Chapter IX (4)

[193] He was made to vacate Winchester House “because it had too many doors”; and on the 10th August two of the City aldermen came to him with an order to proceed to Saint Albans to meet a Committee of the Council, who wished to discuss his proceedings with him. He went as requested, but refused to discuss anything until the Queen would receive him, which she had refused to do since his disgrace. He was confident even now that they would soon expel him with ignominy. He was no longer an ambassador, said Leicester, but a spy, and the sooner he was gone the better.—Spanish Calendar, vol. ii.

[194] De Spes to Secretary Zayas, 6th February, 1571.—Spanish Calendar, vol. ii.

[195] The letter is in the Cotton MSS., Caligula, c. 11, p. 469.

[196] Depositions of Ross and Barker.—State Trials.

[197] Spanish Calendar, vol. ii.

[198] Cobham arrived in Madrid in May, when Alba’s memorandum on Ridolfi’s mission was in Philip’s hands. As was usual in English affairs, Feria was one of those asked to report on Cobham’s mission. He and his colleagues recommend that Cobham should be curtly dismissed, and the English again referred to Alba for the discussion of the trade dispute, and this course was taken. An extremely interesting letter was written by Feria to the King’s Secretary, Zayas, which is full of bitterness that his former advice as to England had not been taken. Amongst other things, Feria writes: “I understand that our object is to keep friendly with England because it is not at present possible to undertake the subjection of that country and Ireland. We were lords of it once and left it. The friendship will be difficult to maintain if the Sovereign be not a Catholic and our hold upon the Netherlands less firm. The Queen sees our weakness and assails us with inventions and fears that she will marry in France. She will no more marry Anjou than she will marry me.... If Cobham is not dealt with in dignified fashion I fear that our efforts to avoid war will only bring it upon us, and we shall find suddenly some day that we have lost the Catholics, and even they will take up arms against us. When the Queen once understands that the Catholics depend upon our King she will not dare to break with us. There is no other way out of it. For the last two years we have trodden the path of feebleness; let us now try the other road.”—Feria to Zayas, 10th May, 1571, Spanish Calendar, vol. ii.

[199] MSS. Simancas, Estado 823. Portions of the document are reproduced by Mignet.

[200] The whole of the depositions will be found in the Hatfield Papers Historical MSS. Commission, and the circumstances are related in the Spanish Calendar.

[201] Simancas MSS., Minuta de Consejo, Estado 823. It will be seen on a subsequent page that the money, 200,000 crowns, was found.

[202] Spanish Calendar, vol. ii. Even after Philip knew that the plot had failed and that Norfolk was in the Tower, he did not abandon his hopes—for he was tenacious when once he had laboriously made up his mind. In the instructions given to the Duke of Medina Celi in November, 1571, when he was going to succeed Alba in the Netherlands, the King writes as follows: “As regards England you will proceed in conformity with what was communicated to you here and the Duke of Alba’s information, although I do not think there will be much to do at present, as the Queen has got scent of the business and has arrested the Duke of Norfolk and the principal people concerned. She has also made the Queen of Scotland’s prison straiter, and de Spes writes to me on the 21st October that they are all in great peril, for which I am very sorry, though I still have confidence that God, whose cause it is, will help us to forward the matter as we wish. You will therefore hold yourself ready, in case the Duke of Alba write to you at sea, to take any step with this end: in accordance with Clause iv. of your instructions. I have thought well to repeat it in this letter, _which for greater security you will burn before you embark_” (the words in italics have been added in the King’s own hand). Medina Celi is told that 200,000 crowns, half in gold, will be handed to him for the English business, and must not on any account be used for any other purpose, “but for this English affair, which I sincerely hope that God will guide in some unexpected way for the good of His cause.”—Spanish Calendar, vol. ii. 349.

[203] Scottish State Papers, Mary, vol. vi.

[204] That Elizabeth intended the expulsion of de Spes, and her refusal to continue negotiations about the seizures, to be a political demonstration to show her power and impress her new friends the French, is seen by her conversation at this time (December, 1571) with Cavalcanti, Catharine de Medici’s confidential envoy. The King of Spain, she said, thought that he could separate her from the alliance with France at any time; but however accommodating he might show himself in the negotiations about the seizures, and however ready to agree to terms favourable to the English, she would never trust Spaniards again, seeing the trouble they had prepared for her in Ridolfi’s plots with the Pope. The King of France might see how little she cared for the King of Spain by the way she had ordered his ambassador to be gone without delay. She wished Cavalcanti could have seen him actually on the road, but with some pretext about wanting money he was here for a day or two longer. She could assure him, however, that he should not stay in her country, and she cared not whether another came or not.—Spanish Calendar, vol. ii.

[205] “Recueil des Depeches,” &c., de la Mothe Fénélon, vol i. 375, and Spanish Calendar.

[206] Spanish Calendar, vol. ii.

[207] The French Huguenot force that had entered Flanders to aid the rebels had just been utterly routed by Alba’s son, Don Fadrique, and Charles IX. saw that unless he could dissociate himself from the unsuccessful attempt he might be dragged down by the fall of the Huguenot party.

[208] The story of the reception of the news of St. Bartholomew in England may best be followed in the Correspondance Diplomatique de La Mothe Fénélon.

[209] How soon division was introduced is seen by the action of Catharine, who saw only a few weeks after St. Bartholomew the mistake she had made in allowing the Catholic party to go too far, and once more began to court the Huguenots and Elizabeth, and also by the suspicion evinced by La Mothe, the French ambassador in London, of Guaras’ renewed favour at Elizabeth’s Court. Writing on the 9th November, he says that Alba is making all sorts of tempting offers to Elizabeth through Guaras to draw her away from French friendship and send an ambassador to Philip. “Guaras is intriguing for this with such good presents that I am told that he has given more than 10,000 crowns to one personage alone, who has some authority here. He has done so much that the Lords of the Council have been busy for several days trying to come to some arrangement with the King of Spain, and Guaras is often at Court.”—Correspondance Diplomatique, vol. v.

[210] Guaras went to Kenilworth before the reception of the news of St. Bartholomew to carry letters to Elizabeth from King Philip notifying the appointment of Medina Celi to Flanders. Only a few days after the tidings of St. Bartholomew the French ambassador wrote to Charles IX: “It seems to me that these people are bent in any case in hatching some new plan with Antonio de Guaras on the pretext of the letters from the King of Spain and Medina Celi he carried to the Queen at Kenilworth. The purport of the letters was simply to notify the coming of Medina Celi to Flanders; but these people, in consequence of what has happened at Paris, wish to make them serve for a further purpose.”—Correspondance Diplomatique de la Mothe Fénélon.

