Chapter XLVI: Appendix: G (1)

NOTES OF LEE’S COURT-MARTIAL.

MAJOR-GENERAL LORD STIRLING, _President_.
BRIGADIER-GENERAL SMALLWOOD.
BRIGADIER-GENERAL POOR.
BRIGADIER-GENERAL WOODFORD.
BRIGADIER-GENERAL HUNTINGTON.
COLONEL IRVINE.
COLONEL SHEPARD.
COLONEL SWIFT.
COLONEL WIGGLESWORTH.
COLONEL ANGEL.
COLONEL CLARKE.
COLONEL WILLIAMS.
COLONEL FEBIGER.
JOHN LAWRENCE, _Judge-Advocate_.

The Court met July 1, 1778, at the house of Mr. Voorhees, New Brunswick, N.J.

The charges were as follows:

_First_—For disobedience of orders, in not attacking the enemy on the
twenty-eighth of June, agreeably to repeated instructions.

_Second_—For misbehavior before the enemy on the same day, by making
an unnecessary, disorderly, and shameful retreat.

_Third_—For disrespect to the Commander-in-Chief, in two letters dated
the first of July and the twenty-eighth of June.

GENERAL LEE PLEAD “NOT GUILTY.”

On the twelfth of August, the Court found him to be _guilty_ under all the charges, and sentenced him to be “suspended from any command in the Armies of the United States of America, for the term of twelve months.”

Forty-two witnesses were examined. (See page 235 of text, for their unanimity in vindication of Washington from use of any language not proper, in his rebuke of Lee at the time of his retreat.)

The following are the letters that concluded with Lee’s demand for a court-martial:

FIRST LETTER.

CAMP ENGLISH-TOWN, July 1, 1778.

SIR: From the knowledge I have of your Excellency’s character, I must
conclude that nothing but misinformation of some very stupid, or
misrepresentation of some very wicked, person, could have occasioned
your having made use of so very singular expressions as you did on my
coming up to the ground where you had taken post; they implied that I
was guilty either of disobedience of orders, of want of conduct, or
want of courage; your Excellency will therefore infinitely oblige me
by letting me know on which of these three articles you ground your
charge, that I may prepare for my justification, which, I have the
happiness to be confident, I can do to the army, to the Congress, to
America, and to the world in general. Your Excellency must give me
leave to observe that neither yourself nor those about your person
could, from your situation, be in the least judges of the merits or
demerits of our manœuvres; and, to speak with a becoming pride, I can
assert, that to these manœuvres, the success of the day was entirely
owing. I can boldly say, that had we remained on the first ground, or
had we advanced, or had the retreat been conducted in a manner
different from what it was, this whole army and the interests of
America would have risked being sacrificed. I ever had, and hope ever
shall have, the greatest respect and veneration for General
Washington; I think him endowed with many great and good qualities;
but in this instance, I must pronounce that he has been guilty of an
act of cruel injustice towards a man who certainly has some
pretentions to the regard of every servant of this country; and, I
think, Sir, I have a right to demand reparation for the injury
committed, and, unless I can obtain it, I must, in justice to myself,
when this campaign is closed (which I believe will close the war),
retire from a service at the head of which is placed a man capable of
offering such injuries; but, at the same time, in justice to you, I
must repeat, that I from my soul believe, that it was not a motion of
your own breast, but instigated by some of those dirty earwigs who
will forever insinuate themselves near persons in high office; for I
really am convinced, that when General Washington acts for himself no
man in his army will have reason to complain of injustice or
indecorum.

I am, Sir, and hope ever shall have
Reason to continue, your most sincerely
Devoted, humble servant,
CHARLES LEE.

HIS EXCELLENCY GENERAL WASHINGTON.

SECOND LETTER.

CAMP, June 27, 1778.

SIR: I beg your Excellency’s pardon for the inaccuracy in mis-dating
my letter. You cannot afford me greater pleasure than in giving me the
opportunity of showing to America the sufficiency of her respective
servants. I trust that the temporary power of office, and the tinsel
dignity attending it, will not be able, by all the mists they can
raise, to obfuscate the bright rays of truth; in the meantime, your
Excellency can have no objection to my retiring from the army.

I am, Sir, your most obedient,
Humble servant,
CHARLES LEE.

GENERAL WASHINGTON.

WASHINGTON’S LETTER IN REPLY.

HEADQUARTERS, ENGLISH-TOWN, June 30, 1778.

SIR: I received your letter (dated through mistake, the 1st of July),
expressed, as I conceive, in terms highly improper. I am not conscious
of having made use of any very singular expressions at the time of my
meeting you, as you intimate. What I recollect to have said was
dictated by duty and warranted by the occasion. As soon as
circumstances will permit, you shall have an opportunity either of
justifying yourself to the army, to Congress, to America, and to the
world in general, or of convincing them that you were guilty of a
breach of orders, and of misbehavior before the enemy on the 28th
inst., in not attacking them as you had been directed, and in making
an unnecessary, disorderly, and shameful retreat.

I am, Sir, your most obedient servant,
GEORGE WASHINGTON.

MAJOR-GENERAL LEE.

After the reading of the foregoing letters by the Judge-Advocate, General Lee requested the following letter to be also read:

CAMP, June 30, 1778.

SIR: Since I had the honor of addressing my letter by Colonel
Fitzgerald to your Excellency, I have reflected on both your situation
and mine, and beg leave to observe, that it will be for our mutual
convenience that a Court of Inquiry should be immediately ordered: but
I could wish it might be a court-martial, for if the affair is drawn
into length, it may be difficult to collect the necessary evidences,
and perhaps might bring on a paper war betwixt the adherents to both
parties, which may occasion some disagreeable feuds on the continent,
for all are not my friends, nor all your admirers. I must entreat,
therefore, for your love of justice, that you will immediately exhibit
your charge, and that on the first halt, I may be brought to a trial;
and am, Sir, your most obedient, humble servant,

CHARLES LEE.

The date of the assembling of the court-martial shows that Washington acted promptly.

GLOSSARY OF MILITARY TERMS.

=Abatis.=—Felled trees, with sharpened branches, pointing outward
toward an approaching enemy.

=Bastion.=—A work of two faces and two flanks, with salient angles.

=Batteau.=—An old-style flatboat of large capacity, in form of the
modern scow.

=Billet.=—An old term for a brief letter; or, an assignment of troops
to certain quarters.

=Boom.=—A chain cable or line of spars bound together to prevent the
passage of vessels at a harbor entrance, or across a river.

=Cabal.=—A plot, or secret intrigue.

=Cantonment.=—A lodgment for troops.

=Cheveau-de-Frise.=—A cylinder, of iron when practicable, with sharp,
projecting spears on all sides; to oppose an invading force, or to
close a gap in the defences.

=Command.=—A body of troops, or a separate command.

=Corduroy.=—(“Cord of the King.”) An extemporized road, a uniting
cord, by a series of parallel logs across a swamp or soft ground.

=Countersign.=—A confidential word of recognition, changed daily or
more frequently, emanating from the officer in chief command.

=Curtain.=—A wall connecting two bastions.

=Detachment.=—A fraction of a command, or troops assigned to some
special duty.

=Detail.=—An assignment for special duty.

=Engineering.=—See PREFACE.

=Fascines.=—Bundles or faggots of brushwood, or small poles, tied
together, for defence or for crossing swamps.

=Fusee.=—A small musket of early times.

=Gabions.=—Cylindrical wicker baskets open at both ends, filled for
defensive purposes, making a temporary parapet.

=Galleys.=—Small vessels of light draft.

=Grand Tactics.=—See PREFACE.

=Hurdles.=—Pickets about three feet high, united by twigs, to give a
solid footing for a battery, or for crossing soft ground and swamps.

=Itinerary.=—Record of daily marches; including notes of country
traversed, streams crossed, and whatever may be valuable for record
or subsequent guidance.

=Line-of-battle ship.=—A full-rigged ship, with two or more gun-decks.

=Log-book.=—The itinerary of a ship.

