the Yezidi saint, 102

Shaikh ul Islam, 11, 250;
interviews with, 12–14;
his visits to Halabja, 252, 264;
at Biara, 252;
reception of Ghulam Husain, 257–263;
denunciation of him, 309

“Shaitan Baizi,” meaning of the term, 97

Shaits, the, 403

Shalmaneser I. founds Kalah, 99 _note_

Shalmaneser II., 370

_Sharaf Nama_, or history of the Kurds, 389

Sharaf ud Din Bey, Hakkari of Bitlis, his history of the Kurds, 389

Sharafbaiani Kurds, 181

Sharif Bey, 374

Shefiq Effendi, 132, 163, 165, 171

Shi’a, mode of praying, 301

Shiraz, 251, 302, 387

Shiz, 376

Shuan Kurds, meaning of the term, 165;
villages, 167, 169

_Shulwars_, 400

Siazurus, 214 _note_

Sina, 378;
Chaldeans of, 160;
art and literature, 218;
antiquity, 376

Sinjar range, 86, 103

Sirwan River, 181

Sistan, bishopric of, 150 _note_

Stamboul, 2, 5, 238;
the Great Bazaar, 5

Suez Canal, result of the opening, 27

Sulaiman Pasha of Bagdad, 185

Sulaimania, feud with Mosul, 94;
costume of the people, 97, 200, 400, 402;
journey to, 163–183;
situation, 183, 184;
history, 184;
population, 185;
tyranny of the Shaikhs, 186–191;
trade, 188, 195;
revolt, 189;
result of the murder of Shaikh Sa’id, 192;
the Vali of Mosul’s visit of investigation, 193;
system of currency, 197;
customs, 198;
the habit of “Aiba bokum,” 199;
dislike of innovations, 199;
suspicion of strangers, 200–203;
pleasantry, 203;
Persian architecture, 210;
return to, 267;
method of buying and selling, 273;
Military School, 277;
attacks of Hamavands, 287, 291;
departure from, 323;
poets, 389

Sunni, their mode of praying, 301

Surchina, plain, 182;
valley, 193, 326

Susa, 49

Suverek, 55

Syria, bishopric of, 150 _note_

Syrians or Christian Arabs, 64

Tabaristan, bishopric of, 150 _note_

Tahir Beg, 215, 223;
his literary skill, 228;
appearance and dress, 228;
his clerk or scribe, 236;
views on the Balkan and Cretan questions, 238

Takht-i-Sulaiman, 376

Tanguth, bishopric of, 150 _note_

Tarshish, 90

Tartary, the Chaldean Bishop of, 152

Taurus Mountains, 37

Tekrit, 358;
history, 359

Tel Kaif, 158

Teumman, King, 110

Tiglath-Pileser I., 54, 98, 107

Tigran I., the Parthic-Armenian king, 63, 111

Tigran V., King of Armenia, 112

Tigris, the, 34, 78, 98, 106, 118, 356, 373;
derivation of the name, 54;
the plain, 337

Tikrit, 90

Timur-i-Lang (Tamerlane), his massacre of Christians, 154;
conquest of Diarbekr, 373

Trajan, Emperor, 48, 86, 112

Tripoli, 21, 320;
Hamavands deported to, 179

Turkey, inauguration of Parliament, 8;
lawlessness, 9;
condition of roads, 44, 55;
custom of “Marhabba,” 116;
constitution proclaimed, 190;
views on the Parliament, 239

Turko-Egyptian war, 27

Turkomans, their characteristics, 116;
language, 117

Turks, their inquisitiveness, 11

Umar, the muleteer, 345, 349, 353

Urfa or Edessa, 45, 52;
population, 47

Urumia, Lake, 375, 387

Urumiah, 156;
missions at, 159, 160

Uthman, Amir Qara, governor of Hakkari, 373

Uthman, Haji, 352

Uthman, Pasha, governor of Halabja, 206, 217, 224;
his dress, 207;
appearance, 207;
his wife, Lady Adela, 208, 219, 225, 380;
return to Halabja, 263;
death, 380

Uvakshatara, 371

Van, Lake, 51, 368, 373

Vologases I., 107, 112

Vologases V., 49

Willocks, Sir William, his investigation of waterways in the
Euphrates valley, 83 _note_

Xenophon, 371

Yazdigird III., 145 _note_, 147

Yezidis or “Devil-Worshippers,” 100, 383;
religious views, 100;
origin of the name, 101;
customs, 102;
the saint Shaikh Adi, 102;
ranks of the priesthood, 103;
persecutions, 103;
poverty, 103

Yizdijird I., King of Persia, 142, 143

Yusif, Odo, Patriarch, his secession, 158

Zab River, the Greater, 98, 104,106, 368, 373;
battle at, 106;
the Lower, 106, 113, 169, 351, 356;
battles of, 107, 149;
valley, 170, 172

Zagros Mountain, 94, 106, 108, 118, 166, 170, 369

Zailan, 104

Zain ul Abidin Palangani, his poems, 391

Zainu’l Abidin Shirvani, Haji “Bustanu’s Siaha,” extract from, 92

Zarda, 384

Zaza tribe, 374;
their dialect and character, 374

Zeno, the Isaurian, 49, 144

Zoroaster, the prophet, 376, 388

Zuwayid bin Sawda, 92

PRINTED BY
OLIVER AND BOYD
EDINBURGH

Transcriber’s Notes

Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced quotation marks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left unbalanced.

Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs and outside quotations. In versions of this eBook that support hyperlinks, the page references in the List of Illustrations lead to the corresponding illustrations.

Odd-page running page headers are shown here as Sidenotes. They have been placed between paragraphs near the tops of the pages on which they occurred.

Footnotes, originally at the bottoms of pages, have been collected, sequentially renumbered, and placed at the ends of the chapters in which they occur.

The index was not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.

Footnote 40, originally on page 150: Bishop 23 is missing.

Page 166: “handerchiefs” was printed that way.

Page 360: “This was in the first half of the 9th century” probably is incorrect: the people mentioned in this paragraph lived in the the 13th Century, and the battle occurred in the middle of the 13th Century.

Page 379: “the Qajar princess” perhaps should be “princes”.

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To Mesopotamia and Kurdistan in disguiseChapter XX: Appendix: Kurdish Tribes

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