Chapter III: Part 3

_The Triple Alliance_ in 1882 was the result of Italy joining the
alliance between Germany and Austria, which had grown out of the
support given to Austria as against Russia at the Congress of
Berlin in 1878, Italy having become estranged from France after
the occupation of Tunis in 1881. The Triple Alliance was renewed
for five years in 1887 and in 1891, and again in 1902 it was
extended for a term of twelve years.

_The Berlin Act._ The outcome of the Conference of Berlin, 1884–5, at
which fourteen Powers were represented. The respective spheres
of influence of the European Powers in Africa were delimited.
The neutrality of the Congo Free State was recognized, and it
was established as an independent State under the sovereignty of
the King of the Belgians. An area was marked out in which there
should be free trade, which should be excluded from effects of
disputes between the signatory Powers, and be placed under the
rule of neutrality.

The latter stipulation has, however, not been carried out.

_The Suez Canal Convention_ signed by nine Powers at Constantinople,
October 29, 1888. Lesseps obtained the preliminary concession
for the construction of the Canal in 1856. The Canal was opened
in 1869. Disraeli bought four million pounds’ worth of shares
from the Khedive on behalf of the British Government in 1875.
The Convention ensured that the Canal should always be open to
vessels of commerce and war without distinction of flag. Great
Britain signed with a reservation, but in the Anglo-French
agreement of 1904 declared her adherence to the Convention and
agreed to its being put into force.

_The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty_, November 18, 1901, between Great Britain
and the United States, gave the United States right of control
in time of war of the Panama Canal. The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of
1850, which established a joint Anglo-American protectorate over
the Canal was thereby abrogated.

_The Anglo-Japanese Alliance._ Treaties signed in London January 30,
1902, and August 12, 1905. The integrity and independence of
China was recognized. If either Great Britain or Japan should
be attacked and involved in a war with two Powers, they engaged
mutually to assist one another. The aim of the alliance was
officially defined as “the consolidation and maintenance of
general peace in the regions of Eastern Asia and of India.” In
1911 the treaty was revised, a clause stipulating that there
was no obligation to go to war with a Power with whom a treaty
of arbitration was in force. This removed the danger of Great
Britain being involved in a war between Japan and the United
States.

_The Argentine-Chile Treaty_, 1902. From 1840 to 1900 constant
boundary disputes arose between the two countries, which
invariably led to war. At last the people themselves in both
countries decided by large majorities to negotiate a peaceful
settlement of the dispute. The delimitation of the frontier was
carried out by a mixed commission, and to commemorate the treaty
an immense statue of Christ was erected on a high pass in the
Andes on the boundary line.

_The Anglo-French Convention_, April 8, 1904.

This removed outstanding causes of friction between the two
countries, and was the foundation of the Entente.

Newfoundland fisheries and West African boundary problems were
settled: the Siamese, New Hebrides, and Madagascar disputes were
settled: Egypt was declared exclusively under British protection,
and Morocco was left to France. A Franco-Spanish Convention was
concluded in October of the same year with regard to Morocco. To
both these treaties secret clauses were attached which amounted
virtually to the prospective partition of Morocco by France and
Spain.

_The Agreement of Karlstadt_, September 23, 1905.

The Union between Sweden and Norway was dissolved, and Norway
recognized as an independent kingdom.

The movement in favour of separation had grown rapidly from 1899.
It was resisted by the King of Sweden. A plebiscite in Norway
declared in favour of it, and agreement was reached without any
armed conflict.

_The Algeciras Act_, April 7, 1906, agreed to by thirteen Powers, was
based on the sovereignty, independence, integrity, and economic
liberty of Morocco. The provisions concerned the organization
of police, regulation of taxation, customs, etc. This Act was
disregarded by France in 1911, when a French force was sent to
Fez and occupied the country.

_The Anglo-Russian Convention_, September 23, 1907.

Persia was divided so as to give Great Britain and Russia spheres
of influence with a neutral zone between. (Persia was not a party
to the treaty.) An agreement was come to with regard to
Afghanistan and Thibet, settling all points where dispute might
arise.

_The Anglo-American Arbitration Treaty_, April 4, 1908.