=Logistics.=—See PREFACE.

=Magazine.=—A depot of powder or of other supplies.

=Muster.=—A detailed record of troops, periodical or otherwise, for
exact information of the force under command.

=Orderly Book.=—A record of current orders, whether of commissioned or
non-commissioned officers.

=Parapet.=—A work, breast-high or more, for defence.

=Patrol.=—A small scouting-party beyond the usual line of sentries; or
a detail of search as to the movements of the enemy.

=Picket.=—An outside sentry, to guard against surprise.

=Quota.=—A fixed apportionment upon the basis of numbers.

=Reconnoissance.=—A personal examination of country within the range
of military movements.

=Redoubt.=—An inclosed defence.

=Rendezvous.=—A designated place for assembling troops or supplies.

=Roster.=—A list of officers, or of officers and men; on any duty, or
subject to duty.

=Salient.=—An angle projecting outward, toward hostile approach.

=Strategy.=—See PREFACE.

=Surveillance.=—On the constant watch, with critical observation of
existing or contingent conditions.

=Taking Post.=—Occupying a designated position, whether under orders,
or in the contingencies of a march or an advance.

=Zone.=—A belt or stretch of country, indicating the sphere of action
of the various parts of an army, which secures concert of action in
combined movements.

CHRONOLOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.

NOTE.—The contemporaries of Washington named in this index are in
general only persons so associated with or opposed to the cause he
stood for as to influence his military action.

Events are treated and indexed in chronological order, so that the
index becomes thereby a miniature biography of the characters taking
part in the events narrated. It may often prove interesting to note
the age of a prominent actor in these events at the time, by
calculating it from the year of his birth when given below.

ABBREVIATIONS.—For various nationalities: _Am._ (American); _Br._
(British); _Fr._ (French); _H._ (Hessian). In the biographical
notices, _b._ for birth and _d._ for death are used; and occasionally,
_k._ for killed, _w._ for wounded, and like familiar abbreviations may
be found. The subsequent career of many is indicated thus—Cornwallis,
_sub._ gov.-gen. India.

Acts of Parliament to be resisted, 17

ADAMS, JOHN—statesman; _sub._ pres, twice; _b._ 1735, _d._ 1826.
in first Continental Congress, 16
on special naval committee, 60
commissioner in the interests of peace, 116
his influence abroad, 309

ADAMS, SAMUEL—orator; _b._ 1722, _d._ 1803.
exempted from the proffered pardon, 32
his opinion of a regular army, 299

AGNEW, JAMES— _Br._ maj.-general;
_k._ at Germantown, 196

Alamance, N.C., battle of, May 16, 1771, 84

Albany Convention of July 4, 1754, 12

ALLEN, ETHAN—col.; _b._ 1637, _d._ 1789.
captures Ticonderoga, May 10, 1775, 30
tries to capture Montreal, without orders, 62
captured and sent to England, 62
insubordination commented upon by Washington, 62

_Alliance_ frigate, twice takes Lafayette to France, 253, 362

American army,
wholly composed of militia, 21
call for 30,000 under arms, 22
officially recognized, 32
its strange experience, March 2, 1776, 75
occupies Boston, March 17, 1776, 80
begins its first campaign, 83
April muster, 1776, 87
August muster, 1776, 101
September muster, 114
85 regiments authorized, 116
its condition, Sept. 10, 1776, 119
October muster, 122
its lack of discipline, 123
Lee’s grand division, 135
special muster ordered by Washington, Nov. 23, 1776, 136
its condition, Dec. 30, 1776, 147
parades in Philadelphia, 183
August muster, 1777, 184
condition at Valley Forge, Dec., 1777, 205–6
at Newport, 1778, 242
assignments of divisions, 1778, 247
fixed at 80 battalions, 252
at Philadelphia, weakened in discipline, 252
its condition, Dec., 1779, 269
its condition, Nov. 7, 1780, 296
reorganization proposed, 298
new basis, of 36,000 men, 299
divisions again assigned, 300
its condition, 1781, 306
mutinous elements noticed, 307
at the South, 315–317
at Peekskill, 1781, 333
before Yorktown, 1781, 356
by States (Appendix A), 377

American Civil War referred to, for comparison (Preface), vii
policy defined, 91
commissioners appointed in the interests of peace, 115
cow-boys near New York, 255
speculators feed the British, 306

Americo-Spanish War of 1898 illustrating the principle of “Strategy and
Statesmanship in War” (Preface), x, xii

ANDRÉ, JOHN—_Br._ major, _sub._ asst. adjt.-gen.; _b._ 1751, _d._ 1780.
taken prisoner, at St. John’s, 62
arranges _fête_ in honor of Howe, 215
at capture of Charleston, 275
his antecedents noticed, 289
former relations to Miss Shippen, 289
executed as a spy, 290
his fate regretted, 290
exchange for Arnold morally impracticable, 291

ANGEL,—col. at Fort Mercer, R.I., 201
at Battle of Springfield, 283–4

ARBUTHNOT, MARIOT—_Br._ admiral; _b._ 1711, _d._ 1794.
arrives at New York, 261
relieves Sir George Collier, 261
fights a French fleet, 326

Armies of modern times, 370–1
of the Revolution as given by the British authority, Stedman
(Appendix D), 386

Arms from France, 164

ARMSTRONG, JOHN—brig.-gen.; _b._ 1758, _d._ 1843.
at Brandywine, 186
on the Schuylkill, 192

ARNOLD, BENEDICT—_sub._ maj.-gen.; _b._ 1740, _d._ 1801.
takes a company to Boston, 30
hastens to Lake Champlain, 30
anticipated by Allen, 30
organizes a naval force, 30
loved by Washington, 45
returns in angry mood, 51
proposes conquest of Canada, 51
his expedition for Quebec, 55
his disastrous march, 64
wounded in a bold assault, 66
his captains refuse longer service, 66
the siege of Quebec fails, 66
at Providence, 163
unjustly treated by Congress, 165
gallantry at Ridgefield, 166
in command at Philadelphia, 167
gallantry in Burgoyne campaign, 176
finally promoted, 176
court-martialed, 274
is married to Miss Shippen, 289
suffers from old wound, 222, 288
in command at West Point, 288
corresponds with Clinton, 288
invites André to visit him, 290
dictates price of his treason, 290
antecedents in Philadelphia, 289
his treason anticipated by Lord Germaine, 289
his exchange for André impossible without dishonor, 291
leaves N.Y. with troops, 310
overtaken by a storm, 310
his discretion doubted by Clinton, 310
plunders Richmond, Va., 311
cannot intimidate Jefferson, 311
returns to fortify Portsmouth, 311
writes to Lafayette, 331
treated with silent contempt, 331
tries threats to no purpose, 331
relations with Gen. Phillips, 331
ordered back to New York, 331
lays waste New London, 351
his recall explained, 351

ARNOLD, Mrs. (formerly Miss Shippen)—ignorant of Arnold’s treason, 289
honored by Washington, 291
sympathy of Lafayette, 291

Articles of Confederation finally adopted, 309

“Art of War” (Preface), x–xii

ASHE, JOHN—brig.-gen.; _b._ 1721, _d._ 1781; declares while speaker of
the North Carolina Assembly, concerning the Stamp Act, “We will
resist its execution to the death,” 13

ATLEE, SAMUEL J.—col.; _b._ 1738, _d._ 1786.
joins the army at Brooklyn, 105
commands Pennsylvania Rifles, 105
makes a gallant fight, 107
prisoner with Stirling, 107

_Augusta_ 74, _Br._; blown up in the Delaware, 202

Aux Trembles reached by Benedict Arnold, 65
reached by Montgomery, 65
reached by Carleton, 66

Baltimore pays honor to Rochambeau and Washington, 351

BANCROFT, GEORGE—diplomat and historian; _b._ 1800, _d._ 1891.
as to the invasion of Canada, 54
his estimate of Washington, 250

