Chapter XXXVII: Appendix: II

BIBLIOGRAPHY

_General Histories._

BROWN, H. R. F.--“Venice: A Historical Sketch of the Republic.” London. 1893.

“Venice” in the Cambridge Modern History. Vol. i.
Cambridge. 1902.

“The Venetian Republic.” Temple Primers.
London. 1902.

DARU, P.--“Histoire de la République de Venise.” 8 Vols. Paris. 1821.

FILIASI, G.--“Memorie storiche dei Veneti.” 7 Vols. Padua. 1811-14.

FOUGASSES, T. DE--“Generall Historie of the Magnificent State of Venice.” Translated by Shute, W. London. 1612.

HAZLITT, W. C.--“The Venetian Republic.” 2 Vols. London. 1900.

HODGSON, F.--“The Early History of Venice.” London. 1901.

MICHELET, J.--“Histoire de France. Vol. x. 1879.

PEARS, E.--“The Fall of Constantinople.” London. 1885.

ROMANIN, S.--“Storia documentata di Venezia.” 10 Vols. Venice. 1853.

_Chronicles._

ALTINATE, CRONACA, and CANALE, M. DE.--“La Cronica dei Veneziani. Archivio Storico Italiano.” Vol. viii. Florence. 1842.

COMINES, P. DE.--“Les Mémoires.” Lyons. 1559.

MALIPIERO, D.--“Annali Veneti. Archivio Storico Italiano.” Vol. vii. Florence. 1842.

ROMUALDI II.--“Archiepiscopo Salernatini Chronicon. Muratori.” Rer. Ital. Script. Vol. vii.

SANUDO, M.--“Diarii di.” (In course of publication.) Venice. 1879-1902.

” “Vite de’ Duchi de Venezia.” Muratori. Rer. Ital. Script.
Vol. xxii.

” “Ragguali sulla Vita e sulle Opere di.” Brown, R. 2
Vols. Venice. 1837.

“Venetian Calendar of State Papers.” 10 Vols. London. 1864-1900.

VILLEHARDOUIN, G. DE.--“La Conquête de Constantinople.” Edited by Bouchet, E. 2 Vols. Paris. 1891.

_Art._

“Architecture, Dictionary of.” London. 1892.

BERENSON, B.--“Lorenzo Lotto.” London. 1901.

” “Study and Criticism of Italian Art.” London. 1901.

” “Venetian Painters of the Renaissance.” London. 1899.

BURCKHARDT, J.--“Der Cicerone.” Edited by Bode, W. 2 Vols. Leipzig. 1884.

CROWE and CAVALCASELLE.--“A History of Painting in N. Italy.” 2 Vols. London. 1871.

” “ “Life and Times of Titian.” 2 Vols.
London. 1881.

JAMESON, Mrs.--“Sacred and Legendary Art.” 2 Vols. London. 1890.

KUGLER.--“Handbook of Painting.” Edited by Layard, A. H. London. 1887.

LAFENESTRE, G.--“La Peinture en Europe--Venise.” Paris.

LEVI, C. A.--“I Campanili.” Venice. 1870.

LUDWIG, G.--“Jahrbuch der königlich-preussichen Kunstsammlungen.” Vols. xxii. and xxiii. Berlin. 1901-1902.

MELANI, A.--“Architettura italiana.” Milan. 4a edizione.

MORELLI, G.--“Italian Masters in German Galleries.” Translated by Richter, L. M. London. 1883.

MORELLI, G.--“Italian Painters.” Translated by Foulkes, C. F. London. 1892.

PAOLETTI, P.--“Catalogo delle R. R. Gallerie di Venezia.” Venice. 1903.

RUSKIN, J.--“The Stones of Venice.” 3 Vols. Orpington. 1886.

“ “St Mark’s Rest.” 1 Vol. Orpington. 1884.

“ “A Guide to the Principal Pictures in the Academy of Fine
Arts at Venice.” Venice. 1887.

SACCARDO, P.--“Les Mosaïques de S. Marc à Venise.” Venice. 1897.

SANSOVINO, F.--“Venezia Città nobilissima.” Venice. 1580.

VASARI, G.--“Le Vite dei più excellenti Pittori,” etc. Edited by Milanesi, G. 1878.

