Chapter XXXVII: Appendix (1)

PARTIAL LIST OF TRADE COMBINATIONS, OR TRUSTS, ACHIEVED OR ATTEMPTED, AND OF THE COMMODITIES COVERED BY THEM[770]

I.--LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER

Boilers, for house heating.

Candle-makers, Great Britain, United States.

Coal: anthracite, bituminous.

Coke.

Electric: carbon points, 1885;
candles,1888;
electric goods, national, 1887;
lighting, United States, Great Britain, 1882;
light-fixtures, national, 1889.

Gas: illuminating and fuel, local, sectional, national; fixtures,
national; pipes, 1875; natural.

Gasoline stoves, 1894.

Governors of steam-boilers.

Hot-water heaters, 1892.

House furnaces, 1889.

Kerosene, 1874.

Kindling wood, Boston, 1891.

Matches: United States; Great Britain;
Canada;
Sweden;
international, 1894.

Paraffine.

Petroleum and its products, 1874.

Radiators, steam and hot-water, Western, 1891.

Scotch mineral oil, 1888.

Steam and hot-water master fitters, national, 1889.

Stearine.

Stove-boards, zinc, national, 1890.

Stoves and ranges, 1872.

Stoves, vapor, national, 1884.

II.--CHEMICALS

Acids: acetic, citric, muriatic, nitric, sulphuric, American, 1889; oxalic, Great Britain, 1882.

Alkali Union, England, 1888.

Alkaloids, United States.

Alum, sectional, 1889.

Ammonia, 1889.

Bismuth salts, United States.

Bleaching-powder, England, 1888.

Boracic acid, United States.

Borax: United States;
Great Britain, 1888.

Chemical Union, England, 1890.

Chloroform, United States.

Drug manufacturers: United States;
Canada, 1884.

Iodine, England, 1890.

Iodoform, United States, 1880.

Lime, acetate of, 1891.

Mercurials: as calomel, corrosive sublimate, etc., United States.

Nitrates, Chili, 1884.

Paris-green, 1889.

Potash: bichromate of, Great Britain;
bichloride of, United States;
chlorate, prussiate, Great Britain, 1888.

Quinine, international, 1893.

Rochelle salts, United States.

Saltpetre.

Santonine, United States.

Soda, bichromate, United States; carbonate, caustic, England, 1888; nitrate of, Chili and England, 1884.

Strychnine.

Sulphur, Italy.

Ultramarine: United States; Germany, 1890.

Vitriol, 1889.

III.--METALS

Aluminum, national, 1888.

Barbed wire, 1881.

Brass: sectional, 1884;
rolled and sheet, sheet German silver, copper rivets and burrs, copper
and German-silver wire, kerosene-oil burners and lamp trimmings, and
braised brass tubing.

Copper: cold, bolt, rolled, sheet, 1888;
ore, Lake Superior, 1879;
international, 1887;
bath-tubs, boilers, sinks, and general ware, 1891;
wire.

Iron: founders; galvanized, national, 1875;
malleable, national, 1882;
manufacturers, Germany, 1887;
nuts, 1884;
ore, Germany, 1884, Atlantic coast, 1886, Michigan, 1882, Southern,
1884, Northwestern, 1887, Lake Superior, 1893;
pig, Eastern, Southern, 1883, national, 1889;
pipes, steam and gas, 1884;
wrought iron, 1887;
sheet, enamelled, Germany, 1893;
structural, national, 1881;
tubes, 1884;
wire-cloth, national, 1882;
Russian, 1893.

Lead: pig, pipe;
sheet-lead, 1888;
white, national, 1884.

Mica, national, 1887.

Nickel.

Quicksilver, California.

Silver and lead smelters.

Steel: armor-plate, Bessemer beams (in
existence nearly thirty years), castings, 1894;
galvanized; rails (see traffic and travel);
rods, United States and Germany, 1888;
rolling-mills.

Tin: jobbers; American, national, 1883;
English, 1889.

Zinc.

IV.--SOME OTHER INSTRUMENTS AND MATERIALS OF INDUSTRY

Alcohol.

Axes and axe-poles.

Belting, leather, rubber.

Blankets (press), American Papermakers' Felt and Jacket Association.

Bobbins, spools, and shuttles, 1886, for cotton, woollen, silk, and linen
mills.

Bolts, 1884.

Boxes, wooden, local, 1885;
Western and Southern.

Bridge-builders: Eastern, 1886;
Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, 1889.

Butchers' skewers and supplies, Western, 1889.

Carpet yarns, Eastern, 1889.

Cash-registers, national, 1890.

Celluloid, lythoid, zylonite, Eastern, 1890.

Chains, national, 1883.

Color trust, Great Britain, 1889.

Cordage: rope, twine, United States, 1875;
England, 1892.

Corks.

Cotton duck, national, 1891.

Cotton-seed oil, national, 1884.

Creels, for cloth and woollen mills, national, 1893.

Damasks, Pennsylvania, 1886.

Emery wheels, national.

Felting.

Fibre, indurated, pails, bowls, measures, water-coolers, filters, etc.,
national, 1888.

Files, 1875.

Fire-brick, 1875.

Fish-oil, menhaden, New England, 1885.

Forge companies, national, 1889.

Glass bottles: beer, United States, 1884;
green glass, English bottle manufacturers, 1889.

Glass: flint, Western, 1891;
crown, cylinder, unpolished;
plate, French, 1888;
German, 1887;
international, 1890;
window, 1875;
sectional, national, international, 1884.

Glass, plate, Underwriters, 1894.

Glue.

Gutta-percha.

Hardware manufacturers, 1884.

Label printers.

Leather: belting, national; board, national, 1891;
hides, Northwestern, 1888;
morocco, Eastern, 1886;
patent, national, 1888; sole, 1893;
Tanners' Association, 1882;
Oak Harness Leather Tanners, national, 1890.

Linen mills, Eastern, Western, 1892.

Linseed oil: local, 1877;
national, 1887;
dealers, Canada, 1892.

Manilla, international, 1887.

Oil: lubricating, 1874;
for curing leather; menhaden;
safety burning oil for miners.

Onyx, Mexican, 1890.

Paper: local, sectional, national;
bags, Eastern and Western, 1887;
book and newspaper; boxes, national, 1883;
card-board, 1890;
flour sacks, 1887;
straw; tissue, 1892;
wrapping, Western, 1878, Eastern, 1881;
writing, national, 1884. Papermakers' trust in Great Britain to check
the operation of the Alkali trust, 1889;
Papermakers' Felt and Jacket Association, national;
rags, Eastern, 1883;
wood-pulp, Western, 1890;
New York, Canada, Eastern, 1891.

Pitch, national, 1887 or earlier.

Planes, carpenters'.

Pumps, national, 1871.

Rubber: belting, 1875;
electric web goring (for shoes), national, 1893;
gossamers, 1887;
hose, 1875;
importers, national, 1882;
manufacturers, national, 1882;
Brazil producers, 1890;
stamps and stencils, national, 1893.

Sandpaper, emery and emery cloth, flint, garnet, ruby, sand cloth,
national, 1887.

Saws, national, 1890.

Scales.

Screws: machine, 1887;
wood, national, international.

Seed Crushers' Union, England, 1889.

Sewer pipe, 1875.

Sewing-machines, 1885.

Sewing-machine supplies, New York and New England, 1883.

Spirits.

Straw braid.

Straw-board, 1887.

Tacks, 1875.

Talc mills, New York, 1893.

Tar, national, 1886.

Teasel, national, 1892.

Textile manufacturers, Pennsylvania, 1886--embracing dress goods,
ginghams, upholstery goods, woollens, yarns, chintzes, worsteds, damasks.

Tools, edge, American Axe and Edged Tool Company, national, 1890.

Turpentine, Southern, 1892.

Type founders, national, 1888.

Washers, 1884.

Watch-cases, 1886.

Well tools, for oil, gas, and artesian wells, 1889.

Wood, excelsior, shavings for packing, national, 1889.

Wooden-ware, 1883 or earlier.

Woodworking machines, 1891.

Wool felt.

Wrenches, 1875.

V.--TRAFFIC AND TRAVEL

_The Road, Horse, and Wagon_

Bicycles, United States, 1893. Board of Trade formed to regulate prices.

Bicycle tires.

Bridge-builders, 1886.

Buggy pails, fibre trust, national, 1888.

Carriage builders, national, 1884.

Carriage hardware, 1884.

Harness dealers, manufacturers, national, 1886.

Liverymen's Associations, local, 1884.

Paving: asphalt, 1886;
brick, Western, 1892;
pitch, national, 1887.