BARRAS, PAUL FRANÇOIS JEAN, _Count_ DE—_Fr._ admiral; _b._ 1755, _d._
1829.
sails from Newport, 354
enters the Chesapeake, 355
signs capitulation of Yorktown, 360
also signs for Count de Grasse, 360

Bennington unwisely attacked by Burgoyne; anticipated by Washington,
176

Berlin conference noticed, 370

BIDDLE, NICHOLAS—appointed naval captain, 60

Billingsport raided by Cornwallis, 203

BIRD—_Br._ lieut.-col.; _k._ at Germantown, 196

BLACKSTONE—chief of the Senecas; friend of Washington, 260

Bordentown occupied by Donop (_H._), 139
occupied by Cadwallader, 156
visited by British troops, 213

Boston, massacre of March 5, 1770, 15
Tea Party entertainment, Dec. 16, 1773, 15
Port Bill, 1774, 15
surrounded by 20,000 minute men, 30
deliverance from British control a fixed purpose, 30
not a proper British base, 33
bombarded three nights, 74, 77
evacuated, 80
visited by D’Estaing, 243
visited by Greene, 246
visited by Lafayette, 244
visited by Rochambeau, 361

BOTTA, CARLO GIUSEPPE GUGLIELMO—_Ital._ historian; _b._ 1768, _d._
1837.
as to Battle of Long Island, 113
as to Battle of Trenton, 149
reviews New Jersey campaign, 159

BOVILLE, DE—_Fr._ maj.-gen.; reconnoitres with Washington, 336

BOWDOIN, JAMES—pres. Mass. Council; _b._ 1727, _d._ 1790;
addressed by Charles Lee, 139

Braddock’s operations noticed, 7

BRADLEY, JOSEPH P.—Justice U.S. Supreme Court; _b._ 1813, _d._ 1892;
corrects a tradition as to Lafayette’s alleged reminiscence of
Washington’s profanity, 235

Brandywine, Battle of, 185

British army, at various dates (Appendix D), 383
troops quartered by British Parliament in Boston, 1768, 14
estimates for troops, by British ministry, 96
foreign auxiliaries opposed by British statesmen, 96
four military operations proposed, 97
its movements after Battle of Long Island, 116
advances to Horn’s hook (see map), 120
lands at Throgg’s Neck (see map), 125
advances beyond New Rochelle, 126
awaiting reënforcements, 127
in New Jersey, 139
invades the Illinois country, 253
opposed by Gov. Jefferson, 253
fed by _Am._ speculators, 296

British military policy defined, 95

British Parliament urges king to arrest Americans, 1769, 14
rejects “Conciliatory Bill,” 1775, 18
restricts New England trade, 18
favors certain colonies, 18

Brookline, Mass., furnished fascine rods, 78

Brooklyn, N.Y., occupied by Lee, 85
fortified by Greene, 102
evacuated by Washington, 112

Bull Run, 1861, illustrates Brandywine (Preface), x

Bunker Hill or Breed’s Hill, significance of the battle, 34

BURGOYNE, _Sir_ JOHN—lieut-gen.; _b._ 1730, _d._ 1792.
arrives at Boston, 33
describes rebels as _peasants_, 34
calls battle on Breed’s Hill “a great catastrophe,” 40
reaches Canada from Ireland, 89, 171
issues an unwise proclamation, 172
responded to by Washington, 172
has no sympathy with “hire of Indians”, 172
sharp letter from Gates, 173
his noble response, 173
captures Ticonderoga, 175
his diversion to Bennington an error, 175–6
surrenders his army, 176
organization of his army (Appendix E), 387

BURKE, EDMUND—_Br._ statesman; _b._ 1730, _d._ 1797.

BURR, AARON—col.; _sub._ vice-pres.; _b._ 1750, _d._ 1830.
accompanies Arnold to Quebec, 55

BUTLER, THOMAS—col.; at storming of Stony Point, 257

BYRON, JOHN—_Br._ admiral; _b._ 1723, _d._ 1786.
relieves admiral, Lord Howe, 239
fleet scattered by a storm, 239
arrives off Boston, 245

CADWALLADER, JOHN—brig.-gen.; _b._ 1743, _d._ 1786.
guarding the Delaware, 141
fails to cross river, 142
crosses Delaware at Bristol, 146
arrives at Trenton, 151
at Princeton, 156
at Bordentown, 156

CÆSAR, JULIUS—Roman general; _b._ 100 B.C., _d._ 44 B.C.
his campaigns cited in comparison (Preface), viii
his methods imitated by Washington, 313

CALDWELL, JAMES—his church burned by the British, 271
his wife shot by the British, 279
furnishes hymn books for gun-wadding at Springfield, 284

CAMPBELL, WILLIAM—_Am._ col.; _b._ 1745, _d._ 1781;
at Battle of King’s Mountain, 293

Canada lost to France, 1763, 10
as a British base, 30
invasion urged by Congress, 50
Arnold its active spirit, 51
Congress again moves, 52–3
difference in religious faith, 52
two expeditions planned, 55
did not support Burgoyne, 55
failure of the expeditions, 66
visited by commissioners, 88
visited by small-pox, 88
costs five thousand American lives in sixty days, 88
British reënforcements come, 89
abandoned by the American army, 89
the excuse of Congress, 89

Canadian Acts of Parliament, 50
expeditions of Schuyler and Montgomery, 52, 55
expedition again suggested, but opposed by Washington, 252

CARLETON, _Sir_ GUY—gov., of Canada, _sub._ gov. New York; _b._ 1724,
_d._ 1808.
Arnold’s report of his small force in Canada, 51
flees from Montreal in disguise to Quebec, 64
pays military honors to his old comrade, Montgomery, 66
his magnanimous parole of American prisoners of war, 66
being largely reënforced in June, 1776, takes the offensive, 89
succeeds Clinton in N.Y., 362
coöperates with Washington, 363
surrenders New York, 363

CARRINGTON, EDWARD—col., _sub._ quartermaster-gen. (South); _b._ 1749,
_d._ 1810.
indorsed by Chief Justice Marshall, 301
explores the Southern rivers, 302
commissioner to exchange prisoners, 318

CARROLL, CHARLES—last survivor of the signers of the Declaration of
Independence; _b._ 1737, _d._ 1832;
commissioner to Canada, 88

CARROLL, _Rev._ JOHN—_sub._ Archbishop of Maryland; visits Canada and
reports a terrible condition of affairs, 88

CATHARINE II. OF RUSSIA—_b._ 1729, _d._ 1796;
is hostile to British commerce, but favors American interests, 296

Charleston, S.C., captured by Clinton, 275

Charlestown Heights, neglected by British, 34
occupied by Americans, 34
occupied by British, 35
abandoned, 61

Charlottesville, Va., a Hessian prison-camp, visited by Tarleton, 340

CHASE, SAMUEL—Md.; _b._ 1741, _d._ 1811;
appointed commissioner to Canada, 88

CHASTELLUX, FRANÇOIS JEAN, _Marquis_ DE—maj.-general; _b._ 1734, _d._
1789.
accompanies Rochambeau to America, 286
a relative of Lafayette, 286
marches from Newport to Ridgebury, Conn., 333
in conference at Wethersfield, 333
commands a division, 337

CHATHAM, _Lord_ (WILLIAM PITT)—orator and statesman; _b._ 1756, _d._
1835.
Pittsburgh named in his honor, 10
describes the First Continental Congress, 17
his conciliatory bill defeated, 18
as to making slaves of American Englishmen, 20
as to Battle of Guilford, 320

Chatterton Hill, battle near White Plains, 129

Chemung, Battle of, noticed, 260

Chesapeake Bay memorable in naval warfare, 354

“Chimney-corner patriots” disgust Washington, 328

China stimulated by American example, 370

Civil liberty requires right execution of military power, 304

CLINTON, JAMES—brig.-general; _b._ 1736, _d._ 1812.
gallantry at Fort Clinton, 179
in Indian expedition, 260