[211] Spanish Calendar, vol. ii.

[212] Correspondance Diplomatique de la Mothe Fénélon.

[213] This was not the first time that the suggestion of a marriage between Mary and Don Juan had been made. A letter written by Lord Burghley to the Earl of Shrewsbury, Keeper of the Queen of Scots, written soon after the discovery of the Ridolfi plot, says that Elizabeth does not complain of Mary’s attempts to escape to Spain or elsewhere, nor is she offended by the proposal to marry young James to the Infanta. “Nether that she sought to make the King of Spayne beleve that she wold geve ear to the offer of Don Jon of Austria.” The real cause of Elizabeth’s anger, says Lord Burghley, is Mary’s conspiracy to raise a revolution in England.—Talbot Papers (Lodge).

[214] One of Burghley’s spies, Lane, a Catholic, ventured even to reproach the minister for talking so much to Guaras on foreign policy. It appears that Burghley’s hare-brained son-in-law, Lord Oxford, and another English noble were in secret negotiation with Guaras to do some service to the Spaniards in Flanders, Guaras to find the necessary money on Oxford’s pledge. Lane advises Burghley to put a spoke into the wheel. Lane says that unless Guaras is employed in some way—preferably in Ireland on Government affairs—he may develop pernicious activity elsewhere.—Hatfield Papers, vol. ii., June, 1573.

[215] Hardwick State Papers.

[216] At this time (March, 1575) Orange, despairing of efficient aid from Elizabeth, was wooing the French. His daughter was to marry Alençon, who was to join Condé and a French army to assist the Flemings against Philip. This at once made Elizabeth turn to Spain. Not only was she, as we see, polite to Guaras, but she sent Henry Cobham to Spain as an ambassador in August to assure Philip that on no account would she allow any French domination of Flanders. A fleet of Spanish transports, too, on the way to Flanders were received with effusion now in the English ports by the Government though not by the English sailors.—Spanish Calendar, vol. ii.

[217] Fleetwood to Lord Burghley.—Wright’s State Papers.

[218] Spanish Calendar, vol. ii.

[219] Fleetwood, in one of his letters to Cecil (Wright’s State Papers), gives particulars of one such. A son of Alderman Lee came and said that his brother, although a Catholic, was in perpetual prison in Spain, the reason being that Guaras having bought a ship called the _Clock_, had given to Lee £160 to man the ship and attack Flushing. Lee having failed to carry out the plan to his satisfaction, Guaras had had him kidnapped and imprisoned in Spain. Guaras, he said, had thirty or forty spies in his service, who used to sit or walk in his hall downstairs at night without a candle, until, one by one, they were led up to Guaras’ room by Dela to report what they had discovered. Guaras’ house at Dowgate, Thames Street, was on a portion of the site covered by Cannon Street Station, and was bought by the Drapers’ Company on his conviction.—Domestic Calendar.

[220] Hatfield Papers, vol. ii., and Spanish Calendar.

[221] Guaras had the incredible imprudence to write a violent, treasonable letter to Don Juan from Newgate itself, dated 14th November. Though he is a prisoner, he will continue to perform his work by the aid of friends. All has been seized, but he now sends his son, who is as zealous as himself, to Spain through France. The draft in Spanish was, of course, taken from the prisoner when he was transferred to the Tower, and is now in the Record Office.—Flanders Correspondence, iii. 101.

[222] Her great complaint against Don Juan is founded on his plots with Mary Stuart, as disclosed by the intercepted letters of his secretary, Escobedo. “Not that she is afraid of him, but she does not wish knowingly to foster a serpent in her bosom. If the King asks for proof, let him read Escobedo’s letters set down in the book above mentioned, and consider his practices through his agents with her enemy the Queen of Scots.”—Mr. Wilkes’ instructions, Foreign Calendar, 1577-78.

[223] In May, 1578, she sent Walsingham and Cobham to Orange to warn him against the French connection, and to Don Juan, to say that if the French entered Flanders she would send 20,000 men to help the Spaniards, and if they were not enough, every man in her country should go.—Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[224] Mendoza had come to England some years previously, on one of the many abortive attempts to settle the question of the seizures.

[225] The unhappy Guaras remained in prison, treated with the greatest severity, until May, 1579. Mendoza appears to have pressed his case rather languidly, unwilling to embitter national relations further for the sake of so plebeian and insignificant a person as Guaras. A wealthy brother of the latter, named Gombal de Guaras, came to London early in 1579 to try whether bribery could release the prisoner. Mendoza was furiously angry at this interference, and had nothing but scorn for Gombal’s boastful tactics on ’Change. Gombal spent large sums of money to forward the release, and notwithstanding Mendoza’s assertion that Guaras would have been released earlier but for his brother’s boasts and turbulence it is doubtful whether the poor man would ever have got out at all without his expenditure. All sorts of hard conditions were imposed upon Guaras on his release. All his debts had to be paid and his maintenance in prison; he had to leave England at once without communicating with anybody, and was never again to return. He left England a ruined man, and died in 1584 at his birthplace, Tarrazona, and later his heirs prayed unsuccessfully for repayment of the money he had disbursed in England.—Spanish Calendar, vol. ii., and Españoles é Ingleses en el Siglo XVI., por Martin Hume (Madrid, 1903).

[226] Philip, in reply to the suggestion to bribe the English ministers, orders Mendoza to send a schedule of the sums to be paid to each. When he has quite satisfied himself that they will have value for the money the latter shall be sent. “It is necessary, however, that before doing anything, we should have this information, so as not to cast our seed on stony ground, nor give money to people who will cheat us and laugh at us.”

[227] The reason given by Elizabeth for sending Guaras back to prison was that she had heard anew that he had been serving as the agent of the Irish rebels.

[228] Spanish Calendar, vol. ii.