“ “Lives,” etc. Translated by Hinds, A. B. Temple
Classics. London. 1900.

ZANOTTO, F.--“Il Palazzo ducale.” Venice. 1841-61.

WOODS, J.--“Letters of an Architect.” Vol. i. London. 1828.

_Miscellaneous._

BROWN, H. R. F.--“Life in the Lagoons.” London. 1900.

CENTELLI, A.--“Caterina Cornare e il suo Regno.” Venice. 1892.

CORONELLI, P.--“Armi Blasoni,” etc. Venice. 1700.

DIDOT, F.--“Aide Manuce.” Paris. 1875.

GOZZI, C.--“Memoirs.” Translated by J. A. Symonds. 1889.

HOWELL, J.--“Familiar Letters.” Temple Classics. London. 1903.

MIDDLETON, J. H., and YRIATE, C.--“Venice”; Encyclopædia Britannica. 1888.

MOLMENTI, P.--“Calli e Canali di Venezia.” Venice. 1890.

“ “Venezia: Nuovi Studi di Storia e d’ Arte.” Florence.
1897.

“ “Studi e Ricerche di Storia e d’ Arte.” Turin. 1892.

MORYSON, FYNES.--“Itinerary.” London. 1617.

ROBERTSON, A.--“The Bible of St Mark.” London. 1898.

SYMONDS, J. A.--“Bergamo and Bart. Colleoni: Sketches and Studies in Southern Europe.” Vol. ii. New York. 1880.

TASSINI, A.--“Curiosità Veneziane.” Venice. 1897.

VORAGINE, J. DE--“The Golden Legend.” Englished by William Caxton. Temple Classics. London. 1900.

YRIATE, C.--“La Vie d’un Patricien de Venise.” Venice. 1886.

ZANOTTO, F.--“I Pozzi ed i Piombi, antiche Prigioni di Stato della Repubblica di Venezia.” Venice. 1876.

