Chapter XLVI: Appendix: Double Flowers.564 (1)

In ordinary language, the epithet double flowers is applied to flowers of very varied structural conformation. The most common conditions rendering a flower double, in the popular acceptation of the term, are substitutions of petals or petal-like bodies for stamens and pistils, one or both. (See Petalody, p. 283.) Another very common mode of doubling is brought about by a real or apparent augmentation in the number of petals, as by multiplication, fission, or chorisis. (See pp. 66, 343, 371, 376.) Sometimes even the receptacle of the flower within the outer corolla, divides, each subdivision becoming the centre of a new series of petals, as in some very luxuriant camellias and anemones. The isolation of organs which, under ordinary circumstances, are united together, is another circumstance, giving rise, in popular parlance, to the use of the term double flower. (See Adesmy, Solution, pp. 58, 76, 82.) Prolification is another very frequent occurrence in the case of these flowers, while still other forms arise from laciniation of the petals, or from the formation of excrescences from the petals or stamens, in the form of supplementary petal-like lobes. (See Enation, p. 443.)

As these matters are all treated of under their respective headings, it is not necessary to allude to them again in detail. It may be well, however, to allude, in general terms, to the causes which have been assigned by various writers for their formation, and to the means which have been adopted by practical experimenters to secure the production of the flowers often so much esteemed by the florist. It must be admitted that, in spite of all that has been written on the subject, but very little is known about these matters. In the case of the stock the following means have been adopted by cultivators in order to obtain plants bearing double instead of single flowers. There is first the crossing of single flowers with double ones, effected by planting a double-flowered plant in proximity to a single-flowered one; but this, it is obvious, could lead to no important results, since the double flowers, having no pollen, could not possibly influence the seed, which is borne only by the single-flowered plants. Another plan is the degustation of the buds, that is to say, the chewing of the well-formed buds; it is held that the single plants can be recognised by their sweeter taste and greater consistence, and may thus be weeded out; but there is at least the disadvantage attending this method, that the plants, single as well as double, must all be grown up to the period when these buds are tolerably well advanced. A third method which has been adopted is, that of sowing the seeds at a particular lunar epoch, great confidence being placed in the plan of planting them during the last quarter of the moon, but such confidence is found to be misplaced. The plan of removing the stamens has had its supporters, but as this must be done at an early stage of development, and could only influence the result by diverting the vital force which would be expended in the maturation of the pollen, to the perfecting of the seeds, it is obvious that the plan is impracticable for all ordinary purposes, even if in any degree efficient, which from the plasticity of vegetable development, and the faculty of doubling which is inherent in the stock family, is not at all improbable. Still another mark, the presence of a fifth petal in the single or seed-bearing flower, has been held to indicate the assurance of obtaining a crop of double-flowered plants from seeds saved from flowers possessing this peculiarity. To a certain extent, doubtless, this expectation would be realised, owing to the plasticity and inherent quality just alluded to, but the proportion would be too small for any useful practical purpose.

"The gardeners of Erfurt," observes M. Chate, who has written a book[565] on the subject, in which he makes known a means of obtaining double-flowered stocks founded on more than fifty years' practice in his family, "have, for a long time, to a certain extent monopolised the sale of seeds of these plants. To obtain these seeds, the Erfurt gardeners cultivate the flowers in pots, and place them on shelves in large greenhouses, giving them only sufficient water to prevent them from dying. So cultivated the plants become weakened, the pods shortened, and the seeds less numerous, and better ripened; and these seeds give from 60 to 70 per cent. of double flowers.

"The seeds from these plants are said to be mostly of an abnormal shape, which is so striking that experienced cultivators are able to separate those which would furnish double flowers from those which would produce single ones."

M. Chate's method, which he calls the French one, gives still greater results, viz.: 80 per cent. of double flowers, and these produced by very simple means. "When my seeds," he observes, "have been chosen with care, I plant them, in the month of April, in good dry mould, in a position exposed to the morning sun, this position being the most favourable. At the time of flowering I nip off some of the flowering branches, and leave only ten or twelve pods on the secondary branches, taking care to remove all the small weak branches which shoot at this time. I leave none but the principal and the secondary branches to bear the pods. All the sap is employed in nourishing the seeds thus borne, which give a result of 80 per cent. of double flowers. The pods under this management are thicker, and their maturation is more perfect. At the time of extracting the seeds the upper portion of the pod is separated and placed aside, because it has been ascertained that the plants coming from the seeds situated in this portion of the pod, give 80 per cent. of single flowers. They yield, however, greater variety than the others. This plan of suppressing that part of the pod which yields single flowers in the largest proportion, greatly facilitates the recognition of the single-flowered plants, because there remains to be eliminated from among the seedlings only from 10 to 15 per cent.

This separation of the single from the double-flowered plants, M. Chate tells us is not so difficult as might be supposed. The single stocks, he explains, have deep green leaves (glabrous in certain species), rounded at the top, the heart being in the form of a shuttlecock, and the plant stout and thickset in its general aspect, while the plants yielding double flowers have very long leaves of a light green colour, hairy, and curled at the edges, the heart consisting of whitish leaves, curved so that they enclose it completely. Such is the substance of M. Chate's method of securing so large a proportion of double-flowered plants, and then of separating them from the remaining single ones--a method which commends itself to the good sense of the intelligent cultivator."[566]

Signor Rigamonti, a great cultivator of pinks, asserted that he was able to distinguish double from single-flowered pinks, in the seedling state. According to this gentleman, those seedlings which produce three cotyledons in a whorl in place of two, form double flowers. In the case of _Primula sinensis_ the same results occurred. Some had three leaves in a ring, others two; most had the leaves standing one over the other as usual. These were divided into three sets, and when they flowered, the first lot were all double, the second semi-double, the third single. But these statements have not been confirmed by other observers; and the writer can safely assert that seedling pinks occasionally produce three cotyledons, and subsequently single flowers. He has never observed a double flower under these circumstances, though it is true his experience in this matter has been but small.

A writer in Otto's 'Gartenzeitung,' considers that double flowers are a consequence of dryness of soil and atmosphere, and not of a luxurious soil, rich in nutritious matter, having arrived at this conclusion from an observation of the following circumstances:

"Fifty years ago we saw _Kerria japonica_ in a hothouse with single flowers. Twenty years later we met with it in several gardens, in the open air, but always with double flowers. At this time we were assured that single-flowered plants were no more to be found in the whole of Europe, and botanists forming herbaria offered considerable sums for a branch of _K. japonica_ with single flowers. We were requested to take the plant in hand for the purpose of inducing it to produce single flowers. We were advised to plant it out in a rich soil, which was done, but, by chance, the situation was sloping, consequently it did not retain moisture, and all the flowers produced for several years in succession were double. Shortly after, the captain of an English ship again brought plants bearing normal flowers from Japan, which were soon spread over the continent, and of which we received one plant. After three years all the young plants raised from cuttings were double-flowered.

"In the year 1820 we several times visited a garden in the neighbourhood of Vienna, well known on account of its plant culture. The gardener there possessed an immense plant of _Camellia japonica_ with single flowers, and some small plants raised from this by cuttings, but no other variety of camellia. He fertilised the flowers with their own pollen, harvested seeds, which he sowed, and the plants raised from them were placed in an extremely dry, lofty conservatory, where, after some years, instead of producing single flowers, they all produced double ones. The seedlings and mother plant were planted in one and the same kind of earth, and some of the flowers on the old plant also showed an inclination to become double.