Road-making machines, Western, 1890.

Saddlery Association, national, 1891.

Saddle-trees, Indiana, Missouri, 1892.

Wagons, local, 1886.

Wheels, Western, 1889.

Whips, national, 1892.

_Shipping_

Ballast, Havana, 1882.

Canal-boats, 1884.

Cotton duck, sail-cloth, national, 1888.

Ferries, New York and Brooklyn.

Lake carriers, Hull pool, 1886.

Lake Dock Trust.

Marine insurance, 1883.

Naval stores.

Ocean steamers: European, Asiatic, and American;
German steamship companies, 1894.

Pilotage, New York, San Francisco.

Steamboats: in the Cincinnati and New Orleans trade, 1884;
forwarding lines along the Hudson River, 1891.

_Railroads_

Car-axles, 1890.

Car-springs, steel, national, 1887.

Cars, freight and cattle.

Elevators, grain, local, Western, 1887.

Express companies.

Locomotives: national, 1892;
boiler flues, 1875;
tires, national, 1892.

Railroad: pools, freight and passenger, sectional, national;
Eastern Railroad Association, of 800 railroads, to fight patents.

Steel sleepers, 1885;
steel rails, national.

Street railways, local, sectional.

VI.--BUILDING

Asbestos, for paints, roofing, steam-pipe and boiler coverings, 1891.

Beams and channels, iron and steel, national, 1875.

Blinds: Northwestern, 1885;
national, 1888.

Brass, gas, plumbing, steam, water goods, 1884.

Brick: local, sectional, 1884;
Chicago, New York, New Jersey, Washington (State);
pressed brick, 1890.

Cement: Mississippi valley, 1883;
Eastern, 1884;
Northwestern, 1884.

Cornice-makers, national, 1884.

Doors: Northwestern, 1885;
national, 1888.

Fire engines, including hook and ladder trucks, hose-carriages, heaters,
carts, stationary pumps, and other supplies, United States and Canada,
1892.

Fire insurance.

Glue, national, 1894.

Gypsum stucco, Eastern, Northwestern, 1884.

Hinges, 1875.

Lime, Western, 1883.

Lumber: California pine, 1883;
California redwood, 1883;
Chicago; Mississippi valley;
Northwestern, 1880;
Pacific coast, 1883;
poplar, 1889;
Puget Sound, 1883;
yellow pine, Southern, 1890, Eastern, 1891;
dealers, national, 1878.

Nails: Pennsylvania, 1875;
Western Association, 1882;
Atlantic States Association, 1883.

Paint.

Plaster, national, 1891.

Roofing: felt;
iron;
pitch, Vermont, national, 1887.

Sanitary pottery.

Sash, doors, and blinds, national.

Sewer pipes, national, 1884.

Stone: brown stone, Lake Superior, 1890, New York, 1884;
cut-stone quarry owners, Western, 1892;
free-stone; granite, national, 1891;
limestone, rubble, and flag, Illinois, 1884;
marble, Western dealers, 1885;
Vermont marble quarries, 1889;
sandstone, New York, 1883.

Structural steel.

Stucco, 1883.

Varnish dealers, national, 1888.

Wall-paper: national, 1879; international, 1882.

VII.--FARM AND PLANTATION

Agricultural implements, manufacturers, dealers, 1891.

Binders, Harvester Trust, 1883.

Churns, 1884.

Corn-harvesters, national, 1892.

Cotton bagging, 1888.

Cotton presses, local, 1892.

Drain tile, Indiana, 1894.

Fencing, barbed wire, national, 1881.

Fertilizers: 1888;
guano;
menhaden oil, New England, 1885;
phosphate, South Carolina, 1887;
Canada, 1890;
Florida, 1891.

Forks, national, 1890.

Harrow manufacturers, national, 1890.

Harvesting-machines, national, 1883.

Hay-presses, national, 1889.

Hay tools, Western and Northwestern, 1884.

Hoes, national, 1890.

Horse-brushes, prison-made, 1889.

Jute grain bags, national, 1888.

Mowers, national, 1883.

Pails, fibre trust, national, 1888.

Paris green.

Ploughs, Northwestern, 1884.

Rakes, national, 1890.

Reapers, 1883.

Scythe-makers, national, 1884.

Shovels, national, 1890.

Snath manufacturers, national, 1891.

Threshing-machines, national, 1890, 1891.

Twine, binding, 1887.

Vehicles.

VIII.--SCHOOL, LIBRARY, AND COUNTING-ROOM

Blank-books, 1888.

Envelopes, 1888.

Lead-pencils, 1878.

Lithographic printers, national, 1892.

Novels (paper-covered "libraries"), 1890.

School-books, national, 1884.

School-furniture, national, 1892.

Slates and slate-pencils, national, 1887.

Subscription-books, local, sectional, 1892.

Type-founders, national, 1888.

Type-writers.

Writing-paper, national, 1884.

IX.--"THE SHOT HEARD ROUND THE WORLD"

Ammunition, 1883.

Arms, 1883.

Cartridges, national, 1883.

Dynamite, Germany.

Fireworks, national, 1890.

Gunpowder, national, 1875.

Guns, 1883.

Shot-tower companies, national, 1873.

X.--FOR THE PERSON

Barbers, National Tonsorial Parlor Company, organized to establish barber-shops in all the large cities of the United States, 1890.

Buttons.

Calico, England, 1891.

Clothes-brushes, prison-made, 1889.

Coat and cloak manufacturers: New York, 1883;
Chicago, 1893.

Collars and cuffs, New York, 1890.

Cotton: England, 1890;
Fall River; Southern mills, 1881;
thread (spool-cotton), 1888.

Diamonds: mines in South Africa;
dealers in Europe, 1889.

Dress-goods, Pennsylvania, 1886.

Furs.

Ginghams, Pennsylvania, 1886.

Gloves, New York.

Hats: fur, 1885;
woollen, national.

Knit goods: New York, 1884;
Western, 1889.

Jewellers, national.

Laundries: Chicago;
Chinese Laundry Union, New York City, 1889;
St. Louis, 1893.

Pocket-knives, national, 1892.

Ribbons, national, 1892.

Rubber boots and shoes, national, 1882.

Seal-skin, national, 1892.

Shirts: Troy, New York City, 1890.

Shoe: manufacturers, national, 1887;
retailers, New England, 1885;
national, 1886.

Silk: manufacturers, international. France, England, Italy, Germany,
1888;
sewing, national, 1887;
ribbon, 1884.

Trunks, national, 1892.

Umbrellas, Eastern, 1891.

Watch:
manufacturers, makers and jewellers, national, 1886;
National Association of Jobbers of American Watches and Cases, 1886.

Woollens:
manufacturers, 1882;
worsteds, yarns, Pennsylvania, 1886.

XI.--SMOKING AND DRINKING

Beer, United States Brewers' Association, 1861.

Champagne, New York City, 1889;
France, 1891.

Meerschaum pipes, New Jersey, 1892.

Soda fountains, 1890.

Spittoons, fibre trust, national, 1888.

Tobacco and cigars, local, sectional, national, 1882;
cigarettes, 1890.

Waters, mineral, national, 1889.

Whiskey and "domestic"--or artificial--brandy, rum, gin, and cordials made in imitation of the genuine.

Wine-growers, California, 1889.

XII.--"HOME, SWEET HOME"

_In General_

Candles, coal, furnaces, gas, oil, matches, ranges, stoves, etc. (see
Light, Heat, and Power).

Carpets:
Eastern, 1885;
Brussels, in-grain, 1888.

Chairs:
cane, 1889;
manufacturers, Western, 1880;
seats, perforated, national, 1888.

Furniture:
national, 1883;
Chicago manufacturers, 1886;
retailers, New England, 1888;
national, 1893.

Hair-cloth, Rhode Island, 1893.

Oil-cloth, table and stair, Oil-cloth Association, 1887.

Pails, fibre trust, national, 1888.

Soap, national, 1890.

Upholsterers' felt.

Upholstery goods, textile manufacturers, Pennsylvania, 1886.

Window-shades, 1888.

_The Kitchen_

Boilers.

Bottles.

Brooms, 1886.

Brushes, scrubbing, prison-made, 1889.

Chopping-bowls, wooden-ware, national, 1884.

Crockery, national, 1883.

Fruit-jars, 1891.

Glass-ware, 1883.

Hollow-ware, prison-made, 1888.

Keelers, fibre trust, national, 1888.

Kettles, prison-made, 1888.

Lamp-chimneys, 1883.

Measures, fibre trust, national, 1888.