[229] Vargas Mexia at once saw the immense importance of this declaration and wrote to Philip (13th February): “Such is the present condition of England, with signs of revolt everywhere, the Queen in alarm, the Catholic party numerous, the serious events in Ireland, and the distrust aroused by your Majesty’s fleet, that I really believe that if so much as a cat moved, the whole edifice would crumble down in three days beyond repair. If your Majesty had England and Scotland attached to you, directly or indirectly, you might consider the States of Flanders conquered, in which case you could lay down the law for the whole world.” The adhesion of Guise as Philip’s servant made all the difference.—Spanish Calendar, vol. iii. It was certainly not the case that Guise and Beton had _persuaded_ Mary to take this course. It is far more likely that she persuaded them, as she had seen for many years, as has been proved in the chapters of this book, that her only hope of effectively establishing her claim was to obtain Spanish support. Up to this time the Guises had rather obstructed this than otherwise, as they looked to Mary’s elevation to serve their own ambitions, which were not identical with those of Philip. The Duke of Guise in question was Mary’s first cousin, Henry of Lorraine, aged at this time thirty years.

[230] If we are to believe Camden, who was a fellow-student of Parsons’ at Balliol, this guise was not altogether strange to him. “He was,” he says, “a violent, fierce-natured man of rough behaviour.... When he was young the fellow was much noted for his singular impudency and disorder in apparel, going in great barrel hose, as was the fashion of hacksters in those days, and drawing also deep in a barrel of ale.” Another contemporary of his, Archbishop Abbot, who was a Fellow of Balliol, describes him as being “a man wonderfully given to scoffing, and with that bitterness which was the cause that none of the company loved him.” He was Bursar of Balliol—and of course a Protestant—until 1573, when he got into trouble over his accounts, and for this and other reasons he resigned his Fellowship. He lived abroad thenceforward until he returned, as here described, as Provincial of the Jesuits for England, having entered the Society in 1575.

[231] Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[232] A few months later, when Mendoza sought audience of the Queen, to remonstrate by Philip’s orders with her about her aid to Don Antonio, Leicester and Hatton strongly opposed an audience being granted, whilst Cecil, who always advocated a conciliatory course with Spain, insisted upon Mendoza being received. “Leicester, whilst he was at supper lately, said that he would either turn me out of here or lose his life and property in the attempt; whilst Hatton, in the presence chamber in the hearing of the household, cried that he would do his best to get me expelled, for the Queen trembled every time I asked for audience. When he was asked by a friend whether this was because I spoke rudely to her, he replied: No, it was not that, for no ambassador was more courteous and respectful, but I communicated things in such a way that she trembled when she heard me.”—Mendoza to the King, 1st October, 1581, Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[233] Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[234] Mendoza, writing to Philip on the 1st October, 1581, dwells upon the terrible sufferings of the Catholics, and incidentally reveals how entirely now he had identified himself with those whom the Queen’s Government held to be disaffected. Not even the gifts of friends to the imprisoned Catholics, he says, may be given to the individuals, but are divided amongst all the prisoners. “They are incarcerated with crowds of thieves, and are left to die of hunger amongst them, in order that their torment may be the greater. If any one goes to visit them he is at once arrested, and consequently most of the gifts are sent through me and are distributed by my servants, the Catholics alone receiving them. In like manner I take charge of the money sent by the Catholics who have fled abroad, and of the sums given by others for the Seminaries of Rheims and Rome.”—Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[235] Spanish Calendar, vol. iii. 188.

[236] Herll to Leicester, 7th November, 1581.—Domestic Calendar.

[237] Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[238] Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[239] Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[240] Creighton had been directed to go to Rouen on the way to Paris, in order that he might consult Parsons, who was then there to be in touch with England. The Duke of Guise was near by, at his Castle of Eu, and Lennox’s letters to him by Creighton were also delivered at the same time. Even Father Parsons at this period had not penetrated the antagonism of the views of Philip II. and Guise, though he subsequently became the leader of the purely Anglo-Spanish party opposed altogether to the interference of the French influence and the inclusion of James VI. in the plans for the subjugation of England. At this time and for a short time afterwards Parsons was in close touch with Guise.

[241] “The two Jesuit fathers who spoke to you about the Scotch affair must have been very zealous, but their having carried the matter so far as they did and communicating it to so many people may make it difficult to keep secret. In order that it may be kept as quiet as possible, you will detain the priest if he has not already started to come hither. You can tell him, as if on your own account, that in order to keep the affair quiet nothing more should be done till you hear from me. You may reply to the Duke of Lennox to the same effect, dealing with the matter in a way which will not lead them to think that you are throwing difficulties in the way for the purpose of refusing the aid they ask for, but only in order that it may all be managed on such solid foundations as to ensure success, for which we should all strive, as it is so greatly in the interests of God and the public welfare.”—Philip to Tassis, 11th June, 1582, Spanish Calendar, vol. iii. Philip’s message to Guise through Tassis, in September, is in the same tone: “You will tell him I would gladly have helped in the submission of Scotland, and still would do so if I saw really good grounds for anticipating success and a willingness on the part of the Pope to contribute such money as the case demands, as he has promised me several times. You may dexterously hint at coolness in that quarter, so that he may see that the affair is not falling through by any fault of mine.”—Ibid. To those who know Philip’s style this represents a determination to desist from participation.

[242] Mendoza had entertained several proposals for killing Orange, and it was asserted that he had been an accomplice in the present attempt. He was very indignant at the odium that this accusation brought upon him, but it is extremely likely to be true. He and Mary Stuart had nothing but praise for the crime in their letters.—Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[243] Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[244] Dr. Hector Nuñez writes to Burghley in August, 1582, that Mendoza, passing through Fenchurch Street in his carriage, was stoned and hooted by a group of boys playing at soldiers, and had to take refuge in Lime Street, where the Lord Mayor, Sir James Harvey, lived.—Hatfield Papers, part ii.

[245] Mary wrote to him when she was deploring the confusion in their plans caused by the muddling of the Jesuits and Lennox: “There are, as you have pointed out, many objections to carrying out this enterprise from France, and I wish it to be conducted entirely by you, sure, as I am, of your faith and prudence.... I must therefore beg of you most earnestly to continue here, and thus gain for yourself the honour of God and man if the enterprise be successful, as you yet give me hopes that it will be. The principal thing is for you to remain in England, but if that be impossible, then in France.”—Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[246] Roman Transcripts, Record Office, vols. xvi. and xvii.

[247] This was an ordinary course with Philip when he disapproved of a plan proposed to him: to pretend acquiescence, but to propose that the Pope should find the money, which he knew he would not do.