"This, at that time, to us, enigmatical phenomenon, was kept in mind until we had an opportunity of instituting comparisons between the climate of Japan and China and our own, and we then concluded that in the case of a plant imported from thence, and exposed to such different climatical influences, the origin of the greater or less imperfection of its sexual organs was probably owing to this change, as we had experienced in _Kerria_ and _Camellia_; and that the sterility of many other exotic plants might be attributed to the same cause. The difference in the climatical relations of Japan and Europe is very considerable. In Japan, previous to the new growth of _Kerria_ and _Camellia_, a rainy season of three months' duration prevails; in Europe, on the contrary, dry winds prevail especially in the eastern part, where our plains are often transformed into deserts. Is it, therefore, remarkable that a plant introduced from Japan into Europe, exposed to the influences of this great diversity of climate, should produce imperfect sexual organs incapable of further propagating the plant from seeds? A rich soil, with the necessary amount of moisture, will never engender double flowers."[567]

Mr. Darwin[568] describes a peculiar form of _Gentiana Amarella_, in which the parts of the flower were more or less replaced by compact aggregations of purple scales in great numbers. A similar condition is, indeed, not uncommon in this plant, and, as Mr. Darwin also remarked, on hard, dry, bare, chalky banks, thus bearing out the views expressed by the writer in the 'Gartenzeitung' just cited. Some double flowers of _Potentilla reptans_ found growing wild near York, and transmitted to the writer by a correspondent, were observed growing along a high wall, in a dry border, close to a beaten path, bordering on a gravel pit, others were found on a raised bank, which, from its elevation and exposure to the sun, was particularly dry.

On the other hand, the double-flowered _Cardamine pratensis_, which is occasionally found in a wild state, always grows in very wet places.

Of late years a remarkable double-flowered race of _Primula sinensis_ has been obtained. In particular, Messrs. Windebank and Kingsbury, of Southampton, have succeeded in raising a set of plants in which the flowers are very double and very attractive in a florist's point of view. The corollas in these flowers are not merely duplicated, but from their inner surface spring, in some cases, funnel-shaped or tubular petals (p. 315), so regular in form as quite to resemble a perfect corolla. These tubes are attached to the inner side of the tube of the corolla, in the same way as are the stamens, these latter organs being, it appears, absent. The carpels are present, but open at the top, and bear numerous ovules, hence it was at first surmised that these plants were obtained and perpetuated, by the application of pollen from single flowers to these double-flowered varieties.

The raisers of this fine race however assert that "the double kinds are all raised from the seed obtained from _single_ flowers; the double blooms do not produce seed, as a rule, and even if they did yield seed, and it were to germinate, the plants so raised would simply produce single flowers." Semi-double flowers will produce seed, but it is necessary that they should be fertilised with the pollen from the single blooms. They rarely, however, if ever, produce really double flowers when so fertilised, and the number of semi-double flowers, even, is always small, the remainder, and, consequently, the larger part, proving single. To obtain double varieties, the raiser fertilises certain fine and striking single flowers, with the pollen of other equally fine single blooms, and the desired result is obtained. This is Messrs. Windebank and Kingsbury's _modus operandi_, the exact process or mode of accomplishment being, however, a professional secret.[569]

From what has been said, as well as from other evidence which it is not necessary to detail in this place, it may be seen that the causes assigned by physiologists, and the plans proposed by cultivators for the production of double flowers, are reducible to three heads, which may be classed under Plethora, Starvation, and Sterility. These three seem inconsistent one with the other, but are not so much so as they at first sight appear to be.

Tho advocates of the plethora theory have much in their favour: for instance, the greater frequency of double flowers among cultivated plants than among wild ones. The great preponderance of double flowers in plants derived from the northern hemisphere, when contrasted with those procured from the southern, as alluded to by Dr. Seemann, seems also to point to the effect of cultivation in producing these flowers. Now, although this is, to a large extent, due to the selection that has been for so long a period practised by gardeners, still that process will not account for the appearance of double flowers where no such selection has been exercised; as in the case of wild plants. Some double peas, observed by Mr. Laxton, appeared suddenly; they had not been selected or sought for, but they were produced, as it would appear, as a result of high cultivation, and during the period when the plant was in greatest vigour; and as the energies of the plant failed, so the tendency to produce double flowers ceased. Indeed, in reference to this subject, it is always important to bear in mind the time at which double flowers are produced; thus, an annual plant subjected to cultivation, will, it may be, produce single flowers for the firet year or two, then a few partially double flowers are formed, and from these, by careful selection and breeding, a double-flowered race may be secured. Sometimes, as in the peas before alluded to, in the same season the earlier blossoms are single, while later in the year double blossoms are produced. This happens, not only in annuals, but also in perennials, and is not infrequent in the apple; an illustration of this occurrence in this tree is given in the 'Gardeners' Chronicle' for 1865, p. 554.[570] Sometimes the flowers on a particular branch are double, while those on the rest of the plant are single.[571] On these points, the evidence furnished by a double white hawthorn in the Royal Botanic Gardens at Edinburgh is important. Professor Balfour kindly wrote as follows in reply to an inquiry respecting this plant:--"A double white hawthorn in the Royal Botanic Gardens produced double flowers in spring. It retained its leaves during autumn and winter, until the following spring. It then flowered in the second spring, but produced weak single flowers only, and has continued to do so ever since. The flowering has been always weak, since this change of flowers from double to single. Mr. M'Nab attributes the change in the duration of the leaves to the filling up of the ground round the tree, to the height of a foot and a half on the stem. He is now trying the effect of extra manure in giving extra vigour to the plant." Here, at least, the production of single flowers would seem to be the result of debilitating causes, connected with the unusual persistence of the leaves, &c., for while the tree was healthy, double flowers were produced.

A similar illustration came under the writer's own notice. Some seedling balsams, of a strain which from long selection and hereditary tendency produces, year after year, double flowers were, in the spring (of 1866), allowed to remain in the seed-pans for many weeks after they were ready to be potted off; they were hence partly starved, and when they bloomed, they produced single flowers only. But these same plants, when more liberally treated, produced an abundance of double flowers. Moreover, other seedlings of the same batch, but sown later, and potted off at the usual time, produced double flowers as usual. Of a like character is the fact that the double _Ranunculus asiaticus_ loses its doubleness if the roots are planted in a poor soil.

On the other hand, the way in which double stocks are stated to be produced at Erfurt, viz.: by giving the plants a minimum supply of water, and the other circumstances alluded to as showing the connection between the production of double flowers, and a deficiency of water, as well as the experiments of Mr. Monro, go to show that, so far from plethora, the inducing cause must be more nearly allied to inanition, though the impoverishing process is, to a certain extent, counteracted by only allowing a few of the seed-pods to ripen, and thus concentrating in a small number of flowers the nutriment intended for many.

Professor Edward Morren ('Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg.,' 2me ser., vol. xix, p. 224) considers the existence of true variegation in leaves, and the production of double flowers, as antagonistic one to the other; the former is a sign of weakness, the latter of strength. But it would seem that the exceptions are so numerous--so many cases of the co-existence of variegated leaves, and double flowers are known, at least in individual plants if not in species--that no safe inferences can be drawn as to this point. Since the above remarks were printed, Professor Morren has published a second paper on the subject, upholding his former views as to the incompatibility of variegated foliage (not mere colouration) and double flowers. In this paper he criticises the objections raised by the present writer and others, and examines some of the alleged exceptions. Some of these the Belgian savant finds to prove his rule, inasmuch as although there is a co-existence of variegated foliage and double flowers in these illustrations, yet the plants are weakly, the flowers ill formed, or fall off before expansion. Admitting all this, there still remain cases in which double flowers and variegated foliage do exist in conjunction, and where the plants are vigorous and the flowers well developed. Instances of this are known to cultivators in species of _Dianthus_, _Hemerocallis_, _Althaea_, _Paeonia_, _Rosa_, _Ranunculus_, _Serissa_, _Saponaria_, etc., and probably the art of the cultivator would speedily be successful in raising other examples, were it a matter of importance or interest to them to do so. At any rate, the existence of a few unimpeachable illustrations is sufficient to support the opinion of the present writer, and objected to so strongly by M. Morren that, in the present state of our knowledge, "no safe inferences can be drawn" from the facts alluded to by the Belgian professor.[572]

Mr. Darwin[573] has thrown out the suggestion that the cause for the appearance of double flowers may be sought for in some previous state of things, bringing about sterility or imperfect formation, or functional activity of the genitalia of the flower, and consequent compensatory increase of the petaline element, either in the form of an increased number of bracts, petals, &c., or in the substitution of petals for stamens and pistils, &c.