Pans and pots, prison-made, 1888.

Potato-mashers, wooden-ware, national, 1884.

Pottery, yellow-ware, national, 1889.

Sinks, copper.

Stamped-ware, national, 1882.

Tin-ware:
national, 1883;
English, 1889.

Water-coolers, filters, pails, fibre trust, national, 1888.

Water-pails, wooden-ware, national, 1884.

Wooden-ware, national, 1884.

_Laundry_

Borax.

Clothes-pins, New York, 1888.

Clothes-wringers.

Soap, national, 1890.

Soda, 1884.

Starch:
Western, 1882;
national, 1890.

Washboards, New York, 1888.

Wash-tubs, wooden-ware, national, 1884.

Washing-machines, national, 1891.

Water-tubs, fibre trust, national, 1888.

Zinc, sheet, 1890.

_Dining-room_

Butter-dishes, 1886.

China, England, 1888.

Glass table-ware, 1889.

Plated-ware.

Silver-plated ware.

Silver-ware, national, 1892.

Table cutlery, national, 1881.

Table oil-cloth, national, 1888.

Tables, extension-tables, national, 1893.

_Parlor_

For carpets, furniture, upholstery, etc., see under "In General," above.

Mantel lambrequin, wool felt, 1888.

Music, books and instruments, Boston, New York, Chicago, Cincinnati, 1892.

Organs, local, sectional, 1889.

Parlor frame manufacturers.

Parlor furniture, Western Association, 1886.

Pianos, local, sectional, 1889;
national, 1893.

Piano-covers, wool felt, 1888.

Picture-frames, 1890.

Rugs, Eastern, 1885.

Table-covers, wool felt, 1888.

Tapestries, Eastern, 1885.

_Bath-room_

Bath-tubs (see "Copper").

Sanitary-ware, 1889.

Sponges, Florida, New York, 1892.

_Bedroom_

Chintzes, Pennsylvania, 1886.

Looking-glass:
French silvered plate-glass, 1888;
German, national, 1887;
international, 1890.

Spring beds, national, 1890.

Wire mattress:
Northwestern, 1886;
national, 1890.

XIII.--"OUR DAILY BREAD"

Bread, biscuit, crackers, local, sectional, national.

Butter, local, 1889.

Candy, local, national, 1884.

Canned goods:
Western, 1885;
national, 1889;
California canned fruit, 1891.

Cider and vinegar, national, 1882.

Coffee, Arbuckle trust, 1888.

Corn-meal, Western, 1894.

Cotton-seed oil.

Dairy Association, national, 1893.

Eggs, local, in United States and Canada.

Fish:
England, 1749 and before;
New York and New England, 1892;
salmon, Alaska, 1891;
salmon canners of the Pacific coast, 1893;
sardines, Eastern, 1885;
international, 1890;
sardine canneries, Canada, 1893.

Flour:
United States, National Millers' Association, 1883;
winter wheat mills, national, 1888;
spring wheat mills of the United States;
millers of northeast England, 1889;
rye flour, local, 1891;
flour-mills of Utah and Colorado, 1892.

Food Manufacturers' Association, United States, 1891.

Fruit:
bananas, Southern, 1888;
California fruit-growers, 1892;
cranberries, Cape Cod, 1888;
England, 1884;
Florida, 1889;
foreign fruit, New York, 1884;
Fruit-trade Association, New York, 1882;
fruit-growers of the Eastern and Middle States against
commission-merchants, 1887;
preserves and jellies, Western, 1883;
American Preservers' Company, 1889;
prunes, California;
strawberry-growers, Wisconsin, 1892;
watermelons, Indiana, South Carolina, 1889.

Grape-growers, northern Ohio, 1894.

Grocers: wholesale, retail; local, sectional, national.

Honey, local, 1888.

Ice:
local, sectional, 1883;
artificial, Southern, 1889.

Lard-refiners, Eastern, 1887.

Meat and cattle:
beef, mutton, pork;
Butchers' National Protective Association;
Chicago packers;
Inter-mountain Stock-growers' Association, Utah, 1893;
International Cattle Range Association;
Live-stock Association, 1887;
Northwest Texas Live-stock Association, 1878;
Western Kansas Stock-growers' Association, 1883;
Wyoming Stock-growers' Association, 1874.

Milk:
local, sectional, 1883;
condensed milk, New York, Illinois, 1891.

Oatmeal, 1885;
Canada, 1887.

Olive-oil.

Oysters, local, 1890.

Pea-nuts, 1888.

Pickles, national, 1891.

Produce:
Produce Commission-merchants, eight large cities--North, South, East,
West, 1883;
West, 1888.

Raisins, California, 1894.

Rice-mills, Southern, 1888.

Salt:
rock;
English Salt Union, 1888;
international, United States and Canada, 1889;
Canada, 1891.

Sugar:
Hawaii, 1876;
United States, 1887.
Glucose, national, 1883;
international, 1891.

Wine, California, 1894.

XIV.--LIFE AND DEATH

Artificial teeth, United States, 1889.

Castor-oil, 1885.

Cocoa-nut oil, American importers, 1881.

Coffins, National Burial-case Association, 1884.

Dental machines and supplies, United States, 1889.

Drugs:
importers;
druggists, retail, sectional, national, 1883;
wholesale, sectional, national, 1884;
Canada, 1874;
manufacturers, national, 1884.

Ergot, 1891.

Glycerine, New York, 1888.

Life insurance, 1883,
national, 1891.

Patent medicines, national, 1884.

Peppermint, local, 1887.

Quinine, 1882.

Tombstones, local, Brooklyn, Chicago, 1891.

Vaseline.

XV.--MISCELLANEOUS

Athletic clubs, 1893, to reduce charges made by prize-fighters for exhibition.

Base-ball, national, 1876.

Billiard-tables and furniture, 1884.

Bill-posters, United States, Canada, 1872.

Dime museums, national, 1883.

Landlords' Union, London, England, 1890.

News-dealers, 1884;
newspapers, Associated Press, United Press;
sectional, national.

Photographers, national, 1889.

Playing-cards.

Printers, show and job, 1893.

Racing trust, jockey club, 1894.

Retailers, 1891.
Small retail store-keepers of Kansas City protest against mammoth
department stores.

Safes, national, 1892.

Theatrical trust, Interstate Amusement Company, Springfield, Ill., 1894.

Warehouses:
Brooklyn, 1887;
national, 1891.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1: Annual Report Attorney-General of the United States, 1893.]

[Footnote 2: People of the State of New York _vs._ The North River Sugar Refining Company. Supreme Court of New York--at Circuit (January 9, 1889). New York Senate Trusts, 1889, p. 278.]

[Footnote 3: _Combinations_, by S.C.T. Dodd, p. 19.]

[Footnote 4: References:

1. Investigation by the Senate of Pennsylvania into the Anthracite Coal Difficulties, 1871.

2. Morris Run Coal Company _vs._ The Barclay Coal Company. Pennsylvania State Reports, Vol. 68, p. 173.

3. Report on the Coal Combination. New York Assembly Committee on Railroads, 1878.

4. Labor Troubles in Anthracite Regions, 1887-1888. House of Representatives, 50th Congress, Second Session. Report No. 4147.

5. New York Senate Investigation of the Coal Combination, 1892.

6. Alleged Coal Combination. House of Representatives, 52d Congress, 2d Session. Report No. 2278. January 18, 1893.

7. Coxe Brothers & Co. _vs._ The Lehigh Valley Railroad Company, before the Interstate Commerce Commission. Report and Opinion of the Commission.

8. John C. Haddock _vs._ Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company, before the Interstate Commerce Commission, 1890.

9. Hocking Valley Investigation. General Assembly of Ohio, 1885.

10. Trusts or Pools. Investigation by Legislature of Ohio, 1889.

11. Alleged Combinations in Manufactures, Trade, etc. Dominion House of Commons, 1888.]

[Footnote 5: Richardson _vs._ Buhl _et al._ Michigan State Reports, vol. lxxvii., p. 632.]

[Footnote 6: Page ii.]

[Footnote 7: Page xxii.]

[Footnote 8: Coal Combination, Congress, 1893. Testimony of John C. Haddock, pp. 242-261.]

[Footnote 9: Same, p. iv.]

[Footnote 10: Report, p. xlv.]

[Footnote 11: Coal Combination, Congress, 1893, pp. iii., iv., vi.]

[Footnote 12: Same, p. i.]

[Footnote 13: Same. p. v.]

[Footnote 14: Report, pp. xiv., xv., xlix.]

[Footnote 15: Combinations, Canadian Parliament, 1888, pp. 5, 6, 7.]