[248] Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[249] Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[250] Parsons, although always an enemy of Paget, was, up to the period in question, as we have seen, an adherent of Guise and the Scottish plans; but he appears to have changed immediately after his return from Rome. Allen, who was older and more experienced, probably indoctrinated him with the Anglo-Spanish view. Tassis, writing on the 15th November, 1583, says that Parsons “persists that upon no account should the enterprise he commenced in Scotland. He is strongly of opinion that the design upon England should be persevered in and the heart struck at first: and he says that Allen is told this, by persons on the Border itself, who prove it by irrefutable arguments.” Amongst these arguments is one that was constantly used afterwards, viz., that no matter what the nationality of the foreign troops, if they came to England _viâ_ Scotland, they would be looked upon as French and opposed accordingly.—Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[251] Spanish Calendar, vol. iii. (Paris Archives Nationales).

[252] Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[253] Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[254] To Idiaquez.—Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[255] Roman Transcript, Record Office, vol. xvii. Allen and Parsons to the Pope and Philip, 16th January, 1584.

[256] The Cardinal of Como to the Nuncio in Paris, 9th April, 1584.—Roman Transcripts, Record Office.

[257] Allen to the Nuncio in Paris.—“Letters and Memorials of Cardinal Allen.”

[258] Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[259] Tassis to Philip, May 27th.—Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[260] Bazan to the King and the reply. Fernandez Duro, “La Armada Invincible.”

[261] Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[262] Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[263] Philip to Mendoza, 5th July, 1585.—Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[264] Philip to Mendoza, 17th August.—Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[265] Philip to Mendoza, 23rd July, 1585.—Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[266] It appears, from a letter written by the Marquis of Santa Cruz in 1586, that all the English ships were released in a week or so without any damage being done to them, whereas the embargo upon Spanish property in England was not raised at all. Santa Cruz represents that the English were the aggressors; probably some religious point was made the pretext for the attempt to take possession of the _Primrose_ by the Lieutenant-Governor of Biscay. The Spaniards insist that none of the ships were embargoed until the _Primrose_ had sailed away with her “captors.”

[267] The correspondence of Olivares detailing his negotiations with Sixtus is in the Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[268] Mendoza to Philip, Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[269] Parsons to Idiaquez, 30th June, 1597. Transcript printed in “Letters and Memorials of Cardinal Allen.” The original cannot now be found in the Simancas Archives.

[270] That she knew this is seen in the letter where she implores Mendoza to keep the matter secret, or she will lose her French dowry. It is curious, however, that in the same letter she prays for rewards for Morgan and the Pagets, whom Parsons represents as being strongly anti-Spanish.

[271] Mendoza to Philip, 26th June, 1586.—Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[272] Philip to Mendoza, 18th July, 1586.—Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[273] Mary to Mendoza, 27th July, 1586.—Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[274] It was asserted by Mendoza that Raleigh was one of these, which is incredible.

[275] If the postscript to her letter to Babington of 17th July, 1586 (Record Office, “Mary Queen of Scots,” vol. xviii.), be genuine, as I believe, there can be no doubt of this, but her letter to the French ambassador, Chateauneuf (17th July), is also compromising (Labanoff).

[276] See p. 420.

[277] These were Castilian ducats worth 11 reals (2s. 5½d.), or £467,444, which would represent in present value nearly £3,000,000.

[278] These letters (copied by me in the Paris Archives) are in the Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[279] Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, had married a Portuguese princess, and his children had a better right to the Crowns of Portugal and England than Philip had. The English Catholic refugees in Flanders were already suggesting that the young Prince of Parma should marry Arabella Stuart and reign over England when it had been conquered. Farnese himself was approached by different English parties, even by the moderate conforming Catholics in Elizabeth’s Court during the negotiations, with a view to divide him from the Spaniards on this question of the succession. The Spanish officers, after the defeat of the Armada, failing to understand the tactical reasons that kept Farnese inactive, openly accused him of treachery. There is no doubt that Farnese was hurt, and justifiably so, at the contemptuous disregard for his children’s rights, but he was certainly loyal to Philip.

[280] Spanish Calendar, vol. iii. 681.

[281] Philip afterwards ordered that the aid should be confined to a money subvention, but Parma determined, if possible, to send the armed contingent, though the whole scheme fell through.

[282] Spanish Calendar, vols. iii. and iv.

[283] Spanish Calendar, vol. iv.

[284] To prove the importance of this point, one of Mendoza’s arguments in favour of the proposal of Huntly and the Scottish Catholics to attack England across the Border by land instead of by an invading fleet, was the great cost of the pipe staves, which he said had already been 150,000 ducats.

[285] Spanish Calendar, vol. iv. 135.

[286] This had been, and continued to be, an absolute condition of Parma’s, without which he would not move at all. We shall see how the promise was treated.

[287] There is, unfortunately, no space here to give details of the endless pourparlers that went on. Much of the correspondence from the English Commissioners is in the Flanders Papers in the Record Office, and in British Museum Cotton MSS. Vespasian CVII., whilst Parma’s letters on the subject to Philip are abstracted in the Calendars of Spanish State Papers, vol. iv., under the editorship of the present writer.

[288] Spanish Calendar, vol. iv.

[289] Parma to Philip, 20th March, 1588.—Spanish Calendar.

[290] The letters of Medina Sidonia and Philip have been printed in Spanish by Captain Fernandez Duro in “La Armada Invincible.”

[291] “La Armada Invincible.”

INDEX

A

Alava, Don Francés, Spanish ambassador in France, 320-23

Alba, Duchess of, in England, 84-86, 88

Alba, Duke of, 53, 67, 68, 73, 85, 117, 142, 148, 150, 197, 218, 226,
231, 232.
In Flanders, 258, 265, 266, 268, 271, 272, 275, 277-78, 282,
283-88, 297-316, 319, 324, 327, 330, 333.
Retires from Flanders, 334.
In Portugal, 372

Alençon, Duke of, 321, 326, 327, 342, 345, 350, 352, 358, 361, 370,
376, 388, 395-96, 399, 422

Allen, Dr. (Cardinal), 383, 385, 391, 404, 405, 406, 416, 418, 419,
425, 432, 457, 458, 459, 471, 484, 485

Alvarez, Dr., Portuguese ambassador, 270-71

Anna of Austria, Philip’s fourth wife, 300

Antonio, Don, Portuguese Pretender, 371-73, 375, 379, 380, 396, 405,
411, 413, 420, 427, 429, 441, 447, 450

Armada, the evolution of the, 420, 421, 425, 427, 431, 432, 447, 448,
449, 450, 451, 452, 453, 458, 462.
Orders given to, 466-70, 475-78, 479, 480-82.
The catastrophe, 483-84