In considering these points the question arises whether they can be reconciled one with another. And there is little doubt but that they may be. The production of a flower is preceded by an arrest of vegetation; this is obvious: the current of the plant's life becomes changed, the growth of the leaves is checked, the lengthening of the branches is arrested as the flower-bud forms; moreover, there is a close relationship in a large majority of flowers between the outer envelopes of the flower and the scales of a leaf-bud; this is especially so in regard to the venation, and is admitted by all morphologists. So far, then, it may be said that the production of a flower, like that of a bud, is due to a diminution of vegetative action; and as in double flowers we have, for the most part, merely a repetition and exuberant formation of floral envelopes, so we may attribute their formation to a continuance of the same feeble vegetative action as that which produced the first or normal series. How, then, can a copious supply of rich food, such as is provided by cultivation, produce double flowers? To this question, according to our theory, the reply would be that the quantity of food is excessive, more than the plant can properly digest; and hence vegetative action is stopped, at least partially--pretty much as it would be if the plant were placed in the opposite condition of starvation. The effect of supplying a plant (or an animal) with an excessive supply of food, which it cannot assimilate, is in many respects similar to that which results from partially cutting off the supplies. And the same reasoning applies to sterility. If by high culture, or the supply of an undue quantity of nourishment, the constitution of the plant be impaired, or if the plant be pampered, it is no wonderful thing that sterility should ensue. Hence, then, may it not be asserted as a general principle that in the production of double flowers a partial arrest of development, if not of growth, however produced, is an essential preliminary? All the attendant phenomena, such as the obliteration of the stamens, the augmentation in the number of floral whorls, the occurrence of prolification, are consistent with the supposition of a primary arrest of development, more or less complete, as the case may be: at one time permanent, at another time relaxed and intermittent, or in a third set of cases the vegetative activity or power of growth may be restored, and from the centre of the flower may spring a perfect branch with perfect leaves, the production of sheaths only being superseded by the development of leaves, in which all the parts--sheath, stalk, and blade--are present.

When once the disposition to form double flowers is established, that tendency becomes hereditary: there are races of single Stocks in which, out of hundreds of plants, scarcely one double-flowered form is met with; but when the tendency to produce double blooms is set up, single flowers become the exception: thus, in the Balsams, before mentioned, not one in fifty now produces single flowers, and the seeds of these double Balsams produce double-flowered seedlings, with scarcely a "rogue" among them.

The following list of plants producing double flowers of any kind is taken from that given in 'Seemann's Journal of Botany,' vol. ii, p. 177, and to which some additions have been made. Miscalled double flowers, such as those of the _Compositae_, _Viburnum Hydrangea_, &c., are excluded.

RANUNCULACEAE.

Clematis Viticella, _Linn._, S. Europe.
florida, _Thunb._, Japan.
Fortunei, _Moore_, Japan.
patens, _Desne_, Japan.
Anemone japonica, _Sieb. et Zucc._, Japan.
coronaria, _Linn._, S. Europe, Asia Minor.
hortensis, var. _Linn._, S. Europe.
palmata, _Linn._, N. Africa, Spain, Portugal.
nemorosa, _Linn._, Europe, N. America, Siberia.
sylvestris, _Linn._, S. Europe, Siberia.
Hepatica triloba, _Chaix._, Europe.
Ranunculus bulbosus, _Linn._, Europe, N. Amer.
repens, _Linn._, Europe, Siberia, N. Amer.
acris, _Linn._, Europe, Siberia.
aconitifolius, _Linn._, Europe.
gramineus, _Linn._, Italy, France, Portugal, Switzerland.
bullatus, _Linn._, S. Europe.
asiaticus, _Linn._, The East.
Ficaria ranunculoides, _Moench._, Europe.
Thalictrum anemoides, _Michae._, N. America.
Caltha palustris, _Linn._, Europe, Asia, N. America.
Trollius europaeus, _Linn._, Europe.
nepalensis, Himalaya.
Nigella damascena, _Linn._, Mediterranean.
Aquilegia vulgaris, _Linn._, Europe.
canadensis, _Linn._, N. America.
Delphinium Ajacis, _Linn._, S. Europe.
grandiflorum, _Linn._, Siberia, N. America.
Consolida, _Linn._, Europe, N. America.
cheilanthum, _Fisch._, Siberia.
elegans, _D. C._, North America.
Adonis autumnalis, _Linn._, Europe.
vernalis, _Linn._, Europe, Asia.
Paeonia Moutan, _Sims_, China, Japan.
officinalis, _Retz._, Europe.
tenuifolia, _Linn._, Tauria.
albiflora, _Pall._, Siberia.
paradoxa, _Andr._, S. Europe.

NYMPHAEACEAE.

Nelumbium speciosum, _Willd._, Africa, Asia.

BERBERIDACEAE.

Berberis, _sp. cult._

PAPAVERACEAE.

Papaver Rhoeas, _Linn._, Europe. bracteatum, _Lindl._, Russia. somniferum, _Linn._, S. Europe, Asia Minor, Egypt. Chelidonium majus, _Linn._, Europe, Asia. Sanguinaria canadensis, _Linn._, N. America. Podophyllum peltatum, _Linn._, N. America.

CRUCIFERAE.

Mathiola incana, _R. Br._, Mediterranean. glabrata, _D. C._ annua, _Sweet._, South Europe, Syria. Cheiranthus Cheiri, _Linn._, Europe. Iberis umbellata, _Linn._, Europe. amara, _Linn._, Europe. Cardamine pratensis, _Linn._, Europe, Asia, Africa, America. Hesperis matronalis, _Linn._, Europe, Siberia. Barbarea vulgaris, _R. Br._, Europe. Sinapis arvensis, _Linn._, Europe. Brassica oleracea. _Linn._, Europe.

CISTACEAE.

Helianthemum vulgare, _Spach._, Europe, N. Africa.

VIOLACEAE.

Viola odorata, _Linn._, Europe, Siberia.
grandiflora, _Linn._, Europe,
tricolor, _Linn._, Europe.

CARYOPHYLLEAE.

Dianthus barbatus, _Linn._, France, Germany.
chinensis, _D. C._, China.
Poiretianus, _Seringe_, ?
Caryophyllus, _Linn._, France, Italy.
arboreus, _Linn._, Crete.
hybridus (_gardens_).
corymbosus, _Sibth._, Asia Minor.
plumarius, _Linn._, Europe, Siberia, N. America.
deltoides, _Linn._, Europe.
Saponaria officinalis, _Linn._, Europe.
Lychnis sylvestris, _Schkr._, Europe.
vespertina, _Linn._, Europe.
flos cuculi, _Linn._, Europe.
Viscaria, _Linn._, Europe.
chalcedonica, _Linn._, Japan, Asia Minor.
Silene inflata, _Sm._; _var._ maritima, _D. C._, Europe.

ALSINEAE.

Sagina procumbens, _Linn._, Europe.

MALVACEAE.

Hibiscus Rosa sinensis, _Linn._, E. Indies.
flavescens, _Cav._, China.
alba, _Hook._, China.
syriacus, _Linn._, Syria, Carniola.
Althaea rosea, _Cav._, Caucasus, &c.
Malva rotundifolia, _Linn._, Europe.
moschata, _D. C._, Europe.

HIPPOCASTANEAE.

AEsculus Hippocastanum, _Linn._, Europe, N. America.