[Footnote 16: Report, p. lxx.]

[Footnote 17: Investigation by the Senate of Pennsylvania into the Anthracite Coal Difficulties, 1871.]

[Footnote 18: Report, pp. lxx., and following.]

[Footnote 19: Same, p. lxxvi.]

[Footnote 20: Same, p. lxxvii.]

[Footnote 21: Report, pp. ix., xciv., and following.]

[Footnote 22: Same, p. xlv.]

[Footnote 23: Same, p. xiii.]

[Footnote 24: Coxe case before Interstate Commerce Commission, Coal Combination, Congress, 1893, p. 183.]

[Footnote 25: Same, p. v.]

[Footnote 26: Whiskey Trust Investigation. Committee on the Judiciary Report, March 1, 1893. 52d Congress, 2d Session, House of Representatives, Report No. 2601, p. 16 and following.]

[Footnote 27: Same testimony, p. 28.]

[Footnote 28: Whiskey Trust Investigation, Congress, 1893, p. 62.]

[Footnote 29: Whiskey Trust Investigation, Congress, 1893, pp. 14, 15.]

[Footnote 30: Report of the Investigating Committee appointed by the Legislature of Minnesota of 1891, to determine whether wheat was taken without inspection from a public elevator in Duluth. April 7, 1892, p. 11.]

[Footnote 31: Trusts, New York Senate, 1891, pp. 9, 11.]

[Footnote 32: Meat Products, United States Senate, 51st Congress, 1st Session, Report No. 829, 1890, p. 2.]

[Footnote 33: New York Assembly, "Hepburn Report," 1879, p. 70.]

[Footnote 34: Meat Products, United States Senate, 1890, p. 3.]

[Footnote 35: Meat Products, United States Senate, 1890, pp. 1, 2.]

[Footnote 36: Meat Products, United States Senate, 1890, p. 6.]

[Footnote 37: Meat Products, United States Senate, 1890, Testimony, pp. 464, 465.]

[Footnote 38: Meat Products, United States Senate, 1890.]

[Footnote 39: Trusts, New York Senate, 1888. Combinations, Canadian Parliament, 1888.]

[Footnote 40: F.H. Storer, _American Journal of Science_, vol. xxx., 1860.]

[Footnote 41: Petroleum and Its Products, by S.F. Peckham, U.S. Census, 1885, p. 159.]

[Footnote 42: Petroleum and Its Products, by S.F. Peckham, U.S. Census, 1885, p. 160.]

[Footnote 43: Testimony of Simon Bernheimer, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 3549 and following.]

[Footnote 44: Petroleum and Its Products, by S.F. Peckham, U.S. Census, 1885, p. 93.]

[Footnote 45: Same, p. 93.]

[Footnote 46: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 214.]

[Footnote 47: Titusville _Morning Herald_, March 20, 1872.]

[Footnote 48: Testimony, Erie Investigation, New York Assembly, 1873, p. 418.]

[Footnote 49: Testimony of Simon Bernheimer, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 3548.]

[Footnote 50: Testimony, Freight Discriminations, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, pp. 184-5.]

[Footnote 51: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 304.]

[Footnote 52: Testimony, Pennsylvania Tax Case, 1883, p. 486.]

[Footnote 53: This contract is printed in full in Exhibits, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 418-51, and Trust Report, Congress, 1888, pp. 357-61.]

[Footnote 54: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 353.]

[Footnote 55: Art. 2, sec. 3.]

[Footnote 56: Art. 2, sec. 4.]

[Footnote 57: Art. 2, sec. 5.]

[Footnote 58: Art. 2, Sec. 4.]

[Footnote 59: The same.]

[Footnote 60: Art. 2, Sec. 8.]

[Footnote 61: Art. 2, Sec. 5.]

[Footnote 62: Art. 3.]

[Footnote 63: Art. 4.]

[Footnote 64: Exhibits, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, pp. 418-51.]

[Footnote 65: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 1566.]

[Footnote 66: Testimony, Erie Investigation, New York Assembly, 1873, p. 300.]

[Footnote 67: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 42.]

[Footnote 68: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, Exhibits, p. 418.]

[Footnote 69: Report of the Executive Committee of the Petroleum Producers' Union, 1872, p. 23.]

[Footnote 70: Testimony, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, p. 237.]

[Footnote 71: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 2525.]

[Footnote 72: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 2527.]

[Footnote 73: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 2525-35.]

[Footnote 74: See ch. xxxii. for "the state of the business" "unproductive of profit."]

[Footnote 75: Standard Oil Company _vs._ W.C. Scofield _et al._ Court of Common Pleas, Cuyahoga County, O. Affidavit of the President of the Standard Oil Company.]

[Footnote 76: 11 Harris.]

[Footnote 77: Debates of the Constitutional Convention of Pennsylvania, 1873, v. 3, pp. 522-3.]

[Footnote 78: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 2766.]

[Footnote 79: Report of Executive Committee of the Petroleum Producers' Union, 1872.]

[Footnote 80: See ch. xxxiii.]

[Footnote 81: Report Executive Committee Petroleum Producers' Union, 1872.]

[Footnote 82: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 290.]

[Footnote 83: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 420.]

[Footnote 84: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 289.]

[Footnote 85: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad Company _et al._, 1879, p. 707.]

[Footnote 86: Report Executive Committee Petroleum Producers' Union, 1872.]

[Footnote 87: Exhibit A, Answer of Defendants, Case of Standard Oil Company _vs._ W.C. Scofield _et al._, Cleveland, 1880.]

[Footnote 88: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 385.]

[Footnote 89: Exhibit A, Answer of Defendants, Case of Standard Oil Company _vs._ W.C. Scofield _et al._, Cleveland, 1880, Section 7.]

[Footnote 90: Affidavits of the defendants.]

[Footnote 91: Affidavits of the defendants.]

[Footnote 92: Affidavits of the defendants.]

[Footnote 93: Same.]

[Footnote 94: Same.]

[Footnote 95: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 547.]

[Footnote 96: Petition for Relief and Injunction, Standard Oil Company _vs._ W.C. Scofield _et al._, etc.]

[Footnote 97: Affidavits of the defendants.]

[Footnote 98: _Combinations_, etc., S.C.T. Dodd, p. 25.]

[Footnote 99: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 422.]

[Footnote 100: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 772.]

[Footnote 101: Affidavit of Levi T. Scofield.]

[Footnote 102: Exhibit A, etc., Section 12.]

[Footnote 103: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, pp. 388, 421.]

[Footnote 104: Scofield _et al._ _vs._ Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway Company, 43 Ohio State Report, p. 571.]

[Footnote 105: See ch. xxvii.]

[Footnote 106: See ch. xxvii.]

[Footnote 107: See Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 800.]

[Footnote 108: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, Testimony, p. 472.]

[Footnote 109: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 1879, Testimony, p. 490.]

[Footnote 110: Report Executive Committee Petroleum Producers' Union, 1872.]

[Footnote 111: See ch. xxxi.]

[Footnote 112: Glasgow _Herald_, June 16, 1892.]

[Footnote 113: Affidavit, Oct. 18, 1880, Case of Standard Oil Company _vs._ W.C. Scofield _et al._, Cleveland, 1880.]

[Footnote 114: Affidavit, Nov. 17, 1880.]

[Footnote 115: Affidavit, Nov. 30, 1880.]

[Footnote 116: Affidavit, May 1, 1880.]

[Footnote 117: See chapter "Not to Exceed Half."]

[Footnote 118: Affidavit, May 1, 1880.]

[Footnote 119: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad Company _et al._, Testimony, p. 751.]

[Footnote 120: Exhibit A, Affidavit, October 18, 1880.]

[Footnote 121: See ch. xxvii.]

[Footnote 122: See ch. xviii. and following.]

[Footnote 123: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 363.]

[Footnote 124: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 1693.]

[Footnote 125: Rutter Circular, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 363.]

[Footnote 126: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 44.]

[Footnote 127: Rutter Circular, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 363.]

[Footnote 128: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 1596.]

[Footnote 129: Same, Report, p. 43.]

[Footnote 130: Same, Testimony, p. 3429.]

[Footnote 131: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 2792-95.]

[Footnote 132: Same, p. 2795.]

[Footnote 133: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 445.]

[Footnote 134: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, p. 670.]

[Footnote 135: Testimony of A.J. Cassatt, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, pp. 666, 669, 671.]

[Footnote 136: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 44.]

[Footnote 137: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, etc., 1879, p. 665.]

[Footnote 138: Appeal to the Executive of Pennsylvania, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 354.]