CLINTON, GEORGE—gov., brig.-gen.; _sub._ vice-pres.; _b._ 1736, _d._
1812.
commands in the Highlands, 166
his services noted, 178, 190

CLINTON, _Sir_ HENRY—lieut.-gen.; _b._ 1758, _d._ 1795.
arrives in America, 33
urges attack upon Cambridge, 35
overruled by Howe, 35
expects an independent command, 70
anticipated by Washington, 70
visits Tryon in New York, 85
ordered to destroy Southern cities, 85
in attack upon Fort Sullivan, S.C., 85
returns to New York, 89
in battle of Long Island, 107
expects large success, 110
at Newport, R.I., 150
in expedition up the Hudson, 178
outgenerals Putnam, 178
captures Forts Clinton and Montgomery, 179
did not intend to join Burgoyne, 180
returns to New York, 182
relieves Howe in command, 215
gives a _fête_ to Howe, 215
attempts capture of Lafayette, 216
fails to capture Lafayette, 217
his policy outlined, 221
evacuates Philadelphia, 222
moves toward Monmouth, 223–4
followed by Lafayette, 225
prepares for battle, 229
abandons position at night, 234
regains New York, 234
escapes the French fleet, 238
tries to reënforce Newport, 245
reports to Lord Germaine, 249
inactive at New York, 252
captures Stony Point, 253
reoccupies Stony Point, when Washington abandoned it, 259
declines to attack West Point, 261
abandons Newport and New England, 262
sails for Charleston, 268
reports his force, 270
reports as to Provincials, 272
expedition suffers from storm, 274
captures Charleston, 275
issues absurd proclamation, 275
reënforced by Rawdon, 276
returns to New York, 282
plans a new expedition, 283
invades New Jersey, 283
Battle of Springfield, 283–4
burns Springfield, 285
“needs rest for his army”, 285
plans descent upon Newport, 286
writes Lord Germaine as to West Point, 288
corresponds with Arnold, 289
again writes Lord Germaine, 289
closes bargain with Arnold, 290
cannot exchange Arnold for André, 291
watches the American mutiny, 309
advises with Lord Germaine, 309
sends Arnold to Virginia, 310
doubts Arnold’s discretion, 310
sends good officers with him, 310
equally powerless with Cornwallis, 324
learns of effort to capture Arnold, 325
sends Phillips to support Arnold, 326
orders Arnold to New York, 331
disturbed by Arnold’s correspondence with London officials, 332
receives Washington’s decoy letters, 335
“in a state of siege”, 335
other decoy letters reach him, 336
orders Cornwallis to report to him, 337
calls for reënforcements, 338
intercepts other decoy letters with plans enclosed, 346
outgeneraled by Washington, 347–8
writes Cornwallis—promising help, 350
advises Cornwallis to strike Philadelphia, 352
does not understand Washington, 352
hears from Cornwallis, 358
sails for Yorktown too late, 358
contemporaneous surrender of Cornwallis, 359–60
is relieved of command in New York, 361
succeeded by Sir Guy Carleton, 361

COLLIER, _Sir_ GEORGE—_Br._ commodore.
convoys Clinton and his troops up the Hudson, 253
his fleet visits New Haven, 256
relieved by Admiral Arbuthnot, 261

Colonial Congress at New York, 1765, 11
nine Colonies represented; others ratify action, 11
names of Colonies that were not represented, 11
the Declaration of Rights, 11
denounces Stamp Act, Oct. 7, 1755, 13

Colonial expeditions, 1755, 10
additional, 1758, 10

Colonial governments and their forms described, 16

Columbian Exposition, 1892, noticed, 372–3

Commissioners sent to Canada, 88
General and Admiral Howe meet American commissioners in New York, 98
arrange terms between Cornwallis and Washington, 359

Committee of Congress visits Boston, 60

Committee of Correspondence, 1773, and their purpose, 15

Connecticut Farms, N.J., burned by General Knyphausen, 279

Connecticut sends 2,000 men to Boston, April 26, 1775, 23
assigns Putnam, Wooster, and Spencer to command, 23
sends volunteers to New York with Lee, 71
her militia greatly reduced, 116
responds to Washington’s appeal, 116
twice invaded by Tryon, 166, 256
invaded by Arnold, 351

Continental Army organized, 32

Continental Congress adopts militia about Boston as the American
Continental Army, 32
forms Light Infantry corps, 32
appoints Washington Commander-in-Chief, 32
accompanies commission with pledge of support, 32
sends committee to Washington at Cambridge, 52
disclaims purpose to operate against Canada, 54
but initiated and pressed every expedition, 54
sends a second committee to Cambridge, 60
authorizes a navy, 60
urges attack upon Boston, 61
sends committee to N.Y., 85
orders additional troops to Canada, 88
proposes to hire Indian allies, 88
appoints commissioners to Canada, 88
authorizes abandonment of New York, 117
confers large powers upon Washington, 140
imparts dictatorial powers, 148
makes promotions without consulting Washington, 165
adjourns to Lancaster and to York, 194
honors the defenders of Fort Mifflin, 202
places enemies of Washington in responsible commands, 205
sends a committee to Valley Forge, 212

Continental money worth 3 cents on the dollar, 252

CONWAY, THOMAS—Irish adventurer; brig.-gen. at Battle of Germantown,
195
promoted major-general and inspector-general, 205
resigns his commission, 207
responsible for the “Conway cabal”, 212
departs for France, 212

CORNWALLIS, CHARLES, _Lord_—_sub._ lieut.-gen. India; _b._ 1738, _d._
1805.
sails for America, 97
lands at Wilmington, N.C., 97
accompanies Clinton to Charleston, S.C., 97
returns to New York, 99
in Battle of Long Island, 107
enforces the surrender of Sullivan and Stirling, 108
assaults Fort Washington, 132
invades New Jersey, 136
halts at Brunswick, 137
on eve of departure for England, 150
ordered back to New Jersey, 150
advances upon Trenton, 152
threatens Washington’s position, 154
strengthens his own position, 154
outgeneraled by Washington, 156
retires to Brunswick, 156
again on the aggressive, 167
attempts to gain Washington’s defences, 169
retires to Staten Island, 169
in skirmish upon invasion of Pennsylvania, 185
moves up the Brandywine, 188
leads the advance of Howe’s army, 188
surprises Sullivan’s division, 187–9
moves to Chester, 192
enters Philadelphia, 194
lands in New Jersey, 203
compels Americans to destroy their galleys, 203
threatens Washington at Chestnut Hill, 204
skirmishes with Morgan, 204
makes incursion into New Jersey, 248
in command at the South, 275
suspends invasion of North Carolina, 293
fails to subjugate the people, 293
sore over Tarleton’s defeat at Cowpens, 315
presses closely upon Greene, 315
informs Clinton of his condition, 317
abandons Charleston, 317
expects no aid from Virginia, 318
his proclamation to rebels, 318
arranges for exchange of prisoners, 318
parols militia as prisoners, 318
seeks to control upper fords, 318
is outgeneraled by Greene, 319
in need of all supplies, 319
at Guilford Court-House, 319
cannot improve success, 320
practically a defeat, so judged by contemporaries, 320
retires to Wilmington, leaving his wounded, closely pursued by
Greene, 321
his position, and that of Clinton, noticed, 324
reminiscence of earlier campaign, 325
his effective force reduced, 329
arrives at Yorktown from Wilmington, 333
sustained by British ministry, 337
Clinton wants his troops, 338
promises to expel Lafayette from Virginia, 338
in pursuit of Lafayette, 38–9
his course described by Lafayette, 339
abandons the pursuit, 339
is followed by Lafayette, 340
returns to headquarters, 341
finds old despatches from Clinton, 341
takes boats for Yorktown, 341
his movements reported to Washington, 342
is warned by Clinton of danger, 350
relations to Clinton noticed, 352–3
must destroy Lafayette’s army to hold Virginia, 353
attempts escape by Gloucester, 358
the movement abandoned, 358
graphic report to Clinton, 358
terms of surrender fixed, 359
surrender completed, 360
courtesies between officers of the three armies, 361
his interview with Lafayette, 361