GERANIACEAE.

Geranium pratense, _Linn._, Europe, Siberia. sylvaticum. _Linn._, Europe. Pelargonium zonale, _Willd._, S. Africa. Tropaeolum majus, _Linn._, Peru. minus, _Linn._, Peru. Oxalis cernua, _Thunb._, S. Africa. Impatiens Balsamina, _Linn._, E. Ind.

TERNSTROEMIACEAE.

Camellia reticulata, _Lindl._, China.
Sasanqua, _Thunb._, China.
japonica, _Linn._, Japan.
Thea maliflora, _Seem._, Japan.

AURANTIACEAE.

Citrus Aurantium, _Linn._, Asia, South Europe.

PAPILIONACEAE.

Trifolium repens, _Linn._, Europe, S. America. Medicago sp., ?., Europe. Ulex europaeus, _Link._, Europe. Spartianthus junceus, _Linn._, S. Europe. Clitoria Ternatea, _Linn._, E. India. Orobus viscoides, _D. C._, Croatia, &c. vernus, _Linn._, Europe. Genista tinctoria, _Linn._, Europe. sibirica, _Linn._, Siberia. scoparia, _Lam._, Europe. Cytisus albus, _Link._, Portugal. Anthyllis Vulneraria, _Linn._, Europe. Coronilla Emerus, _D. C._, Europe. Lotus corniculatus, _Linn._, Europe.

ROSACEAE.

Rosa lutea, _Mill._, Europe.
cinnamomea, _Linn._, Europe, N. America.
spinosissima, _Linn._, Central Asia.
Carolina, _Linn._, N. America.
villosa, _Linn._, Europe, Central Asia.
centifolia, _Linn._
damascena, _Linn._, Syria.
rubiginosa, _Linn._, Europe, Asia, N. America.
moschata, _Ait._, Madeira, N. Africa.
canina, _Linn._, Europe.
alba, _Linn._, Europe, Caucasus.
indica, _Linn._, China.
nivea, _D. C._, China.
Eglanteria, _Linn._, Europe.
gallica, _Linn._, Europe, Caucasus.
pimpinellifolia, _Linn._, Europe, Central Asia.
Banksiae, _R. Br._, China.
sulphurea, _Ait._, East.
Rubus fruticosus, _Linn._, Europe.
rosifolius, _Linn._, Mauritius, E. India.
corylifolius, _Smith_, Europe.
caesius, _Linn._, Europe.
Kerria japonica, _D. C._, Japan.
Spiraea Filipendula, _Linn._, Europe.
Ulmaria, _Linn._, Europe.
prunifolia, _Sieb. et Zucc._, Japan.
Reevesii, _Lindl._, China.
strobilacea, _Sieb. et Zucc._, Japan.
Fragaria vesca, _Linn._, Europe, N. America.
Potentilla alpestris, _Hall. f._, Europe.
reptans, _Linn._, Europe, Asia.
Tormentilla, _Schrank_, Europe, Asia.
anserina, _Linn._, Europe.
Geum rivale, _Linn._, Europe.

POMACEAE.

Crataegus Oxyacantha, _Linn._, Europe. Crus galli, _Linn._, N. America. Cydonia japonica, _Pers._, Japan. Pyrus communis, _Linn._, Europe. Malus, _Linn._, Europe. Eriobotrya japonica, _Lindl._, Japan.

AMYGDALEAE.

Amygdalus Persica, _Linn._, Persia.
communis, _Linn._, Mauritania.
Prunus domestica, _Linn._, Europe.
spinosa, _Linn._, Europe, N. America.
avium, _Linn._, Europe.
Cerasus, _Linn._, Europe.
Kerii, _Steud._, Japan.
japonica, _Thunb._, China, Japan.
insititia, _Linn._, Europe.
triloba, _Lindl._, China.

MYRTACEAE.

Myrtus communis, _Linn._, S. Europe. Punica Granatum, _Linn._, S. Europe, Marocco.

PHILADELPHACEAE.

Philadelphus Coronarius, _linn._, S. Europe. Deutzia Crenata, _sieb. Et Zucc._, Japan.

ONAGRACEAE.

Fuchsia globosa, _Lindl._ (and var. hort. pl.), Mexico. Epilobium tetragonum, _D.C._, Europe. Clarkia pulchella, _Pursh._, California. elegans, _Douglas_, N. America.

PORTULACACEAE.

Portulaca grandiflora, _Hook_, Chili.

GROSSULARIACEAE.

Ribes sanguineum, _Pursh._, N. America.

SAXIFRAGACEAE.

Saxifraga granulata, _Linn._, Europe.

UMBELLIFERAE.

Daucus Carota, _Linn._, Europe.

RUBIACEAE.

Ixora grandiflora, _De Cand._, E. India. Serissa foetida, _Comm._, China, Japan. Gardenia Fortuniana, _Hook._, China. florida, _Linn._, China, E. India. radicans, _Thunb._, Japan.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE.

Lonicera Periclymenum, _Linn._, Europe. Sambucus nigra, _Linn._, Europe.

CAMPANULACEAE.

Campanula latifolia, _Linn._, Europe, Asia.
Tenorei, _Morett_, Naples.
Trachelium, _Linn._, Europe.
Vidallii, _H. C. Wats._, Europe.
pyramidalis, _Linn._, S. Europe.
rotundifolia, _Linn._, Europe, N. America.
persicifolia, _Linn._, Europe.
glomerata, _Linn._, Europe, Asia.
Medium, _Linn._, Europe.
rhomboidea, _Linn._, Europe.
Platycodon grandiflorum, _D. C._, Siberia.

ERICACEAE.

Calluna vulgaris, _Linn._, Europe, N. America. Rhododendron indicum, _Sweet._, E. India. ponticum, _Linn._, Asia Minor. Azalea nudiflora, _Linn._, N. America. glauca, _Lam._, N. America. Arbutus Unedo, _Linn._, S. Europe. Erica Tetralix, _Linn._, Europe. cinerea, _Linn._, Europe. hyemalis, gardens.

EPACRIDACEAE.

Epacris impressa, _R. Br._, Australia.

PRIMULACEAE.

Primula villosa, _Jacq._, Europe.
Auricula, _Linn._, Europe.
denticulata, _Smith_, E. India.
acaulis, _Jacq._, Europe.
clatior, _Jacq._, Europe.
praenitens, _Ker._ = sinensis, _Lindl._, China.
Lysimachia Nummularia, _Roem et Schult._, Europe.
Anagallis tenella, _Linn._, Europe.

JASMINACEAE.

Jasminum officinale, _Linn._, S. Europe.
Sambac., _Ait._, E. India.
hirsutum, _Hook._, China.
grandiflorum, _Lindl._, S. Europe.

OLEACEAE.

Syringa persica, _Linn._, Persia.
vulgaris, _Linn._, Europe, Persia.

APOCYNEAE.

Vinca minor, _Linn._, Europe. major, _Linn._, Europe. Nerium odorum, _Ait._, E. India. Oleander, _Linn._, S. Europe. Tabernaemontana coronaria, _Willd._, E. India. Allamanda cathartica, _Aubl._, S. America.

CONVOLVULACEAE.

Calystegia sepium, _R. Br._, Europe, America, Asia. pubescens, _Lindl._, China. Convolvulus tricolor, _Linn._, S. Europe. Ipomoea pandurata, _Meyer_, S. America.

SOLANACEAE.

Datura cornigera, _Hook._, Peru.
fastuosa, _Linn._, S. America, Egypt.
arborea, _Linn._, S. America.
chlorantha, _Hook._
humilis, _Desf._
Petunia nyctaginiflora, _Juss._, S. America.
violacea, _Hook_, S. America.
Solanum Dulcamara, _Linn._, Europe.

GENTIANACEAE.