By this Treaty differences between Great Britain and the United
States which do not affect the vital interests, independence,
or honour of either country, or which do not concern the
interests of third parties are referred to the Permanent Court
of Arbitration at the Hague.

INDEX OF TREATIES

PAGE
Adrianople, Treaty of 15, 17

Akerman, Treaty of 16

Algeciras Act 101

Anglo-French Convention 100

Anglo-Japanese Alliance 100

Anglo-American Arbitration 101

Anglo-Russian Convention 101

Argentine-Chile Treaty 100

Bardo, Treaty of 66

Berlin, Treaty of (1850) 48

Berlin, Treaty of (1878) 59

Berlin Act 99

Bukarest, Treaty of (1886) 75

Bukarest, Treaty of (1913) 97

Constantinople, Treaty of (1897) 83

Constantinople, Treaty of (1913) 97

Frankfort, Treaty of 55

Gandamuk, Treaty of 58

Guadalupe-Hidalgo, Treaty of 30

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty 100

Karlstadt, Agreement of 101

La Marsa, Treaty of 66

Lausanne, Treaty of 93

London, Treaty of (1834) 21

London, Treaty of (1839) 19

London, Treaty of (1852) 49

London, Treaty of (1913) 95

Nanking, Treaty of 28

Paris, Treaty of (1815) 98

Paris, Treaty of (1856) 37

Paris, Treaty of (1898) 85

Portsmouth, Treaty of 91

Prague, Treaty of 51

Rushe-Bagot Treaty 98

San Stefano, Treaty of 59

Shimonoseki, Treaty of 77

Suez Canal Convention 99

Tientsin, Treaty of 66

Triple Alliance 99

Unkiar Skelessi, Treaty of 24

Vereenigen, Treaty of 87

Vienna, Treaty of (1815) 98

Vienna, Treaty of (1866) 35

Villa Franca, Treaty of 35

Washington, Treaty of 43, 98

Zurich, Treaty of 35

BIBLIOGRAPHY

(_Each war has its own literature. Only a few leading authorities and books easily accessible to students are given here._)

The Cambridge Modern History, vols. xi, xii.

Modern Europe. C. A. Fyffe.

A Political History of Contemporary Europe. Seignobos.

History of our own Times. Justin McCarthy.

A Century of British Foreign Policy. Gooch and Masterman.

History of our Time (1885–1911). G. P. Gooch.

Wars of the Nineties. Atteridge.

The Map of Europe by Treaty. Hertslet.

International Law. C. E. Hall.

The Termination of War and Treaties of Peace. Coleman Philipson.

Three Centuries of Treaties of Peace. Sir W. Philimore.

Turkey in Europe. Sir C. Eliot.

Nationality and War in the Near East. A Diplomatist.

The New Map of Europe. H. A. Gibbons.

Historical Atlas of Modern Europe. Robertson and Bartholomew.

The Balkan War. Lieut.-Col. Rankine.

History of the Greek Revolution. G. Finlay.

History of Italian Unity. Bolton King.

The Far Eastern Question. M. V. Chirol.

The History of South America. Akers.

The American Civil War. F. L. Paxon.

The Downfall of Spain. Wilson.

The Invasion of the Crimea. A. W. Kinglake.

Modern Egypt. Lord Cromer.

The War in South Africa. Hobson.

The War of Steel and Gold. H. N. Brailsford.

Nationalism, War, and Society. E. Krehbiel.

Ten Years of Secret Diplomacy. E. D. Morel.

Imperialism. J. A. Hobson.

International Tribunals. Evans Darby.

_Printed in Great Britain by_

UNWIN BROTHERS, LIMITED, THE GRESHAM PRESS, WOKING AND LONDON

Transcriber’s Notes

Italic text is encloseed in _underscores_.

Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced quotation marks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left unbalanced.

Text sometimes uses colons where current convention is to use semi-colons.

The index was not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.

Page 9: The Austro-Prussian War began in 1866, not in 1860. The error has not been corrected here.

Page 43: “Savanah” was printed that way.

Page 86: “Buluwayo” was printed that way.

End of Project Gutenberg's Wars & Treaties, 1815-1914, by Arthur Ponsonby