CORNWALLIS, FREDERICK—acts as _Br._ commissioner to exchange prisoners,
318

COUDRAY, _Monsieur_ DE—ordered to complete defensive works along the
Delaware, 192

Court-martial of Arnold, 274

Court-martial of Lee (Appendix G), 389

Cowpens, Battle of, 312

COXE, DANIEL—urges union of Colonies, 1722, 12

Crimean War noticed, 313

CROMWELL, OLIVER—Lord Protector of England; _b._ 1599, _d._ 1659.
cited by Washington’s officers as a precedent for assuming permanent
command, 364

Crown Point, expedition against, 1755, 10
visited by Allen and Arnold, 30
captured by Seth Warner, 51

CUSTIS, _Mrs._ MARTHA—_b._ 1732, _d._ 1802.
her marriage to Washington, 8

Danbury, Conn., invaded (with Ridgefield) by Tryon, 166

DARTMOUTH, GEORGE, _Lord_—_Br._ statesman; _b._ 1748, _d._ 1791.
comments upon Lexington and Concord, 20
opposed military occupation of Boston, 33
advised Howe to attack Southern cities, 69
regarded New York as the true British base, 69

DAYTON, ELIAS—col.; _b._ 1735, _d._ 1807.
his regiment in battle, 278–9

DEANE, SILAS—_b._ 1737, _d._ 1834.
on naval committee, 60
commissioner to France, 209
returns to Philadelphia, 238

DEBORRE, PRUDHOMME—brig.-gen.; disgraced at Brandywine, 189

Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776, 91

D’ESTAING, CHARLES HECTOR, _Count_—_Fr._ lieut.-general; _b._ 1729,
_d._ 1794.
reaches the Delaware with French fleet, 238
sails at once for New York, 239
unable to cross the bar, 240
arrives at Newport, R.I., 240
consults Sullivan as to attack, 242
not affronted by Sullivan’s landing first, 243
is confronted by British fleet, 243
both fleets dispersed, 243
returns to Newport, 243
sails for Boston to refit; notices Sullivan’s protest, 243
his manly course vindicated, 244
sails for the West Indies, 245
off the coast of Georgia, 261
his siege of Savannah, urged by Lafayette, 267
twice wounded, 268

DE FLEURY, LOUIS—_Fr._ lieuten’t, _sub._ col.
at defence of Fort Mercer, 202
planned Fort Mifflin, 202
wounded in its defence, 203

DE GRASSE, FRANÇOIS JOSEPH PAUL—_Fr._; b. 1723, d. 1788.
arrives in the Chesapeake, 342
limited in period of operations, 342
urges assault upon Yorktown, 342
yields to Lafayette’s judgment, 343
is visited by Washington, 354
has naval fight with Admiral Graves (see map), 355
suggests a plan of action, 356
opposed by Lafayette, 356
sails for the West Indies, 361
his trophies at Yorktown (Appendix F), 388

DE HEISTER—_H._ lieut.-gen.; lands at Gravesend, Aug. 25, 1776, 106
captures Sullivan and Stirling, and parts of their commands, 108
advances to support Howe, 126

DE KALB, JOHN, _Baron_—maj.-gen.; _b._ 1732, _d._ 1780.
comes to America with Lafayette. Note to Chap. XVIII, 191
reports as to the army, 205
appointed inspector-general, 207
commands Maryland and Delaware troops, 277
Southern campaign, 291
_k._ in Battle of Camden, 292

Delaware troops always efficient, 277
gallantry at Camden, 292

Denmark and Sweden hostile to England, 296

DESTOUCHES, _Chevalier_—succeeds De Ternay, deceased, 298
supports Washington, 323
indorsed by Washington, 326

DE TERNAY, _Chevalier_—convoys Rochambeau’s army from France, 286
blockaded by British at Newport, 298
dies at Newport, 298
is succeeded by Destouches, 298

DICKENSON, JOHN—in first Continental Congress, 17

DINWIDDIE, ROBERT—gov. of Virginia; _b._ 1690, _d._ 1770; sent
Washington as commissioner to French frontier, 6

DONOP—_H._ col.;
in the storming of Chatterton Hill, 129
abandons Bordentown, 146
_k._ in storming Fort Mercer, 201
is buried by the Americans, 202

Dorchester Heights occupied by the Americans, 76–80

DRAYTON, WILLIAM H.—_b._ 1742, _d._ 1779; chief justice, South
Carolina, 1776, 86

DUMAS, MATHIEU, _Count_ DE—_Fr._ col.; _sub._ marshal-de-camp and
historian; _b._ 1753, _d._ 1837;
gallantry at Yorktown, 357
_Note._—He was wounded in storming redoubt.

DUNDAS, FRANCIS—_Br._ lieut.-col.; _b._ 1750, _d._ 1824; goes to
Virginia with Arnold, 310

DUNMORE, JOHN MURRAY, _Lord_—_Br._ gov. Virginia; _b._ 1732, _d._ 1818.
seizes colonial powder, 28
opposed by Patrick Henry, 28
takes refuge on board the man-of-war _Fowey_, 28
bombards Norfolk, New Year’s day, 1776, 68
is visited by Gen. Clinton, 85

DU PORTAIL, LEBEGUE—_Fr._ brig.-gen.; _d._ 1802.
captured at Charleston, 300
succeeded as engineer by Kosciusko, 300
reconnoitres with Washington, 336
visits the Count de Grasse with Washington, 353

EFFINGHAM, _Lord_—_Br._; resigns when ordered to America, 21

Elizabethtown, N.J., visited by Knyphausen, 227

Engineering defined, with note (Preface), xi

ERSKINE, _Sir_ WILLIAM—_Br._ brig.-gen.; captured by _Am._ privateer at
sea, 98, 99
warns Cornwallis at Trenton, 155
attempts to capture Lafayette, 216

Eutaw Springs—the last battle at the South, 321

Evacuation of Boston (_Br._), 80
Brooklyn (_Am._), 113
New York (_Am._), 127
Philadelphia (_Br._), 222
Charleston (_Am._), 267
Yorktown (_Br._), 361
New York (_Br._), 363

EWING, JAMES—brig.-general; failed to cross at Trenton, 1776, on
Christmas night, 162

FAIRFAX, BRYAN, _Lord_—_b._ 1730, _d._ 1802; friend of Washington, 5

Fairfield, Conn., raided by Governor Tryon, 255

FEBIGER, CHRISTIAN—colonel at Stony Point, 257

First Continental Congress, at Philadelphia, Sept. 5, 1774, 16
its officers and members noticed, 16
Washington a member, 17
honored by Lord Chatham, 17
supports Massachusetts, 17

FLEURY, LOUIS DE. See De Fleury.

FORMAN—brig.-gen.,
at Battle of Germantown, 195

Forrest’s battery (_Am._) at Trenton, 145

Forts Clinton and Montgomery captured (see map), 179

Fort Du Quesne, became Fort Pitt (now Pittsburgh), 10

Fort Mercer and its gallant defence, 201

Fort Mifflin, planned by De Fleury (_Fr._), 202

France retains certain American possessions by Treaty of Paris, 1763,
11
makes a formal alliance with America, 213
sends an ambassador to America, 238
sends a fleet to America, 238
sends a second fleet to America, 261
sends an army to America, 286
sends a third fleet and troops to America, 342
sends money to America, 348
shares in the trophies of Yorktown, 388

Franco-Prussian war cited in comparison (Preface), vii

FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN—philosopher, diplomat, and statesman; _b._ 1716,
_d._ 1790.
urges a union of the Colonies, 1754, 12
the convention of July 4, 1754, the result, 12
reasons for its failure, 12
on passage of Stamp Act, writing to Charles Thompson, 13
Thompson’s reply quoted, 13
describes the servile attitude of the English people, 18
chairman Penn. Committee of Safety, 28
his opinion of fight at Breed’s Hill, 34
commissioner to Canada, 88
commissioner to meet Gen. and Admiral Howe, 116
secures French support, 209
writes as to Washington’s standing abroad, 308
influence with Holland and Spain noticed, 309
secures a loan from Holland, 348