Arundel, Earl of (Fitzallan), 14, 37, 40, 62, 67, 174, 281-82,
284-88, 290, 302, 303

Arundel, Earl of (Howard), 409, 439

Arundell, Charles, 409

Ashton, 136

B

Babington plot, 434-44

Bacon, Sir Nicholas, 163

Bailly, Charles, 310-12

Ballard, Father, 434, 435, 439, 440

Barker, 306

Bayonne, the interviews at, 230, 231, 232

Bazan, Alvaro de (Santa Cruz), Admiral, his plan to conquer England,
420, 428, 447, 448, 449, 451, 462, 465, 466, 467, 469, 471, 474,
476

Beal, clerk of the Council, 441

Bedford, Earl of, 54, 56, 57, 66_n_, 145, 149, 162

Berga, Father, De Spes’s chaplain, 300

Bertondona, Martin de, Spanish seaman, 58, 476

Beton, Archbishop of Glasgow, 239, 363, 364, 366, 383, 384, 391, 400,
405, 418

Beton, James, 267, 270

Blanks, the Conspiracy of the, 450 _et seq._

Bonner, Bishop of London, 113, 115, 123

Borough, Admiral, 461, 463

Bothwell, 256

Boxall, Secretary, 161

Browne, Sir Anthony (Viscount Montagu), 43, 68, 303

Bruce, Robert, 450, 451-55

C

Cadiz, Drake’s raid upon, 460-64

Caithness, Earl of, 382

Calais, loss of, 151, 157, 168

Campion, Edmund, Jesuit, 367

Carew, 46

Carlos, Don (Philip’s son), 54, 135, 213, 224, 225, 228, 236, 238,
239, 240

Castelnau, de la Mauvissière, French ambassador to Scotland, 250

Cateau Cambresis, Peace of, 191, 195, 196

Catharine de Medici, 197, 210, 211, 226, 229, 231, 287, 303, 320,
326, 330, 345, 362, 384, 458

Catharine Grey, 196, 241

Catholic League, the, 195, 226, 228, 230, 327, 328, 422

Catholics, English, under Elizabeth, 200, 227, 228, 233, 246-47, 261,
271, 280-83, 285-88, 289-92, 293-95, 298-316, 361, 367-68, 376,
388, 405, 409, 416, 417, 434, 435, 439, 440, 485

Cavalcanti, Guido, 320_n_

Cecil, William (Lord Burghley), 9, 99, 149.
Elizabeth’s minister, 183, 187, 195.
Checkmates Dudley, 209, 226, 227, 247, 260, 273, 274, 278, 280,
282, 301, 317, 319, 324, 336, 345, 348, 358, 371, 374, 379, 395,
427, 437, 441, 459, 460

Charles, Archduke, a suitor for Elizabeth’s hand, 199, 202, 216, 219,
224, 229, 238, 239

Charles V. His attempts to gain the friendship of England, 2-19.
His advice to Mary, 17-18.
His abdication, 132

Charles IX. of France, 327, 352, 358

Chatillon, Cardinal, Huguenot leader, 268, 299

Cheyne, Sir Thomas, 145

Ciappino Vitelli, Alba’s general, 292, 294

Clarencius, Mrs., Queen Mary’s nurse, 40, 78, 179

Clinton, Lady, 184

Clinton, Lord, made Lord Admiral, 157, 162, 163, 167, 170, 225, 278,
379

Cobham, Lord, English councillor, 14, 15, 43, 310

Cobham, Lord (junior), 465

Cobham, Henry, Elizabeth’s envoy to Spain, 307

Cobham, Thomas, 310

Coligny, Admiral, 149, 268, 329

Como, Cardinal of, 401

Condé, Prince of, 226

Cordell, Master of the Rolls, 163, 179

Cordova, Pedro de, 86

Council of Trent, proposal by Dudley for England to join in, 203-10

Courtenay, Earl, of Devon, 19, 20, 22, 24, 32-33, 38, 41, 43, 46, 48,
49, 62, 113, 115, 116, 139

Cranmer, Archbishop, 41, 141

Crawford, Earl of, 450

Creighton, Father, Jesuit, 378, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 388, 389, 390

Crofts, Sir James, 358, 399, 465, 470

Cumberland, Earl of, 285

D

Dacre, Lord, 285, 293, 404

Dale, Dr., Peace Commissioner, 465

Daniel, 136

Darnley, Henry Stuart, Lord, 218, 221, 226, 235-37, 238-40, 241-54,
256

Dassonleville, Councillor, in England, 173, 184, 278-79

De Foix, French ambassador, 230, 231

Dela, Damian, 345, 348

Derby, Earl of, 61, 67, 80, 85, 302

Derby, Earl of (junior), 465

Desmond Rebellion, 359, 362, 364, 370, 375, 398

De Spes. _See_ GERAU DE SPES

D’Este, Cardinal, 421, 426

Don Juan of Austria, 334-40, 345, 349-51, 352, 355, 357, 362

Drake, Sir Francis, 369, 371, 381, 397, 413, 427, 429, 430, 460-64,
465, 479

Dudley, Lord Henry, 16, 41

Dudley, Sir Henry, 136, 139

Dudley, Lord Robert, 199, 202, 221, 223, 224, 225, 226.
Plots against Cecil, 227
(Earl of Leicester), 352, 355, 358, 371, 382, 395, 397, 427, 430,
449, 460

Dunblane, Bishop of, 457

Durham House, 43, 170, 199, 217, 446

E

Edward VI., 2, 3, 4.
Illness and death of, 8-12

Eglinton, Earl of, 382

Egmont, Count, his embassy to England, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49, 51, 55,
67, 76

Elizabeth, Princess, of England, 19, 20, 38, 39, 41, 46, 48, 49,
61, 64, 109, 110, 113, 115, 116, 122-24, 135, 136, 138-41, 156,
164-65.
Visited by Feria, 166, 174.
Acknowledged Mary’s heir, 175.
Her accession, 181.
_See also_ ELIZABETH, QUEEN OF ENGLAND