INDEX

A

Accademia, 252-263

Albiola, porto of, 16, 323

Aldine Press, site of, 296

Aristocracy, their growing power, 74

Arsenal, the, 292 ---- foundation of, 41

B

Bajamonte Conspiracy, 107-109

Barbarossa and Pope Alexander, 48

Boccaccio at Venice, 291

Bocche di Leoni, 248, 292

Bovolo, il, 296

Brides of St Mark, story of, 23

Brienne, John of, Latin Emperor of the East, 75

Brienne, Walter of, his defection, 59

Bronze Horses, from Constantinople, 68

Bucintoro, 53, 78

C

Cabinet, the, 102

Cabot, Sebastiano, and the Ten, 172

Cambrai, League of, 146, 156, 165-167

Cambrai, peace of, 170-172

Campanile, the, 22, 44 ---- fall of, 219

Canal, Grand, 263-275

Cape route, discovery of, 159

_Capi_ of the Ten, 110, 112, note

Cappello, Bianca, 286, note

Carlo Zeno, 130, 137

Carmagnola, his strategy, 142, 143 ---- capture and execution, 143, 144

Carraras, the, 118, 119, 136, 137

Cassiodorus, letter of, to the _Tribuni Maritimi_, 6

Castle of Love at Treviso, 72

Charlemagne defeats the Lombards, 11

Chioggia, 322 ---- relief of, 134 ---- war of, 131

Cobblers’ Guildhall, 308

“Cobden Madonna,” 93, 251

Colleoni, statue of, 280

Columns of St Mark and St Theodore, raising of, 53

Comines, Philippe de, his impressions of Venice, 160

Comnenian dynasty, 62

Constantinople, first capture of, by Venetians and Franks, 64

Constantinople, second capture and sack of, 67

Corn Office, 93

Cornaro, Caterina, 157, 159

Coronation oath, 55, 74

Council, closing of Great, 101

Cretan war, the, 181-183

Crichton, the Admirable, at Venice, 178

Crociferi, oratory of the, 298

Crown of Thorns pawned, 76

Crusade, fourth, 56-67

Crusades, attitude of Venetians towards, 38

Cyprus, acquisition of, 157, 158

D

Da Canale writes the history of the Venetians in French, 86

---- his description of Venice, 87

---- his description of a ducal election festival, 90

Dalmatia, loss of, 127

---- protectorate of, 29

---- recovery of, 138

Dalmatian pirates, 21, 28

Dante at Venice, 117

Despots, Italian, 118

Dogado, the extent of, 2

Doge, election of first, 8

---- his power and state, 8, 9

---- limitation of powers of, 32, 33

Ducal Council, origin of, 33

Ducal Palace, 17, 241-251

Ducat of gold first coined, 95

E

East, conquests of Venetians in the, 68

Eccelino da Romano, death of, and rejoicings at Venice, 86

Election of Doge, complicated machinery for, 88

English goods branded at Venice, 105

English knights at Venice, 128

---- soldiers in Venetian service, their prowess, 136

Erasmus at Venice, 213

F

Factions, aristocratic (Heraclia) and democratic (Malamocco), 9, 10, 12, 13

Factions, Caloprini and Orseoli, 28

---- Nicolotti and Castellani, 305

Faliero, Marin, his house, 298

---- his victory at Zara and embassy to Genoa, 122

Faliero, Marin, treason and execution of, 124, 126

Ferrara, defeat of Venetians at, 107

---- siege of, 77

Festivals at Venice, 184, 185

Fisherman and St Mark, legend of, 120

Fleets, trading, 104

Florence appeals for a Venetian alliance, 141

Foscari, Francesco, his forward policy, 140, 146, 151

Foscari, Francesco, degradation and death, 149, 150

Foscari, Jacopo, his trial, 147, 148

---- his exile and death, 149

Foscarini, Antonio, executed unjustly, 180

Frari, S. Maria Gloriosa dei, 281-284

French, defeat of, at Fornova, 162

Friuli, occupation of, 138

G

Galileo at Padua, 178

Galley, value of cargo of, 104

---- comparative size of, 105

Genoa, defeat of, 82, 85

---- origin of war with, 81

Genoese crushed by Venetians off Lojero, 122

Genoese, defeat of Venetians by, 97

Gesuiti, the, 298

Ghetti, the, 310

Giudecca, island of, 309

Glass-workers, 212, 213

Goethe at Venice, 186, 246

Golden Book, the, 102

Goldoni, 214, note ---- statue of, 293

Grado and Aquileia, jealousy of Patriarchs of, 32

Great Council, origin of, 47

Greek islands, occupation of, 139

Greeks recapture Constantinople, 83

H

Holy Roman Empire, Dante and, 45

Horses at Venice, 291, 293

Hunchback of the Rialto, 302

I

Inquisition, Holy, introduction of, at Venice, 79

Inquisitors of State, 111, 112

---- of the dead Doge, 74

_Interdetto_, conflict of the, 175-177

L

Lagosta, capture of, 29

Lepanto, victory of, 173-175

Libreria Vecchia, 289

Lido, the, 320

Lighting of streets, 44

Lombard invaders, 3, 4

Loss and recovery of mainland provinces, 167-169

M

Mainland, aggrandisement on, 106 ---- war policy on, 119

Malamocco, Old, where situated, 15, note

Manuel, orders spoliation of Venetian traders at Constantinople, 46

Marco Polo, his travels, 98 ---- joins Venetian fleet, and is taken prisoner at Curzola, 99