Gentiana Amarella, _Linn._, Europe.

OROBANCHACEAE.

Orobanche sp.

SCROPHULARIACEAE.

Mimulus luteus, _Linn._, Chili. Antirrhinum majus, _Linn._, S. Europe. Digitalis purpurea, _Linn._, Europe. Linaria vulgaris, _Mill._, Europe, N. America. Veronica, sp. Calceolaria, var. cult.

GESNERACEAE.

Achimenes longiflora, _D. C._, Mexico. Gloxinia var. hort.

VERBENACEAE.

Clerodendron fragrans, _Willd._, Japan. Verbena var. hort.

NYCTAGINEAE.

Mirabilis Jalapa, _Linn._, Trop. America.

LAURINEAE.

Laurus nobilis, _Linn._, S. Europe.
Sassafras, _Linn._, N. America.

IRIDACEAE.

Gladiolus tristis, _Linn._, Cape of Good Hope. Crocus aureus, _Sibth_, Europe, Asia Minor. Susianus, _Curt._, Asia Minor. pusillus, _Tenore_, Italy. vernus, _Smith_, S. Europe. Iris sibirica, _Linn._, Europe. Iris Kaempferi, _Siebold_, Japan.

AMARYLLIDACEAE.

Galanthus nivalis, _Linn._, Europe.
Leucoium vernum, _Linn._, Europe.
Sternbergia lutea, _Gawl._, Europe, Asia Minor.
Hippeastrum equestre, _Herb._, S. America.
Narcissus cernuus, _Salisb._, S. Europe.
Telamonius, _Schult._, Europe.
lobularis, _Schult._
concolor, _Schult._, Portugal.
biflorus, _Curt._, Europe.
italicus, _Ker._, Italy.
incomparabilis, _Curt._, Italy.
Cypri, _Haw._, Cyprus.
Pseudo-Narcissus, _Linn._, Europe.
poeticus, _Linn._, Europe.
Jonquilla, _Linn._, S. Europe, East.
Tazetta, _Linn._, S. Europe.
poculiformis, _Salisb._, S. Europe.

ORCHIDACEAE.

Orchis Morio, _Linn._, Europe. mascula, _Linn._, Europe. pyramidalis, _Linn._, Europe. Ophrys fucifera, _Linn._, Europe. See also pp. 380, 509.

HYDROCHARIDACEAE.

Hydrocharis Morsus ranae, _Linn._, Europe.

ASPHODELEAE.

Asphodelus luteus, _Linn._, S. Europe.

LILIACEAE.

Tulipa Gesneriana, _Linn._, Asia Minor. sylvestris, _Linn._, S. Europe. Scilla autumnalis, _Linn._, Europe. nutans, _Smith_, S. Europe. Convallaria majalis, _Linn._, Europe, America. Polygonatum, _Linn._, Europe. Trillium grandiflorum, _Spreng._, America. Fritillaria Meleagris, _Linn._, Europe. imperialis, _Linn._, Persia. Lilium Martagon, _Linn._, Europe. candidum, _Linn._, Syria, Persia. Hyacinthus orientalis, _Linn._, East. Polianthes tuberosa, _Linn._, E. India. Hemerocallis disticha, _Don._, Nepal. Kwanso, gardens. fulva, _Linn._, S. Europe.

COLCHICACEAE.

Colchicum autumnale, _Linn._, Europe. Tofieldia calyculata, _Wahl._, Europe.

BUTOMACEAE.

Sagittaria latifolia, _Willd._, N. America.
sagittifolia, _Linn._, Europe, Asia, America.

COMMELYNACEAE.

Tradescantia virginica, _Linn._, N. America.
alba, gardens.

FOOTNOTES:

[564] This appendix forms a portion of a paper published in the 'Proceedings of the International Botanical Congress,' London, 1886, p. 127, and which it has been deemed advisable to reproduce with sundry additions and modifications.

[565] 'Traite des Giroflees,' per E. Chate.

[566] Leading Article in the 'Gardeners' Chronicle,' p. 74, 1866.

[567] Otto's 'Gartenzeitung,' 1866.

[568] 'Gard. Chron.,' 1843, p. 628.

[569] 'Gard. Chron.,' 1867, p. 381.--Art. "Chinese primroses."

[570] See also p. 79, fig. 36. A similar flower is figured in 'Hort. Eystett. Ic. Arb. Vern.,' fol. 5. "Fructus nondum observatus est fortassis alimento uberius in flores refuso, nullus sperari possit."

[571] See De Candolle, 'Plant. Rar. Genev.,' 1829, p. 91; and Alph. de Candolle.' Geog. Bot.,' p. 1080.

[572] See 'Gardeners' Chronicle,' 1868, p. 1113.

[573] Ibid., 1843, p. 628.

NOTE.

During the progress of the foregoing pages through the press, several additional illustrations of particular malformations have come under notice. Some of the more important of these may here be recorded.

_Fasciation_ (see p. 11).--The following plants may be added to the list:--_Acer eriocarpum_, _Arabis albida_, _Brassica oleracea_, var., _Guarea_, sp., _Artabotrys_ sp. In all, with the exception of the first-named, the fasciation occurred in the inflorescence. In some species of _Artabotrys_, indeed, fasciation and curvation of the inflorescence are common.

_Synanthy_ (p. 39).--Several additional instances of adhesion of two or more flowers in _Calanthe vestita_, _C. Veitchii_, and other forms of this genus may be cited. These furnish further illustrations of the much greater liability of some plants to particular changes as compared with others. _Scilla bifolia_, _Gagea arvensis_, and _Viola odorata_ may be added to the list of synanthic plants.

_Alterations of placentation, &c._ (see pp. 98, 483).--M. Casimir De Candolle, in a letter to the author, dated March 8th, 1869, thus writes of the existence of a double row of carpels in _Pyrus spectabilis_ and _Crataegus Oxyacantha_, "a longitudinal section of a double flower of _Pyrus spectabilis_ shows two rows of carpels, placed one above another. The arrangement of the vascular bundles shows that the upper row is external in relation to the lower series. The carpels of the latter are wholly coalescent as in a pear, while those of the upper verticil are only partially coherent or sometimes quite distinct. The placentation is constantly axile in the inferior row and parietal in the upper one. The number of ovules in each carpel of the superior row varies greatly, and they are often, but not always, inserted in two longitudinal ranks, as is constantly the case in the lower carpels. Double flowers of _Crataegus Oxyacantha_ present the same anomalies." For analogous instances in _Digitalis_, see p. 98. See also p. 380, _Saxifraga_.

_Prolification_, p. 120.--A. P. De Candolle, "Organographie Vegetale," tab. 40, figures an instance of suppression of one lobe of the ovary in _Iris chinensis_, and of the presence at the base of the flower of an adventitious and imperfect flower-bud, as in the _Phlomis_, mentioned at p. 119.

_Monoecious Misleto_, p. 193.--In this specimen, exhibited at one of the meetings of the Scientific Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society in 1869, there were both male and female flowers on the same bush. The plant was of the male sex, with numerous long slender whip-like, somewhat pendulous, branches bearing comparatively large broad yellowish leaves, and fully developed male flowers at the end. From the side of one of these male branches, near the base, protruded a tuft of short, stiff branches, bearing small, narrow, dark green leaves, ripe berries and immature female flowers. There was no evidence of grafting or parasitism, of the female branch on the male, the bark and the wood being perfectly continuous so that the only tenable supposition is that this was a case of dimorphism.