[Footnote 139: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, p. 735.]

[Footnote 140: Same, p. 672.]

[Footnote 141: Same, p. 460.]

[Footnote 142: See ch. vi.]

[Footnote 143: Standard Oil Company _vs._ W.C. Scofield _et al._ Affidavit of the treasurer of the Standard.]

[Footnote 144: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 771-72.]

[Footnote 145: For the full report of these remarkable interviews with the President and Third Vice-President of the Pennsylvania Railroad see Testimony, Investigation Pennsylvania Secretary of Internal Affairs, 1878, pp. 47 _et seq._, 60 _et seq._; Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, pp. 160 _et seq._, 204 _et seq._, 237 _et seq._]

[Footnote 146: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 225-26.]

[Footnote 147: Testimony, Investigation, Pennsylvania Secretary of Internal Affairs, 1878, pp. 49, 59; Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 710, 3548-56; Exhibits, same, p. 176; Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, p. 247.]

[Footnote 148: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, p. 712.]

[Footnote 149: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 720.]

[Footnote 150: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 445.]

[Footnote 151: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, pp. 725-26.]

[Footnote 152: Exhibits, pp. 453-514.]

[Footnote 153: Testimony, pp. 174-207.]

[Footnote 154: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, p. 11.]

[Footnote 155: Same, p. 352.]

[Footnote 156: Same, p. 510.]

[Footnote 157: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 420.]

[Footnote 158: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, p. 374.]

[Footnote 159: Testimony, Discriminations in Freight Rates, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, pp. 181-85.]

[Footnote 160: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 800.]

[Footnote 161: Exhibits, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 238-45.]

[Footnote 162: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, Exhibits, pp. 479-514.]

[Footnote 163: This was always denied by the New York Central. "I never heard of the American Transfer Company," Vanderbilt told the New York Legislature. "I don't know that we ever paid the American Transfer Company a dollar. If we did, I have no knowledge of it." New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 1577.]

[Footnote 164: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, p. 702. Same, Exhibits Nos. 45-47, pp. 732-33.]

[Footnote 165: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, p. 691.]

[Footnote 166: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 3666-69.]

[Footnote 167: Same, p. 3959.]

[Footnote 168: Same, p. 2664.]

[Footnote 169: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, pp. 656-57.]

[Footnote 170: Art. 1, sec. 4.]

[Footnote 171: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 40-44.]

[Footnote 172: Speech of Simon Sterne, counsel of the New York Chamber of Commerce, before New York Assembly "Hepburn" Committee, 1879, p. 3964.]

[Footnote 173: Testimony, same, p. 2772.]

[Footnote 174: See ch. xi.]

[Footnote 175: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 44.]

[Footnote 176: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, pp. 302, 314.]

[Footnote 177: Testimony, same, Pipe Line Appendix, pp. 36-37; Investigation, Pennsylvania Secretary of Internal Affairs, 1878, pp. 19, 29.]

[Footnote 178: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, etc., 1879, Pipe Line Appendix, pp. 36-37; Investigation, Pennsylvania Secretary of Internal Affairs, 1878, pp. 19, 29, 32, 42.]

[Footnote 179: A History, etc. Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 690, 697, 705, 706.]

[Footnote 180: Testimony of B.B. Campbell, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, pp. 298-99.]

[Footnote 181: Same, p. 300.]

[Footnote 182: Testimony of B.B. Campbell, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, p. 300.]

[Footnote 183: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 78-79.]

[Footnote 184: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, p. 295.]

[Footnote 185: Same, p. 212.]

[Footnote 186: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 45.]

[Footnote 187: Franklin B. Gowen, before House Committee of Commerce, Washington, Jan. 27, 1880.]

[Footnote 188: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, before Interstate Commerce Commission, pp. 299-300.]

[Footnote 189: Same, pp. 521, 539.]

[Footnote 190: Same, p. 534.]

[Footnote 191: Franklin B. Gowen, before House Committee of Commerce, Washington, Jan. 27, 1880.]

[Footnote 192: Report, p. 45.]

[Footnote 193: Franklin B. Gowen, before Pennsylvania House of Representatives Committee on Railroads, Feb. 13, 1883.]

[Footnote 194: See ch. xiii.]

[Footnote 195: See ch. xxvi.]

[Footnote 196: Testimony of General Freight Agent of Pennsylvania Railroad (Logan, Emery, and Weaver _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad), McKean County Court of Common Pleas, 1889.]

[Footnote 197: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases before the Interstate Commerce Commission, Deposition, pp. 531-34.]

[Footnote 198: Samuel Van Syckel _vs._ Acme Oil Company, Supreme Court of New York, Buffalo, May, 1888, before Judge Childs; Deposition of David McKelvey.]

[Footnote 199: Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases; Interstate Commerce Commission reports, vol. v., pp. 4, 5.]

[Footnote 200: Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 572.]

[Footnote 201: Same, pp. 389-99.]

[Footnote 202: Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 658.]

[Footnote 203: Testimony, Corners, New York Senate, 1883, p. 925.]

[Footnote 204: _Combinations_, by S.C.T. Dodd, p. 28.]

[Footnote 205: New York _Independent_, March 17, 1893.]

[Footnote 206: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, Nos. 153, 154, 163, Interstate Commerce Commission; Deposition of General Freight Agent Pennsylvania Railroad, pp. 531, 534.]

[Footnote 207: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 389.]

[Footnote 208: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, p. 27.]

[Footnote 209: Same, p. 28.]

[Footnote 210: Same, p. 27.]

[Footnote 211: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, p. 17.]

[Footnote 212: Answer of the Pennsylvania Railroad; Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, p. 365.]

[Footnote 213: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, p. 256.]

[Footnote 214: Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, Petition and Complaint.]

[Footnote 215: Same, Testimony, p. 367.]

[Footnote 216: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, p. 372.]

[Footnote 217: Same, pp. 380, 382.]

[Footnote 218: Same, p. 256.]

[Footnote 219: National Oil Company, Limited, to Interstate Commerce Commission, March 30, 1893.]

[Footnote 220: _Combinations: Their Uses and Abuses_, by S.C.T. Dodd, p. 26.]

[Footnote 221: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 3688.]

[Footnote 222: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 71.]

[Footnote 223: Same, p. 426.]

[Footnote 224: Same, p. 425.]

[Footnote 225: _The Railways and the Republic_, by J.F. Hudson, p. 83.]

[Footnote 226: See pp. 69-70.]

[Footnote 227: Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, Nos. 153, 154, 163. Petition and Complaint, p. 4.]

[Footnote 228: Interstate Commerce Commission, "In the Matter of Relative Tank and Barrel Rates on Oil," 1888. Letter of G.B. Roberts.]

[Footnote 229: See ch. v.]

[Footnote 230: See ch. viii.]

[Footnote 231: See below, and ch. xvii.]

[Footnote 232: See ch. xxxiii.]

[Footnote 233: Rice, Robinson & Witherop case, Interstate Commerce Commission, 1890.]

[Footnote 234: In the matter of Relative Tank and Barrel Rates on Oil. Letter of President Roberts, Interstate Commerce Commission reports, vol. ii., p. 365.]

[Footnote 235: Interstate Commerce Commission reports, vol. ii., p. 365.]

[Footnote 236: Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases. Exhibits, pp. 6, 7, 10.]

[Footnote 237: Interstate Commerce Commission reports, vol. ii., p. 365.]

[Footnote 238: Interstate Commerce Commission reports, vol. ii., p. 365.]

[Footnote 239: Same.]

[Footnote 240: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, p. 462.]

[Footnote 241: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, pp. 542, 543.]

[Footnote 242: Same, p. 542.]

[Footnote 243: Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases. Petition and Complaint.]

[Footnote 244: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, pp. 44, 110, 393, 396.]

[Footnote 245: Same, p. 401.]

[Footnote 246: Same, p. 335.]

[Footnote 247: See p. 145.]

[Footnote 248: See ch. xv.]

[Footnote 249: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, pp. 283-84.]

[Footnote 250: Same, p. 283.]

[Footnote 251: Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol v., p. 415.]

[Footnote 252: See chs. xv., xvi., xvii.]

[Footnote 253: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, pp. 268-336.]

[Footnote 254: Same, p. 476.]

[Footnote 255: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, pp. 163, 461, 537.]

[Footnote 256: Same, p. 267.]

[Footnote 257: Same, p. 296.]

[Footnote 258: Same, Testimony of General Freight Manager of the Lehigh Valley Railroad, pp. 161-62.]

[Footnote 259: Same, Testimony of General Freight Agent of the Pennsylvania Railroad, pp. 523, 537.]