Marco Polo, site of his house, 99, 293

Merceria, the, 218

Mocenigo, Tomaso, his wise counsel, 140, 141

Morea, the loss of, 153, 183

Murano, 316

Murzuphles, his _coup d’état_ at Constantinople, 66

Museo Civico, 303, 304

N

Normans, conflicts with, 35

O

Oligarchy, rise of, 100

Olivolo becomes Castello, 22

Oselle, 303, note

Othello, Rawdon Brown’s identification of, 153, note

Otho II., his preparation to crush Venice, and death, 28

P

Padua, occupation of, 187

Painters, Venetian, 195-212

Palazzo Giovanelli, 300

---- Labia, 310

Papal States, occupation of, by Venice, 164

Paradiso, calle and Ponte di, 276

Pepin, attack on Venetians by, 14, 15, 16

Petrarch at Venice, 123, 127, 129

Petrarch, his house at Venice, 291

Piazza, the, 219-222

Piombi, Pozzi and, 115, 116

Pisani, Victor, his release and triumph, 132

Plague, the, at Venice, 183

Ponte dei Pugni, 305

Pope Alexander III., his legendary resting-place, 308

Porti, their traditional colours, 323

Possessions on mainland, 146, 156

Prince in pawn, a, 83

Printers, 213, 214

Prisons, their position, 115

Privy Council, the, 102

Providence, the vote of, 71

R

Rialto, foundation of united Venetians at, 16

RIALTO, the, 301

S

SS. Apostoli, 298

S. Cassiano, 302

S. Caterina, 299

S. Elena, 321

S. Francesco del Deserto, 319

---- della Vigna, 288

St Francis at Venice, 73

---- and Walter of Brienne, 59

S. Giacomo dall’ Orio, 304

---- di Rialto, 301

S. Giobbe, 310

S. Giorgio Maggiore, 274, 309

S. Giovanni in Bragora, 291

---- Grisostomo, 294

---- Elemosinario, 302

St Louis and the Crown of Thorns, 76

S. Maria del Carmine, 307

---- Formosa, 276

---- Mater Domini, 302

---- dei Miracoli, 280

---- dell’ Orto, 299

---- agli Scalzi, 313

St Mark, Basilica of, 20, 27, 222-241

---- fisherman and, 121

---- legends of, 17, 18, 19

---- rediscovery of body of, 36, 37

S. Marco, Scuola di, 280

S. Martino, 292

S. Marziale, 299

S. Moisè, 295

St Nicholas, capture of body of, 39

S. Nicolo del Lido, 321

S. Pantaleone, 308

S. Polo, 308

S. Rocco, Church of, 286

---- Scuola di, 285

---- story of, 284

S. Salvatore, 293

S. Sebastiano, 306

S. Stefano, 295

St Tarasius, rape of the body of, 31

St Theodore, Church of, 7

S. Trovaso, 309

S. Vio, 296

S. Vitale, 296

S. Zaccaria, 286

S. Zanipolo, 276-279

---- legend of foundation of, 78

S. Zulian, 275

Salinguerra, his memorial, 321

Salute, the, 297

Sarpi, Paolo, death of, 178

Scalas, the, 118, 119, 136

Schiavoni, Riva degli, 290

---- S. Giorgio degli, 287

Sculpture, Venetian, 187-195

Seminario, the, 297

Senate, origin of, 33

---- the, 102

Shrine at Calle Barbaro, 296

Signory, the, 102

Slave trade at Venice, 12, 21, 26

Spanish plot, 179

Steno, Michel, his insult to Faliero, 124

Street nomenclature, 216

T

Tagliapietra, Contessa, legend of, 296

Ten, attack on the, 180

---- Council of the, 109-111

Titian’s house, site of, 315

Torcello, 5, 318 ---- final migration to, 4

Trading privileges, extension of, 36, 40, 42

Tribunes, their first election, 6

_Tribuni majores_, election of, 7

Turkish conquests, 173 ---- terror at Venice, 152, 154, 155 ---- capture of Constantinople, 151, 153

Tyre, capture of, 43

V

Venetian fleet, destruction of, by Genoese, 130

Venetian settlements, the earliest, 4

Venetians defeated by Genoese off Pera, 122 ---- defeated by Turks off Sapienza, 163 ---- routed by Genoese off Sapienza, 124 ---- their master passions, 68

Venice, excommunication of, 106, 156, 167, 176 ---- her fortitude under disaster, 124, 130 ---- her popularity on the mainland, 120, 146 ---- invites the King of France to Italy, 156 ---- occupied by the French, 186

Verona, occupation of, 137

Visconti, Galeozzo, 136

---- Filippo, 140

W

Wedding of the Adriatic, 29, 50, 53

Z

Zara, capture of, by Crusaders, 61 ---- rebellion of, 117, 121

Zattere, fondamenta delle, 309

* * * * *

Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:

Palazza Ducale=> Palazzo Ducale {pg xi}

Vie de St Francois=> Vie de St François {pg 73}

who rode to seek aventure=> who rode to seek adventure {pg 92}

answer Ghisello=> answered Ghisello {pg 125}

envoys empty away=> envoys away empty {pg 154}

reign that the ast=> reign that the last {pg 155}

The chief atttraction=> The chief attraction {pg 255}

Cornara, Caterina, 157, 159=> Cornaro, Caterina, 157, 159 {pg 328}

* * * * *

FOOTNOTES:

[1] See Appendix II. An exhaustive bibliography will be found in “The Cambridge Modern History,” Vol. I.