_Adventitious leaflet and pitcher_, see pp. 30 and 355. In a species of _Picrasma_, in which the leaves are impari-pinnate and spread horizontally, an adventitious leaflet was observed to project at right angles to the plane of the primary leaf. It emerged at a point nearly corresponding to that at which the normal pinnae were given off. The appearance presented was thus like that of a whorl of three leaves, except that the shining surface of the adventitious leaflet, corresponding to the upper face of the normal leaflets, was directed towards the axis, _i.e._, away from the corresponding portion of the neighbouring pinnae, while the dull surface, corresponding to the lower part of an ordinary leaflet, looked towards the apex of the main leaf, or away from the axis. In one instance, a stalked pitcher was given off from the same point as that from which the supernumerary leaflet emerged, the pitcher being apparently formed from the cohesion (congenital) of the margins of a leaflet.

In the normal leaf of this plant there is between the bases of the pinnae, a small reddish gland or stipel? attached to, or projecting from, the upper surface of the rachis. It appeared from some transitional forms that the adventitious leaflet, just mentioned, was due to the exaggerated development of this gland, but no clue was afforded as to the origin of the ascidium. It was not practicable to examine the arrangement of the vascular bundles in the rachis.

_Additional labella in Phaius._--A flower of _Phaius grandiflorus_ was found in the same condition as the _Catasetum_, mentioned at pp. 291 and 382.

_Tubular stem._--A species of _Sempervivum_, exhibited by Mr. Salter, of Hammersmith, at one of the summer exhibitions of flowers at the Royal Horticultural Society in 1868, under the name of _S. Bollei_, deserves notice from its bearing on the question of such structures as the calyx-tubes, the hip of the rose and such like, see pp. 394, 482. In this plant the leaves appeared to be arranged some on the outside, others on the inside, of an erect hollow cylinder, some six inches in height. The oldest leaves were outside, the youngest within, so that the appearance presented was as if the summit of the axis had been pushed or drawn in, much as the finger of a tight glove might be invaginated in withdrawing it from the hand.

The plant in question thus furnishes an actual illustration of the supposititious case mentioned at p. 482.

_Double flowers_, see pp. 499, et seq.--The following species may be added to those already recorded: _Lychnis coronaria_, _Hibiscus mutabilis_, _Lotus major_, _Pisum sativum_, _Godetia_ sp., _Ipomoea purpurea_, _Convolvulus minor_, _Heliotropium peruvianum_, _Trillium grandiflorum_, and _Phaius grandiflorus_.

INDEX TO SUBJECTS.

A.

Abortion, 455, 467
of axile organs, 455
calyx, 460
corolla, 460
indusium, 467
leaves, 458
ovules, 466
perianth, 460
pistil, 464
receptacle, 457
stamens, 463

Acaulescence, 393

Acaulosia, 393, 456

Acheilary, 398

Adesiny, 58, 76

Adhesion, 32
of axes, 50, 55
embryos, 56
leaves, 33
parts of flower, 34
roots, 53

Adventitious buds, 156, 176
flowers, 174, 176, 180
gemmae, 173
leaves, 162
roots, 156
shoots, 161

Albinism, 337

Alternation, 3, 485

Androecium, enlargement of, 430
meiophylly of, 398
meiotaxy of, 405
of orchids, 380
pleiotaxy of, 379
polyphylly of, 361

Androgynism, 193

Anther (see connective), contabescence of, 463
morphology of, 291
ovuliferous, 200
petalody of, 291
sutures of, 291

Apilary, 397

Apostasis, 440

Aphylly, 395

Arrangement, 1

Ascidia, 30, 313
bibliography, 30
plants with, 30

Atrophy, 454 (see abortion)

Antophyllogeny, 355

Avalidouires (vines), 211

Axes, abortion of, 455
adhesion of, 50, 55
cohesion of, 9
enation from, 444
enlargement of, 418
fission of, 60
suppression of, 398

Axile organs, see Axes

B.

Barley, Nepaul, 174

Bigarades cornues, 303

Bladder-plums, 465

Bracts, multiplication of, 358
staminody of, 298
phyllody of, 242

Buds, adventitious on fruits, 178
on leaves, 170, 174
in ovary, 180
on petals, 177
in pith, 171
on roots, 160 (see flower-buds, prolification)
variations of, 336

Bulbs, displacement of, 84
multiplication of, 172, 350

Burrs, 347, 420

C.

Catacorolla, 450

Calycanthemy, 283 Calyphyomy, 34

Calyx, abortion of, 461
dialysis of, 70
meiophylly of, 396
meiotaxy of, 403
obsolete, 460
petalody of, 283
pleiotaxy of, 374
polyphylly of, 359
solution of from ovary, 77

Calyx-tube, 394, 480, 509

Carnation wheat-ear, 371

Carpels (see Pistil, Fruit, Ovary), adventitious, 182
dialysis of, 73
enation from, 453
fission of, 68
in ovary, 182

Cauliflower, 421

Cenanthy, 408

Chloranthy, 273, 279
bibliography, 280
remarks on, 279
plants subject to, 280

Chorisis, 59, 343
parallel, 344
collateral, 344

Chromatism, 339

Cladodes, 328

Classification, teratology in relation to, 488

Cohesion of leaves, 21, 25
of petals, 28
pistils, 29
sepals, 27
stamens, 29
stems, 9

Colour, alterations of, 337

Columella, 395

Coniferae, leaves of, 217, 352, 484
inflorescence of, 245
scales of, 192, 245, 484

Compensation, 488

Connective, petalody of, 293

Consistence, alterations of, 432

Contabescence, 463

Contortion, 317

Co-relation, 486

Cornute leaves, 328

Corolla, abortion of, 461
dialysis of, 71
duplicate, 376
hose in hose, 377
meiophylly of, 397
meiotaxy of, 403
pleiotaxy of, 374
polyphylly of, 359
virescence of, 338

Cotyledons, increased number of, 370
shoots, below, 161

Cuttings, formation of, 159

D.

Dedoublement, 59 (see Chorisis)

Deflexion, 209

Deformities, 311

Degeneration, 470

Depauperate ferns, 466

Diadelphia, 29

Dialysis, 58, 69
of calyx, 71
carpels, 73
corolla, 72
plants subject to, 72
of leaves--margins of, 70
stamens, 73

Diaphysis, 103

Dioecious plants, 192, 193

Dimorphism, 333

Dimorphic flowers, 403

Direction, changes of, 201

Diremption, 87

Disjunction, see Dialysis, Fission, Solution

Displacement, 84
of bulbs, 84
carpels, 96
flower-parts of, 91
inflorescence, 85
leaves, 87
ovules, 96
placentas, 96

Distension, 419

E.

Ecblastesis, 107, 138

Elongation, 433
of parts of flower, 438
flower-stalks, 435
inflorescence, 434
leaves, 437
nucleus of ovule, 269
placenta, 440
receptacle, 440
root, 434
thalamus, 440

Embryos, adhesion of, 56
increased number of, 369

Enation, 443
from axile organs, 444
carpels, 453
corolla, 449
foliar organs, 445
sepals, 448
stamens, 453

Enlargement, 417
of androecium, 430
axile organs, 418
buds, 420
flower stalk, 421
fruit, 431
gynoecium, 430
perianth, 428
placenta, 425

Epanody, 226

Epistrophy, 226

Etiolation, 337

Eversion, 204

Excrescences, 444 (see Enation)

F.

Fasciation, 11
plants affected with, 20, 508

Fastigiation, 202

Ferns, crested, 63, 447
depauperated, 466
exindusiate, 467
supra-soriferous, 189

Filaments, see Stamens
petaloid, 290
4-winged, 290

Finger and toe, 69

Fission, 59
of carpels, 68
leaf-organs, 61, 66
plants, subject to, 66
of petals, 66
stem-organs, 60
stamens, 68

Flattening, 328

Floral organs, displacement of, 91
elongation of, 439
metamorphy of, 281

Florets, increased number of, 351, 390

Flowers, adventitious, 174
on fruits, 177
on leaves, 174
in ovary, 180
on petals, 177
on spines, 177
apetalous, 404
double, 490, 510
hermaphrodite, 196
homomorphic, 188
increased number of, 390
mutilated, 403
unisexual, 193

Flower-stalk, enlargement of, 421

Flower-bud (see Prolification), replaced by leaves or scales, 164
in place of leaf-buds, 176

Foliar organs (see leaves), adhesion of, 32

Foliar organs, cohesion of, 21, 25
enation from, 445
fission of, 61
suppression of, 396

Form, alterations of, 213
juvenile, persistence of, 217

Frondescence, 241, 279, see Phyllody, Virescence

Fruit, adhesion of, 44
enlargement of, 431

G.