[Footnote 260: Testimony of General Freight Agent of the Pennsylvania Railroad in Nicolai and Brady _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, before Interstate Commerce Commission, Jan. 28, 1888.]

[Footnote 261: The new rates prohibited the traffic. Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, pp. 97, 110, 139, 141, 146-48, 383-84, 393, 396, 397, 400, 401, 402.]

[Footnote 262: Decision in Rice, Robinson, and Witherop case, Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol. iv., p. 131.]

[Footnote 263: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, p. 283.]

[Footnote 264: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 44.]

[Footnote 265: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, p. 36.]

[Footnote 266: Same, p. 270.]

[Footnote 267: Same, p. 221.]

[Footnote 268: See ch. viii.]

[Footnote 269: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, Mr. Confer, June 17, 1891, p. 12.]

[Footnote 270: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, pp. 237-38.]

[Footnote 271: Same, Report and Opinion of the Commission.]

[Footnote 272: Same.]

[Footnote 273: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, pp. 127-28.]

[Footnote 274: Report of Senate Select Committee, Interstate Commerce, 49th Congress, 1st Session, 1886, p. 214.]

[Footnote 275: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, p. 252.]

[Footnote 276: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, pp. 20, 45, 75, 128-29, 175-77.]

[Footnote 277: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, pp. 304-5.]

[Footnote 278: Same, p. 486.]

[Footnote 279: Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol. iv., p. 131.]

[Footnote 280: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, pp. 188, 193, 446, 466, 467.]

[Footnote 281: See chs. xvi, and xvii.]

[Footnote 282: Rice cases, Nos. 184, 185, 194. Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol v., p. 193.]

[Footnote 283: Same.]

[Footnote 284: George Rice _vs._ The St. Louis Southwestern Railway Co. _et al._, and same _vs._ Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern Railway Co. _et al._ Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol. v., p. 660.]

[Footnote 285: See chap. ix.]

[Footnote 286: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 695.]

[Footnote 287: Same, p. 69.]

[Footnote 288: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 449.]

[Footnote 289: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 7, 19, 27, 28.]

[Footnote 290: See ch. xviii.]

[Footnote 291: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 64.]

[Footnote 292: New York _Tribune_, June 29, 1889.]

[Footnote 293: United States Department of the Interior. "Petroleum," by Joseph D. Weeks, p. 300. Annual Oil Supplement to _Oil City Derrick_, 1893 and 1894.]

[Footnote 294: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 68.]

[Footnote 295: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 387.]

[Footnote 296: Same, p. 405.]

[Footnote 297: Same, p. 449.]

[Footnote 298: Annual Oil Supplement to _Oil City Derrick_, Jan. 2, 1893.]

[Footnote 299: Trusts, Congress, 1888. p. 52.]

[Footnote 300: Same, p. 67.]

[Footnote 301: Same, p. 29.]

[Footnote 302: Same, p. 65.]

[Footnote 303: See ch. xi.]

[Footnote 304: See ch. xxiii.]

[Footnote 305: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 3482.]

[Footnote 306: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 330.]

[Footnote 307: Testimony of P.M. Shannon, J.W. Lee, T.B. Westgate, in the case of J.J. Carter _vs._ Producers and Refiners' Oil Co., Ld., Court of Common Pleas, Crawford County, Pa., May, 1894.]

[Footnote 308: See ch. viii.]

[Footnote 309: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, _ex rel._ Bolard and Dale _vs._ National Transit Co., Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County, Pa., December, 1893.]

[Footnote 310: See ch. xxxi.]

[Footnote 311: Proceedings of Joint Committee Pennsylvania Legislature on Standard Oil Company and its Taxes, 1883, p. 527.]

[Footnote 312: Proceedings of Joint Committee Pennsylvania Legislature on Standard Oil Company and its Taxes, 1883. Testimony of Auditor-General Schell, p. 11 _et seq._, pp. 394-95, and of Corporation Clerk, same, p. 58 _et seq._]

[Footnote 313: Same, pp. 60, 61, 62.]

[Footnote 314: Same, pp. 374, 383.]

[Footnote 315: Proceedings of Joint Committee Pennsylvania Legislature on Standard Oil Company and its Taxes, 1883, pp. 68, 69, 70, 381.]

[Footnote 316: Proceedings of Joint Committee Pennsylvania Legislature on Standard Oil Company and its Taxes, 1883, pp. 53, 70, 81-85.]

[Footnote 317: Appeal of Standard Oil Company to the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, June 20, 1881.]

[Footnote 318: Trusts, Congress, 1886, p. 707.]

[Footnote 319: Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania Legislature, etc., pp. 143, 196, 476.]

[Footnote 320: Same, pp. 316-17.]

[Footnote 321: Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania Legislature, etc., pp. 229, 478.]

[Footnote 322: Same, pp. 478-79.]

[Footnote 323: Same, pp. 228-29.]

[Footnote 324: Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania Legislature, etc., pp. 163, 185.]

[Footnote 325: Same, p. 631.]

[Footnote 326: Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania Legislature, etc., pp. 267-70, 762-63.]

[Footnote 327: Same, pp. 310, 789.]

[Footnote 328: Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania Legislature, etc., pp. 640-43, 830.]

[Footnote 329: Same, p. 231.]

[Footnote 330: Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania Legislature, etc., pp. 229-30, 284-95.]

[Footnote 331: Same, p. 498.]

[Footnote 332: Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania Legislature, etc., p. 343.]

[Footnote 333: Same, p. 500.]

[Footnote 334: Same, pp. 339-41.]

[Footnote 335: Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania Legislature, etc., pp. 502-6.]

[Footnote 336: Same, pp. 297, 310, 315, 327.]

[Footnote 337: Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania Legislature, etc., pp. 467, 521.]

[Footnote 338: Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania Legislature, etc., p. 661.]

[Footnote 339: Same, F.B. Gowen, p. 650.]

[Footnote 340: Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania Legislature, etc., p. 713.]

[Footnote 341: Hudson's _Railways and Republic_, p. 465.]

[Footnote 342: "Petroleum and Its Products," by S.F. Peckham, Special Agent, U.S. Census, 1885, p. 93.]

[Footnote 343: Samuel Van Syckel _vs._ Acme Oil Company. Tried in the Supreme Court at Buffalo, N.Y., May 14, 1888.]

[Footnote 344: _The Early and Later History of Petroleum_, by J.G. Henry, 1873, p. 186.]

[Footnote 345: "Petroleum and Its Products," by S.F. Peckham, Special Agent, U.S. Census, 1885, p. 9.]

[Footnote 346: Trusts, Congress, 1888, Testimony of Joshua Merrill, p. 566.]

[Footnote 347: Trusts, Congress, 1888, Testimony of Joshua Merrill, pp. 567-69.]

[Footnote 348: Same, p. 568.]

[Footnote 349: Same, p. 568.]

[Footnote 350: Same, p. 570.]

[Footnote 351: Supreme Court of New York: Samuel Van Syckel _vs._ Acme Oil Company. Tried at Buffalo, New York, May 14, 1888.]

[Footnote 352: Testimony, same.]

[Footnote 353: Testimony, same.]

[Footnote 354: Supreme Court of New York: Samuel Van Syckel _vs._ Acme Oil Company. Tried at Buffalo, New York, May 14, 1888.]

[Footnote 355: Testimony, same.]

[Footnote 356: See ch. xxi.]

[Footnote 357: Samuel Van Syckel died in Buffalo, March 3, 1894, aged 83.]

[Footnote 358: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 573.]

[Footnote 359: Railroad Freights, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, p. 28.]

[Footnote 360: Testimony, same, pp. 5, 41, 42, 124, 141, 162, 166, 170.]

[Footnote 361: Testimony, same, p. 129.]

[Footnote 362: Railroad Freights, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, pp. 12, 34, 172.]

[Footnote 363: See ch. xviii.]

[Footnote 364: Railroad Freights, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, p. 129.]

[Footnote 365: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 579.]

[Footnote 366: Railroad Freights, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, pp. 33, 40-42.]

[Footnote 367: Railroad Freights, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, pp. 49, 51, 56.]

[Footnote 368: Same, pp. 159, 163.]

[Footnote 369: Railroad Freights, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, p. 169.]

[Footnote 370: Same, pp. 249-50.]

[Footnote 371: Same, p. 250.]

[Footnote 372: Railroad Freights, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, p. 260.]

[Footnote 373: Same, p. 116.]

[Footnote 374: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 574.]

[Footnote 375: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 577-78.]

[Footnote 376: See ch. viii.]