FREDERICK II.—third king of Prussia (called “the Great”); son of
Frederick William I.; _b._ 1712, _d._ 1786; like Washington in
reticence, 44

French army at Newport, R.I., 286
marches through Connecticut, 335
joins Washington, 335
threatens New York, 336
supports Lafayette, 342
parades in Philadelphia, 349
reviewed by the president of Congress, 349
in siege of Yorktown, 357
competes with Americans, in action, 358

French fleet off the Delaware, with French Ambassador, 238
unable to enter New York, 240
sails for Newport, R.I., 240
engages fleet of Howe, 243
repairs at Boston, 243
at Savannah, Ga., 261
blockaded at Newport, 295
off the Chesapeake, 350
engages with British fleet, 354
leaves America, 361

Frigate _Le Sensible_ (_Fr._) brings French treaty to America, 213
_La Chinier_ (_Fr._) brings French minister to America, 238

Frigates built during the war, and their fate (Appendix B), 378

GAGE, THOMAS—_Br._ lieut.-gen.; _b._ 1721, _d._ 1787.
appointed gov. Massachusetts and Commander-in-Chief, 16
his fatal movement upon Concord, 20
succeeded by Howe, 58

GATES, HORATIO—maj.-general, _sub._ adj.-general; _b._ 1728, _d._ 1806.
his antecedents, 36
succeeds Sullivan in Canada, 88
the confidant of Charles Lee, 127
confidential letter from Lee, 127
another letter from Lee, 138
reports for duty, 139
absent without leave, 141
dodges Battle of Trenton, 142
insolent letter to Burgoyne, 173
its lofty rebuke, 173
relieves Schuyler, and himself relieved, 173
declines command of Ticonderoga, 173
insulting letter to Washington, 173–4
Washington’s reply, 174
appeals to congressmen, 174
on leave of absence, 174
supersedes Schuyler, 176
captures Burgoyne’s army, 176
congratulated by Washington, 179
reports direct to Congress, 179
president of Board of War, 205
still corresponds with Lee, 205
commands at Peekskill, 212
on Council of War, 217
letters to Lee known to Washington, 220
declines to fight Indians, 259
“unequal to the command,” 260
spends winter in Virginia, 281
Congress gives him the Southern Department, 281
sarcastic letter from Charles Lee, 281
in command at the South, 291
criticised by Irving, 291
routed at Camden, 292
his disgraceful flight, 292
his abject apology, 292
could have saved the battle, 292
attempts to gather his army, 293
the tidings reaches Washington, 295
is succeeded by Greene, 300
turns command over to Greene, 302
retires to his farm, 302

GEORGE III.—King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, Defender of the
Faith; _b._ 1738, _d._ 1820.
does not understand Englishmen in America, 20
hears of Burgoyne’s surrender, 208
unwisely adjourns Parliament, 208

GERARD (DE RAYVENAL), _Monsieur_ CONRAD A.; _d._ 1790.
pledges to Franklin and Deane French support, 209
first _Fr._ ambassador to America, 238

GERMAINE, GEORGE (_Viscount_ SACKVILLE), _Lord_—_Br._ Prime Minister;
_b._ 1716, _d._ 1785.
correspondence with Howe, 98
with Clinton, 249, 289

Germantown, Battle of, Chapter XIX., 192–7

GIMÂT—_Fr._ col. on Washington’s staff.
at Monmouth, 233
witness on Lee’s trial, 233
at siege of Yorktown, 357

GIST, MORDECAI—brig.-gen., _sub._ gov. Del.; _b._ 1743, _d._ 1792.
skirmishes with Cornwallis, 204
recruits for Greene’s army, 301

GLOVER, JOHN—col.; _sub._ brig.-gen.; _b._ 1732, _d._ 1797.
at Battle of Long Island, 108
covers the retreat, 111
resists British landing at Throgg’s Neck, 125
at Battle of Trenton, 142

GORDON, _Rev._ WILLIAM, as to Battle of Monmouth, 234

Grand tactics defined, with note (Preface), x

GRANT, JAMES—_Br._ maj.-gen.; _b._ 1720, _d._ 1806.
at Battle of Long Island, 107
watches Washington from Brunswick, N.J., 143
compliments Washington’s sagacity, 143
put Hessians off their guard, 143

GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON—Gen. U.S.A., _sub._ pres. twice; _b._ 1822, _d._
1885.
his example cited, 66

GRAVES, THOMAS, _Baron_—_Br._ admiral; _b._ about 1725, _d._ 1802.
ordered to burn coast towns, 59
counter-action of Washington, 59
attempts to capture Lafayette, 216
sails for the Chesapeake, 355
misses Count de Barras, 355
engages a superior French fleet, 355
returns to New York, 355

GRAY—_Br._ maj.-gen.
surprises Wayne at Paoli, 193
in attack upon Washington at Chestnut Hill, 204
attempts to capture Lafayette, 216
surprises Light Horse, at Tappan, 248

Great Britain sublimely faces world-wide antagonisms, 296
unjust to her Provincial troops, 362
Washington aids Carleton in their behalf, 363

GREENE, ASHBEL—chaplain at Monmouth; _sub._ pres. Princeton College,
N.J.; _b._ 1762, _d._ 1848;
as to Washington’s interview with Lee at Monmouth, 236
See also Washington’s letter as to the language used by him, 391

GREENE, CHRISTOPHER—colonel; _b._ 1737, _d._ 1781.
in Arnold’s expedition to Canada, 55, 200
commands Fort Mercer, 200

GREENE, NATHANIEL—maj.-gen.; _b._ 1740, _d._ 1786.
commands Rhode Island troops, 24
a Quaker youth and blacksmith’s apprentice, 25
studied by forge-light, after work hours, 25
announces principles essential to success, 25
thorough work as member of the Kentish Guards, 26
antecedents and studies, 26
likened to Grant and Lee, 26
outline of his career anticipated, 39
his brigade noticed, 69
in charge of Brooklyn Heights, 87
completes the defences, 102
prostrated by fever, 104
succeeded by Putnam, 104
advises retreat, 115
describes Washington at Kipp’s Bay, 119
assumes command in New Jersey, 122
describes corrupt practices of surgeons, 123
joins for duty, 127
prepares for campaign in New Jersey, 130
regards Fort Washington as defensible, 132
at Battle of Trenton, 142
commands advance posts before Trenton, 151
leads the advance, Jan. 2, 1777, 155
visits Congress, 166
advances to meet Howe, 168
his plan vindicated, 169
selects position on the Brandywine, 185
commands the reserve, 186
with Washington, covers the retreat, 189
at Battle of Germantown, 195
enters New Jersey, 203
assigns Lafayette to duty, 203
at Council of War, 217
at Monmouth, 230, 233
at Boston, as quartermaster-general, 246
describes the winter, 1780, 271
in Battle of Springfield, 283
manœuvres for position, 284
scientific movements noticed, 285
succeeds Arnold at West Point, 291
submits plan for Southern campaign, 300
succeeds Gates and goes South, 300
relieves Gates, 302
his reports and letters, 302
graphic letter to Marion, 303
“spies are the eyes of an army”, 303
acts as if under the eyes of Washington, 303
initiates his campaign, 313
his army without clothing, 315
uses blankets, “Indian style”, 315
rides 125 miles to see Morgan, 315
joined by Harry Lee, 316
provides for Morgan’s prisoners, 316
his wise strategic methods, 317
expects no aid from Virginia, 318
decides to fight Cornwallis, 318
battle of Guilford Court-House, 319
drives Cornwallis into Wilmington, 320
his report to Washington, 320
fights Rawdon, at Hobkirk Hill, 321
the casualties stated, 321
fights Stewart, at Eutaw Springs, “the final battle at the South”,
321
redeems Georgia and the Carolinas, 322
welcomes Lafayette to the South, 326
regards capture of Cornwallis as settled, 327
his army reënforced by Lafayette’s self-denial, 330