Gemmae, formation of, 173

Glands, formation of, 473

Gnaurs, 158, 347, 417, 419

Grafting, 53, 56

Greffe des Charlatans, 56

Growth interrupted, 327
irregular, 228

Gymnaxony, 211

Gynantherus, 305

Gynoecium (see pistils)
enlargement of, 430
meiophylly of, 399
meiotaxy of, 406
pleiotaxy of, 388
polyphylly of, 363
suppression of, 406

H.

Hairs, formation of, 472

Hermaphroditism, 197

Heterogamy, 190

Heteromorphy, 311

Heterophylly, 330

Heterotaxy, 156

Homology, 476

Homomorphy, 188

Hose in hose corollas, 291, 377

Hypertrophy, 415, see Enlargement

I.

Independence, 58

Indusium, abortion of, 467

Inflorescence, displacement of, 84
elongation of, 434
prolification of, 102, 115

Interrupted growth, 327

Inversion of organs, 206

Irregularity, 213

Irregular growth, 228

K.

Knaurs, (see gnaurs)

Kail, 426

L.

Laciniation, see fission

Layering, 156

Leaders, formation of, 203

Leaf-sheath, 477

Leaves, see foliar organs
abortion of, 458
adhesion of,
by surfaces, 33
to stem, 34
adventitious, 162-165, 509
cornute, 328
displacement of, 86
elongation of, 437
enlargement of, 421
frondiferous, 355
geminate, 352
multiplication of, 358
nature of, 477
palmate-passage of to pinnate, 439
spiral torsion of, 326
supernumerary, 353

Lily, double white, 375

M.

Meiotaxy of androecium, 405
of calyx, 403
corolla, 403
gynoecium, 405

Meiophylly of androecium, 398
of calyx, 397
corolla, 397
gynoecium, 399
perianth, 397

Mellarose, 134

Metaphery, 91

Metamorphy, 239, 281
calycanthemy, 283
chloranthy, 273
petalody, 283
phyllody, 241
pistillody, 302
sepalody, 282
staminody, 298

Mischomany, 348

Monadelphia, 29

Monoecious, 192, 193, 509

Monosy, 58

Morphology, 479

Multiplication, see pleiotaxy, pleiophylly
of bracts, 358, 371
bulbs, 350
cotyledons, 370
embryos, 369
florets, 351
foliar organs, 352
whorls, 371

N.

Nepaul Barley, 174

Number, alterations of, 341
increased, 343, 353
diminished, 392

O.

Orchids, androecium of, 380
prolification in, 153

Organs, rudimentary, see Atrophy

Ovary, inferior, nature of, 394, 482
solution from calyx, 77
stamens in, 184

Ovules, abortion of, 466
increase of, 367
in place of pollen, 200
polliniferous, 183
petalody of, 297
phyllody of, 262
pistillody of, 310
suppression of, 407
malformations of, 262
bibliography of, 272

P.

Parasitical plants, 55

Peduncles, elongation of, 435

Peloria, 207, 228
bibliography of, 227, 239
regular, 219
plants subject to, 226
irregular, 229
plants, subject to, 239

Perianth, abortion of, 460
enlargement of, 428
meiophylly of, 396
pistillody of, 303
pleiotaxy of, 375

Persistence, xxxvi _adnot._, 217

Petalody, 283
of accessory organs, 297
anther, 291
calyx, 283
connective, 292
ovules, 297
pistils, 297
stamens, 284
plants, subject to, 295

Petals, cohesion of, 28
enation from, 448
fission of, 66
phyllody of, 251
staminody of, 298
tubular, 23, 314

Phyllode, 328

Phyllody, 240 (see Virescence, Chloranthy)
of accessory organs, 272
bracts, 242
calyx, 244
plants subject to, 250
in Conifers, 245
of corolla, 251
plants subject to, 252
of ovules, 262
plants subject to, 271
pistils, 256
plants subject to, 261
stamens, 253
plants subject to, 256

Phyllomania, 352

Phyllomorphy, see Phyllody

Phyllotaxy, 1, 320

Pistil, abortion of, 464
cohesion of, 29
petalody of, 296
staminody of, 298

Pistillody, 302
of ovules, 268, 310
perianth, 302
sepals, 302
stamens, 303
plants subject to, 310

Pitchers, 30, 313, 509, see Ascidia

Placentation, changes in, 96, 508
bibliography, 100
nature of, 483

Placenta, elongation of, 439
enlargement of, 421

Pleiomorphy, 228

Pleiophylly, 353

Pleiotaxy, 371
of androecium, 375
bracts, 371
calyx, 374
corolla, 376
gynoecium, 388
perianth, 375

Plien, 346

Plymouth Strawberry, 275

Polyadelphia, 29

Pollen in ovules, 183
abortion of, 463
replaced by ovules, 200

Polyclady, 346

Polycotyledony, 370

Polyembryony, 369

Polymorphy, 328

Polyphylly of androecium, 361
of calyx, 350
corolla, 359
plants subject to, 360
of flower, 363
gynoecium, 363

Polyphylly, bibliography, 364
plants subject to, 364

Position, changes of, 83
relative, 485

Prolification, 100
axillary, 138
foliar, 141
floral, 142
plants affected with, 148
bibliography of, 154
complicated, 151
of embryo, 155
of flower, 115
coincident changes, 128
median foliar, 116
median floral, 119, 508
plants affected with, 137
of fruit, 134
inflorescence, 102
bibliography, 115
median foliar, 103
median floral, 105
lateral floral, 107
lateral foliar, 106

R.

Receptacle, abortion of, 457
elongation of, 116, 440
spiral torsion of, 325

Reflexion, 209

Regularity, 213

Rhizotaxy, 1

Rose Willow, 166, 168

Roots, adventitious, 156
elongation of, 434

Rudimentary organs, 469

S.

Saint Valery Apple, 135, 282, 304, 375, 388

Savoys, 426

Scales, formation of, 164, 448, 470

Scape, leaves on, 163

Seeds, abortion of, 407
union of, 50

Sepals, adhesion of, to petals, 34
cohesion of, 27
enation from, 448
phyllody of, 243
pistillody of, 303
staminody of, 298

Sepalody, 282

Separation, 58

Sex, changes of, 190, 509

Shamrock, four-leaved, 356

Shoots below cotyledons, 167; _see_ Leaders

Size, alterations in, 411

Solenaidie, 21, 316

Solution, 59, 76
bibliography, 82
of calyx, 77
plants subject to, 82
of stamens, 82

Spathes, increased number of, 357

Speiranthy, 91, 325

Spiral torsion, 319
plants subject to, 325
of leaf, 326
of receptacle, 324

Spines, 456

Sports, 336

Spurs, formation of, 228, 315

Stamens, see Androecium
abortion of, 463
adhesion of, 34, 35
cohesion of, 29
compound, 294, 345
dialysis, 73
enation from, 453
fission of, 68
in ovary, 183
petalody of, 283
phyllody of, 253
pistillody of, 303
tubular, 316

Staminody, of accessory organs, 301
of bracts, 298
petals, 298
pistils, 299
sepals, 298

Stasimorphy, 216

Stem, see axes

Stipules, increased number of, 357

Strawberry, Plymouth, 275
blind, 195

Suppression, 393
of androecium, 405
flower, 408
foliar organs, 395

Suppression of ovules, 407
remarks on, 409
of seeds, 407

Symmetry, 213

Synanthy, 37
bibliography, 45
plants subject to, 44, 508

Syncarpy, 45

Syngenesia, 29

Synophty, 57

Synspermy, 50

T.