Elizabeth, Queen of England. Perplexity of Feria, 181-82.
Her first measures, 183.
The problem of her marriage, 182, 186.
Her reception of Philip’s offer, 192-93.
Deceives Quadra, 203-10.
Her policy towards the Dutch Protestants, 221.
Her statecraft, 224.
Fresh approaches to Spain, 226-30.
Her danger from Mary Stuart, 235-55.
Her fear of Philip’s designs, 258
Her retort to Alba’s proceedings in the Netherlands, 258.
Her anger at Dr. Man’s expulsion from Spain, 259-62.
Seizes the treasure, 275.
Embargoes Spanish property, 275-80, 292.
Her alarm, 301.
Her reception of Guaras, 325.
Friendly with the French, 326-27.
Alençon’s courtship, 327-28.
Her talk with Guaras, 341.
Receives Mendoza, 354-60, 370, 374, 379-81, 385-91.
Draws nearer to Spain, 395, 396.
Proposal to murder her, 401-3.
At war with Philip, 431.
Plot to murder her, 434-35, 439-41.
Tries for peace, 445, 459, 466, 470.
The Armada, 480-84

Elizabeth of Valois, third wife of Philip, 197, 226

Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy, 7, 108-11, 116, 140, 148, 186

England reconciled to the Papacy, 102-8

Englefield, Sir Francis, 392, 485

Enriquez, Pedro de, his account of England, 84, 86, 87, 88, 90, 102,
111, 112

Eric of Sweden. Offers to marry Elizabeth, 165, 176, 186.
A suitor for Mary of Scotland, 219

F

Farnese, Alexander, Duke of Parma, 350, 424, 445, 451, 452, 453_n_,
462, 465, 470, 471, 472.
Advocates peace, 475, 479

Felton, John, 299-300

Fenner, Captain, 429

Feria, Count (Duke of), 55, 67, 73, 86, 151, 153.
His dealings with Mary and her Council, 153-172.
Leaves England, 172, 173.
Returns to Mary’s death-bed, 177.
Visits Elizabeth, 166, 178.
Philip’s ambassador to Elizabeth, 181.
His bewilderment at the changes, 182-84.
His interviews with Elizabeth, 185.
His action in Madrid, 259, 265, 307_n_, 317, 324, 351

Feria, Countess of (Jane Dormer), 179, 202, 316

Fiesco, 292, 323

Figueroa, Viceroy, Imperial ambassador, 67, 79, 80, 165

Fitzwalter, Lord (Earl of Sussex), 54, 56.
_See also_ SUSSEX

Fitzwilliam, George, 316-18

Fleetwood, Sir William, 343, 347

Flores, Diego, 478

Fowler, a Lennox adherent, visits Guzman, 235-37

Francis II. of France, 197

Frobisher, Captain, 429

G

Gardiner, Stephen, Bishop of Winchester, 26_n_, 36, 40, 42, 45, 46,
61, 71, 75, 94, 95, 103-5, 107, 115, 130-31

Geneda, Don Diego, 33, 135

Gerau de Spes, Spanish ambassador, 264.
His violent character, 265-67.
Begins plotting at once, 268-69, 270, 271.
Causes seizure of English property and stoppage of trade, 275.
His indiscretion, 276, 277, 278.
Under arrest in England, 278-79.
Plots with Mary Stuart, 280-83, 284-92, 293.
The Ridolfi plot, 297-315.
Hoodwinked by Hawkins, 316-18.
His expulsion from England, 319, 375

German mercenaries for England, 156, 168, 169

Gifford, Gilbert, 439, 440, 443

Giraldi, Portuguese envoy to England, 343-44

Granvelle, Cardinal de, 4, 21, 99, 387, 388, 392-93, 394

Gregory XIII., Pope, 309, 338, 401, 405, 406, 421, 422, 423

Gresham, Sir Thomas, 112, 160, 161, 268

Grey, Lady Jane. _See_ JANE

Grey de Wilton, Lord, 145, 151

Guaras, Antonio de, 35-36, 267, 322-26, 330-33, 336-46.
Arrested, 347-49, 357, 359, 375

Guaras, Gombal de, 357

Guise, Francis, Duke of, 142, 143, 148.
Captures Calais, 151.
Death of, 235

Guise, Henry, Duke of, 365, 366, 384, 389_n_, 390-92, 393, 394, 399,
401-3, 405-7, 409, 417, 418, 422, 425, 426, 450, 451, 458

Guises, the, 200, 210, 211, 232, 234, 352-53, 445, 457

Guzman de Silva, Diego. Spanish ambassador to England, 222.
His first interviews with Elizabeth, 225-32.
His negotiations with Mary Stuart, 235-54.
His interviews with Elizabeth about the expulsion of Dr. Man,
260-61.
Begs Philip to recall him, 262.
Presents his successor, 264.
Elizabeth’s grief at his departure, 264-65.
Leaves England, 265, 268

H

Hamilton, Lord Claude, 440, 450

Hastings, Lord, 43, 99

Hatton, Sir Christopher, 370, 371, 373, 382, 396

Havrey, Marquis d’, 352

Hawkins, John, 273, 274, 281.
His trick on de Spes, 316-18

Hawkins, William, 273

Heath, Archbishop, Lord Chancellor, 141, 155

Henrique, Cardinal, King of Portugal, 362, 372

Henry VIII., 2, 32

Henry II. of France, 6, 95, 115, 139, 142, 188, 194.
Death of, 197, 200

Henry III. of France, 399, 425, 455, 456, 457, 486

Herbert, Dr., Peace Commissioner, 465

Herries, Lord, 257, 312

Hertford, Earl of, 465

Heywood, Father, Jesuit, 383

Hoby, Sir Philip, English envoy, 8

Holt, Father, Jesuit, 386, 388

Horn, Count, 67

Horsey, Governor of the Isle of Wight, 274

Howard, Lord Henry, 388, 399

Howard, Lord William (Lord Effingham), 43, 44, 61, 63, 64, 67, 76,
77, 135, 148, 157, 191, 225, 254

Howard, Lord Admiral (Charles 2nd Howard of Effingham), 441

Huguenots, the, 200, 210, 211, 226, 230, 232, 268, 273, 320, 326,
327-29, 353, 358

Hunsdon, Lord, 441

Huntly, Earl of, 382, 450, 454

Hurtado de Mendoza, Diego, 33

I

Isabel, the Infanta, 458

J

James VI. of Scotland, 363, 366, 377, 378, 382, 384, 386, 387, 400,
419, 422, 426, 433, 436, 438, 450, 454, 457, 458, 459