[2] Rimini, Pesaro, Fano, Sinigaglia and Ancona.

[3] A method of disposing of a political enemy, so common in Italy, in the middle ages, that it was expressed by a word _abbacinare_, from the _bacino_ or red hot basin of brass fixed before the eyes of the victim.

[4] See “Archæologia,” vol. xliv. p. 128. This curious inscription purports to have been interpreted in 1202 by Marin Dandolo, Procurator of St Mark, from the Latin of an old and decayed parchment written by Orso Hypato of Heraclea.

[5] So late as 1428 a Russian female slave was sold by one friar to another for 52 sequins, with “right to dispose of her body and soul in perpetuity.” The contract is quoted by Filiasi. In 1492 a Saracen slave, 15 years old, fetched 25 sequins.

[6] The original Malamocco, destroyed by flood in the twelfth century, was a fortified place girt with walls and towers, whose precise locality is not now known. It was situated on the open Adriatic, not far from the present Malamocco. Filiasi, writing about 1800, says the ruins used to be seen at low tide about a good stone’s throw from the _lido_.

[7] The Greek Emperor at Constantinople.

[8] Pietro in his two years of office could have done little more than repair the old St Mark’s. Recent researches have proved that the present structure was begun in 1061 under Doge Contarini. Part of the ducal palace was pulled down to extend the basilica southwards, and part of the Church of St Theodore incorporated on the north. When the wall which separated the Chapel of St Isidore from the north transept was stripped of its marble casing in 1887 it showed a bare surface of brick blackened by exposure to the weather and one of the windows which lighted the north aisle of old St Theodore’s.

[9] In 1456 the See of Castello and the Patriarchate of Grado were united, and S. Lorenzo Giustiniano was made first Patriarch of Venice.

[10] Writing about 1500-1520.

[11] The memorable triumph of the Papacy when the Emperor was made to stand barefoot in the bitter January cold outside the castle of Canossa for three days before Pope Gregory VII. would admit and absolve him.

[12] Two-thirds of the people were said to have perished.

[13] As in the arsenal of the Venetians, the sticky pitch boils in winter to daub their leaky ships which they cannot sail, and instead, one builds his ship anew, another caulks the ribs of that which many voyages hath made. One hammers at the prow and one at the poop: another makes oars: another twists the ropes: another mends the jib and mainsail.--“Inferno,” xxi. 7-15.

[14] The Emperor complained much of the mosquitoes and other less volatile vermin at Chioggia. Dare we assume that these irritants were not without effect in hastening the conclusion?

[15] “_Ante cujus atrium._” The scene is described by the Archbishop of Salerno who was present. See “Muratori, Rer. Ital.,” Scrip. vii.

[16] A similar story is however told of the raising of the great obelisk at Rome.

[17] Actually one is of red, the other of grey marble.

[18] It was to join the standard of this renowned knight that St Francis, fired by stories of his prowess, set forth in 1204 and saw at Spoleto that vision which determined him to return to Assisi and devote himself to the service of another Lord.

[19] See “The Fall of Constantinople,” by Edwin Pears, p. 263. This allegation is, however, much canvassed by authorities.

[20] The alleged blindness of Dandolo is one of the enigmas of history. The chroniclers are hopelessly at variance. Villehardouin, his constant associate, says he _ne voit goutte_ (couldn’t see a bit). Others ignore the blindness, and it is difficult to explain his career on that theory.

[21] Probably from his attempt to convert the Sultan in 1219-1220. See Sabatier’s “Vie de St François, p. 271.” The story of the birds is obviously an echo of the _Fioretti_.

[22] Experts in heresy.

[23] According to the archives of the Holy Office only six cases are found of the death penalty, drowning or strangling (never burning), being inflicted for heresy in Venice.