Tendrils, adventitious, 326
formation of, 473

Thalamus, see Receptacle

Thorns, 456

Torsion spiral, 319

Tubers, 421
in axils of leaves, 142

Tubes, formation of, 312, 509 (see Ascidia, Solenaidy, Spurs)

Tubular petals, 314
stamens, 316

U.

Union, 8

Unisexuality, 195

Uovoli, 420

V.

Varieties, dwarf, 411

Venation, 338

Virescence, 338

Viviparous plants, 106, 168

W.

Warts, 444

Wheat-ear carnation, 371

INDEX OF NAMES OF PLANTS.

[In the following Index the names of the orders that are incidentally mentioned are printed in small capitals, those of the genera and species in ordinary type. The names are inserted as found in the several records, &c., without in general any attempt having been made to determine their accuracy. For this reason the authority for the specific name is rarely given, such citations being here unnecessary if not impracticable. It may, however, be assumed that the names made use of are those generally adopted by naturalists.

This index will be found useful for statistical purposes. It will show at a glance, at least approximately, how often certain genera and species are affected with malformation, as contrasted with others. The nature of the malformation may of course be ascertained by referring to the particular page indicated by the number. The proportion of wild to cultivated plants may also be approximately ascertained, and the effects of cultivation estimated. The disproportionate frequency with which some species are affected, e.g., _Trifolium repens_, &c., as contrasted with other closely allied, and perhaps equally common species, under apparently identical conditions, is also made manifest.]

A.

Abies Brunoniana, 245
excelsa, 21, 61, 192, 298, 325, 456,
Larix, 90
pectinata, 52

Acacia, 329

Aceras anthropophora, 238

Acer, 359, 364, 367, 508
platanoides, 66, 459
pseudo-platanus, 20, 371

Aceranthus, 225, 226

Achimenes, 106, 114, 296
longiflora, 506

Aconitum, 148, 231, 359, 360, 399, 404,
407, 464
Napellus, 39, 44, 238

Acorus, 225

Actaea spicata, 251, 252

Adenium obesum, 417

Adenorophium luxurians, 254

Adonis, 262, 295
autumnalis, 500
vernalis, 500

Adoxa, 367

AErides odoratum, 398

AEschynanthus, 44, 297

AEsculus Hippocastanum, 50, 66, 295,
369, 438, 459, 501

Affonsea, 364

Afzelia, 397

Agaricus, xxiii, 54

Agave, 177, 432
Americana, 33, 45

Angelica, 365

Agrimonia, 137, 406

Agrostemma, 148
Githago, 271

Agrostis alba, 169

Ailanthus glandulosa, 21

Aira alpina, 169
caespitosa, 169

Ajuga Iva, 404
pyramidalis, 20
reptans, 243

Alcea, 149, 297

Alchemilla minima, 171

Aldrovanda vesiculosa, 86

Alisma, 115, 329
natans, 107
parnassifolia, 167

ALISMACEAE, 115

Allamanda, 296
cathartica, 288, 390, 505

Allium, 106, 114, 170, 299, 360, 365, 367
fragrans, 369
vineale, 150

Alliaria officinalis, 269, 271

Almond, see _Amygdalus_.

Alnus, 349
fruticosa, 192
imperialis, 459
incana, 21
glutinosa, 66, 244, 349
laciniata, 65

Alopecurus pratensis, 169

Alsine media, 67, 252, 404

Alstroemeria, 319, 326

Althaea, 295
rosea, 20, 501

Alyssum, 137
incanum, 252

AMARYLLIDACEAE, 115, 138, 150

Amaryllis, 307, 310, 432

Ambrina ambrosioides, 397

AMENTACEAE, 114, 435

Amorpha, 21, 397
fruticosa, 23, 30, 243

AMYGDALEAE, 500; see _Rosaceae_

Amygdalus, 122, 137, 155, 295, 297, 364
communis, 250, 252, 369, 503
Persica, 74, 176, 503

Anagallis, 73, 138, 141, 150, 288, 296, 360, 365, 367
arvensis, 117, 161, 256, 263, 271, 278, 281, 284
collina, 44,
phoenicea, 141, 253, 271, 441, 461
tenella, 505
Webbiana, 281

Anomodon alternatus, 49

Ananassa, 350

Anchusa, 132, 138, 339, 365
ochroleuca, 125, 259, 262, 281
paniculata, 262

Androsace maxima, 16, 20

Anemiopsis californica, 63, 66

Anemone, 113, 121, 136, 140, 142, 148, 258, 289, 295, 296, 297, 360,
374, 430, 463, 491, (see _Hepatica_)
coronaria, 107, 250, 256, 339, 499
hortensis, 107, 250, 339, 499
japonica, 161, 499
nemorosa, 250, 256, 339, 499
palmata, 499

Anemone pavonina, 499
Pulsatilla, 250
rivularis, 165
sylvestris, 250, 499

Angelica, 114, 137, 143, 150
Razoulzii, 244, 437

Anthemis arvensis, 20
nobilis, 20
retusa, 44

Anthoxanthum, 61
odoratum, 61

Anthriscus, 442

Anthurium Scherzerianum, 358

Anthyllis, 295

Antirrhinum majus, 20, 22, 24, 31, 44, 57, 73, 82, 104, 114, 121, 131,
225, 226, 227, 230, 233, 235, 238, 253, 272, 296, 301, 315, 316,
318, 363, 365, 378, 398, 505

Apargia, 114
autumnalis, 20

Apium, 82, 113, 150
graveolens, 66, 158
Petroselinum, 370, 437

APOCYNACEAE, 137

Apple, St. Valery, 135, 282, 304, 375, 388

Aquilegia canadensis, 500
Skinneri, 266, 271
vulgaris, 24, 70, 127, 136, 220, 226, 252, 257, 260, 261, 271, 280,
286, 287, 288, 293, 295, 74, 390, 500

Arabis, 148, 508
alpina, 397, 461, 463
pumila, 170
sagittata, 44

Araucaria, 245

Arbutus Unedo, 291, 292, 296, 377, 504

Archidendron, 365

Ardisia serrulata, 369

Arenaria serpyllifolia, 461
tetraquetra, 398, 399, 464, 469

Armeria, 114

Aristolochia Clematitis, 38, 45, 314
caudata, 231, 238
sipho, 23

Armoracia rusticana, 64, 299

Arnoseris, 114

Artabotrys, 456, 508

Artemisia, 405

Artocarpus, 407

Arum, 329
maculatum, 66, 225, 227, 245, 358

Asparagus officinalis, 12, 19, 21, 320, 325, 471

Asphodelus, 138, 296

Asphodelus luteus, 506
ramosus, 298, 310

Asplenium Trichomanes, 190

Astrantia, 114
major, 368

Athamanta, 82, 137, 149
Cervaria, 250, 442

Atriplex, 227
hortensis, 224

Atropa Belladonna, 44

Aucuba, 21
japonica, 21, 197

AURANTIACEAE, 137, 149, 502

Avena, 319, 351, 391
chinensis, 298

Azalea, 35, 114
glauca, 504
indica, 44, 73, 166, 209, 289, 296
nudiflora, 504

B.

Babingtonia, 185

Baeckea diosmifolia, 183

BALSAMINEAE, 359, 404, 501

Balsam, see _Impatiens_

Bamboo, see _Bambusa_

Bambusa, 307, 310, 324, 365

Barbarea, 295
vulgaris, 310, 500

Barkhausia, taraxacifolia, 20

Barley, Nepaul, 174

Bauhinia, 328

BEGONIACEAE, 114