Jane Grey, 11, 13, 16, 19, 41

Jane the Mad, 56, 120

Jerningham, Master of the Rolls, 163

Jesuit propaganda in England, 365, 367, 368, 378, 382, 385, 398, 400,
419

Juana, Princess, Philip’s sister, 54, 56, 225

K

Kildare, Countess of, 85

Kingston, Sir Anthony, 136

Kirkaldy of Grange, 255

Knollys, Sir Francis, 277_n_, 441

L

Landau, Charles V. at, 2, 3

La Mole received by Elizabeth, 327-28

La Mothe Fénélon, French ambassador, 275, 287, 330, 400

Leicester, Earl of. _See_ DUDLEY

Lennox D’Aubigny (Duke of Lennox), 363, 366, 377, 378, 382, 389-92,
398, 399, 400

Lennox, Margaret, Countess of, 218.
Intrigues with Guzman, 235-37, 238-40, 241, 247, 253

Lethington, William Maitland, Laird of (Scottish Secretary), 213,
214, 215, 218, 234-40, 285

Lewis, Dr. Owen, Bishop of Cassano, 433, 457

London.
Rejoices at Mary’s accession, 14-17.
Mary’s entry into, 19.
Mary’s coronation at, 32, 34.
Wyatt’s appeal to, 15, 47.
Fears of the Spanish match, 34, 43, 52, 64, 86-90.
Philip’s State entry, 90-92, 93.
Ill-feeling towards Spaniards, 114, 120

Loo, Andrea, de, 445, 459

Lopez, Dr., 373

Lopez de Padilla, Gutierre, 54

Lorraine, Cardinal, 216, 226, 231, 232, 234, 238, 244, 265

Lumley, Lord, 285, 286, 290, 302, 303

M

Man, Dr., English ambassador in Spain, his expulsion, 259, 265, 270

Marnix, Jacques de (Tholuze), envoy to England, 9

Martinengo, Abbé, Papal Legate for England, 209

Martin, Sir Roger, Lord Mayor, 271

Mary Tudor, Queen of England, 8, 10, 11-16.
Her accession, 17.
Her reception in London, 19.
Her acceptance of Philip, 23-29.
Her anger with Courtenay, 32-33.
Her coronation, 34.
Pledged to Philip, 40.
The public announcement of her marriage, 45, 47, 48.
Anxiety for Philip’s safety, 51.
Her meeting with Philip, 76-78.
The marriage, 80-82.
Entry into London, 90-92, 95.
Receives Pole, 102, 109-10.
Difficulties with Elizabeth, 116-19.
Hopes of an heir, 119-21, 122, 123.
Philip’s absence, 130, 140-41.
Joy at Philip’s return, 144.
Declares war on France, 147.
Her grief at the loss of Calais, 153, 157.
Her poverty, 158-59.
Her decline and death, 171, 175-80

Mary of Hungary, Regent of the Netherlands, 3, 6

Mary, Queen of Scots, 39, 141, 187, 193, 197, 200, 211, 213, 224,
234, 236-40.
Marries Darnley under Philip’s patronage, 243-45.
Her designs against Elizabeth, 247-54.
Rizzio, 256.
Mary a prisoner, 256, 257.
In England, 262, 268, 269.
Her communications with de Spes, 277-88, 293.
The Ridolfi plot, 297-315, 316, 317.
Intrigues with Don Juan through Guaras, 336, 339-40, 345, 349.
Fresh plots, 365-66, 377, 383-84, 401-3, 410, 423, 434.
Bequeaths Crown of England to Philip, 436.
Her part in the Babington plot, 444

Mary of Lorraine, Regent of Scotland, 200

Mason, Dr., English Councillor, 14, 15, 16, 99, 100

Maurice of Saxony, 2

Maximilian of Austria, 38

Mayenne, Duke of, 401

Medina Celi, Duke of, 55, 73, 85, 315_n_, 317, 331_n_

Medina Sidonia, Duke of, 462.
To command the Armada, 477, 479, 481.
Prays Philip to abandon the enterprise, 482

Melville, Sir James, 254, 285_n_

Mendoza, Bernardino, Spanish ambassador to England, 351, 353-54,
355-60.
Plots with the English Catholics, 368-70, 377-83, 386-98.
His unpopularity in London, 398.
His connivance with Throckmorton’s plot, 408.
Expulsion from England, 410-12.
In Paris, 422-25, 433.
Connives at the Babington Plot, 434-45.

Metz, the Emperor’s defeat at, 5

Montmorenci, Constable, 148

Montmorenci, Jean (de Courrières), envoy to England, 9, 43

Montrose, Earl of, 450

Morgan, Thomas, 406, 435

Morley, Lord, 285

Morton, the Regent, 365, 366, 377

Morton, Earl of (Stuart), 450

Moryson, Sir Richard, addresses the Emperor, 1-4

Murray, James Stuart, Earl of, 245, 251, 255, 256, 284, 285, 287

N

Navarre, Henry of, 326, 328, 399, 422, 455, 486

Navas, Marquis de las, 54, 59, 67, 85

Noailles, Antoine de, French ambassador, 19, 20, 33, 41, 42, 43, 46,
49, 62, 79, 93-94, 115, 119, 134, 135.
His plots, 136, 141, 146, 147, 151

Nonsuch House, 288

Norfolk, Duke of (Thomas Howard), his plots with Mary Stuart, 281-83,
284-88, 289-92, 293-95, 297, 301, 306, 311-15

North, the Rising in the, 293-95, 297

Northampton, Marquis of, 62, 226

Northumberland, Duke of, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 19

Northumberland, Earl of, 254, 277, 281, 285, 290, 293, 293-95

Northumberland, Earl of (junior), 409

Nowell, Dr., Dean of St. Paul’s, 3.
Elizabeth rebukes him, 231

Nuñez, Dr. Hector, 398_n_

O

Oquendo, Admiral, 476, 478

Olivares, Count, Spanish ambassador in Rome, 421, 423, 426, 432, 433,
438, 457, 471

Orange, Prince of, 332-33, 352, 356, 369, 381, 395

Osorio, Isabel de, Philip’s mistress, 22_n_, 27

Owen, Hugh, 424

P

Pacheco, Don Juan, robbed in England, 84

Paget, William, Lord, 20, 24, 37, 40, 61, 99, 158, 163, 167

Paget, Lord (junior), 409

Paget, Charles, 339, 406, 408, 409, 434, 435

Paget, William, 436

Paget House, 238, 269, 278

Parry, Elizabeth’s controller, 184

Parsons (or Persons), Father Robert, 367, 383, 385, 389, 400, 404,
405, 406, 407, 416, 417, 419, 421, 425, 435, 457, 458, 471, 483,
485