[Footnote 377: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 578. Hardy and another _vs._ Cleveland and Marietta Railroad _et al._, Circuit Court, Ohio, E.D., 1887. _Federal Reporter_, vol. xxxi., pp. 689-93.]

[Footnote 378: 49th Congress, 1st Session, Report of the Senate Select Committee on Interstate Commerce, p. 199.]

[Footnote 379: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 534, 535.]

[Footnote 380: Same, pp. 730-38.]

[Footnote 381: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 743.]

[Footnote 382: Same, p. 729.]

[Footnote 383: Same, p. 732.]

[Footnote 384: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 416-20.]

[Footnote 385: Testimony, Rice cases, Interstate Commerce Commission, Nos. 51-60, 1887, pp. 442-43.]

[Footnote 386: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 524-30.]

[Footnote 387: Same, p. 620.]

[Footnote 388: Same, pp. 534-36.]

[Footnote 389: Same, p. 533.]

[Footnote 390: Same, p. 536.]

[Footnote 391: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 729.]

[Footnote 392: Same, p. 534.]

[Footnote 393: Same, p. 730.]

[Footnote 394: Same, p. 733.]

[Footnote 395: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 735.]

[Footnote 396: Same, p. 535.]

[Footnote 397: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 578.]

[Footnote 398: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 579-80.]

[Footnote 399: Same, p. 584.]

[Footnote 400: Testimony, Rice cases, Interstate Commerce Commission, Nos. 51-60, p. 147.]

[Footnote 401: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 682-83.]

[Footnote 402: Testimony, Rice cases, Interstate Commerce Commission, 1887, Nos. 51-60, p. 57.]

[Footnote 403: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 529-32.]

[Footnote 404: Supreme Court of Ohio: the State, _ex rel._, _vs._ The Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway Company. The State, _ex rel._, _vs._ The Cincinnati, Washington and Baltimore Railway Company, 47 Ohio State Reports, p. 130.]

[Footnote 405: Testimony, Rice cases, Nos. 51-60, p. 384.]

[Footnote 406: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 397, 398, 615-17.]

[Footnote 407: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 622.]

[Footnote 408: Same, pp. 586, 676. Testimony, Rice cases, Interstate Commerce Commission, Nos. 51-60, 1887, pp. 391-92.]

[Footnote 409: Same, pp. 676-77.]

[Footnote 410: Rice cases, Nos. 51-60, 1887, p. 119.]

[Footnote 411: Trusts, Congress, 1880, p. 520.]

[Footnote 412: Trusts, Congress, 1880, pp. 410-11.]

[Footnote 413: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 599.]

[Footnote 414: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 688-89.]

[Footnote 415: See ch. xi.]

[Footnote 416: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 607.]

[Footnote 417: Same, p. 678.]

[Footnote 418: _Combinations_, by S.C.T. Dodd, p. 29.]

[Footnote 419: "Petroleum and Its Products," by S.F. Peckham, U.S. Census, 1885, p. 92.]

[Footnote 420: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 614.]

[Footnote 421: See ch. xxiv.]

[Footnote 422: Testimony, Rice cases, Interstate Commerce Commission, Nos. 51-60, 1887, p. 144.]

[Footnote 423: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 587, 675, 680. Rice cases, Nos. 51-60, 1887, pp. 487-88. For similar preferences to the palace cattle-car companies, see report on "Meat Products," United States Senate, 1890, p. 18.]

[Footnote 424: Rice cases, Nos. 51-60, 1887, p. 477.]

[Footnote 425: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 675, 679-87.]

[Footnote 426: Same, p. 682.]

[Footnote 427: Rice cases, Nos. 51-60, 1887, p. 47.]

[Footnote 428: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 675.]

[Footnote 429: Rice cases, Nos. 51-60, 1887, pp. 108-9.]

[Footnote 430: Same, p. 120.]

[Footnote 431: See ch. xi.]

[Footnote 432: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 674.]

[Footnote 433: Rice cases, Nos. 51-60, 1887, p. 480.]

[Footnote 434: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 674.]

[Footnote 435: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 531-33.]

[Footnote 436: Same, pp. 646-47.]

[Footnote 437: Same, pp. 668-85.]

[Footnote 438: Rice cases, Nos. 51-60, p. 65.]

[Footnote 439: Same, p. 131.]

[Footnote 440: Same, pp. 128-29, 143-47, 239.]

[Footnote 441: Same, p. 109. Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 675-76.]

[Footnote 442: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 688.]

[Footnote 443: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 689.]

[Footnote 444: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 598-99. Testimony, Rice cases, Nos. 51-60, 1887, p. 28.]

[Footnote 445: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 622.]

[Footnote 446: See p. 205.]

[Footnote 447: See p. 206.]

[Footnote 448: Brundred, _et al._ _vs._ Rice, decided November 1, 1892, 49 Ohio State Reports.]

[Footnote 449: See p. 219.]

[Footnote 450: For the decisions in these Rice cases see Interstate Commerce Commission Report, vol. i., p. 503; same, p. 722; vol. ii., p. 389; vol. iii., p. 186; vol. iv., p. 228; vol. v., p. 193, and same, p. 660.]

[Footnote 451: The State of Ohio _ex rel._ David K. Watson, Attorney-General, _vs._ The Standard Oil Company, _N.E. Reporter_, vol. xxx., p. 279; 49 Ohio State Reports, p. 317.]

[Footnote 452: Rice _vs._ Standard Oil Trust. New York Court of Appeals--Case on Appeal, 1888.]

[Footnote 453: Testimony, Trusts, New York, 1888, pp. 385-87.]

[Footnote 454: People of the State of New York _vs._ Everest _et al._ Court of Oyer and Terminer, Erie County, February, 1886, court stenographer's report. This item is omitted in the transcript of evidence furnished by the oil trust to the Committee of Congress investigating trusts in 1888. See Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 801.]

[Footnote 455: See p. 52.]

[Footnote 456: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 814, 882, 883.]

[Footnote 457: Same, p. 815.]

[Footnote 458: Court Stenographer's Report, p. 1135.]

[Footnote 459: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 816.]

[Footnote 460: Same, p. 816.]

[Footnote 461: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 817, 872-74.]

[Footnote 462: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 818, 873.]

[Footnote 463: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 820.]

[Footnote 464: See p. 64.]

[Footnote 465: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 854.]

[Footnote 466: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 826.]

[Footnote 467: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 821-22.]

[Footnote 468: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 824-25.]

[Footnote 469: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 825-26.]

[Footnote 470: See ch. xxxi.]

[Footnote 471: History, etc., Petroleum Producers' Unions. Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 690-716.]

[Footnote 472: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 942.]

[Footnote 473: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 814-15.]

[Footnote 474: Same, p. 834.]

[Footnote 475: Same, p. 847.]

[Footnote 476: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 842.]

[Footnote 477: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 821.]

[Footnote 478: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 842-43.]

[Footnote 479: Same, pp. 843-44.]

[Footnote 480: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 823.]

[Footnote 481: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 844.]

[Footnote 482: Same, p. 825.]

[Footnote 483: Same, p. 845.]

[Footnote 484: Same, p. 844.]

[Footnote 485: Court Stenographer's Report, p. 2049. The last statement is omitted in the transcript furnished by the trust for the Congress Trust Report of 1888.]

[Footnote 486: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 911.]

[Footnote 487: Court Stenographer's Report, pp. 454-55.]

[Footnote 488: Court Stenographer's Report, p. 2164.]

[Footnote 489: Testimony, Rice cases, before Interstate Commerce Commission, 1887, Nos. 51-60, p. 367. Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, pp. 571, 577, 578, 579, 658. Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 295.]

[Footnote 490: Testimony, Alleged Discriminations in Railroad Freights, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, pp. 36-39.]

[Footnote 491: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 410.]

[Footnote 492: Court Stenographer's Report.]

[Footnote 493: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 871.]

[Footnote 494: Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, pp. 456, 571.]

[Footnote 495: Court Stenographer's Report, p. 892.]

[Footnote 496: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 869.]

[Footnote 497: Same, p. 825.]

[Footnote 498: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 902.]

[Footnote 499: Same, pp. 905-41.]

[Footnote 500: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 939.]

[Footnote 501: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 932-33, 937.]

[Footnote 502: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 816.]

[Footnote 503: See chs. xxii. to xxvi.]

[Footnote 504: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 847.]

[Footnote 505: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 424.]

[Footnote 506: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 849.]

[Footnote 507: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 847.]

[Footnote 508: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 429, 894.]

[Footnote 509: Same, p. 894.]