Greenfield, Conn., raided by Tryon, 256

Green Mountain Boys, Vt., regularly organized, 51
resist Carleton’s advance from Canada, 62
decline to reënlist after capture of Montreal, 63

GRENVILLE, GEORGE—_Br._ Prime Minister; _b._ 1712, _d._ 1770;
ordains a revenue system, 1764, 12

GRIDLEY, RICHARD—col.; _b._ 1711, _d._ 1796.
Engineer-in-Chief at Bunker Hill, 23
resigns, and succeeded by Knox, 61

Griffiths—_Am._ col.; skirmishes with Donop (_H._), 146

HALE, EDWARD EVERETT—clergyman, journalist, and author; _b._ Boston,
Mass., 1822.
his tribute to Nathan Hale, 120, 121

Hale, Nathan—_Am._ captain; _b._ 1755; _d._ 1776.
confidential messenger of Washington, 120
executed as a spy, Sept. 22, 1776, 121
his memorable last words, 121
his career sketched by the Rev. E. E. Hale, 120–121
place of his execution identified by Lossing, 131

HAMILTON, ALEXANDER—col., _sub._ eminent financier; _b._ 1757, _d._
1804.
occupies Chatterton Hill, with two guns, 128
is sent to Gates for troops, 204
with Lafayette at Monmouth, 226
reports New York Harbor too shallow for French fleet, 240
gallantry at Yorktown, 357

HAMMOND, _Sir_ ANDREW—_Br._ commodore;
arrives with troops, 261

HAMPTON, WADE—col.; _b._ 1754, _d._ 1835;
honored by Washington, 312

HANCOCK, JOHN—statesman and maj.-gen.; _b._ 1737, _d._ 1793.
pres. Mass. Provincial Congress, 17
advises Washington of Howe’s movements, 183
at siege of Newport opposes departure of D’Estaing, 243

HAND, EDWARD—col.; _b._ in Ireland, 1744, _d._ 1802.
in skirmish on Long Island, 104
falls back to Prospect Hill, 105
delays British landing at Throgg’s Neck, 125
skirmishes with the Hessian Yagers, 126
in front of Trenton, 1776–7, 151
in Sullivan’s expedition, 260
becomes adjt.-gen., _vice_ Scammon, resigned, 300

HANNIBAL—Carthaginian prince and general; _b._ 229 B.C., _d._ 183 B.C.
(Preface), v

HARRISON, BENJAMIN—signer of Declaration of Independence; _b._ 1740,
_d._ 1791;
visits Boston on naval affairs, 60

HARRISON, ROBERT H.—col.
secretary to Washington, 300
becomes C.J. of Maryland, 300

HARRISON, THOMAS—speaker of Virginia House of Burgesses;
addressed by Washington, 250

HASLET—col. Delaware reg’t; _b._ in Ireland, _d._ 1777.
joins army at Brooklyn, 105
makes a gallant fight, 107
attacks the Queen’s Rangers successfully, 126
_k._ at Battle of Princeton, 154

HAZELWOOD, JOHN—_Am._ naval officer; b. 1726, d. 1800;
gallantry on the Delaware, 202

HAZEN, MOSES—col., _sub._ brig.-gen.; _b._ 1733, _d._ 1802;
threatens Staten Island, 347

HEATH, WILLIAM—maj.-general; _b._ 1735, _d._ 1814.
appointed brig.-gen, 36
his antecedents, 36
subsequent career outlined, 39
describes occupation of Dorchester as “never so much done in so short
a space”, 77
ordered to New York, 82
efficient at New York, 104
aids in the retreat, 110
makes a night march, 128
commands in the Highlands, 131
at Fishkill, 135
advised of Washington’s plans, 141
ordered to take the offensive, 147
special assignment to duty, 156
reprimanded for mismanagement, 157–8
ordered to Boston, 254
again in the Highlands, 268
commands camp in New Jersey, 346

Hebrew military and civil antecedents (Preface), viii, ix

HENRY, PATRICK—orator and statesman; _b._ 1736, _d._ 1799.
charged with treason, 13
denounces British Stamp Act, 13
in first Continental Congress, 17

Hessian prisoners taken at Saratoga remain in America, 248
quartered in Virginia, 248

Hessian soldiers misunderstood, 363

HILDRETH, RICHARD—historian; _b._ 1807, _d._ 1865.
criticises Samuel Adams, 299
Mr. Adams’ position sound in principle, 299

HILLHOUSE, JAMES—captain, _sub._ eminent lawyer and senator; _b._ 1754,
_d._ 1832.
resists Tryon’s invasion of New Haven, 256

Hobkirk Hill noticed, 321

HOOD, _Sir_ SAMUEL—_Br._ admiral; _b._ 1724, _d._ 1816.
arrives in America, 354
looks into Delaware Bay, 354
proceeds to New York, 354
reports to Admiral Graves, 354

HORNBLOWER, JOSEPH C.—Chief Justice of New Jersey; _b._ 1777, _d._
1864;
misreported as to Washington’s language at Monmouth, 235

HOWE, _Lord_ RICHARD—admiral; _b._ 1725, _d._ 1799.
reaches N.Y. July 12, 1776, 98
joint commissioner with General Howe, 98
refuses to recognize Washington’s military title, 96
does so in order to secure Erskine’s exchange, 99
returns to New York, 245
sails for Boston, 245

HOWE, _Sir_ WILLIAM—lieut.-gen.; _b._ 1730, _d._ 1814.
declares martial law, 32
offers pardon to all but Samuel Adams and John Hancock, 32
established in America, 33
overrules Clinton’s advice to attack Cambridge, 35
his martinet discipline, 48
ordered to succeed Gage, 58
issues an unwise proclamation, 58
Washington’s counter-proclamation, 58
orders coast towns to be devastated, 59
instructed by Lord Dartmouth, 69
“New York is the proper British base”, 70
overruled by Gage, 70
Dorchester Heights seized, 77
his report to Lord Dartmouth, 77
fails to recapture the Heights, 80
evacuates Boston, 80
embarks for Halifax, 80
sails from Halifax for New York, 97
lands troops on Staten Island, 98
confers with Governor Tryon, 98
writes Lord Germaine as to plans, 98
addresses George Washington, Esq., 98
changes the address to secure a military exchange, 99
“dispensing pardon to repentant sinners,” as Washington styles Howe’s
mission, 99
brilliant landing of his army, 106
the battle outlined, 107–9
negotiations with American commissioners, 108
advance of his army, 117
makes enormous requisitions for troops, 118
movements anticipated by Washington, 120
writes Lord Germaine as to a long campaign, 124
will not attack Harlem Heights, 125
lands at Throgg’s Neck, 126
orders storming of Chatterton Hill, 126
awaits reënforcements, 126
outgeneraled by Washington, 129
crosses to the Hudson, 129
anticipated by Washington, 130
tries to deter American enlistments, 130
guarantees “liberties and properties”, 130
captures Fort Washington, 132
knew of Adjutant Dumont’s treason, 133
excuse for not following Washington, 133
specific instructions given, 133
sends Cornwallis into New Jersey, 137
“weather too severe for field service”, 137
returns to New York, 139
winter quarters specified, 139
surprised by news from Trenton, 150
calls for 20,000 more troops, 150
hurries Cornwallis to New Jersey, 150
withdraws troops from Newport, 163
plans anticipated by Washington, 165
marches again into New Jersey, with 17,000 men, 167
details of the campaign, 168–170
will invade Pennsylvania, 177
writes a decoy letter, which Washington detects, 177
no doubts of Burgoyne’s success, 181
sails for the Chesapeake, 182–183
skirmishes with American advance, 185
masterly strategy in the Battle of Brandywine, 187–190
cares for the wounded of both armies, 192
his rear threatened by Washington, 194
his headquarters at Germantown, 195
repels Washington’s attack, but does not attack in turn, 195
after battle returns to Philadelphia, 196
threatens American army at Chestnut Hill, 204
explains the failure of his movement, 204
succeeded in command by Clinton, 215
his army in detail (Appendix D–2), 384