[24] Hollow balls of wax were first used, afterwards the thirty were made of gold and the others of silver.

[25] “Christ conquereth; Christ reigneth; Christ ruleth. Salvation, honour, long life and victory to our lord, Lorenzo Tiepolo, by the grace of God renowned Doge of Venice, Dalmatia and Croatia, Dominator of one-fourth and a half of the Empire of Romania. O St Mark, lend him thine aid!”

[26] Purgatorio, iii. 115.

[27] The details of the victory are inscribed in St Matthew’s, the private church of the Doria family, at Genoa. Hapless Dandolo, rather than figure in a Genoese triumph, dashed out his brains against the mast of the ship that bore him away.

[28] The supreme legal authority.

[29] Birdwood, Report on the old records of the India Office.

[30] The value of a ducat is estimated by Col. Yule at about 9s. 6d. of English money.

[31] The tune sung by sailors to-day as they lift the anchor is the same as that sung a thousand years ago by the Venetians as they manned their oars or spread their sails.

[32] Lindsay’s “History of Merchant Shipping.”

[33] The name adopted by the Participazii at the end of the ninth century.

[34] “And a certain woman cast a piece of a millstone upon Abimelech’s head, and all to brake his skull.”--JUDGES ix. 53.

[35] The Quirini house is now incorporated in the new Fish Market.

[36] The column is now in the Museo Civico.

[37] The Ten could act promptly too. In 1484, one of the _Capi_ crossing the Piazza saw a priest and two soldiers set upon a man with drawn weapons. He ordered their arrest. The same evening the three were hanged by torchlight between the columns.

[38] I pozzi e i piombi. Venice, 1876.

[39] Not the present _Scala dei Giganti_, built two centuries later in a different position.

[40] “_I’vo gridando pace, pace, pace!_” _Canzone all’Italia._

[41] The hero’s statue and a Latin inscription from his tomb in the demolished church of S. Antonio are now in the Museum of the Arsenal.

[42] By an unhappy misprint (_ne_ for _non_) in Muratori’s ed. of Sanudo Morosini has been grievously calumniated and accused of speculating on his country’s misfortune. See Romanin, iii., p. 310, and Muratori, _Rerum Ital. Scriptores_, xxii. 743.

[43] The last of the Scalas died a few years ago, a poor cobbler, at Verona.

[44] The ordinary method of putting to the “question” was to tie the victim’s hands behind him and swing him by the wrists over a pulley.

[45] Sanudo gives the population in 1422 as 190,000 souls, about equal to that of Cardiff to-day.

[46] In 1347, a Flanders galley, after a voyage of eight months and seven days, made a profit of 10,000 ducats.

[47] In the reign of Francesco Dandolo.

[48] The Doge uses the familiar _tu_: Jacopo the formal _voi_.

[49] Ruskin, by a curious misunderstanding of Rawdon Brown, has confused this Doge (who, according to a contemporary was a short-statured squint-eyed creature) with the original of Shakespeare’s “Othello,” and the error has since been repeated. Rawdon Brown’s ingenious identification of the Moor of Venice with one Cristoforo Moro, refers to another Venetian of that name who lived a generation later and was a prominent official in the service of the Republic during the wars of the League of Cambrai. _Cf._ Ruskin, “Stones of Venice,” vol. ii. p. 302, note, with Rawdon Brown’s “Ragguali sulla vita e sulle opere di M. Sanuto,” Parte I. pp. 229-235.

[50] Met to deal with the situation created by the attempt of the famous Venetian Condottiero Colleoni to win the duchy of Milan in collusion with the Florentine exiles.

[51] In 1483 the Flanders galleys were attacked by a famous Spanish privateer; 130 Venetians were killed, 300 wounded, and an enormous booty was taken. The Signory demanded satisfaction from the Emperor Charles VII., which was refused on the plea that Venice was under the ban of the Church. A certain Christopher Columbus was serving among the Spaniards.

[52] The firm, resolute features of this grand old Pontiff look out to us from Raphael’s portrait of him in the National Gallery of London.

[53] Our own Henry VIII. was an important piece in the game. “You are all rascals” (_ribaldi_), exclaimed Pope Julius II. to the English ambassador in 1510.