[Footnote 510: Testimony, Stenographic Report, p. 895. This passage also is omitted in the transcript furnished the committee of Congress by the counsel of the trust.]

[Footnote 511: See p. 214.]

[Footnote 512: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 533; see also p. 734.]

[Footnote 513: See ch. xxv.]

[Footnote 514: Report of Citizens' Committee on City of Toledo and Its Natural Gas Bonds, p. 5.]

[Footnote 515: City of Toledo and Its Natural Gas Bonds, p. 5.]

[Footnote 516: Chs. xiv and xxi.]

[Footnote 517: State, _ex rel._, _vs._ City of Toledo, 48th Ohio State Reports, p. 112.]

[Footnote 518: _Federal Court Reporter_, vol. xxxix., pp. 651-54.]

[Footnote 519: Report of the Northwestern Ohio Natural Gas Company, January 7, 1889.]

[Footnote 520: Toledo and Its Natural Gas Bonds, pp. 36-37.]

[Footnote 521: City of Toledo and Its Natural Gas Bonds, p. 3.]

[Footnote 522: See ch. xxix.]

[Footnote 523: See ch. xx.]

[Footnote 524: October 19, 1889.]

[Footnote 525: City of Toledo and Its Natural Gas Bonds, pp. 6-7.]

[Footnote 526: Annual Report of the Natural Gas Trustees, 1890, p. 9.]

[Footnote 527: City of Toledo and Its Natural Gas Bonds, p. 3.]

[Footnote 528: Toledo Natural Gas Trustees' Report, 1890, p. 7.]

[Footnote 529: Annual Report of the Natural Gas Trustees, 1890, p. 8.]

[Footnote 530: "Constitutional History as Seen in the Development of American Law." Lecture by D.H. Chamberlain. G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York.]

[Footnote 531: Report of the Toledo Natural Gas Trustees, 1890, pp. 8-9.]

[Footnote 532: Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 659.]

[Footnote 533: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 428.]

[Footnote 534: See p. 99.]

[Footnote 535: See p. 206.]

[Footnote 536: Annual Report of Natural Gas Trustees, 1890, p. 9.]

[Footnote 537: Toledo _Blade_, February 7 and 27, 1889.]

[Footnote 538: New York _Sun_ of March 31, 1891.]

[Footnote 539: New York _Tribune_, April 23, 1889.]

[Footnote 540: From _Life of William Lloyd Garrison, Told by His Children_, vol. iii., ch. i., p. 12.]

[Footnote 541: Petition of the Isaac Harter Company _vs._ the Northwestern Ohio Natural Gas Company, Court of Common Pleas, Seneca County, Ohio, June 16, 1890.]

[Footnote 542: Annual Report of the Toledo Natural Gas Trustees, 1891, p. 6.]

[Footnote 543: See p. 250 and ch. xxxi.]

[Footnote 544: See p. 154.]

[Footnote 545: See p. 250.]

[Footnote 546: See p. 21.]

[Footnote 547: Annual Report of the Natural Gas Trustees of Toledo, 1891, p. 4.]

[Footnote 548: Report to Stockholders, Northwestern Natural Gas Company, January 7, 1889.]

[Footnote 549: Report to Stockholders, Toledo Natural Gas Company, January, 1889.]

[Footnote 550: See ch. xxxii.]

[Footnote 551: See p. 113.]

[Footnote 552: See chs. ix. and xxxi.]

[Footnote 553: See ch. xxx.]

[Footnote 554: _Railroad Transportation_, by Arthur T. Hadley. G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1886.]

[Footnote 555: Speech of Simon Sterne, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 98-118.]

[Footnote 556: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 2723-24 and p. 3900.]

[Footnote 557: New York _Herald_, January 19, 1884.]

[Footnote 558: Appeal to the Executive of Pennsylvania by the Petroleum Producers' Union, 1878. Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 354.]

[Footnote 559: New York _Herald_, January 19, 1884.]

[Footnote 560: See ch. vii.]

[Footnote 561: Report No. 1490, United States Senate, 49th Congress, 1886, p. 1.]

[Footnote 562: Testimony, Appendix to the Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Ohio, 67th General Assembly, 1886, vol. lxxxii., p. 499.]

[Footnote 563: Report No. 1490, United States Senate, 49th Congress, 1886, p. 60.]

[Footnote 564: Report No. 1490, United States Senate, 49th Congress, 1886, pp. 77, 78.]

[Footnote 565: Report No. 1490, United States Senate, 49th Congress, 1886, p. 58.]

[Footnote 566: Same, pp. 37, 40, 66; Miscellaneous Document No. 106, United States Senate, 49th Congress, 1886, pp. 32, 46, 214, and _passim_.]

[Footnote 567: Report No. 1490, United States Senate, 49th Congress, 1886, p. 50.]

[Footnote 568: Miscellaneous Document 106, United States Senate, 49th Congress, 1886, p. 18.]

[Footnote 569: Miscellaneous Document 106, United States Senate, 49th Congress, 1886, pp. 81-82.]

[Footnote 570: _The Payne Bribery Case and the United States Senate_, by Albert H. Walker.]

[Footnote 571: Minority Report of Senators Hoar and Frye, 49th Congress, 1st Session, Senate, No. 1490, p. 34.]

[Footnote 572: Same, pp. 38, 39.]

[Footnote 573: Hudson's _Railways and the Republic_, p. 467.]

[Footnote 574: _Congressional Globe_, September 12, 1888, pp. 8520-8604.]

[Footnote 575: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 395.]

[Footnote 576: Speech of John M. Forbes, Boston, April 30, 1889.]

[Footnote 577: Congress Record, 51st Congress, 2d Session, p. 3651.]

[Footnote 578: Mr. John M. Forbes, in _Fossils, Free Ships, and Reform_.]

[Footnote 579: See p. 307.]

[Footnote 580: See p. 386.]

[Footnote 581: See chs. xviii.-xxi.]

[Footnote 582: Senate Report No. 485, 53d Congress, 2d Session, June 21, 1894.]

[Footnote 583: Supplemental Report of Senator W.V. Allen, of the Senate Special Committee (ordered May 17, 1894) to Investigate Alleged Attempts at Bribery by the Sugar Trust.]

[Footnote 584: United States _vs._ E.C. Knight & Co., _et al._ United States Circuit Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, March 26, 1894, 60 _Federal Reporter_, p. 34.]

[Footnote 585: Letter of President Cleveland to Hon. W.L. Wilson, Chairman House Committee of Ways and Means, July 2, 1894, read to the House of Representatives July 18, 1894.]

[Footnote 586: New York _Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin_, Sept. 21, 1893.]

[Footnote 587: II. Coke, 84.]

[Footnote 588: See ch. viii.]

[Footnote 589: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, Exhibits, pp. 614-19.]

[Footnote 590: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 3678.]

[Footnote 591: Same, p. 3683.]

[Footnote 592: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 3684.]

[Footnote 593: See ch. xiv., "I Want to Make Oil."]

[Footnote 594: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, pp. 3683-94.]

[Footnote 595: Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases. Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol. v., p. 415.]

[Footnote 596: Testimony, New York Assembly, 1879, p. 3678.]

[Footnote 597: See pp. 216, 320.]

[Footnote 598: See p. 188.]

[Footnote 599: Second Annual Report, Fire Marshal of Boston, May, 1888, p. 9.]

[Footnote 600: See p. 84.]

[Footnote 601: See ch. xi.]

[Footnote 602: Journal of the Senate of Minnesota, March, 1891, p. 716.]

[Footnote 603: Omaha _Daily Bee_, November 24, 27; December 5, 13, 21, 1891.]

[Footnote 604: See p. 291.]

[Footnote 605: Testimony, Corners, New York Senate, 1883, p. 670.]

[Footnote 606: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 389.]

[Footnote 607: Same, p. 317.]

[Footnote 608: See p. 62.]

[Footnote 609: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, pp. 369-85, 435, 534-35.]

[Footnote 610: Buffalo Lubricating Oil Company _vs._ Everest _et al._ Supreme Court Erie Co., N.Y., 1886.]

[Footnote 611: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 846-47.]

[Footnote 612: Testimony in the case of George Rice _vs._ Trustees of the Standard Oil Trust, New York Court of Appeals, 1888.]

[Footnote 613: Testimony, Independent Refiners' Associations _vs._ Western New York and Pennsylvania Railroad Company _et al._, p. 401.]

[Footnote 614: Testimony, George Rice _vs._ Louisville and Nashville Railroad _et al._, cases 51-60, p. 425.]

[Footnote 615: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 609-10.]

[Footnote 616: Same, p. 732.]

[Footnote 617: Same, p. 735.]