Huntington, L.I., raided by Tryon’s expedition, 256

Hyde Park, Mass., where fascine rods were made available, 78

Independence, National, proclaimed at Philadelphia, July 4, 1776, 91

Independence proclaimed at Charlotte, N. C., May 20, 1774, 29

Indian atrocities during the Revolution, 249
summarily avenged, 252, 260

Indian auxiliaries advocated by Great Britain, 172
advocated by Congress, 88
denounced by Burgoyne, 172–3
ridiculed by Schuyler, 88

IRVING, WASHINGTON—diplomat, historian, scholar; _b._ 1783, _d._ 1859.
his personal aid acknowledged by the author (Preface), xiv
his sketch of Washington’s youth, 1
his tribute to Mary Washington, 5

Japan honors the example and teachings of Washington, 370

JAY, JOHN—statesman and jurist; _b._ 1745, _d._ 1829.
in first Continental Congress, 17
suggests to burn New York, 108
commissioner to France, 309
his services recognized, 309

JEFFERSON, THOMAS—patriot and statesman, governor Va., _sub._ pres.
twice; _b._ 1743, _d._ July 4, 1826.
sees basis for a constitution in government of Iroquois Indian
Confederacy, 12
protects the western frontier, 253
advised by Washington, 300
defies Arnold’s threats, 311
narrowly escapes capture by Tarleton, 340
is vindicated by Lafayette, 343

JOMINI, HENRI, _Baron_ DE—gen.; chief of staff to Napoleon;
aide-de-camp Emperor of Russia; military writer; _b._ 1799, _d._
1869.
gives grounds of Napoleon’s success (Preface), xiii
as applied to Washington, 44
as to retreats, 73

JONES, JOHN PAUL—lieut., captain in the navy, _sub._ admiral in the
Russian navy; _b._ 1747, _d._ 1792.
appointed in the navy, 59
history of his name, 379
his naval success, 379

JOSHUA—the Hebrew captain, an antetype of Washington upon completion of
his mission, 373

Jubilee, _Am._, at Valley Forge, 213
French alliance honored, 213
_Br._ at Philadelphia, 215
General Howe honored, 215
noted participants, 215

KENT, JAMES—chief justice, jurist, and author, N. Y.; _b._ 1763, _d._
1847;
his opinion of General Schuyler, 37

Kentish Guards, R.I., identified with Greene, 26
their prompt start for Boston, 27
their subsequent promotions in the service, 26

KEPPEL, AUGUSTUS—_Br._ admiral; _b._ 1725, _d._ 1786; gives an opinion
of the war, 21

King’s Mountain, Battle of, mentioned, 293

Kingston, N. Y., burned by Gen. Vaughn, 179

KNOWLTON, THOMAS—capt., _sub._ col.; _b._ 1740, _d._ 1776.
at Bunker Hill, 122
_k._ at Harlem Heights, 122

KNOX, HENRY—chief of artillery, _sub._ maj.-gen.; _sub._ Sec. of War;
_b._ 1750, _d._ 1806.
succeeds Gridley, resigned, 61
efficient in ordnance department, 71
mounts Ticonderoga cannon at Cambridge, 71
reports his artillery force, 102
efficient at Trenton with Forrest’s battery, 145
recruits artillery in Mass., 163
establishes gun-factory at Springfield, 163
visits Count de Grasse, with Washington, 353

KNYPHAUSEN, WILHELM, _Baron_ VON—_H._ lieut.-general; _b._ 1730, _d._
1789.
arrives in America and joins Howe, 126
in attack upon Fort Washington, 132
at Brandywine, 186–7
conducts Clinton’s baggage-train from Philadelphia, 224
pushes for Monmouth, 224
reaches New York, 229
invades New Jersey, 271
in Battle of Springfield, 279
acts the part of Pharaoh, instead of that of Moses, 280

KOSCIUSKO, THADDEUS—Polish maj.-general; _b._ 1750, _d._ 1817.
perfects fortifications at West Point, 212
appointed chief engineer, _vice_ Du Portail, captured, 300
ordered to the South, 302
his efficiency, 302
his antecedents, 305
locates earthworks, 317

LAFAYETTE, or LA FAYETTE, MARIE-JOSEPH-PAUL-YVES-ROCK-GILBERT DUMOTIER,
_Marquis_ DE—maj.-general; _b._ 1757, _d._ 1835.
arrives in America, 191
reaches Philadelphia, 191
joins Washington, in council, 191
his first scout, 185
commands a division, 203
visits Albany as to Canadian movement, 211
rejoins Washington, 212
concurs with his chief, 213
skilful at Barren Hill, 215
amusing incident of the battle, 216
outmanœuvres Clinton, 216
attends a Council of War, 217
pursues Clinton, 225
reports progress, 226
his relations to Lee, 228
skirmishes with Queen’s Rangers, 229
protests against retreat, 229
commands second line at Monmouth, 231
conduct during the battle, 235
alleged statement as to Washington at Monmouth disproved, 235
a letter to his wife, 236
on duty at Newport, 241
corresponds with D’Estaing, 244
makes quick trip to Boston, 244
covers retreat to Newport, 245
occupies Bristol, 245
sails for France, 253
returns to America, 276
joins Washington, 276
reports to Congress, 276
his proclamation as to Canada, 288
his sympathy with Mrs. Arnold, 291
his estimate of Washington, 305
extols the American army, 306
intrusted with arrest of Arnold, 312, 323
starts on his expedition, 324
an interesting reminiscence, 325
letters to his wife, 325
wounded at Brandywine, 325
his active movements, 325
orders from Washington, 326
has confidence of Greene, 327
how he treated deserters, 327
harasses the enemy, 329
his letter to Washington, 330
headquarters established, 331
ignores Arnold’s letters, 331
complimented by Washington, 332
marches to meet Wayne, 338
reports his movements, 339
takes the offensive, 339
joined by Wayne and unites with Steuben, 340
intercepts Tarleton’s correspondence, 340
in sharp action at Williamsburg, 341
gallantry noticed, 341
writes Washington in full, 342
reports landing of French troops, 342
declines grave risks, 342
outgenerals Cornwallis, 343
ready for Washington’s arrival, 343
has Cornwallis inclosed, 343
complains of “rusty wheels”, 343
vindicates Gov. Jefferson, 343
confident of victory, 343
receives special orders from Washington not to let Cornwallis escape,
345
sends despatches to Washington, 349
his twenty-fourth birthday, and incidents, 350
writes to his wife as to his “thrilling adventures” and “enviable
lot”, 350
welcomes Washington at his headquarters, 351
hastens Washington’s army from Baltimore, 353
relations to the French court, 356
overrules plans of De Grasse, 356
storms a redoubt, 357
pleasantry with Baron Vioménil, 358
relations to Cornwallis, 361
their mutual appreciation, 362
expedition to Charleston abandoned, 362
sails from Boston for France, 362
bids farewell to Washington, 362

LAURENS, HENRY—statesman; _b._ 1724; _d._ 1792.
vice-president of South Carolina, 86
reports New York Harbor too shallow for French fleet, 240
in the siege of Savannah, 268
sent commissioner to Holland, 296
taken prisoner in London, 296
in London Tower for high treason, 296
sent on special mission to France, 296
arrives in Paris, 309
speaks plain words at Paris, 309
returns to America with funds and pledges of French support, 348

LAUZUN, ARMAND LOUIS DE GOUTANT, _Duke_ DE—_b._ 1747, _d._ 1793.
with Rochambeau, 333
threatens Morrisania, 334
in concert with General Lincoln, 335
his lancers in action, 337
tendered a banquet at Philadelphia, 350
despatches from Lafayette read, 350
at Yorktown, 357

LEDYARD, WILLIAM—col.; _b._ 1750, _d._ 1781;
massacred at Fort Griswold, 351