[54] The words of this oft-misquoted phrase are: “_De toutes choses ne n’est demeuré que l’honneur et la vie qui est sauve._”

[55] Sir Thomas More was the English envoy.

[56] Girolamo Diedo’s story of the famous battle is published in the _Biblioteca Diamante_, for twenty _centesimi_ (twopence).

[57] By the interdict the Venetian clergy were forbidden to exercise any of the functions of the Church. By excommunication the Government and citizens of Venice were excluded from the communion of the faithful.

[58] Sir Henry Wotton told the Doge that the blow was struck by a Scotchman, who used to hang about the English embassy.

[59] The writer of the “History of the Council of Trent” is placed by Ranke second to Macchaevelli alone as an Italian historian. Mazzini, in an essay published in vol. iv. of his collected works, claims that Sarpi was the real discoverer of the circulation of the blood.

[60] So indelible an impression was made by the long struggle on the popular mind, that the locution, a _vera guerra di Candia_, to express bitter personal enmity was common in Byron’s time.

[61] The incidents of this, a nobler chapter than any of the foregoing in Venetian history, may be read in Mr Bolton King’s “History of United Italy,” 2 vols., Nisbet, 1899.

[62] Macigno is a hard sandstone.

[63] Later researches have brought into prominence the name of Pietro Basseggio, who is now believed to have designed the earlier S. façade of the Palace.

[64] Il Palazzo Ducale di Venezia.

[65] In early times architecture, sculpture, and engineering were branches of the same profession. Michel Angelo worked for six months at San Miniato on the fortifications of Florence.

[66] _Arch. Stor. Ital._ vol. vii. p. 674.

[67] Now assigned to Marc’ Antonio Gambello and Moro Coducci.

[68] The present façade is the result of alterations by Scamozzi in 1610.

[69] See Plate 72 in the Dream of Poliphilus, called the Hypnerotomachia, published in Venice by Aldus, 1499, reproduced by the Science and Art Department, South Kensington, 1888.

[70] See Berenson’s “Lorenzo Lotto,” chap. ii., sec. vii., revised ed., 1901.

[71] The Pietà, and the Transfiguration in the Correr Museum.

[72] The ivy-leaved toadflax.

[73] It has again been exalted to a prominent position in Room X.

[74] Morelli, however, classes it among Titian’s early productions.

[75] See “XIXth Century and After,” 1902, p. 156, where H. Cook gives reasons for believing the painter to have been but 86 years of age at his death in 1576.

[76] Morelli, _Italian Masters in German Galleries_, translated by Mrs Richter, pp. 184-94.

[77] _Jahrbuch der Königlich Preussischen Kunstsammlungen._ Berlin, vols. xxii. and xxiii., 1901-1902.

[78] “Marietta or the Maid of Venice.”

[79] Goldoni’s grandfather was a native of Modena: _Il Burbero Benefico_ was first performed at Paris and subsequently translated into Italian.

[80] Now assigned to Moro Coducci of Bergamo.

[81] The Ducal Palace is not built on piles, but rests on a stratum of stiff clay.

[82] Sanudo.

[83] _Italiæ brevis Descriptio_, Ultrajecti, 1650.

[84] “Letters of an Architect from France, Italy and Greece,” by Joseph Woods, 1828, vol. i., p. 256, _et seq._

[85] Unhappily most of the old Greek marbles have been replaced by inferior Carrara. It was once proposed by the restorers to varnish and smoke the S. façade, to imitate the rich colours which the mellowing effect of time has given to the original incrustations.

[86] Left of the spectator.

[87] No. 567 in the Accademia.

[88] The traveller who is acquainted with Burne-Jones’ Days of Creation will note the influence of these mosaics on the English master’s work.

[89] In 1682 the slab of this tomb was accidentally discovered embedded in the wall of the Ducal Palace. In 1810 the French ordered the carving to be defaced, but the mason evaded the command by setting the stone face downwards, and in 1839 Rawdon Brown secured it and sent it to England.

[90] The figure may still be discerned in the great mosque when the light is favourable.

[91] “Devastated,” says Saccardo.