Paul IV., Pope (Caraffa), 121, 141, 142, 150

Paulet, Sir Amyas, 345

Paz, Luis de, 219, 236

Peace negotiations with Parma, 445, 459, 465, 466, 470

Peckham, Sir W., 136

Pembroke, Earl of, 14, 61, 71, 80, 82, 97, 145, 225, 290

Pembroke, Countess of, 85

Pescara, Marquis of, 55, 67

Petre, Sir W., Secretary of State, 14, 24, 37, 40, 97

Philip II., 6.
To marry Mary, 21-31, 37, 38.
The conditions of his marriage, 42, 44-46, 50.
His coming to England, 52-65.
His presents to Mary, 54.
His demeanour in England, 65, 66.
Arrival and first sight of Mary, 66-80.
State entry into London, 90-92.
Receives Pole, 101-105.
His attitude towards Elizabeth, 116-17.
Leaves England, 125-26.
His influence on English policy, 129, 133.
His attempts to draw England into war, 143.
Visits England, 144.
Obtains armed English aid, 145.
England joins him in the war, 147.
His last farewell to Mary, 148.
The war and the English, 151-60, 162-63, 164.
His friendship with Elizabeth, 166.
He proposes to Elizabeth, 188-91.
His new policy, 195.
Alliance with France, 198-99.
Its inefficiency, 200.
His intrigue with Lord R. Dudley, 203-10.
His reception of Scottish approaches, 215.
His policy in the Netherlands, 220.
Patronises Darnley, 235-40, 241-54.
His determination to crush the Netherlands, 258.
Adopts a stronger policy towards England, 263.
Seizure of his treasure, 272-77.
Stops trade, 278-79.
Intrigues with Mary Stuart, 280-83, 288.
Accepts Ridolfi plot, 308, 313, 314.
His claim to Portugal, 362, 372.
His attitude towards Guise’s plots, 402, 407, 408.
Resolved upon war at last, 415, 421, 426.
His claim to the Crown of England, 436, 437.
His doubts of the Babington plot, 441-43.
Plans the Armada, 448-49, 450, 451-56, 457-58, 459, 466-74.
His obstinacy and the result, 483.
His failure, 487

Pickering, Sir William, 168

Pole, Arthur, plots with Quadra, 217, 255_n_

Pole, Cardinal Reginald, 19, 34, 95, 98, 99.
In England, 100-4, 114, 125, 130, 141, 143, 146, 155, 170.
His death, 179

Portugal, Philip’s claim to, 362, 371, 372, 396

_Primrose_, the attack upon the, 428

Protestant conspiracies against Mary, 136, 146.
_See also_ WYATT

Q

Quadra, Bishop Alvaro.
Philip’s ambassador in England, 196, 198, 199, 200.
Hoodwinked by Dudley, 202-10.
Scottish approaches to, 213 _et seq._
His death, 219

R

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 440_n_, 446, 447

Randolph, English agent in Scotland, 249, 255

Randolph, Major, 170_n_

Ratcliff, Egremont, 342

Recalde, Martinez de, 476, 478

Religious persecution, 96, 113-15, 123, 128

Renard, Simon.
Imperial ambassador, 9-18.
Proposes Philip for Mary, 21-31, 33, 37, 48, 49, 50, 51, 61, 62,
63, 65, 71, 113, 114, 122, 128

Requesens, Viceroy of Flanders, 334, 337

Ridley, Bishop, 41

Ridolfi, Rodolfo, 281, 297, 304, 306-11, 318, 375

Rizzio, 256

Robsart, Amy, Lady R. Dudley, 202, 203

Rochester, Sir R., 154, 163

Rome, the Armada intrigues in, 421, 426, 457

Ross, Bishop of, 285, 287, 289, 298-99, 302, 304, 310, 311

Ross, 306

Rutland, Earl of, 164

Ruy Gomez, Philip’s favourite, 55, 67, 72, 78, 92

S

St. Bartholomew, 328-30

St. Quintin, battle of, 148, 150

St. Quintin, English at the battle of, 149, 159

Sanders, Dr., Papal Legate in Ireland, 364

Sarmiento de Gamboa, 446-47

Schefyne, envoy to England, 9, 11

Sebastian, King of Portugal, 362

Semple, Colonel, 450

Seton, Lord, 382

Shan O’Neil, 217, 256

Shrewsbury, Earl of, 14, 16, 61, 67, 97, 302, 423

Sidney, Sir H., 202, 203, 210

Sidney, Lady Mary, 199, 202

Sixtus V., Pope, 423, 426, 432, 433, 438, 457, 459, 471

Spaniards, discontent of, 83-90, 102, 111, 112, 120

Spinola, Benedict, Genoese banker in London, 272, 273, 274

Stafford, Thomas, his abortive rebellion, 146, 147

Stanley, Sir William, 439, 441, 450

Story, Dr., 303

Strange, Lord, 43, 82

Stukeley, English traitor, 301, 362

Supremacy, Act of, 194

Sussex, Earl of, 61, 153, 157, 293, 342, 370, 371, 373, 379

T

Tassis, Spanish Ambassador in France, 383, 384, 389, 392, 400, 401,
403, 405, 410, 418

Throckmorton, Francis, 408, 409, 416

Treasure, the seizure of Philip’s, 271-77, 321-26, 331, 332

Tremayne, 136

Tresham, 377

U

Uniformity, Act of, 194

V

Valdés, Pedro de, 478, 483

Vargas-Mexia, Spanish ambassador in France, 364-65, 366_n_

W

Walsingham, Sir Francis, 328, 358, 397, 407, 409, 410, 427, 434, 441,
443, 444

Wentworth, Lord, Governor of Calais, 151

Westmorland, Earl of, 97, 147, 174, 293, 375, 404

Wilkes, English envoy to Spain, 350-51

Williams, Sir John (Lord Williams of Thame), 67, 68

Wilson, Dr., 345

Winchester, the marriage at, 72-84

Winchester, Marquis of, 86, 97

Winchester House, 287, 302_n_

Worcester, Earl of, 303

Wyatt’s rebellion, 47, 48, 49, 61, 62, 90

Wynter, Admiral, 273, 429

Y

Yaxley, Francis, sent to Philip by the English and Scottish
Catholics, 248-54

York, the Conference of, 269, 284

York, Roland, 450

Z

Zayas, Secretary, 305, 306, 313, 336, 346, 347, 359, 363

Zweveghem, Flemish envoy, 324, 326