[92] Reproduced in Parker’s “Introduction to Gothic Architecture,” ninth Edition, p. 296.

[93] During the excavations made in 1903 round the foundations of the fallen Campanile the old brick paving was clearly seen.

[94] On free days the entrance is by the farther Scala dei Censori.

[95] “The most terrific brain that ever applied itself to painting” (Vasari).

[96] (1) The Carità, (2) S. Giovanni Evangelista, (3) The Misericordia, (4) S. Marco, (5) S. Rocco, (6) S. Teodoro.

[97] Four pictures were painted for the Guild of St Mark. Two, the Carrying of the Body of St Mark from Alexandria, and St Mark saving a Saracen, are in the Royal Palace of Venice; the fourth is in the Brera at Milan.

[98] Said in the official catalogue to represent Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn respectively!

[99] 283, SS. Mark and Vincent, is interesting from the fact that the latter saint was originally the beardless St Lawrence, which was painted over by Tintoretto to represent a full-bearded magistrate, and became St Vincent. The original painting was by Michele Parrhasio, a wealthy dilettante working in Bonifazio’s atelier, who used to treat his critics to sweets and wine.

[100] Now promoted to Room X.

[101] _Quando del ver si sogna_ (when dreams are true).--INFERNO, xxvi. 7.

[102] The eminent critic and scholar, 1706-78.

[103] More probably Vice or Slander.

[104] We retain the modern appellation. The old Venetians were content with Ca’ (Casa) House.

[105] See _Venezia: Nuovi Studi_, etc., p. 37, by P. Molmenti.

[106] Grave reasons for doubting whether Bruno suffered death by order of the Inquisition have, however, been adduced by Théophile Desdouits, who believes the whole story to be a fabrication. See _La Légende tragique de Jordano Bruno_, 1885.

[107] Date of death.

[108] As in Jacopo Pesaro’s tomb in the Frari.

[109] A rich heiress who, when fifteen years of age, eloped to Florence with a poor bookkeeper and married him. She there became the mistress, then the wife, of Francesco de’ Medici, Duke of Tuscany, who was implicated in the assassination of her first husband. Notwithstanding her scandalous past and condemnation by the laws of Venice, the Signory, on her second marriage, took her under their protection for political reasons, and proclaimed her the “true and particular daughter of the Republic.” She and the Grand Duke died within a day of each other in 1587, not without suspicion of poison. The Ca’ Trevisan was bought by Bianca in 1577, and given to her brother, Vittore Cappello. Francesco Sansovino dedicated his _Venezia Città Nobilissima_ to her.

[110] The widening was effected at the end of the eighteenth century.

[111] “Hoc circa templum sit jus mercatoribus aequm: pondera ne vergant nec sit conventio prava.”

[112] It was the custom of the early Doges to make a coronation present of wild ducks to each of the nobles in Venice. Owing to the difficulty of finding sufficient game in the lagoons Doge Celsi in 1361 gave a sum of money instead. In 1521 the number of recipients had so increased that the Grand Council permitted Doge Ant. Grimani to substitute a silver medal which was called an _osella_, the Venetian for bird. The custom survived till the end of the Republic.

[113] In the sixteenth century a catalogue was published _de tutte le principali e più onorate cortigiane de Venetia_.

[114] How wayward are Ruskin’s judgments at times may be illustrated by this poor work on which he lavishes the most ecstatic eulogy in the “Shrine of the Slaves,” p. 38, where it is referred to as the finest picture in the world, superior even to the Bellinis in the Frari and in S. Zaccaria.

[115] From Franc. Sansovino’s description of it as being reputed a jewel rather than a stone.

[116] The factions were formally reconciled in 1848.

[117] Now hidden by workmen’s dwellings.

[118] _Italiae brevis descriptio._ Ultrajecti, 1650.

[119] Painted in Walter Crane’s “Bridge of Life.”

[120] In primitive times the bishop sat in the centre of the apse facing the congregation, just as the judge had done in the law-courts, which served as models for the first Christian churches.

[121] _Italiæ Brevis Descriptio._

[122] The walk may be shortened by taking the direct steamer to S. Nicolo which leaves the Riva hourly.

[123] See Browning’s “Sordello,” _passim_.